The universality and individuality in English and Chinese proverbs 英汉谚语文化取向研究 10页

TheuniversalityandindividualityinEnglishandChineseproverbsIntroductionChineseandEnglishculturesaretwobigcultureswhicharecomplicatedanddifferentdistinctivelyfromeachother.Thelanguagesofthesetwocountriesalsobelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies.Proverbwhichderivefromlifeisoneofthemosttypicallyrepresentationofitslanguage.Asthemajorformofthesetwodifferentlanguages,ChineseandEnglishproverbscontainveryspecialandimportantculturalinformation,too.Becauseofthehugediversityofthesetwolanguages,thedifferentculturalorientationsseemtobeakeypoint.Therefore,excellentlyandpreciselylearningaboutproverbsontheirculturalorientationisveryimportantinachievingsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication.Learningaforeignlanguagewellmeansmorethanmerelymasteringthewords,grammar,idiomsandallkindsofspecialphenomenon,orseparatelylearningthelanguageandculture.Italsomeanslearningthewaysinwhichtheirlanguagereflectstheirownculture,customsandbehavioroftheirsociety,learningtounderstandculturebyeverydetail.Inaword,learningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.Proverbsarethediamondofalanguage.Languageispartofculture.Soasapartoflanguage,proverbscloselyintegratedwiththesocietyandculture.Proverbsreflectmanyaspectsofthenationsuchashumanknowledgeandexperience.Learningproverbisoneimportantaspectandwaystolearnalanguageandtounderstandonenation’sculture.ThisessayIaimtoanalyzeandcompareculturalorientationinChineseandEnglishproverbs.ⅠLanguageandcultureLanguageandculturearecloselyrelatedtoeachotherandinfluenceeachother.Languageandcultureofteninteractwitheachother,influentandshapeeachother.TheLanguageisthepartofculture,theisotopiccarrierofculture,themostimportantrepresentationofcultureandthecontaineroftheculture.Itplaysasignificantroleinculture.Language,tosomedegree,isthesymbolicrepresentationofonenation’sculture.Butlanguageisalsoinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Culturedeterminespeople’swayofexpressingbylanguageindifferentsituations.H.D.Brownstatedprecisely:“Cultureisreallyanintegralpartoftheinteractionsbetweenlanguageandthought，Culturepatterns,customs,andwaysoflifeareexpressedinlanguage;Cultural-specificworldviewsarereflectedinlanguage.”[1]P11Nolanguagewilllivewithouthavingthefoundationofculture.“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbols,asystemofsigns,createdbyhumanbeingsandusedforhumancommunication.”［2］P55ⅡProverbandthemajorfeatures2.1Definitionofproverb10 OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionarydefinesproverbas“proverb,ashortpopularsayingofunknownauthorship,expressingsomegeneraltruthorsuperstition.”[3]P1305WuZhankunholdsthatproverbsarethecrystalofnationalwisdomandexperience.Theyarefrequentlyusedorallyandhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationandusuallygivepeopleinformationandspeakthetruth.［4］Fromallthesedefinitions,wecanseesomecommontypicalcharacteristicsofproverbs.Proverbsarecreatedbycommonpeoplebydailylifeandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.EnglishandChineseproverbsareclear,colloquialandvivid.Thisisdecidedbyitsownproducers’societyclasses.Proverbsaretheproductionofthenationalintelligenceandexperience.Proverbsareverycolloquial,oftencomposedwithsimplewords,commonstyle,concisestructure,andvