目的论视角下的翻译方法研究报告-以《中国民间故事全书湖北·五峰卷》的翻译实践为例 57页

分类号H3密级UDC翻译专业硕士学位论文目的论视角下的翻译方法研究报告—以《中国民间故事全书湖北·五峰卷》的翻译实践为例学位申请人：韩晓娜专业领域：英语口译指导教师：胡晓琼教授二○一三年五月ADissertationSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsforthe Master"sDegreeofTranslationandInterpretingAReportonTranslationSolutionsfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory——TakeExcerptsfromChineseFolktalesofWufengCounty,HubeiProvinceasanExampleGraduateStudent:HanXiaonaProfessionalField:EnglishInterpretingSupervisor:Prof.HuXiaoqiongChinaThreeGorgesUniversityYichang,443002,P.R.ChinaMay,2013IV 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文三峡大学学位论文独立完成与诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明，本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名：日期： 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Contents内容摘要...............................................................................................................................iAbstract..............................................................................................................................ii关键词...................................................................................................................................iKeywords...........................................................................................................................iiSection1Introductiontothetranslationpractice...........................................................11.1Thesourceofthetext..............................................................................................21.2Briefanalysisofthesourcetext..............................................................................2Section2Translationtheory—SkoposTheory..............................................................42.1Threeimportantrules...............................................................................................42.2Statusofsourcetextandtargettext.........................................................................5Section3Translationsolutionstothetranslationpractice.............................................43.1Communicativetranslation......................................................................................73.2Borrowingtranslation..............................................................................................83.3Addition...................................................................................................................83.4Omission..................................................................................................................93.5Transliterationwithnotesorexplanations...............................................................9Section4Conclusion.........................................................................................................10Bibliography......................................................................................................................13Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................15Appendix1SourceText...................................................................................................16Appendix2TranslatedText.............................................................................................32 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文内容摘要国内民间文化的拯救工程已经启动并良好运作，民间区域特色文化也越来越受到社会的关注。该论文是在以对湖北五峰民间文化翻译实践的基础上，秉承理论指导实践，二者紧密结合的思想，研究在实际口译过程中要注意的问题和如何解决问题的方法。该实践翻译的文本是由位居“中国十大民间故事家”榜首的刘德培老人的口述整理的文本,以地道的湖北方言记录是其最大特色之一,深深与当地的生活紧密相连，具有浓重的本地化气息。因此对口译有着更大的指导意义。本文从目的论为指导，最主要的是在目的原则的指导下运用不同的翻译方法解决翻译中所出现的问题。本文分为四个部分：第一部分是序言，主要说明了本论文的文本来源和简单介绍。第二部分主要介绍所用理论目的论及其三个原则的简单介绍和原文本与目的文本地位介绍。第三部分主要介绍在目的论为指导原则的情况下，采取何种翻译方法来解决翻译实践中的问题。第四部分主要总结从该翻译实践中所得收获。本文认为带有民间文化特色的翻译以目的论为指导还是很有效很有帮助的。在该理论的指导下，采取适当的翻译方法，所遇问题可以得到很好的解决。通过实践所获对译者的口译训练也有很大的指导意义。关键词：目的论;民间文化;翻译方法;口译实践i 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文AbstractAthome,„SavingFolkCultureProject‟hasbeenlaunchedandoperatedwell.PeoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontoChinesefolkcultureacrosstheworld.ThisthesisaimstostudythewaytosolveculturaltranslationundertheguidanceofSkoposTheoryonthebasisofculturetranslationpracticeofWufengCounty,HubeiProvince.TheversionistoldbyLiuDepeiwhoranksfirstonthelistofChinesefolkstorytellers.Dialectcanbeoneofthemostdistinctfeatures.Itiscloselyconnectedwiththedailylifeoflocalpeopleandfullydemonstratesthelocalculture.Becauseofthis,thethesisexertsgreaterinfluenceoninterpreting.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,moreconcretely,theskoposrule,thethesisaimstoemploypropertranslationsolutionstosolvedifferentquestionsemergedinthetext.Thethesisisdividedintofourparts:thefirstpartisintroduction.Inthispart,itmainlytalksabouttheimportanceofthistranslationpractice,theresourceoftextandabriefanalysisofthesourcetext.ThesecondpartistointroduceSkoposTheory.Thethirdpartmainlytalksabouttranslationsolutionsappliedinthetranslationpractice.Thelastpartisasummaryaboutexperiencesthatthetranslatordrawsfromthetranslationpractice.ThisthesisholdsthatitisofgreatusetotranslatetextsrelatedtofolkcultureundertheguidanceofSkoposTheory.MostproblemsencounteredduringtranslationpracticecanbeproperlyaddressedbyusingpropertranslationsolutionsundertheguidanceofSkoposTheory.Whatwe‟velearnedfromitalsoexertagreatimpactoninterpretingpractice.Keywords:SkoposTheory;folkculture;translationsolutions;interpretingpracticeii 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文AReportonTranslationSolutionsfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory——TakeExcerptsfromChineseFolktalesofWufengCounty,HubeiProvinceasanExampleSection1IntroductiontothetranslationpracticeChinaisacountryblessedwithfivethousandyearsofgloriouscivilization.Underthebackgroundofeconomicglobalization,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinvariousfieldslikeeconomy,cultureandoursociety.NumerousbooksrelatedtoChinesetraditionalcultureareintroducedallaroundtheworld.Itisbecomingmoreandmoredetailedincontents.ChinesefolkcultureisanimportantpartofChineseculture,andtranslatingChinesefolkcultureintoEnglishisofgreatimportanceandhelptothespreadofChineseculture.Underthepolicyofreformandopeningup,moreandmoreinternationalfriendsshowtheirinterestsinChinesefolkculture.FolkcultureisanoralcreationofChinesepeopleandrepresentsthewisdomofournation.Itiswidelyknowntolocalpeopleanditmainlyreflectsthedailylife,thoughtsandwishesofthepeople.Throughcolorfulstories,wecanknowpeople‟sviewsofvalue.Inthetimeofstrengtheningsoftpower,folkcultureisamajorissuepertinenttothecomprehensivedevelopmentofChina.Folkculturetranslatingworkisbothanecessaryandanimportantcause.Fromthispointofview,ChinesetranslatorsandinterpretersshouldbeartheresponsibilitytotranslateorinterpretexcellentfolkcultureintoEnglish,makingChinesefolkculturereachingouttotheworld.1 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文1.1ThesourceofthetextThetranslationtextistheexcerptsfromthebook:ChinesefolktalesofWufengCounty,HubeiProvince.Thelengthofthewholetextisaboutthirtythousandwords.We,threestudentsasagroup,areobligedtodothetranslationwork.Iamresponsibleforabouttenthousandwords.Afterdiscussion,weareallowedtowriteatranslationreportasourgraduationthesiswhenapprovedbyoursupervisor.1.2BriefanalysisofthesourcetextThetextisrecordedindialecttoldbyLiuDepeiwhoranksfirstonthelistofChinesefolkstorytellers.Dialectcanbeoneofthemostdistinctfeatures.Itiscloselyconnectedwiththedailylifeoflocalpeopleandfullydemonstratesthelocalculture.Becauseofthis,thethesisexertsgreaterinfluenceoninterpreting.Thetextiscomposedofmanybriefstories.Iwillexplainsomefeaturesdemonstratedinthetext.1.2.1AlargenumberofsimplesentencesThetextisacollectionofshortandfunnystories.Allthesestoriesarehouseholdoneswhichcanbeunderstoodbychildrenandtheold.So,simplesentenceisoneofthemainfeaturesofit.Fewstoriesaretoldthroughlongandwordysentences.Oneofthereasonswhyfolktalesaresopopularisthatitiseasytoremember.Quantitatively,simplesentencesaccountformorethan75%.Takeonepieceofworkforexample,inthestoryofALawsuitagainstChickensandDucks,simplesentencesaccountformorethan80%.1.2.2RepetitionSinceitisrecordedindialect,therecouldbealotofunnecessaryrepetitionsandinformalwords.Colloquialwordsarefrequentlyusedintheoriginaltext.Whenitcomes2 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文totranslation,wealwaystrytograspthemeaningitconveys.Thetranslator/interpretershouldconsiderwhetheritisworthwhiletorepeatintranslation/interpreting.Forsomecases,repetitionisnecessaryintranslation/interpretinginordertoachievethepurposeofemphasis.Forothercases,thereisnoneedtorepeatintranslation,orlisteners/readerswilllosetheirinterestsandpatienceinit.Weshouldbeartheskoposruleinmind.Thefollowingisanexamplereflectingthispoint.“江南有个大户人家，有四个媳妇。大媳妇是制台的女儿，儿媳妇是镇台的女儿，三媳妇是进士的姑娘，幺媳妇呢，娘屋里无钱无势，农民出身,”“我的公公是官户人家，连我一起四个媳妇，我大嫂子是制台的姑娘，二嫂子是镇台的姑娘，三嫂子是进士的姑娘，独独我是农民家的。”Inthefirstparagraph,whenthebackgroundofstoryisnarrated,ithasintroducedthesituationofthewealthyhousehold.However,whentheyoungestdaughter-in-lawrepliedEmperorQianlong,thesamenarrationappearedagain.Whenaddressingthisproblem,weshouldthinkaboutwhetheritisnecessarytodotherepetitionworkornot.Asfortheselines,inordertolaystressonthebigdisparityamongthem,we‟dbettertranslateitagain.But,notalltherepetitionpartshouldberetranslated.Wecancopewithitflexibly.Forexample:“丈人佬闷起，没有言语。他把幺女婿又引到菜园里：‘你看，我这园子菜怎么大的大，小的小，深的深，浅的浅呢？’”Whentranslatingit,wedon‟tneedtotranslateeveryword.Becauseinthissentence“大的大，小的小”bearsthesamemeaningas“深的深，浅的浅”.So,thereisonepointthatweshouldmakeitclearisthedifferenceamongthosevegetables.1.2.3ModalparticleTherearemanymodalparticlesinthesestories,someofwhichareuniquetoHubeiProvince.modalparticleslike“哒，啰，唦”arefrequentlyseeninthetext.Whenwetranslateit,themostimportantthingistotakethewholecontextintoconsideration,to3 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文figureoutwhetheritisanarrationoraquestionmark.Forexample:“老板又怕他把锅碰破了：‘你要轻点放的吆，怕把锅打破的吆！连背篓倒不行的吆！你跟我弄手捧。’”Hewalkedtotheman,said:“You‟dbetterputthesestonescarefullyintothepotwithyourhandslestbreakingthepot.”Section2Translationtheory—SkoposTheorySkoposTheoryisanapproachtotranslationwhichwasdevelopedinGermanyinthelate1970s(Vermeer1978),andwhichreflectsageneralshiftfrompredominantlylinguisticandratherformaltranslationtheoriestoamorefunctionallyandsocioculturallyorientedconceptoftranslation.SkoposTheorytakesseriouslyfactorswhichhavealwaysbeenstressedinactiontheory,andwhichwerebroughtintosharpreliefwiththegrowingneedinthelatterhalfofthetwentiethcenturyforthetranslationofscientificandacademicpapers,contracts,etc.,thecontextualfactorssurroundingthetranslationcannotbeignored.(Baker,M.2004:235)Translationisviewednotasaprocessoftranscoding,butasaspecificformofhumanaction.Likeanyotherhumanaction,translationhasapurpose,andthewordskoposderivedfromGreek,isusedasthetechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslation.(Baker,M.2004:235)Inadditiontoitspurpose,anyactionhasanoutcome.Theoutcomeoftranslationalactionisatranslatum,aparticularvarietyoftargettext.(Baker,M.2004:235)2.1ThreeimportantrulesTherearethreeimportantrulesinskopostheorie:(Baker,M.2004:236)skoposrule,coherenceruleandfidelityrule.Inaccordancewiththeskopostheorie,themostimportantitemofthesethreerulesistheskoposrule.Nordoncesaidthattheskoposoftranslation4 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文practicedeterminesitstranslationactanditsmeansoftranslation.Thatistosay,theskoposofaparticulartranslationtaskdependsonthepurposeinwhichthetranslationisneeded.(Baker,M.2004:236)Vemeerpostulatesthatasageneralruleitmustbetheintendedpurposeofthetargettextthatdeterminestranslationsolutionsandstrategies.Formthispostulate,hederivestheskoposrule:Humanactionisdeterminedbyitspurpose,andthereforeitisafunctionofitspurpose.(Baker,M.2004:236)CoherenceruleisthesecondimportantruleofSkoposTheory.Itmeansthatthetranslationshouldmakesenseandbeacceptablebyreceiversinthecommunicativesituationandculture.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,thetranslatorlaysmoreemphasisonthetargetaudience.Andinhiseyes,thesourcetextisjustregardedasanofferofinformation.Hewillchoosetheinterestingandimportantonestotranslateforhispurpose.Thatindicatesthatthesourcetextisnolongerthefirstcriterionforthetranslator‟sdecision.(Baker,M.2004:236)Thefidelityrulemeansthatatranslationshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheoriginal.Thefidelityruleconcernsintertextualcoherencebetweentranslatumandsourcetextandstipulatesmerelythatsomerelationshipmustremainbetweentwooncetheoverridingprincipleofskoposandtheruleofcoherencehavebeensatisfied.(Baker,M.2004:236)2.2StatusofsourcetextandtargettextSincetherearetwotextsinfrontofus,itisnecessarytoknowtherolesthattheyplayedinthepracticaltranslation.(Baker,M.2004:237)AccordingtotheSkoposTheory,then,translationistheproductionofafunctionallyappropriatetargettextbasedonanexistingsourcetext,andtherelationshipbetweenthetwotextsisspecifiedaccordingtotheskoposofthetranslation.Thedecisivefactoristhepreciselyspecifiedskopos,andthesourcetextisjustoneconstituentofthecommissiongiventothetranslator.Thetranslator5 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文isrequiredtoactconsciouslyinaccordancewiththeskopos,andskoposmustbedecidedseparatelyineachspecificcase.(Baker,M.2004:237)Itmaybeadaptationtothetargetculture,butitmayalsobetoacquaintthereaderwiththesourceculture.Theskoposforthetargettextneednotbeidenticalwiththatattributedtothesourcetext;butunlesstheskoposforthetargettextisspecified,translationcannot,properlyspeaking,becarriedoutatall.(Baker,M.2004:237)Inthisthesis,wemainlyemphasizeontheskoposrulewhichcanberegardedasanimportantruleduringtheprocessoftranslationwork.ThesourcetextisaboutfolkstoriesinWufengCounty,HubeiProvince.Andallthestoriesaretoldindialect.So,itismoreclosetoanoraltranslationwork.Differently,inthiscase,thetranslatorcanhavemoretimetothinkaboutit.ThepurposeofthistranslationpracticeistohelpinternationalfriendstoknowmoreaboutChinesefolkculture,specifically,thefolkstoriesofWufengCounty,HubeiProvince.Evidently,therearemanyuniquephenomenainWufengCounty.Sometimes,becauseofthecomplexity,wecannotexplaineverydetailofthetexttotheaudience.Ifwedoso,theprojectwillbecomemuchmoretime-consuming.Andwhat‟smore,itisunnecessarytotranslateorinterpreteveryword.So,thepurposeisthekeyprincipleguidingus..Section3TranslationsolutionstothetranslationpracticeAccordingtothethreeimportantrulesintheSkoposTheory,thetranslationsolutionscanalsobedividedintothreecategories.Thetranslationsolutionslikecommunicativetranslationandborrowingtranslationarethedemonstrationoftheskoposrule.Byusingthesetwokindsofsolutions,itwillbeeasiertounderstandforthetargetreaders/listeners.Whatismore,theyarethemostfrequentlyusedinbilingualculturetranslationfortheirefficiency.Translationorinterpretingisaspecialworkwhichbearsaspecificpurpose.Asforthecoherencerule,itaimstomakethecontextsmoothaswhole.Undertheguidanceofthisprinciple,omissionandadditionareused.Inthisway,thewholestorygoesmore6 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文smoothly.Itwillbereadableforthetargetreaders/listeners.Translationorinterpretinginvolvestwodifferentkindsofculture.Whenthereisnoequivalentwordbetweenthesetwodifferentcultures,transliterationwithnotesorexplanationsispreferred.Thiscannotonlyremaintheoriginalculturebutalsomakeiteasiertounderstandforthetargetreaders/listeners.Itisanurgentandexcellentwaytodealwithtranslationproblemsespeciallywhencultureisinvolved.Andalso,itputsthefidelityruleintogooduse.Thefollowingseveralpageswillexplainthetranslationsolutionsindetails.3.1CommunicativetranslationCommunicativetranslationattemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.(Newmark,2001:47)Theexamplesarelistedbelow.“‘行呐！我们来看哪个是铜，哪个是铁。’老板的眼睛盯着包袱，‘你还坐什么呢？你去呀，快去快来呀！’”译文:“„Ifso,waitandseewhoiswiser‟thebossthought.Then,hesaid:„Ok,sinceitisso,whyareyoustillsittinghere?Youshouldgonowlestyoudelayyourownbusiness.‟”“‘老板啦老板!还要不要凭人去讲呢？’帮工的说，‘看你一算再算，粪肥留在牛栏；千算万算，钉子朝屁股里钻！到底是铜的还是铁的，你摸了看哪?’”译文:“„Mydearboss,doyouwanttoreasonwithme?Ha-ha,itisyourcalculatingthatbringabouteverything.Youdeserveit!‟Thehelperspokealoudwithpleasure.”Afterreadingthewholetext,youwillfindithasnothingtodowithcopperoriron.Thelocalpeoplewouldliketocompareintelligencewithmetal.Naturally,thequalityofmetalisharderandbetterthanthatofcopper.Ifpeoplesayso,heisdeterminedtoproofthatheiswiserandstrongerthantheotherpart.Inthestory,thebossandthehelperarecompetingtowin.So,here,wehadbettertranslateitthroughcommunicativetranslation.7 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文3.2BorrowingtranslationDespitemanydifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandBritishculture,therearestillsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Theexpressionsmaydifferentbuttheyconveythesimilarmeaning.Manyidiomsandproverbsareequivalentinmeaningexpressedbydifferentimages.Loantranslationcanbeusedasasuitabletranslationsolutioninthissituation.Inthisway,itwillmakethetargettextmorevividandpopular.Forexample,whenwedescribesomeoneisverystupid,wewillsay“蠢得像头猪”inChinese.But,westernerswillsay“asstupidasagoose”inEnglish.Ifwechooseword-for-wordtranslation,wewillfailtogetourideasacross.3.3AdditionAdditionmeansaddingsomewordstotargettextfortheneedofmeaning,ratherthanaddadditionalmeaningtotheoriginaltext.Itisagoodwaytobridgethegapbetweentwodifferentcultures,makingthetargettextmorereadable.Forexample:杜老幺说：“都是说话算数的人，我明日再来多谢您吃面哪！”原译：“Mr.Dusaid:„webotharepersonsofintegrity.Iwillcometoeatyournoodlesagaintomorrow.‟”改译：“„Webotharepeopleofintegrity.YouhavebetwithmethatifIcaneatyourfirstbowlofnoodlesforfreethistime,Iwillenjoyfreenoodlesafterwards.Ididwhatyoujustpromisedme.ItissowonderfulthatIcancometoeatyournoodlesinfuture!Thanksforyourhospitalityandit‟ssoniceofyou.Seeyoutomorrow.‟Mr.Dusaidandleft.”Ifweonlyuseword-for-wordtranslation,thereaderwillfeelconfused.So,here,wehadbetteruseadditiontoaddmoreintentionalinformationtomakeitclearandreadable.Or,thereadersorlistenerswillhaveoninterestinChinesefolkstories.Then,thepurposeofthistranslationpracticecouldnotbeachieved.8 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文3.4OmissionChineseandEnglisharetwolanguageswhichbelongtodifferentlanguagesystems.Theyhavedifferentcharacteristics.InChinesetexts,modifiersarefoundeverywherebecauseChinesepeopleliketoexpresstheirfeelingsorideasinanindirectway.Incontrary,westernpeopleprefertoputthemostimportantinformationattheverybeginning.Forexample:乾隆皇帝也到了江南。他先把五龙捧圣的帽子戴起，把龙袍、玉带、软底靴一并穿好。跟着，他又弄了个大风帽，蓝布的，把五龙捧圣帽子框住、遮紧；又缝一件大夹衫子，蓝布的，把龙袍玉带也遮得看不见；脚下，在软底靴外面套一双烂布袜子，袜子上还拭些泥巴，末尾再穿上满耳草鞋。Aspromised,EmperorQianlongcame,too.Heworeacowl-likehatanddressedasanordinarywhilehidinginsideimperialrobe.Heintentionallystainedhisshoeswithmudforcover-up.Evidently,wecanseethatthenumberofChinesecharactersismuchmorethanEnglishwords.ThemainideaofthispassageistotellusEmperorQianlongdressedhimselfasapoorguy.Ifweusemuchinktodescribetheclothing,ouraudiencemaymisunderstandthefocus.Sinceouraimfocusesonthestatusoftheactor,itisunnecessarytotranslateallthenarration.3.5TransliterationwithnotesorexplanationsSincetheoriginaltextisChinese,there‟snodoubtthatyoucanfindwordsuniquetoChinesefacts.Whenculturevacancyhappens,transliterationispreferred.Withthedevelopmentofourtimes,severalChinesepinyincharactershavebeenacceptedinthewesterncountriessuchasjiaozi,kungfu,Taichi.Asforthissituation,wedon‟tneedtoexplainitanymore.But,asforotherunfamiliarwords,itisbetterfortranslatorsandinterpreterstotranslateitwithfurtherexplanationsothatourculturecanbepreciously9 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文understoodbyothers.江南Jiangnan:thelowerreachesofYangtzeRiverinChina.制台Zhitai:atitleequalstoacountyofficialinwesterncountry镇台Zhentai:atitleequalstoatownshipofficialinwesterncountry进士Jinshi:referstoasuccessfulcandidateinthehighestimperialexaminations.杜康Dukang:akindofChinesetraditionalalcohol;ageneralwordofalcohol.老子Laozi:Chinesepinyin“Laozi”hereusedasapun.ItnotonlyreferstothenameoftheancientgreatthinkerLaozibutalsothefatherofanotherperson.Section4ConclusionThroughthewholeproject,SkoposTheoryprovestobeaveryeffectivewaytoaddressproblemsrelatedtofolkculturetranslationorinterpreting.Thesourcetextcanberegardedasakindofgoodmaterialforsightinterpreting.Atthefirstsight,itwillbealittlebitharder.Afterpolishingitfortwoorthreetimes,thetranslatedorinterpretedtextwillbeanexcellentone.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,varioussolutionsareemployedinthetranslationorinterpreting.Moreeffectiveandfrequentlyusedwaysare:communicativetranslation,translationborrowing,addition,omission,transliterationwithnotesandexplanations.Sightinterpretingisagoodwaytoimproveourleveloftranslationandinterpreting.Nomatterintranslationorinterpreting,SkoposTheoryplaysasignificantroleduringtheprocessofthewholework.Fromthistranslationpractice,Iamfullyawarethehardshipsduringtheprocess.Bothtranslationandinterpretingarechallengestopeoplewhoareworkingonit.Unlikewhatlaymenthoughtthathewhoknowsakindofforeignlanguagecandotranslationorinterpretingwell.Itrequiresmuchmorethanthat.Thereisapopularsayingthatatranslatororaninterpretershouldknoweverythingofsomethingandsomethingofeverything.That‟stotallytrue,especiallyforaninterpreter.Heshouldknowwiderangeofknowledge.Forexample,inthistranslationpractice,you10 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文havetoreaditforseveraltimesinordertograspthecontextualmeaning.Inordertounderstanditwell,thetranslatorshouldaskthelocalpeopleforhelp.ThedifferencebetweendialectandMandarinisreallyabigproblem.Ifyouguessthemeaningbyyourownexperienceorunderstanding,youarequietlikelytomakemistakesthatsoundridiculous.Ifthetranslatorcannotcomprehendthewholestorybetter,hehimselfwillfindthetargetlanguageobscureandillogical.Abundantknowledgereserveisamustforbothtranslatorsandinterpreters.Thus,dailyaccumulationbecomesaveryimportantfactor.Romeisnotbuiltwithinoneday.Translationorinterpretingisanarduousandcomplexwork.Strongresponsibilityandseriousattitudearetwofactorsneededforeverypersoninvolved.Youcannottakeanattitudeof“threedaysfishing,twodaysdryingnets”.Firstly,thetranslator/interpretershouldshowtheircordialresponsibilitytotheirworkandtakeeverywordseriously.Secondly,thetranslator/interpretershouldshowtheirresponsibilitytothereaders/listeners.Becausetranslators/interpretersarebridgesconnectingtwodifferentculturesandinformation.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,thetargetaudienceweighsmore.Translationorinterpretingisabridgeconnectingtwolanguages.Cultureisthefirstandthemostimportantfactortobeconsidered.Translatorsandinterpretersshouldreinforcetheircultureawarenessandbearcultureinmindeveryminute.Differentcountryhasitsownculture.Whatismore,thecustomvariesfromplacetoplace.Thesubtledifferencewillmakeabigdifferenceinsomecircumstances.Teamworkisalsoveryimportantintranslationorinterpreting.Withthefastgrowthofoureconomy,ourlifespeedsupconsequently.Noonecouldbeanexpertineveryfield.Weshouldlearnfromothers"strongpointstooffsetone"sweaknesses.Insuchcase,teamworkweighsmore.Afterdiscussion,abetterversioncanbeobtained.Ontheotherhand,translationorinterpretingcanalsobringusalotofpleasure.Duringthepassageoftranslatingorinterpreting,onecantastesweetnessfrombitterness.Wecanalsoimprovealotwhileapplyingtheoriesintopractice.Atthesametime,wecan11 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文broadenourhorizonsandfindourdisadvantagesandstriveforahigherlevel.12 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Bibliography1.BakerMona,RoutledgeEncyclopendiaofTranslationStudies,Shanghai,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004:235.2.Munday,Jeremy.IntroducingTranslationStudies—TheoriesandApplications.NewYork:Routledge.2001.3.Newmark,AboutTranslation[M].Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.P.2006.4.Venuti,Lawrence.TheTranslator’sInvisibility—AHistoryofTranslation,1995.Shanghai,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2004.5.包惠南、包昂，《中国文化与汉英翻译》北京：外文出版社,2004.6.蔡平.翻译方法应以归化为主，《中国翻译》，2002年第5期.7.陈安定.《英汉比较与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1996.8.陈可培.英.汉谚语文化差异及翻译策略，《外语教学》，2000年第3期.9.陈璞、周茜.《简明英汉-汉英谚语词典》，中国书籍出版社，2002.10.程永生.《描写交际翻译学》，安徽大学出版社，2001.11.邓炎昌、刘润请.《语言与文化》北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1999.12.方梦之.《翻译新论与实践》，青岛出版社，2002.13.冯庆华.文体翻译论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2002.14.郭建中.文化与翻译[C].中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.15.顾嘉祖、陆升.语言与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社，2002.16.金乃途.中国文化释疑[M].北京:北京语言大学出版社，1999.17.李贺.目的论指导下的旅游文本翻译[J].黑龙江教育学院学报，2009年第7期.18.薛金凤.翻译目的论述评[J].华章，2008.8.19.徐江.轻松学习英汉互译[M].天津:天津科技翻译出版公司，2002.20.于卫.探析翻译目的论[J].赤峰学院学报（汉文哲学社会科学报），2010.9.21.张今、张宁.文学翻译原理[M](修订版).北京:清华大学出版社2005.13 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文22.张勇先.英语文化与英语成语:英语成语1000条[M].北京:中国三峡出版社，2003.23.仲伟合、钟钰.德国的功能派翻译理论[J].中国翻译，1999，(3).14 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文AcknowledgementsAsIdottedthelastpunctuationofthisthesis,manypeopletowhomIhaveownedmythankscometomymind.Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmysincerethankstoallwhohaveofferedmealotofhelpandencouragementduringmypreparationforthisthesis.Atthebeginning,Iwouldliketoextendmyheartfeltthankstomysupervisor,Prof.HuXiaoqiong,forherpatientguidanceaswellasherconstantencouragementduringthewholeprocessofwritingthepaper.Withoutherguidanceandsuggestions,thecompletionofthethesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.Furthermore,IamobligedtomydearfriendsandclassmatesinChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,whohavegivenmegreatcomfortandcareinthewritingofthisthesis.Lastbutnotleast,Iamindebtedtomygreatparentsandmyfamily,whohavebeenstandingbehindmeandsupportingmesilentlyduringthepassageofmystudylife.Withouttheirhelp,Iwouldnothavehadtheopportunitytostudy,letalonecompletingthispaper.15 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Appendix1SourceText《中国民间故事全书湖北·五峰卷》Text1(P45-P49)乾隆皇帝游江南乾隆皇帝是个圣明的君主,他明察私访，走得又远，次数又多。中国历代以来，和他那样的皇帝没有几个，这里就将他游江南的一个经历。江南有个大户人家，有四个媳妇。大媳妇是制台的女儿，儿媳妇是镇台的女儿，三媳妇是进士的姑娘，幺媳妇呢，娘屋里无钱无势，农民出身，幺媳妇过来不多时，弄饭啦，洗衣服啦，七裹八杂的家务事就都堆在她的名下了。那天乾隆皇帝装个老头，戴顶风帽，顺着江边慢慢钓鱼。他看见这个姑娘边洗衣服变流泪，觉得奇怪，就在附近上下等处钓鱼，不远走了。他上上下下看了一会，姑娘一直在哭。他心里说：“这是那么搞的呀？我来的时候就看见这姑娘在哭，此刻我要收手回去了，她那一堆衣服也快洗完了，她怎么还在哭呢？若没有十分伤心的事，她不会一个人闷闷地卯哭不停。不慌，我去问个详细看。”乾隆皇帝走到姑娘面前，问：“你这个女子，怎么一边洗衣一边哭呵？是为什么事呵？”姑娘哭说：“哎呦，开亲开的门不当户不对，害了我呦！”“哦？你不要哭了，慢慢讲讲看。”“我的公公是官户人家，连我一起四个媳妇，我大嫂子是制台的姑娘，二嫂子是镇台的姑娘，三嫂子是进士的姑娘，独独我是农民家的。我爹把我放在官户人家里，原本是想让我好过些呦，落下底来倒是害了我啦。老人家您看，公公的衣裳，婆婆的衣裳都归我一个人洗且不说，连三个嫂子的衣服也都要我洗。一天一大堆，天天一大推，我洗到何日得止呦？都是媳妇，款待怎么天渊相隔呢？我就这么想来想去，越想越伤心。眼下天气热乎还不要紧呐，到三九腊月冰冻水冷的，我又怎么过哟？”乾隆皇帝听完了：“那，老汉我给你想个主意，你依不依？”“您帮忙想个什么主意呢？”“你拜一个干父。”“干父？我拜谁呀？”16 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文“你拜我吧？”姑娘把老汉过细一看，看见风帽下边的耳朵啦，那两只耳朵生得大，垂下来快挨着肩膀了。她想：“这个好心的老汉两耳拖肩，脸上慈眉善目，是个年高有德的呢！拜他为干父，我也多个帮忙说公话的人。”她就跪了下去，边拜边喊“亲爷”。一声“亲爷”一喊，乾隆就抠一根蓝丝带给她：“姑娘，今日父女相称，我跟你把丝带做标记。哎，你告诉我，你屋里最近有没有什么喜庆的事，亲朋好友都要送恭贺的事？”她说：“眼下没有，要过几个月才有。明年正月间，我的公公做大寿，亲戚朋友都要来祝寿的。”“好，明年正月间我来送恭贺。”乾隆交代说，“你记好，我进屋的时候，你先不要喊我，尽管装成不认得的。到我叫你出来的时候，你把这根蓝丝带拿了出来，那时我为你说话。记住了么？”“记住哒。”到了第二年正月间，公佬的寿期到啦，制台啊、镇台呀、进士啊这些亲家们和各方面的亲戚朋友都来了，屋里千人百众，贺礼无数。支客使忙前忙后，还有什么收发呀，和在前堂后院帮忙的人，都热之闹之忙起来啦！乾隆皇帝也到了江南。他先把五龙捧圣的帽子戴起，把龙袍、玉带、软底靴一并穿好。跟着，他又弄了个大风帽，蓝布的，把五龙捧圣帽子框住、遮紧；又缝一件大夹衫子，蓝布的，把龙袍玉带也遮得看不见；脚下，在软底靴外面套一双烂布袜子，袜子上还拭些泥巴，末尾再穿上满耳草鞋。这么从头到脚遮盖紧了，让人家看见不犯疑了，他又提个竹篮子，里头装四根金条，面上也罩一块蓝布，然后才拿脚动步，去祝寿。他不紧不忙地走到这户人家门口，进屋就喊收发：“收发，跟我收这份贺礼！”收发接过篮子一愣，心里说：“咦，他的篮子看像是个空家伙，哪这么重的呀？”揭开盖布一看，里头是四根金条。收发吃惊不小；“嘿，这个老头！穿的又孬，蓝衫子，烂袜子，泥巴草鞋，土里土气，倒是四根金条的重礼，怪事！”记清帐得问姓名，他收下金条来问老头时，老头已经到堂屋里面去了。人多客众，收发又不能走开去找，只好记个无头帐。不一会，支客使来支席，第一席的上首是制台的，第二席的上首是镇台的，第三席的上首是进士的，各方亲朋贵友的席位都按尊卑分了先后。这头一发席共是八桌，没给幺媳妇家来的客安顿席位。那个乾隆皇帝驾到，因为无人晓得，在头一发席也没安顿位置。到了请客们入席的时候，乾隆也不管三七二十一，抢先到这头一发席的上首坐了下来。支客使怕搞乱了安排，连忙跑过去说：“哎呀！你这个老头等一下再坐吧！这个席位是老板的亲家啊，制台的啊。”17 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文乾隆说：“制台呦？他是人，我也是人唦。”支客使说：“人当然都是人啰。制台他有那么大的官衔哩。”“哎，你莫跟我讲什么官衔不官衔，他吃得，我就吃得。都是客嘛！”“都是客。您看一发席坐不完唦，还得分先后唦。老头您下来等第二发。”“我不得闲啰！不管你怎么说怎么劝，我是不下去的，我横直要吃了着！”支客使不下来，又泡到客房去跟制台说好话：“跟您支的是第一席的上首，您看有个老头不讲礼性，抢先坐哒，我们劝又劝不下来。他说他不得闲，好歹要先吃，您看哪么为好？”“咦，”制台说：“遇上这么个不讲礼性的客，将就点吧。我若去与他争个长短，岂不倒失了我自己的身份？这头一发席，别人环视按原来的位置坐，就让他坐我的位置算哒。我等下坐第二发。”这边商量拢了，头一发的八桌客才都坐满了，开了席。喝酒的时候，乾隆穿的太多，身上发热。他问同桌的客：“你们热不热呵？”同桌的客们都是小官，原本是要陪制台的，上首突然变成了个蓝布老头，心里都不欢喜：“正月间嘛，冷嘛，喝点酒好暖和身子的，哪谈得上热的呢?”乾隆说：“嗳，我热起来了呢。”他慢慢放下酒杯，把蓝布风帽一取，现出了五龙捧圣的帽子；把蓝布衫子一脱，现出了龙袍玉带。那些官一看，才晓得同席坐的是乾隆。他们品低官小，哪配与乾隆同席呢？吓得慌脚慌手离坐，跪在地上高呼“万岁！万岁，求赦呵！小臣犯上，小臣死罪！”旁边的七桌贵客也慌啦，一窝蜂跪下磕起头啦！乾隆没多说：“赦你们无罪，都起来。这一发席，你们照这样坐好，当吃的吃，当喝的喝，吃完了再说。”这么，一个二个毕恭毕敬地坐还了原，把酒席吃下了地。乾隆跟支客使讲：“你寻个宽敞的地方，把来的客请到一起，我有几句话交代。”支客使依他的招呼说：“客们哪，万岁有话交代哩！请客们一个不漏，都到外面院子里去，那里宽敞。”一些平常客还没觉得有什么要紧，去就去。那些当官的心里却七上八下，不晓得明察私访的皇上准备哪么交代哪么搞，在院子里跪了一地。乾隆皇帝走进院子，问：“我的亲家呢？我要当着大家的面，跟亲家讲几句话。”支客使着了一惊，官们也都着了一惊：“万岁，您的亲家是哪一个呵？”乾隆说：“这里的寿星，就是我的亲家。”没有哪个不愣头愣脑：“噢？”寿星不敢怠慢，挪上了前。他也蒙在鼓里头，想问又不好问：“皇上怎么称我是18 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文亲家呢？我哪来这一门亲哪？”乾隆说：“亲家，今日我带来了四根金条，来给你祝寿。不为看我的姑娘，我不得来，把我的姑娘请出来吧！”寿星不问不行了，急的话音都发颤：“我不晓得，哪个是您的姑娘啊？”乾隆答说：“叫你的幺媳妇出来哩！”幺媳妇被请出来啦！她系个围腰，本在厨房里洗菜打杂。开席之前，乾隆穿一身蓝布衫子在前后走动，东看西看的时候，幺媳妇原就打过照面，只是没有喊—亲爷事先交代了的。此时她放下簸箕、水瓢，拿着蓝丝带进了院子，招呼说：“父皇，您叫我吗？”这声“父皇”的呀一喊，满院子里的各个莫名其妙。都晓得幺媳妇屋里是种田的，在这户人家坐席都坐不到正席，她哪么称皇上为“父皇”的呀？乾隆这才说正题：“女儿，去年在河下分手，已经数月，今日是来看你的。哼！”他说着把头一调，“亲家，你做的不叫话呐！你的大媳妇、儿媳妇是官家的姑娘，你把他们当人，幺媳妇是农民出身，你把她不当人，都是媳妇，你一碗水不端平！从去年秋到今日，我已亲眼所见，实在气人！我问你，为何媳妇有的陪客，有的忙昏哒？为何亲家有的吃酒，有的冷坐？你嫌幺媳妇是农民的姑娘，我跟你讲，农民并不比当官的下！没有农民种五谷，吃从何来？没有农民种棉花，穿从何来?天下农民一多半，若是人人都当官，人人都不吃不穿！你的幺媳妇，我已收为玉女，封为公主。再若有不平之事，我重责不饶！”乾隆说完走了。寿星啦，官啦，慌脚慌手都要送。乾隆不要，只要那幺媳妇送一程。院子里的亲朋贵友，都只有磕头的份啦！Text2(P259-P260)杜康是跟到我姓的杜老幺帮官背盐，在巴东的一家栈房里碰到两个收古董的生意人。这两个嫌背脚的鲁蠢，对杜老幺懒得理会，只顾喝自己的茶。杜老幺客客气气地问：“请问，二位贵姓呀？”请问贵姓，这是打招呼的礼性话唦，你姓李就说姓李，他姓刘就说姓刘嘛。可收古董的掰人掰惯哒，遇事就想占便宜啦！一个答：“骑青牛，过函关，老子李”嘴一奓就高人一辈！另一个口气还大些—“芒砀山，斩白蛇，高祖刘！”一奓嘴成了人家的高祖啦！两个生意人占了杜老幺的便宜，大模大样地问：“你哪？你姓啥?”杜老幺随口便答—“高祖的高祖爱喝酒，一辈子喝的杜康酒。杜康是跟我的姓的哪！”19 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文两个收古董的一听：这个背脚的比高祖的高祖还高一辈哪？这个气呀，起得把茶都哽在喉咙里啦！Text3(P258-P259)羊肉面杜老幺饿了，到王家面馆吃面，才进门碰上王老板。王老板笑笑说：“杜老幺，做个玩意儿事，打个赌吧？”“赌什么呀？”杜老幺问。王老板说：“你要是能白吃到我的面，从今往后，你到我这里吃面不收钱。”杜老幺说：“这好是好呢，就是我太饿狠哒，先吃一碗再说？”王老板说：“这好说，你要碗什么面？”杜老幺说：“来碗牛肉面吧。”王老板给杜老幺端来了一碗牛肉面。杜老幺看了看，说：“这牛肉面只怕没有煮烂呦！劳驾，调一碗羊肉面吧？”王老板又给换了羊肉面，杜老幺几筷子就吃完哒，他把筷子一放，说声“王老板消停呵”，提脚就走。王老板忙说：“你就走呵？不打赌啦！你还没结账呐！”杜老幺说：“结什么帐呵！”“你吃了一碗羊肉面呀！”王老板说。杜老幺说：“羊肉面？那是我拿牛肉面调的呀！”王老板急了：“牛肉面你也没给钱唦！”杜老幺说：“是没有给钱，我没有吃唦！没有动筷子，只看了一眼，也收钱？”王老板跺起脚来：“这不让你白吃了吗？”杜老幺说：“都是说话算数的人，我明日再来多谢您吃面哪！”Text4(P148-P150)黑炭洗白炭一个大财主，经常请长工，请来了又不舍得给工钱，不按价钱开。明明一天当给五十文的他只开一半。帮工的划不来，有的帮几天了就这么说：“我在这里帮你，屋里几口人还要吃饭，您先给我支点粮食，我要养活家哩。”有的说：“我屋里急着要几个钱用，您先给我这两个吧。”财主老板支了，帮工的去了就不来啦！那天夜晚，财主老板两口子在屋里商量：“我们请工不知道背了几多时，把钱粮支去了，人又不来哒，统算起来我们还是给开了整工的价，在有的名下还不得止。往后，我们再请就请个装膀；吩咐他搞什么事他就搞什么，又不会中途支钱粮走。”他们商量的时候，你看墙外过身一拆白老，他听到啦：“嗯，我来做个装膀，明20 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文天我来帮他。”第二天，拆白老毛把毛草地搞到这家门口来哒。老板看他一个苕相，问：“你来搞什么的呀？”他说：“我，找事做，找的帮人家的。”“你姓什么呵？”“我不晓得。”“你叫什么名字呵？”“我不晓得。”“你住的什么地方哪？”“我不晓得。”他横直说不晓得。老板说：“这才是吧，姓甚名谁和住的地方他都一概不晓得，问都没得法问清白。”老板娘说：“你问他，人家喊他什么的，他爹妈喊他什么的，看他晓得不晓得呵？”老板就问：“喂，人家平日喊你，是怎么喊的呀？”他说：“人家喊我‘叔子’的。”“喊你‘叔子’？那你爹妈喊你是怎么喊的呢？”他说：“爹妈还不是喊我‘叔子’呀！”“这当真是个装膀！”老板又看了看他，虽说蠢头蠢脑，身胚不小，是个有力气，下得蛮的，“好，你不走哒，就在这里帮我。”进屋就吩咐他搞事。来支派活路的时候，没有别的名字喊得，只说喊他‘叔子’：“叔子，我这里有几截白炭，你跟我拿到河里洗去。你看它既然叫白炭，当是白的唦，哪么漆黑的呀？你去洗白了再拿回来。”他就拿到河里洗去。老板呢，摸在后头跟着，躲在河边偷看，瞧他是耍滑稽，还是加劲洗。谁知他下河就洗，一天洗到黑，连花杂都不打，气也不歇。洗到太阳落了山，老板真真实实放了心：这是个装膀无疑，中饭不吃不晓得饿，要吃夜饭了还在双手不歇。老板走上前：“叔子，你洗白了没有呵？”“没有呵。我还在洗唦。”“算了，这洗不白的，生就的东西，你把这几截白炭抱回去，明日再搞别的。”当天黑哒，老板讲给堂客听，堂客说：“明日还试一下，叫他煮石头，煮烂，我在旁边看。”过了一夜，老板吩咐：“叔子，你昨天洗炭的那条河里，有些黄光石，你去把黄光石捡一些来，放在锅里煮烂了好做菜吃吆。”他就下河拣，背了一背篓黄光石回来哒。去下锅的时候，老板又怕他把锅碰破了：“你要轻点放的吆，怕把锅打破的吆！连背篓倒不行的吆！你跟我弄手捧。”他21 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文当真用手捧，一捧一捧地轻轻放下了锅。老板娘就守在旁边看，看他哪么煮。他也不吭声，忙得满头满脸的烟灰。还只煮了歇把茶的工夫，烧了恶多的柴啦！老板娘看到柴又烧得心疼，对老板说：“算了，不要他煮了。不跟他发个话，他会一直煮下去，柴会烧得连柴头子都不剩！我也真真实实放了心啦！”老板又摸到灶门口：“你煮烂了没有？”“没有，我还在煮唦。”“这没有煮上哒！你把火退掉，把黄光石都给我甩到路上去！转手把锅洗干净，让她们好弄中饭吃。你吃了中饭上山砍柴。”就这么，叫他搞什么事，他就搞什么事，老板两口子都遂了心啰！搞了个把月，那天街上唱大戏，老板对堂客说：“我们好久时间没看过戏哒。以往有戏班子来，我们想留帮工的照屋又放不下心，出门不成。今日不要紧啦！”老板娘说：“我也是这么想的。那筒装膀说一不二，又不兴乱跑，就叫他照屋。”老板就吩咐说：“叔子，你今日没得别的事，就是坐在家里照屋，我们看戏去的吆。”两口子无牵无挂地走哒。呵！这一下拆白老就不是那个话了哪！他装膀装了个把月，图的就是这一下哪！你看他手快脚快，将屋里值钱的东西收了一大担，挑出门的时候还跟他们在门上留一首诗—黑炭洗白炭，黄光石头煮不烂，娃子们上街看戏去，该我叔子挑一担！Text5(P139-P140)两个女婿一个老汉有两个女婿，大女婿乖巧，幺女婿苕。一天，大女婿来了，丈人佬引他到柑子园看柑子：“大女婿呀，我这柑子怎么半边是青的，半边是黄的呀？”“哎，”大女婿说：“这是分向阳不向阳哩。向阳的这边就在黄，背阳的这边晒不到太阳光呵，就是青的呢。”丈人佬点了点头，这说的有道理。又引大女婿进菜园子去看菜：“我这园子里的菜，原本是一个深的秧，又是同一天载的，怎么长的不齐整，大的大，小的小，深的深，浅的浅呢？”大女婿说：“这是地里肥瘦不均哩。菜呀，落到肥处是一蔸肥菜，又大又深；落到痩处了就是一蔸瘦菜，又浅又小呢。”这说得也有道理。丈人佬又把大女婿引进屋坐下来，跟他讲家里的事：“我屋里如今搞不好了呢，大女婿。”22 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文大女婿问：“怎么的呀？”“我和你妈都年纪大啦，精神都来之不及呦。你妈如今又病了哩。”大女婿说：“妈有病，是因为生了我屋里人她几姊妹，生养劳累的呦。这是儿多母苦哦。”又在道理。丈人佬摸了摸胡须说：“我老的不作用啰，你说我这嘴白胡子怎么样呵？”大女婿说：“这好啊！您年高有德，恭喜您的胡须好白哪！”问一样说一样，大女婿都答得好。过了两天，幺女婿来了。丈人佬想，我把这几样又来问问幺女婿，看他怎么说。他就把幺女婿引进柑子园说：“幺女婿呀，我这柑子半边是青的，半边又在黄了，这是什么讲究啊？”幺女婿冲口就答，硬邦邦的：“这是生就的东西呢！”丈人佬闷起，没有言语。他把幺女婿又引到菜园里：“你看，我这园子菜怎么大的大，小的小，深的深，浅的浅呢？”幺女婿又是那么一句回话：“这是生就的东西！”丈人佬又闷起不做声了。两翁婿进屋坐了下来，丈人佬又讲家里的事：“幺女婿，我屋里如今搞不好了呢？你妈她病啦。”幺女婿还是那句：“她病是生就的病啦！”丈人佬忍不住了，才说：“你这蠢才呆板呢，不管什么，你怎么都说是生就的呀？你哥哥他不是这么说的呢。”“他怎么说的呀？”“他说妈有病，是因为生了他屋里人这几姊妹，生养劳累了的，儿多母苦。”幺女婿回答说：“妈生了好多在哪里呢？只生了姐姐呀，我屋里人呀，这两个唦，这就儿多母苦吆？那个母猪一窝下十一二个，也没有拖死啊？”丈人佬又气得不做声了。过了一会，他心平和了些，又来考幺女婿。他说：“幺女婿呀，你看我这嘴白胡子怎么样呀？”“这您生就的呵！”“唉，你怎么动不动就回这么一句呢？你哥哥又不是你这么说的唦！”“他哪么说的呀？”“他说您是年高有德，恭喜您的胡须好白。”“哦，您说是年高有德，就胡须好白，看样子那羊子下下来只有斤把多，就长那么多一嘴白胡子，它好大个高龄哪？好大的德性在哪里呀？”23 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Text6(P143-P145)千算万算有个最奸猾的人，不论对亲友对邻家，他一文钱不饶，连一粒米都要算计到手的。对临时请来的薅天把草的短工，他也算计，不供烟，不供茶，帮工的口干的实在受不了，只有跑到别处去喝。算工钱的时候，奸猾老板倒还不付：“你没给我搞齐一天嘛，照扣！”落得认识的人都不跟他沾边啦！遇有过路的生客，不晓得他的秉性，来找他借把椅子坐一下，他又算计人家的雨伞褡裢等小东小西。客若是把手里的东西放在桌上或是椅子上，动身走时就拿不得了，成了他的：“嗨，你为何拿我屋里的东西呀？”客说：“这怎么是你的呢？是我随身带的呀。”“哼，放在我屋里，我的桌上，还是你的不成？”他光嘴说不算，又一屁股朝桌上一坐，将人家的东西压下不把。客人倘若老实，结果就干背时；客人若是精明，少不得也要耽误时间，扯些冤枉皮。这天又来个生客，是四处找工做的。奸猾老板恰好差人背粪，就要他帮忙：“你给我把牛栏里的粪背到田里去。工钱按时间算，看你是背一天，还是背半天？”帮忙的说：“搞就搞一天哩。”“一天？一天只能算半天。”“噢？”帮工的奇怪，“你讲个道理看哪？”“你每次从这栏里背粪下田，我认工。你从田里转来却是空背篓唦，那怎么能算我的工呵？”“哦，还有这种算法呀？我若不从田里跑转来，你这一栏粪怎么能到田里去呢？”“那我不管。给我帮工，就得这么算：去来不空手，我才认满工。”“行，”帮工的想了想，答应了，“就依你的算法。”帮工的在牛栏里装好一背篓粪，按老板指的路背下田去了，老板就调头去搞别的事。他以为自己的算计狠，没想到这个来帮工的背下田之后，歇口气又跟他原封原样背回栏里啰！一天到黑，帮工的没装过第二背篓，就将这一背篓背来背去。太阳落山时，帮工的去找老板结账：“老板，我今日去来不打空手，你要给我算一满天工呢！”老板摸到牛栏门口一看，栏里还是早晨那个样子，没动过第二下；早晨前出门的那一背篓粪，也四平八稳地搁在栏边头。他火了：“这是你背了一天粪？连点肥渣子都没送到田里去！”“那我不管。横直我去也是满的，转来也是满的，背篓里没有空过一次！”帮工的说：“我按你的算法搞的，你得跟我按一满天结账！”24 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文奸猾老板心知是遇上高见对手了，这个帐非结不可，只有结。结了以后，老板说：“今日我白出了一天工钱，算我吃了自己的亏。往后是好是歹，我们低头不见抬头见，总有我还席的时候的！”老板又没料到，只隔了一天，这个帮工的又来啦！在临来之前，帮工的扯了两大把南瓜叶，像叠布一样叠得齐齐整整，又用九颗钉子锥穿，外头再用包袱包好，让人看不出钉子的行迹。他提着包袱，来到奸猾老板的门口，招呼说：“老板呐，借把椅子做一下唦。”“又是你呀？”老板看见他手中的包袱，“你提个包袱到哪里去？”“我包了两段布，想找个裁缝铺裁一套衣裤去的呦。”“那你坐哩。”老板指着桌子旁边的一把椅子说，“你两段什么布呵？”“一段白布，做件褂子，一端青布，做条裤子哩。”帮工的说着坐了下来，手却故意不离包袱。老板便又给了杯茶：“你喝点茶。”帮工的这才将包袱搁在桌上，接过茶说：“老板今日还要不要我背粪哪？若差人手，我裁了衣裤又来帮忙背哩。”“行呐！我们来看哪个是铜，哪个是铁。”老板的眼睛盯着包袱，“你还坐什么呢？你去呀，快去快来呀！”“好，一言为定。”帮工的站起身，伸手去拿包袱，奸猾老板突然变了脸：“住手！这是我包布的包袱，你为何拿我的呀？”帮工的说：“见鬼呦！我包的布，怎么成了你的？”“哼，在我屋里，我的桌上，还是你的不成？我一段白布，一段青布，包好了准备去裁衣裤的！不管凭谁去讲，你都莫想拿走！”老板说着说着，一屁股朝那包袱上一坐，“哎呦—”几颗钉子不偏不让，都锥进他屁股里去啦！“老板啦老板!还要不要凭人去讲呢？”帮工的说，“看你一算再算，粪肥留在牛栏；千算万算，钉子朝屁股里钻！到底是铜的还是铁的，你摸了看哪？”Text7(P253-P254)鸡鸭状渔洋关人稠地密，种的庄稼连边搭界。有个大老板，一家喂上百只鸡鸭，年年糟蹋周围小户人家的庄稼。小百姓几次到县衙门告状，县老爷都不理会，他一推六二五，推说：“狗无栏圈，鸡无绳索，鸡子鸭子，生就的这么个胚！”杜老幺帮忙写了个状词：“鸡鸭成匪成群，乱嘴啄死苗心，25 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文伤了皇帝粮稞，误了百姓性命，一告再告投官，老爷闭起眼睛，即是征钱征粮，为何不清不明？知县再若不管，状纸上府上京。”渔洋关百姓再去告，准了，县老爷不理还行吗？Text8(P112-P113)巧女择婿有这么一户人家，有个独姑娘，生得聪明伶俐又俊秀，许多红爷与她提亲。有个红爷在外头找到爹讲，爹就答应了：“好，您明年正月初八和男家的一起到我屋里去，我们把亲事定下来。”又一个红爷找到屋里跟她妈讲，妈也答应说：“明年正月初八呀，你和男家都来我屋里，我们就跟娃们定下来哩。”姑娘自己也讲了一个，闷在心里头，也是约的明年正月初八，男家来开亲。到了腊月间，爹回家过年。全家团年的时候，爹说：“我们明年正月初八有客来哩。”妈问：“是哪里来的客呢？”爹说：“红爷跟我讲了娃们的亲事，我要他们正月初八来的。”妈说：“哎呀，那我也讲了一个，也是初八的来呀！”不等姑娘开口，爹妈就记得无着落了：“这哪么搞呢？一下讲了好几处哒！”姑娘见爹妈已经急得不得了，就没有跟着把自己讲的那个到穿，她说：“到时候他们来了，你们就躲在房里不出来，由我来开发。”到了正月初八这天，姑娘办了一桌席，三方求亲的都到席上坐起哒。姑娘开言说：“你们都是为开亲到我屋里来的呀，我说一个事看你们同不同意？”三方都请她讲，姑娘说：“请三个想开亲的客各说一宗东西，看哪个说的是我喜欢的呢，亲事就是哪个的。”爹和妈答应的那两个都心里这么想：世间只有钱最逗人喜欢，我就说自己有钱。爹答应的是个道士，妈答应的是个教书的，这个教书的先说了四句：“我笔墨砚池随身带，我教一堂学生逗人爱，奇学的就有三百吊呵，还有跑学的除在外。”那个道士接着说：“我朝简点子随身带，我做几场法事逗人爱，26 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文坛门内的就有三百吊呵，做的赶坛还除在外。”姑娘答应的是个种田的，他不说钱，说是亲手种的粮食：“我耕牛犁铧随身带，我耕几亩田地逗人爱。收的稻谷有三百担啰，还有糯谷除在外。”该姑娘点头啦，她把道士和教书的看了一眼，也说了四句：“我针线剪子随身带，我做的针工逗人爱，我只爱他谷子三百担，把你们两位先生除在外呀！”Text9(P164-P168)皮匠驸马讲一个《皮匠驸马》。这个事，是哪门起头的呢？是外国写了一首番诗，送到中国来。皇上看不懂，就宣十大文臣上殿，要他们看。他们也不懂番文，一个二个把这首番诗看了一遍，都认不到，不晓得是为什么事写的，写的什么内容。没得法哒，皇上就说：“你们跟我把这首诗巴到午朝门外，叫一个小臣在那里守到，让过往的人都来认。倘若有谁个认得此诗，我就招他为驸马！”番诗巴到午朝门外去哒，一个小臣守在那里，守了数月呦，没有一个认得的人。那天遇到一个皮匠，在人家做了皮鞋转身，挑个担子挑得有点吃亏，碰巧在午朝门外打歇。他坐下来之后，不紧不忙的四下一看，看见了这首诗。他是看得好玩，看不懂，说：“哎呀，这么一首诗呵，我是一字不识呐。”守在跟前的小臣把话听倒啦：“呵！你只一字不识呵？那你不忙走，等一下，等我去报君王，看他怎么说吧！”小臣跑得飞快，上殿就报：“启上吾主万岁万万岁，小臣见驾。刚才来个人，看了番诗，说只有一个字不认得呦！”皇上正在为番诗发愁：“噢？只是一个字不认得吆？那也可以唦，要得，宣他上殿。”小臣出来，引着皮匠上了金銮殿。皮匠还在东看西看，小臣先跪下了，他才跟着下跪。小臣不是得先讲呵？讲这个就是只有一个字不认得的，讲在午朝门外怎么来，怎么看，怎么说的。皮匠没得说话，觉得跪的时间长哒，心想：皇上当叫我们起来了唦！皇上在开言问那首番诗是写的什么事，是不是战表？皮匠不晓得，没惹起，以为皇上是问小臣的。他见皇上还没叫自己起来，心想只怕是皇上忘记喊哒？就说：“我个人站到。”小臣一听：“呵！他说‘我认是战表’。”皇上又问：“既是战27 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文表，外国写了开战的日期没有呢？”皮匠又以为是问小臣的，又没惹起。小臣见皮匠不答话，催说：“皇上在问：‘既是战表，外国写了开战的日期没有哪？’”皮匠着了一惊：“他问我的？要我说呀？”小臣一听：“呵？他说，他问我的，要我说的呀！”“哦？既是要你说为定，”皇上放了心，“那就好办哒！到时候你听我的，我什么时候说打，你再说打；我没说，你就不说。”小臣又问皮匠：“听到了吧？皇上说要你听他的。”皮匠说：“嗯，只有皇上说话算数。”小臣一听：“呵，他说‘只要皇上说话算数’！”“那是当然！传旨，招为驸马！”旨意一下，皮匠就被披红挂彩，与公主成了亲，成为驸马了。十大文臣都心里不服。他们都说：“我们这么多人，一个字都不认得，为何他就只有一个字不认得呵，他究竟有好大的才学呀？来，我们都上殿去，去奏明主上，与他考一考才。”他们跑上了殿，就喊：“启上吾主万岁万岁万万岁，臣见驾。”“呵，”皇上说，“你们这些文臣一齐来，有何事呵？”“那首番诗，我们都不认得，驸马只有一个字不认得，比我们十个人还狠些。我们是来启上您，想与他考才，看您准不准旨？”皇上说：“好，准旨。明天到玉石亭前，你们与他考才呢。”小臣又去传旨，通知驸马：“皇上下了旨意，明天去玉石亭前，十大文臣与你考一下才学。你明日早一点去吆。”第二天，皮匠驸马早早地就到了那里，在亭子里坐到等。十大文臣来哒，准备进亭子的节把，他们又有点心虚，商量说：“恐怕驸马的才学太大，一下把我们十个人比垮哒，往后我们脸都没有地方搁。我们十大文臣，一个都不能比垮。看啰，进了亭子我们不开言，不跟他来明的，我们来跟他做手脚，打哑谜，这么，不管他的才学如何，从他的手脚对答上看得出来。就算我们输了，我们也不会失大格。”商量好哒，十大文臣就一起进了亭子。他们先把脑壳一摸，那个驸马看见哒，起身就把脚一跺。十大文臣又把大指头一伸，驸马看见哒，一下就伸出两个指头。十大文臣又都伸三个指头出来，他就伸出一个巴掌，将五个指头一摊。十大文臣不打手势了，把一只脚一蹽，他看见哒就这么双脚一跳。十大文臣慌啦，都把肚子两摸，他呢，就把屁股两拍。十大文臣不敢再比啦！他们想：“这驸马当真狠，才学不得了。呵，我们再不比哒，赶快奏与君王算哒。”就跑起去奏与君主：“启上吾主万岁万岁万万岁，驸马果然才学高呵！”皇上他说：“怎见得？”他们说：“我们到玉石亭去会他面的节把，先把脑壳一摸。我们摸脑壳意思是说我们是头一品的顶戴。唉，他就把脚一跺，说他是脚踏金殿啰。第二下，我们都把大拇指一伸，什么意思呢？就是说我们是一品当朝。唉，他一下伸出两个指头，说28 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文他是两朵金花呦！第三下，我们就伸出三个指头出来，说我们是三元及第呀。唉，他把一只手五个指头摊开了，说他是五经魁首呵！之后我们就不打手势，把一只脚一蹽，说我们是一步上金銮的。唉，他把双脚一跳，说他是双脚跳龙门啰！我们连忙摸肚子，告诉他，我们是满腹的文章哦。哪晓得他把屁股两拍，说他是坐到了的天下！吾主呵，我们考他这么多，五下他没有一个输的呦，这驸马有大才学哎！”十大文臣奏明了主上，都各回各的府，回去哒。那个驸马也回了宫。公主见面就问：“哎，驸马，今天你到玉石亭考才，考了些什么呀？”他说：“哪里考的什么才呦！”她说：“怎么？没有考才？那是考的什么呢？”“什么都没有考，就只跟我讲了一会生意呀！”“唉，看你是驸马，他们是十大文臣，你们讲什么生意呀？”他说：“我说给你听啰！你看他们见面就把脑壳一摸，要我跟他们做皮帽子。我连忙起来把脚一跺，说我只奈得何做皮鞋呢！他们就伸一个指头，问一百钱卖不卖？我伸两个指头，告诉他们一只就要两百啦。你看一百钱太亏人了唦！他们又伸三个指头出来，问三百钱做一双搞不搞？我才一摊巴掌，说一双是五百钱呢！他们就把一只脚一蹽，说只做一只哒。我把双脚一跳，说要做就是一双！这是做新的唦，又不是缺一只请我配对。你看他们把肚子两摸，说是要做腹皮的。我把屁股两拍，告诉他们腹皮不行，只有屁股墩子皮才是顶好的哪！”公主不肯信：“未尚讲的是这么一套噢？”他说：“就是这哩。落尾他们走的时候，生意都还没讲落实哪！”公主心里想：“十大文臣考才，怎么讲到一边去啦？这还不如我，今日黑哒，让我来考他的才学看。”夜晚，这个公主又考才。她说：“我来出个对子，你来对一下唦。”皮匠驸马说：“好，你出哩。”公主看见月亮蛮好，照得明晃晃的，就从月亮说起：“明月照高堂哎！巧女配秀郎。”他说：“我就来：水牛皮的底哎，黄牛皮的帮！”公主听他对到一边去哒，以为是驸马才高气傲，看不起自己，说的挖苦话，就又出个对子，挖苦他。“我再出个对子你对，”公主说，“明月照高楼呵，巧女配牯牛！”他说：“我喷上一口水呀！给它一楦头。”公主连意思都弄不懂了，她也不好再考啦！Text10(P254-P255)前头的和后头的29 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文乾隆皇帝年间，长乐县出过一任看得起杜老幺的知县，他遇到麻烦案子，自己断不下来，就找杜老幺出主意。有个烧炭的告状喊冤。知县问他什么冤情，烧炭的说：“我成亲不到半年，堂客跟人跑啦！”知县说：“这也喊冤，叫拐子还你的堂客就是！”“他不肯还。”“他不肯还，你找他要呵！你怕什么?”“他的大姨姥是施南府的府太爷。”“嗯？”知县为了难，施南府虽然不是他的顶头上司，到底官大一级，得罪不起呢。知县说:“这个案子，还是你自己找他说理去。”“他说我堂客愿意跟他啦！”“即是这种贱胚，你还要她做什么？”“拐子的话信不真呢！”“嗯？”知县一想有理。烧炭的说：“求大老爷跟我做主，不管拐子的话是真是假，您要把我堂客断回来，不然平不下这口冤气！”知县没得法，找到杜老幺。杜老幺说：“老爷，不管三七二十一，总得把堂客和拐子提来过堂唦。”知县说：“那你站在旁边跟我帮忙审。”原告，被告都提来了。知县问那堂客:“你愿跟哪个？”那堂客斜眉斜眼，指着拐子说：“奴家心愿跟他。”拐子得意洋洋地说：“我没说的，请老爷照断！”知县没想到那堂客真的嫌穷爱富变了心，急了。杜老幺也来了气，小声对知县说：“非得断给烧炭的不可！”知县问怎么断定法？杜老幺说：“叫他们三个跪成一条线。拐子跪前头，烧炭的跪后头，要那堂客跪中间。大老爷只要问那堂客一句话：她要前头的，还是要后头的？不管她怎答，都能断定给烧炭的！”知县一听，明白了，吩咐三个按法子跪成一条线，跟到把惊堂木一拍：“那堂客听着：本县只问你一句，你是要前头的，还是要后头的?”那堂客一听，答道：“要前头的”知县问：“你们前头、后头的，都听明白了么？”拐子先答：“听明白了—”烧炭的又要喊冤：“听是听明白了—”30 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文知县打断他的话：“听明白了就听本县断案：那堂客跟到烧炭的回去！”拐子和堂客都喊了起来：“老爷！错了！”知县火来了：“错个屁！那堂客跟烧炭的在前，跟拐子在后，你们自己说得清清楚楚，本县断得明明白白嘛！”31 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Appendix2TranslatedTextText1EmperorQianlongvisitsJiangnanEmperorQianlongisanemperorofkeenintelligenceandexcellentjudgment.Heisatthetoplistofafewemperorswhoobservepubliclyandinvestigateprivatelyintermsofplaceshewenttofrequently.ThisstoryisanexperienceofhisinvestigationinJiangnan(thelowerreachesofYangtzeRiverinChina).Once,therewerefourdaughters-in-lawinawealthyfamilyinJiangnan.ThewifeoftheeldestsonwasthedaughterofZhitaiinChinese.(Zhitaiequalstoacountyofficialinwesterncountry).ThewifeofthesecondsonwasthedaughterofZhentaiinChinese.(Zhentaiequalstoatownshipofficialinwesterncountry.)ThewifeofthethirdsonwasthedaughterofaJinshi.(Jinshireferstoasuccessfulcandidateinthehighestimperialexaminations).Thewifeoftheyoungestsonhadneithermoneynorpower,borninapeasantfamily.Ittooknotlongtimeforhertoburdenalltheheavychoresasmakingmeals,washing,andothertrifles.Oneday,wearingacowl-likehat,EmperorQianlongdressedasafishermanandwasfishingalongariver.Hesawthewifeoftheyoungestsonweepingwhilewashingclothes.Hefeltalittlestrangeanddecidedtostay.Heobservedherforawhile.Thegirlkeptweepingsadly.Hethought:“Whydoesthegirlkeepweepingsosadly?ShehaskeptcryingsinceIcame.Iamplanningtogoandshewillfinishwashingsoon.Butwhydoesshestillkeepcryingthere?Ifsheisnotheartbroken,shewon‟tcryforsolongtime.I‟llgoandseewhathappenedtoher.”EmperorQianlongwalkedtothegirlandasked:“Isawthatyoukeptcryingwhilewashingclothes.Doyoumindtellingmethereason?”Thegirlreplied,eyesintears:“Allmybitternessattributestothemismatchinmarriage.”“Ah?Youdon‟tneedtocry.Tellmemore,please.”“Myfather-in-lawisfromawealthyandpowerfulfamily.Therearealtogetherfourdaughters-in-law.Myeldestsister-in-lawisthedaughterofacountyofficial.Mysecondsister-in-lawisthedaughterofatownshipofficial.Mythirdsister-in-lawisthedaughterofasuccessfulcandidateinthehighestimperialexaminations.Onlyme:bornintoapoor32 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文peasantfamily.MyfatherhadwishedthatIcouldmarryawealthyfamilyandledacomfortablelife.But,thefactistotallydifferent.Contrarytowhathehadwished,nowIhavetodoallthehousework.Yousee.NotonlyshouldIwashmyparents-in-law‟sclothesbutIalsoshouldwashallmysisters-in-law‟s.Everyday,abigpileofclothesiswaitingthereformetowash.Ievendon‟tknowwhenIcanstopwashing.We,fourgirls,arealldaughters-in-law.ButwhyamItreatedsodifferentlyfromthem?Ithinkitoverandoverandcan‟thelpweepingwhenIthinkofmypoordestiny.Atpresent,theweatheriswarmandIcanbeartheheavyloads.ButhowcanIgothroughinseverewinter?”Afterlistening,EmperorQianlongsaid:“Oh,Isee.I‟vegotagoodidea.Doyouwanttohaveatry?”Thegirlresponded:“Whatistheideayou‟vegot?”“Youcanfindastepfather.”“Stepfather?Who?”“Howaboutme?”Thegirltookacautiouslookattheoldman:histwoearsarelargerthanusualsizereachingnearlytohisshoulders.Shethought:“Thisoldkindheartedmanhastwolargeearlobesandlooksbenign.Hemustbeamanwithhighreputationandmorality.IfItakehimasmystepfather,Iwouldhaveonemorehandatmyside.”So,shekneeleddownandcalledhimstepfather.Then,EmperorQianlongchoseastripofribbonandgaveittoher,andsaying:“Today,youtakemeasyourstepfather.Thisribbonisforyouasasouvenir.Hey,tellme.Isthereanythingfestivewillhappeninyourfamilyrecently?”Shereplied:“Letmethink.Atpresent,no.Butseveralmonthslater,thatisnextyearinJanuary.Myfather-in-lawwillcelebratehisbirthday.Allrelativesandfriendswillcomeandcelebrateit.”“Ok,Iwillextendmycongratulationstohimonthatday.”EmperorQianlongrestated:“YoushouldrememberwhatItoldyou.Onthatday,atthebeginning,wepretendtobestrangersanddonotcallmefather.Whenitisrighttime,Iwillcallyou.Andthen,youtakeouttheribbonthatIgaveyoujustnow.I‟llbackyouup.Doyoubearitinmind?”“Yes,Ido.”Thedaysooncame.Allrelativesandfriendscametocelebrateandexpressedtheircongratulationstothegirl‟sfather-in-law.Hundredsofpeoplecrowdedinthespacioushallandgreetedeachother.Servantswereallasbusyasabee.Thehouseholdbecame33 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文boiling.Aspromised,EmperorQianlongcame,too.Heworeacowl-likehatanddressedasanordinarywhilehidinginsideimperialrobe.Heintentionallystainedhisshoeswithmudforcover-up.Hecarriedabasketcoveredwithapieceofblueclothinwhichtherearefourbarsofgoldandsetouttoofferbirthdaycongratulations.Hewalkedintotheyardandyelled:“Dispatcher,acceptmypresents.”Thedispatchertookoverthebasketanduncoveredit,shocked:“Hey,oldbuddy,it‟sstrangeofyou,poorguy,tobringsuchanexpensivegift.”Itisroutinetotakedownthenameofthepeoplewhogivegiftsonthisoccasion.Beforethedispatcheraskedhisname,hehadwalkedintotheroom.Thereweresomanypeopletherethatthedispatcherhadtowritedownthegiftswithouttheowner‟sname.Afterawhile,theservantsbegantoarrangeseats.Atthefirsttable,thebestseatisplannedforZhitai.Atthesecondtable,thebestseatisforZhentai.Atthethirdtable,thebestseatisforJinshi.And,allseatsarearrangedorderlyinaccordancewiththesocialstatusandwealthofpeople.Inthefirstround,there‟renoseatsfortheyoungestdaughter-in-law.And,ofcourse,there‟snoseatfortheoldpoor-lookingman—EmperorQianlong.Itistimeformeals.EmperorQianlongstridetothefirsttableandsatdownwithoutthinkingmuch.Seeingthat,theservantranquicklytowardshimandshoutedhim:“Youcan‟tsitthere.ThatisspecialforZhitai.”EmperorQianlonganswered:“Zhitai?Heisaman,soamI?”Theservantresponded:“Youareright.ButZhitaiisamanwithhonorabletitles.”“Youdon‟tneedtotalkabouttitles.Hecaneathere,whycan‟tI?Weareallguests.”“Eventhoughyouarealsoourguest,youstillneedtowaitforyourturn.”“Whateveryousay,Iwillsithereformeals.”Theservanthadnoidea.Hehadtotellhismaster.“There‟sanoldmanwhoisveryimpoliteandhestubbornlysitatthefirsttable.”Hismasterreplied:“Idon‟twanttoreasonwithabeggar.Ifheinsiststositthere,lethimalone.”Soon,allguestswereseated.Afterdrinkingawhile,EmperorQianlongfelthotalloverbecauseofwearingthickcoat.Hesaidloudly:“Doyoufeelhot?I‟malittlehotnow.”So,hetookoffhisouterwearuncoveringhisimperialrobe.Alltheofficialswerescaredandhastilykneeleddown,shouting:”longlivesourgreatemperor.Weareguiltyof34 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文offendingyou.”“Wedeclareyouareinnocent.Sitdownandhavedinnerwithme.We‟lltalklater.”Everybodyfollowedhisorderandsitdownquietly.Aftertheemperorfinishedhisdinner,hetalkedtoaservant:“InvitealltheofficialstoaspaciousplaceandtellthemthatIhavesomewordstosay.”Theservantdidasheordered.Alltheofficialswalkedtotheappointedyardandkneeleddownwithbutterfliesintheirstomach.EmperorQianlongspokeloudly:“Whereismyrelative?Iwanttotalktomyrelativeinfaceofeverybodyhere.”Peoplelookedateachotherwithsurpriseandwhispered:“Uh…whohasconnectionwiththeemperor?”“Myrelativeisthemasterhere.”Thehostherewasveryconfused,wondering:“Whydoeshecallmerelative?”“Today,I‟mheretocelebratehisbirthdaywithfourbarofgold.Moreimportantly,Imissmydaughter.Now,pleaseinvitemydaughtertothefront.”Thehosttrembledandasked:“Ihopeyoucangivemesomehints.Couldyoutellmewhoyourdaughteris?”“Inviteyouryoungestdaughter-in-lawhere.”Thegirlwasinvitedtothefrontwithanaprononherwaist.Shemustbebusywithchores.ThegirlunderstoodeverythingonceshesawEmperorQianlong.ShequicklywalkedtoEmperorQianlongandsaid:“Father,areyoucallingme?”Everybodywasshockedbytheword“father”.Intheirminds,thegirlcamefromapeasantfamily.Sheevenhadnoprivilegetositinthefirstround.Peopleallthoughtthatitwasridiculousforhertocallemperorfather.Noneofthemknewthefact.EmperorQianlonggottothepointfinallyandsaid:“Mydeardaughter,ithasbeenseveralmonthssinceweseparatelasttime;I‟mheretoseeyou.”Then,heturnedbackandstaredatthegirl‟sfather-in-lawandsaid:“Youhaveoverdone.Youtreatyourdaughters-in-lawunfairly.Youtreattheoneswithhighbackgroundwellanddespisethelowerone.Lastautumn,Ihadseenhowyoutreatyouryoungestdaughter-in-law.Iamveryangrywithyouonthispoint.Farmersarenotlowerthanofficials.Withoutfarmers‟planting,we‟llhavenothingtoeat.Withoutfarmers‟weaving,we‟llhavenothingtowear.Ifweconferatitleoneveryone,doyoumeanthateveryonewillendurethetormentsofhungerandcold?Ihaveacceptedherasmydaughterandconferredprincessonher.Ifyoustilltreatpeoplebytheirbackgroundswithsnobbishattitude,I‟llteachyoualesson.”35 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Afterhavingsaidthat,EmperorQianlongdecidedtogoandaskedthegirltoseehimoff.Alltheotherofficialscanonlykneelthere.Note:Jiangnan:thelowerreachesofYangtzeRiverinChina.Zhitai:atitleequalstoacountyofficialinwesterncountryZhentai:atitleequalstoatownshipofficialinwesterncountryJinshi:referstoasuccessfulcandidateinthehighestimperialexaminationsText2DukangisnamedaftermysurnameOnce,Mr.Duworkedasaporterhelpingtheauthoritywiththesalt.Heencounteredtwobusinessmenwhoweredealingwithantiques.ThetwolookeddownuponportersandpaidnoattentiontoMr.Du.Theywereonlyabsorbedindrinking.Mr.Duaskedwithpolite:“MayIhaveyoursurname,please?”Itisacustomtostartaconversationbyaskingtheothers‟surnameinChina.IfyoursurnameisSmith,youjustneedtoanswerSmith.IfyoursurnameisWilliams,ofcourse,youranswershouldbeWilliams.Onthecontrarytowhatpeoplethought,thetwobusinessmenwantedtosneeratMr.Du.Onebusinessmansaid:“Ridingongreenhorse,passthroughHanPass,mysurnamefollowedthegreatthinkerLaoziwhosesurnameisLi”Theotherbusinessmancontinuedtoboast:”AtMangdangMountain,beheadwhitesnake,mysurnamefollowedthegreatemperorLiubang(thefirstemperorinHanDynasty)whosenameisLiu.”Thetwobusinessmenbothareproudofthemselves.TheyfelttheyprevailedoverMr.Du.So,theyaskedquestionarrogantly:“Then,Howaboutyou?What‟syoursurname?”Mr.Duansweredimmediately:“Thegreatemperor‟sgreatgrandfather‟sfatherlovetodrink.HedrinksDukang(akindofliquor)duringhislife.Dukangisnamedaftermysurname.”Listeningthis,thetwobusinessmenwereburningwithangeratthethoughtofMr.Du‟ssurnameismuchsuperiortotheirs.Theyweresoangrythattheywerechokedbytea.Note:Dukang:akindofChinesetraditionalalcohol;ageneralwordofalcohol.Laozi:Chinesepinyin“Laozi”hereusedasapun.ItnotonlyreferstothenameoftheancientgreatthinkerLaozibutalsothefatherofanotherperson.36 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Text3MuttonnoodlesMr.Duwashungryandcametoanoodleshop.Mr.Wang,theboss,smiledtohim,saying:“Hello,Mr.Du.Doyoudaretobetwithme?”“Whatdoyouwanttobeton?”“Ifyoucaneatonebowlofnoodlesforfree,I‟lltreatyouafterwards.”Mr.Duanswered:“Ok,that‟sadeal!But,Iamveryhungrynow;pleaseoffermeabowlofnoodlesfirst.”Mr.Wangreplied:“Wouldyoulikeabowlofbeefnoodles?”“Ok.”Mr.Wangofferedhimabowlofbeefnoodles.Mr.Ducastaglanceatthenoodlesandsaid:“Iamafraidthatthebeefisnotwellcooked.Pleasechangeabowlofmuttonnoodles.”Mr.WangcamewithabowlofmuttonnoodlesinhishandandputitinfrontofMr.Du.Mr.Duateupitquicklyandleftwithoutpaying.Mr.Wangstoppedhim:“Whyareyouleaving?Wehaven‟tbetyet.What‟smore,youhaven‟tpaid.”“There‟snoneedtopay.”“Youeatmymuttonnoodles.Ofcourse,youshouldpayforit.”“Muttonnoodles?Iexchangeitwithabowlofbeefnoodles.”“Then,youshouldpaythebowlofbeefnoodles”“Ididn‟tpayitbecauseIdidn‟teatit.Ionlylookatitforalittlewhile.Howcanyouaskmeformoney?”Mr.Wangstampedhisfeet:“Doyoumeanyoueatmynoodlesforfree?”“Webotharepeopleofintegrity.YouhavebetwithmethatifIcaneatyourfirstbowlofnoodlesforfreethistime,Iwillenjoyfreenoodlesafterwards.Ididwhatyoujustpromisedme.ItissowonderfulthatIcancometoeatyournoodlesinfuture!Thanksforyourhospitalityandit‟ssoniceofyou.Seeyoutomorrow.”Mr.Dusaidandleft.Text4WashingcoalintowhiteOnce,therewasarichmanwhoalwayshiredservantsworkingforhimbutpayinglessmoney.Forexample,heshouldpaytheservantfiftycoinsaday,butheonlygavehimahalf.Someemployeesnegotiatedwiththeirboss,therichman,togivethemsome37 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文moneyinadvance.Aslongastheygotwhattheydeserve,theywouldquitthejob.Onenight,therichcouplediscussedhowtosolvethisproblemindoors:“Aslongastheemployeesgettheirmoneyinadvancetheywillnotcometoworkforus.Inthisway,wepaidthemfully.Howabouthiringasilly?Then,hewilldowhateverwetoldhim.Moreover,hewon‟taskusformuchmoney.”Allthesewordswereheardbyapasser-byandpersonwhowouldliketotakeinterestinexposingothers‟tricks.Hesaidtohimselfwithsnicker:“Iwilltakethejobasasillyandhelpthemtomorrow.”Onthesecondday,themancametotherichcouple‟shomewithabunchofdrygrassanddressedasapoorsilly.Seeinghim,thehusbandaskedwithaslightlysinistersmile:“Whatareyoudoinghere?”“Job…job”Thehusbandrealizedsomethingandaskedmorequestions:“Oh,what‟syoursurname?”“Idon‟tknow.”“Whereisyourhome?”“Idon‟tknow,either.”Themanansweredallthequestionswiththesameanswer:“Idon‟tknow.”Thehusbandtoldhiswife:“Thatistherightpersonwearelookingfor.Themandoesn‟tknowhisname,hishomeoranythingelse.Aftertestinghim,Ifindhimafullystupid”.Thewifesaid:“Youaskhimwhatotherscallhim.Andwhathisparentscallhim.”Thehusbandnoddedandaskedtheman:“Doyourememberwhatotherscallyou?”“Ionlyrememberpeoplecallmeuncle”“Callyouuncle?Areyoukidding?Whatdoyourparentscallyou?”“Myparentscallmeuncle,too.”“Heisacompleteidiot.”Thehusbandlookedhimover.Althoughthemanwasastupid,theboss(thehusband)wassatisfiedwithhisstrongmuscle.“Ok,fromtodayon,youwillstayheretohelpwithallthehouseholdduties.”Thebossbroughthimtoahouseandaskedhimtodothehousework.Thebosshadnochoicebuttocallhim“uncle”.Thebosssaid:“Uncle,there‟sakindofcoalnamed„whitecoal‟.But,yousee,itisdark.Now,yourtaskistowashituntilitbecomeswhite.”Themanwenttoanearbyriverandstartedtowash.Thebossfollowedhimstealthilyandkeptaneyeonhimtoseewhetherhewasahardworkingguy.Themanwashedvery38 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文carefullyandwithsweatalloverhisforehead.Timepassed.Themanwasheditalldaylongwithnofoodordrink.Needlesstosay,hestoppedtakingarest.Thebosswalkedtothemanandsaidtohim:“Uncle,haveyouwasheditwhite?”“Notyet,Iamstillworkingonit.”“Let‟sforgetit.Youcan‟tmakeit.Itisbornwiththecolorofdark.Now,youtakeithome.And,therewillbeanothertaskwaitingforyoutomorrow.”Atnight,thehusbandtoldeverythinghappenedduringthedaytimetohiswife.Thewifesaid:“Inmyopinion,weshouldtesthimagaintomorrow.YouorderhimtoboilstonesformeandI‟llseewhatwillhappen.”Onthesecondday,thebosssaidtotheman:“Uncle,picksomestonesnearbytheriver,bringthemhomeandboilthemwellfordinner.”Themanwenttotheriveratonceandpickedabasketofstones.Thebosswasafraidofhimbreakinghispot.Hewalkedtotheman,said:“You‟dbetterputthesestonescarefullyintothepotwithyourhandslestbreakingthepot.”Themandidaswhatthebossordered.Heputstonescarefullyandlightlyintothepot.Wheneverythingwasdone,hesetlogsonfireandsparednoeffortstoboilthemwell.Thewifewatchedhimnearbyandwantedtoseewhathewoulddo.Themanfocusedonhiswork,payingnoattentiontothesurroundings.Hesetfireasmanylogsaspossible.Inordertocutdownontheuseoflogs,thewifetalkedtohishusband:“Iamafraidthatifhekeepsdoingso,hewillwasteusmanylogs.Let‟sstopheretoday.Ithinkhewinsagain.”Thehusbandwalkedtothekitchen:“Uncle,haveyouboiledthemwell?”“No,notyet”“There‟snopossibilitytoboilthemwell.Now,youputoffthefireandthrowthemallontheroad.Then,cleanthepotandpreparelunchforus.Afterthat,youshouldgotothemountains,chopdownlogs,andbringthemhome.Ok?”“Ok.”So,themandidwhateverthebossordered.Therichfamilymemberstrusthimandweresatisfiedwithhim.Onemonthpassed.Everythingwentwell.Oneday,Beijingoperawasperformedoutside.Thehusbandsaidtohiswife:“Ithasbeenalongtimesincewatchedsuchperformancelasttime.Inthepast,wehadtokeepacloseeyeontheservantsworkingforus.Now,wedon‟tneedtoworryaboutthisanymoresincethesillymancame.Today,Icansetmymindatrest.”39 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文“Iagreewithyou.Hebowstouswithnorevolt.And,Ibelievethathewon‟trunawaywhileweareabsent.Wecanrelayonhimguardingourhouse.”Thehusbandcalledthesillymanandsaidtohim:“Uncle,youronlytaskfortodayistoguardourhouse.MywifeandIwillgotoseeopera.”Therichcouplewenttowatchoperawhichmadethesillymanveryhappy.Hepretendedtobesillyonlyforwaitingthisopportunity.Hecarriedallthevaluablethingsoftherichfamilyasfastashecouldandleftwithapieceofpoempastedonthedoor:“Washingdarkcoalintowhite;Boilingstoneswell;Childrengotoseeopera;Itistimeforuncletocarrysomething.”Text5Twosons-in-lawOnce,therewasanoldmanwhohadtwosons-in-law.Onewassmart,theotherwasverystupid.Oneday,theelderson-in-lawcame.Andtheoldmanledhimtoanorangeorchardandaskedhim:“Whyaretheseorangeshalfgreenhalfyellow?”“Becauseofthesun,asfortheorangesfacingthesun,theywillturnyellow;asfortheorangeshidingfromthesun,theywillturngreen.”Theelderson-in-lawanswered.Thefather-in-lawnoddedwithpleasureandledhimtoavegetablegarden,askinghim:”Allthevegetables,whichareplantedofthesameseedsandonthesamedayaregrowndifferently.Somearebig,somearesmall.Whythesephenomenahappen?”“Becauseoftheimbalancedensityoffertilizer.Wherethereisabundantfertilizer,there‟saharvest.”Thatmadesense.Thefather-in-lawinvitedhimtohouseandsatdown:“Now,everythinggoesnotthatsmoothly.”“Whydoyousayso?”“Yourmother-in-lawandIaregettingolderandolder.Wearenotasenergeticasbefore.Youmother-in-lawhasbeenillthesedays.”“Yeah,mymother-in-lawsuffersalottobringchildrenup.Shemustbeextremelytiredandthusfallill.Howgreatmotherloveis!”Thefather-in-lawfondledhismustacheandcontinuedtosay:“Ican‟tmakemuchcontributiontothefamilynow.Whatdoyouthinkofmymustache?”Theelderson-in-lawcontinuedtolookforagoodanswer:“That‟sgood!Yourlong40 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文whitemustacheindicatesthatyoucanenjoygoodfortuneandlongevity.”Theelderson-in-lawansweredeveryquestionverywell.Twodayspassed,theyoungerson-in-lawcameandgreetedhisparents-in-law.Thistime,thefather-in-lawwantedtotesthimwiththesamequestions.So,thefather-in-lawledhimtotheorangegarden:“Whyaretheseorangeshalfgreenandhalfyellow?”“Theyarebornlikethis.”Theyoungerson-in-lawspokeouthisanswerimpulsively.Thefather-in-lawgotalittleupsetandsaidnothing.Then,heledtheyoungerson-in-lawintothevegetablegarden:“Yousee?Iwonderwhysomevegetablesaregrowingwellmeanwhilesomeofthemaresmallandfragile?”“Theyareborndifferently.”Thefather-in-lawwasspeechlesswithadissatisfactoryexpression.Soonafterwards,theywenttohouseandsatdown.Thefather-in-lawrestrainedhimselfandsaid:“Now,everythinggoesnotthatsmoothly.Yourmother-in-lawhasbeenillthesedays.”Theyoungerson-in-lawansweredhimwiththesamemeaning:“Sheisbornwithillness.”Thefather-in-lawcouldn‟tbearitnowandshoutedathim:“Youareastupid.EverytimeIaskyou,youanswermewiththesamemeaning.Yourelderbrotheransweredallthesequestionsbetterthanyou.”“Whatdidhesay?”“Forexample,asforthelastquestion,hesaidthatyoumother-in-lawsufferedalottobringmanychildrenup.”Theyoungerson-in-lawrefuted:“Many?Thereareonlytwodaughters,notmany.Ifbringingonlytwodaughterscanbesuffering.Howaboutasow?Usually,asowcangivebirthtomorethantenpiglets.But,weneversawasowistriedtodeathforbearingpiglets,right?”Thefather-in-lawgotirritatedandrepliednothing.Afterawhile,hecalmeddownanddecidedtoaskhimthelastquestion:“Myson-in-law,howdoyouthinkofmylongwhitemustache?”“Youarebornwithit.”“Alas,whydoyoualwayskeepsayingso?Yourbrother‟sanswerisdifferentfromyours.”“What‟shisanswer?”41 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文“HesaidthatIcanenjoygoodfortuneandlongevity.”“Oh,doyoumeanthatbearinglongwhitemustacheisthesymbolofgoodfortuneandlongevity?Ifso,howaboutgoats?Yeah,theywearlongwhitemustachesincetheyareborn.Theyshouldenjoygoodfortuneandlongevity,isthatso?”Text6ACalculatingBossOnceuponatime,therewasamostcunningman.Nomatterwhoyouwere,evenforhisrelativesorneighbors,hewouldneverstopcalculatinginareasrangingfrommoneytosubstance.Forexample,hekeptcalculatingeventoweedinglaborers.Heneverprovidedthemwithanyfoodorwater.Whenthoselaborerswerethirsty,theyhadtobringwaterfromafar.Whencastingaccounts,healwayscouldfindsomeexcuses:“Youarenotworkingformealldaylong,soIwillnotpayyoufully.Iwilldeductmoneyfromyourwage.”Forthisreason,allacquaintancesrefusedtocontactwithhim.Ifyouwerenewtohim,unfortunately,Iamafraidyouwillbetrappedbyhistrick.Forexample,ifyouputyourcarryononhisdeskorchair,hewillyellandgrabyourbelongingsbrutally:“Thesearemine.Whydoyoutakethingsfrommyhouse?”Therealownerrefuted:“Thesearemine.Howcanyousaythattheyareyours?”“Hum,thisismyhome.Theyareonmydeskoronmychair.”So,youcouldn‟treasonwithhim.Ifyouwerehonest,youhadtosufferlosses.Ifyouwerewise,youstillhadtowastetimeinreasoningwithhim.Oneday,astrangercametohimandlookingforajob.Thecunningmanneededhandsrightly.Therefore,heaskedthestrangertohelphimcarrycattledungwithpackbasket.Thebosssaid:”Now,sinceyouagreetoworkforme,youwillhavetoobeymyorder.Yourtaskistocarrycattledungfromcattlepentomyfield.Yourwageiscountedbyhour,andIwillseehowlongtimeyou‟veworkedforme.Onedayorhalfday,ok?”Thestrangerresponded:“SinceIpromisetoworkforyou,Iwillworkthewholeday.”“Youmeanoneday?Iamsorrytosaythatyouwholedayworkwillberecordedashalfday.”“Why?”Thestrangeraskedwithconfusingexpression.“Everytimeyoucarrycattledungfromhometofield,Irecognizeyourworkload.But,whenyouwalkfromfieldtohome,yourpackbasketisempty.Thus,howcanIrecordyourworkasawholeday?”42 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文“Oh,Ihaveneverheardofthis.Howcanyourecordmyworkinthisway?IfIdon‟treturnfromfield,howcanIcarrythenextbasketofcattledungtothefield?”“Thatisnoneofmybusiness.YouareworkingformeandIamtherulemaker.Iwon‟tpayyouwithyouremptyhands.”Thehelperthoughtforawhileandagreed:“That‟sadeal!”Thehelperbegantoworkashisbossordered.Heinstalledafullbasketofcattledungandwalkedtothespecifiedfield.Thebossleftanddidhisownbusiness.Thebossthoughtthathewasanaceincalculating.Heneverimaginedthatthehelperwasmuchwiserthanhim.Afterthehelpergottothefield,hedidn‟tscatterthecattledungintothefieldbutcarrieditbackasitwas.Thereturnjourneyrepeatedagainandagain.Atsunset,thehelperaskedmoneyfromtheboss:“Mydearboss,Ididmyworkasyouorderedandneverworkedwithemptyhands.Now,itistimethatyoushouldpayme.”Thebosswalkedtohiscattlepenandsawtherewasnodecreaseofcattledung.Evenforthefirstbasketofcattledung,itstayedwhereitwas.Seeingthis,thebosswasirritatedandshouted:“Isthatwhatyouhavedoneduringthewholeday?Isawnocattledungcarriedintothefield.”“Thatisnoneofmybusiness.Ididtheworkasyouordered.Icarriedthefullbasketbackandforthwithfullhands.Accordingtowhatyouhavepromised,youshouldpaymethewholedaywage.”Thehelperexplained.Thecunningbossrealizedthathewaschallenged.Hehadtopay.Whenthehelperwasleaving,thebosssaidtohim:“Ipaidyouonedaywageforgainingnothingandsufferedlosses.Wearecertaintomeetagain,then,youwillpaythepricesomeday.”Thebossneverthoughtthathewouldencounterthehelperonthethirdday.Thehelpercametohishouseagain.Beforehestampedintoit,hequicklypickedsomepumpkinleavesandputtheminorder.Then,heusedninesharpnailstoprickthemthrough.Afterthat,hecovereditwithaclothandtieditsothatpeoplecouldn‟tperceivewhatitwasinthebag.Wheneverythingwasdone,hewalkedtothebossandsaidtohim:“Mydearboss,mayIhavearestonyourchair?”“You?Whereareyougoingwiththatbag?”Thecunningbosskepthiseyesonthebag.“Oh,Ihavetwopiecesofcloth.Iamgoingtothetailor‟s.”“Oh,ofcourse,sitdown,please.Couldyoutellmewhatcolorarethey?”Thebosspointedtothechair.43 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文“Oneiswhiteforcoat;theotherislightgreenfortrousers.”Thehelpersatdownandgrabbedhisbagtightlyonpurposetoshowhismuchcareforit.Onsightofthis,thecunningbossrespondedwithanostensiblesmile:“Wouldyoulikesometea?”“Thankyousomuch.”thehelpertookseveralsipsfromtheteacup.Andsaid:“Mydearboss,ifyouneedhands,I‟dliketohelpafterIhavesentmyclothtothetailor‟s.”“Ifso,waitandseewhoiswiser.”Thebossthought.Then,hesaid:“Ok,ifso,whyareyoustillsittinghere?Youshouldgonowlestyoudelayyourownbusiness.”“That‟sadeal!”Thehelperstandupandwasabouttotakehisbag.Tohissurprise,thebossshoutedwithanger:“Stop,thisismybag.Youcan‟ttakeit.”“Preposterous,thisisundoubtedlymybag.Howcanitbeyours?”Thehelperanswered.“Hum,thebagisinmyroom,onmydesk.Howcanitbeyours?Inthebag,therearetwopieceofcloth:oneiswhite,theother,lightgreen.Iamgoingtothetailor‟s.Nomatterwhatyousay,noonewillbelievethatitisyours.”Thebosssatonthebagwhilespeaking.“Whoops!”thebossscreamed.Theninebignailsinthebagprickedintohisbottom.Ha-ha.“Mydearboss,doyouwanttoreasonwithme?Ha-ha,itisyourcalculatingthatbringabouteverything.Youdeserveit!”Thehelperspokealoudwithpleasure.Text7ALawsuitagainstChickensandDucksYuyangPasswasadenselypopulatedcounty.Peopleinthiscountymadealivingonfarming.Thefieldofonehouseholdwastheborderofanother.Therewasarichbosswhoboastedhundredsofchickensandducks.Everyyear,youcouldhearthatsomepeasants‟cropswereateandspoiledbyhisfowls.Somepeasantsorganizedtogethertobringalawsuitagainsttherichbossforseveraltimes.But,thecountymagistratealwaysignoredtheirsufferingandrefuted:“Nobodybuildsafencetoconfinedogs.Wecan‟tuseropetoconfinechickens,either.Thefowlisbornlikethis.AndIcandonothingaboutit.”So,itisnousetalkingaboutitwiththecountymagistrate.Mr.Du,awiser,helpedtowriteaplaint,reading:”Chickensandducksarelikeaschoolofbandits;Peckingseedingandspoilseeding;cursingtheproductionofcrops;44 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文Endangerpeople‟slives;Suingtothecountymagistrate;Thecountymagistratecloseshiseyeandturnsusadeafear;Thecountymagistratelevycropsandmoneyinanobscureway;Ifthemattercan‟tbeaddressedjustly;Wewillpresentthewrittenplainttotheemperor.”Thecountymagistratebecameafraidwhenheheardthisandhadtoaddressthematterimmediately.Text8ASmartGirlChoosesherOwnLoveOnce,therewasalovelyandsmartgirlinahousehold.Becauseofhernaturalbeautyandintelligence,manymatchmakersshowedmuchcareandcuriositytohermarriage.Onematchmakerrecommendedabachelortoherfatherwhowasoutonbusiness.Herfatheragreedandsaidtohim:“Ok,youcancometomyhomewiththebacheloryourecommendedonJanuary8thnextyear.Wewilldiscussitindetails.”Athome,anothermatchmakertalkedtohermotherandmentionedthesamething.Hermotheralsoagreedandsaidthesamewords:“Ok,youcancometomyhomewiththebacheloryourecommendedonJanuary8thnextyear.”Asforthegirlherself,shehadchosenasuitableoneinherownheart.But,shedidn‟ttellherparentsandonlytoldtheboytobringupproposalofmarriageonJanuary8thnextyear.Whatacoincidence!Theythreearrangedonthesameday.InDecember,thegirl‟sfatherwentbackhometocelebrateChinesespringfestival(themostimportantfestivalinChina.).Whentheywerealltogether,thefathersaid:“TherewillbetwoimportantguestsvisitingusonJanuary8th.”“What‟shappening?”Themothersaidwithcuriosity.“Amatchmakerintroducedagoodguyforourdaughter.OnJanuary8th,theywillcomeandseeourdaughter.”“Oh!Mygod.Ihavetalkedtoanativematchmakerandagreedwithheronthesamematter.AndIchoosethesamedayasyours.”Beforethedaughteropenedhermouth,thefatherandthemotherfeltextremelyanxiousanddidn‟tknowwhattodo.“Whatcanwedonow?Howcanwesolveit?”Onhearingthat,thedaughtercomfortedherparentsandkeptherlittlesecret45 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文unspoken.Afterawhile,shecameupwithanexcellentideaandsaidtoherparents:“Don‟tworry.I‟vegotanidea.YoucanhidebehindthewallandIwillsolveitbymyself.”Thedaysooncame.Thegirlarrangedasumptuousmealforthem.Whentheyallarrived,sheopenedsomeremarks:“Iknowyouareallcometomyhomeforproposalofmarriage.Ihaveaquestionforyouthree.Iwillsayyestotheonewhocangivemeasatisfactoryanswer.”Thetwobachelorsconsentedbythegirl‟sparentsthought:“Theworldlyareallattractedbymoney.IfIsayIhavealotofmoney,thegirlmustfeelsatisfiedandhappy.”ThemanconsentedbythefatherwasaTaoistpriest.Themanconsentedbythemotherwasateacher.Themanthatthegirllovedwasafarmer.Theteacherstartedtheconversationwithafourlinepoem:“Ihavewritingbrush,ink,paperandinkstone;Iteachanumberoflovelystudents;thetuitionofboardingstudentsisasmuchasthreehundredpenny;letaloneaddingthetuitionofdayschoolstudents.”TheTaoistpriestfollowedwithafourlinepoem:“Iamaccompaniedbydivineequipments;Peopleareattractedbymydivination;myincomeforonedivinationcanreachthreehundredpennyinthetemple;letaloneaddingotherincomeoutofthetemple.”Differently,thefarmertalkedaboutgrainratherthanmoney.Healsoblurtedoutapoem.Saying“Ihavefarmcattleforcompany;peopleareamusedbymyfarmland;Icanharvestthreehundredloads;exceptingforothercereals”Listeningthis,thegirlnoddedwithpleasureandspokeoutapoemtoexpressherfeelings:“Iamaccompaniedbyneedlesandscissors;peoplelovemyneedleworkverymuch;Ilovehisthreehundredloadsgrainverymuch;Ihavetosaysorrytoyoutwo.”Text9Emperor’sson-in-law—AcobblerItisastoryabouthowacobblerbecomesemperor‟sson-in-law.AforeignpoemwasbroughttoChina.Theemperorcouldn‟treadit.So,Oneday,whentheemperorwashavingmorningmeeting,hebroughtoutthisquestion.Tohissurprise,alltheofficialsatmeetingcouldn‟treadit.Theemperorhadtoannounce:“PastethispoemontheWuchaoGate.I‟llchoosetheonewhocanreadthispoemtobemyson-in-law.”Thepoemwasputonthegateandtherewasanofficialguardingit.Severalmonthshavepassed;noonecouldreadthepoem.Oneday,acobblerwassittinginthecornerof46 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文thegateforarest.Helookedupandsawthatpoem,heavingasigh:“Ah!Asforthispoem,Ididn‟tknowaword.”Hearingthis,theofficialthought:“Justnow,hesaidthathedidn‟tknowaword.Maybe,hemeansthatheknowsotherwordsexceptoneword.”So,Hewalkedtothecobblerandtoldhimtowaitthere.Hewouldinformtheemperor.Theofficialrantothehallatfullspeed:“Mylord,amansaidthatheknewthepoemexpectoneword.”Theemperorwasanxious:“Oh,onlyoneword?Ok,askhimcomehereandexplainthepoemtome.”Theofficialbroughtthecobblertothehallandkneeleddown.Thecobblerfollowedtheofficialandkneeleddown,too.Theemperoraskedtheofficialtostandup.Thecobblersawthatemperordidn‟taskhimtostandup.So,hemumbled:“Iwillstandupbymyself.”InChinesepinyin:“wogerenzhandao”itsoundssimilaras:“worenweizhanbiao”theofficialmishearhiswordsandansweredtheemperor:”hesaidthatitiszhanbiao”(zhanbiao:heremeansanannouncementofacountrytodeclareawartoanothercountry.)Theemperorcontinuedtoask:“Sinceitisanannouncement,doyouknowthedateofthewar?”Thecobblerfeltshockedandasked:”Doesheaskme?ShouldIgivetheanswer?”Theofficialtoldtheemperor:”hesaidthatheaskedyou.Andyougivehimtheanswer”Theemperorfeltrelaxedandthought:“Thecounterpartkingaskedmetogivethedate.”Hecontinuedtosay:”That‟sgood.Iwilldeclarethewarhappenornot.”Ofcourse,thecobblerresponded:“Yeah,mydearlord,youarethedecisionmaker.”Theemperorfeltverypleasedandsaid:“Ofcourse,Inowannouncethatyouaremyson-in-lawfromnowon.”Thecobblerwasnewlydressedandcaredforbymanyservants.Hegotmarriedwithprincessandbecametheemperor‟sson-in-law.Allthesubjectswereunwillingtosubmit.Theydiscussedprivately:“Therearesomanyknowledgeableofficialshere.Evenwecouldn‟treadthepoem.Howcanacobblerreadthepoembutoneword?Weshouldapplyforanopportunitytotesthim.”So,allthesubjectsorganizedtogetherandaskedtheemperorforpermission.Theemperoragreedandinformedhisson-in-law.TheyagreedtomeetatYushipavilionnextday.Onthatday,thecobblerarrivedearlyatthepavilionandwaitedfortheofficials.Theofficialssawhimquietlywaitingthere.Theythoughttwiceanddiscussed:“Hesatthereintranquility.Ifheismoreknowledgeablethanus,itwillbeagreatshametous.”So,theydecidedtotesthimbygestures—enigma.Inthisway,iftheyfail,theystillwouldn‟tlose47 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文face.Aftertheyreachedanagreement,theywalkedtothepaviliontogether.Firstly,theofficialstouchedtheirheads.Seeingthat,thecobblerstandupandstampedhisfeethard.Secondly,theofficialsstretchedouttheirthumbs.Thecobblerextendedhistwofingerstothem.Thirdly,theofficialsstretchedoutthreefingers.Then,thecobblerstretchedoutfivefingers.Theofficialsgaveupusingfingersandstretchedtheirlegsaside.Thecobblerjumpedwithhistwofeet.Now,theofficialslookedalittleflurriedandfondledtheirstomachtwice.Thecobblerpattedhisbottomtwice.Theythought:“Heissoknowledgeablethatweneedn‟tcontinuetotesthimanymore.Wehadbettertoinformouremperorandtellhimthathehaschosenasmartson-in-law.”Theemperorwasgladtohearthatandaskedformoredetails.Oneofficialexplained:“Firstly,wetouchourheadswhichmeansthatwearehighrankedofficials.Heansweredbystampinghisfeetwhichmeansthatheisstampingonimperialpalace.Secondly,westretchoutourthumbswhichmeanthatwearefirst-rankcourtofficials.Heansweredwithhistwofingerswhichindicatethatheiswearingtwogoldenflowersastheemperor‟sson-in-law.Thirdly,westretchoutthreefingersindicatingthatwearegraduatesofthreegovernmentalexaminations.Herespondedwithfivefingersindicatingthatheisthetoponthelistofthe„FiveClassics‟examination.Afterthat,westretchoutourlegasideshowingthatwepassedcivilexaminationsuccessfully.Herespondedbyjumpingshowingthathesteppedonimperialpalacesuccessfully.Atlast,wetouchourstomachtoshowthatwearefulloflearning.Herespondedbypattinghisbottomtoshowthatheisthetalentunderheaven.”Alltheofficials‟reactionshowedtheiradmirationtothecobbleranddispersedpeacefully.Thecobblerwentbackasusual.Hiswife—theprincess,wasunableholdherselftoask:“Mydear,howistheresult?Whatdotheyaskyou?”“There‟snorelationshipwithtextbookknowledge.”“En?Whatdotheyreallycheck?”“Nothingserious.Somethingaboutbusiness.”“Theyarealmostofficialsgoodatproseandpoem.Whydotheytalkbusinesswithyou?”“Idon‟tknow.I‟lltellyoutheprocess.Whenwemeet,theybegintotouchtheirheadswithoutsayinganything.Igottheideathattheywanttodobusinesswithmeinfurhats.Iamnotgoodatmakinghats.Youknow,Iamacobbler.So,IstampmyfeetatoncetotellthemthatIamdealingwithleathershoes.Next,theystretchoutonefinger.Iknew48 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文thattheyarebargainingwithmeandtheygivemethepriceofonehundreddime.Ithinkonehundredisalittlelower.So,Istretchouttwofingerstoaskfortwohundreddime.Then,theystretchoutthreefingersforapairofshoes.Istretchoutfivefingersindicatingfivehundreddimeforapairofshoes.Later,theystretchoutoneoftheirlegsasideindicatingthattheyonlywanttomakeoneshoe.Ijumpwithmytwofeettoshowthattheymustmakeapair.Atlast,theytouchtheirbellytoshowtheyprefertheabdominalpartofcowleather.Seeingthis,Ipatmybottomtwicetotellthemthatthebottompartofcowleatherisbetter.”Theprincesswasdubiousaboutwhathesaidandadded:“Isthattrue?”“Ofcourse,butwedidn‟treachanagreementattheendofthismeeting.”Thecobblersaidwithalittleregret.Theprincessthought:“Whytheseofficialstalkaboutbusinesswithhim?Tonight,Iwilltesthimbymyselfandfindtheanswer.”Atnight,theprincesswalkedtohishusbandandsaid:“Let‟splayaninterestinggame.HereItellyouthefirstlineofacouplet.You‟llmatchit.Ok?”Thecobbleranswered:“Noproblem.Goahead,please.”Themoonwasbrightlyshininginthedarksky.Theprincesscaughtaglimpseofthemoonandsaid:“Thebrightmoonshinestheglorioushall;aclevergirlmatcheswithahandsomeboy.”Thecobblerblurtedout:“Usingbuffalohidetomakesole,usingcattlehidetomakevamp.”Theprincessthoughtthathemismatchedthecoupletdeliberatelyandregardeditasakindofsatire.So,shecontinuedtotesthim:“Here‟sanotherone:“Thebrightmoonshinesthehighbuilding;aclevergirlmatcheswithanass.”Thecobbleranswered:“Ispoutalittlewater;woodkeywon‟tmakeitdeformed.”Hearingthis,theprincessfeltmoreconfusedthanbeforeandcouldn‟tunderstanditatall.Embarrassingly,shehadtokeepsilent.Text10Whichonedoyouprefer?Themanwhoisinfrontofyouorbehindyou?DuringtheperiodofEmperorQianlongreign,inChangleCounty,thegovernorgavecredittoMr.Du.Everytimewhenthegovernorwasbotheredbysomedifficultcases;hewouldaskMr.Duforadvice.Oneday,apoormanwhorantothegovernorandaskedhimforhelp.Thegovernorasked:“What‟swrongwithyou.”Themananswered:“Igotmarriedhalfayearago.My49 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文wifebetrayedmeandescapedwithanotherman.”“That‟ssoeasy.Lettheothermansetyourwifefreeandmakeaskhimtoendanyconnectionwithyourwife.”“That‟sbeyondmypower.Iamafraidhewon‟tdoasyouthought.”“Whatareyouafraidof?”“HisuncleistheownerofShenanmansion”.Thisembarrassedthegovernor.Heunderstooditverywell.Eventhoughthedefendant‟sunclewasnotthedirectleaderofhimself,hestillneededtoshowrespectanddarenottooffendhim.Then,headded:“Caseslikeyours.Youhadbetteraddressitbyyourself.Youcanletthemrealizeyourjustification.”“Butitismywifewhatchoosestoleavemeandshewantstobewiththeotherman.”“Sinceyourwifeissuchacontemptiblecreature.Whydoyoustillwanttobewithher?”“Ihearthesewordsfromthemanandhemightcheatme.SoIwanttoknowthefact.”“Oh,Isee.”“Mylord,whetheritistrueorfalse,Ihopethatyoucandojusticeforme.”Thegovernorhadnoidea.So,heaskedMr.Duforhelp.Mr.Duthoughtforawhileandsaid:“Whateveritwillbe,thefirstthingyoushoulddoistoinvestigatethematterandinterrogateeveryoneinvolved.”Thegovernorsaid:“That‟sallright.Iwillfollowyouradvice.You‟dbetterstandbesidemeandregardasmythinktank.Ok?”“Ok.Noproblem”Thedefendantsandplaintiffareallatcourt.Thecountymagistrateaskedthewoman:“Whodoyouwanttobewith?”Thewomanblinkedhereyes,lookedattheabductorandmadeherdecision:“Iamwillingtobewiththatman”.Theabductorwasverypleasedandtoldtothepublic:“Ihavenothingtorefute.Iamwillingtobowtothecountrymagistrate‟sorder.”Thecountymagistratewasextremelyshockedtohearthat.Mr.Du,thepersonstandingby,gotveryangryandwhisperedtothecountrymagistrate:“Weshouldhelpthepoormantogethiswifeback.AndIhopethatyoucansupportthepoorman.”Thecountymagistrateagreedwithhimandaskedhow.Mr.Ducameoutofagoodidea:“Askthemtokneeldowninaline.Thepersonatfrontshouldbetheabductor,thewifeinthemiddle,50 三峡大学MTI硕士学位论文thepoormanatback.Whatyoushoulddoisonlytoaskthewifewhoshewantstobewith,themanwhoisinfrontofyouorbehindyou?Nomatterwhichoneshechooses,wecanhelpthepoormantogethiswifeback.”ThecountrymagistratedidasMr.Dusuggested.Thecountrymagistratesmashedthetableandsaid:“Ionlytoaskyouonequestion:whichonedoyouwanttofollow,thepersonatfrontoratback?Thewomanwilldecideherfate.Areyouallclear?”Theabductoranswered:“Yes,I‟mclear.”Thepoormanansweredwithalittlesad:“Yes.”Ofcourse,thewomansaid:“Ichoosethemaninfront.”“Ok,now,youshouldgohomewiththepoorman”“No,no.mycountymagistrate,youhavemadeamistake.Ichoosethepersonatfront.”“Yeah,Iamright.Comparingwiththepoorman,youareatfront.Youallmadeyourstatementsclearlyandeverybodyknowsit.Ihavecondemnedthiscasefairly.Howdareyoudisobey!”51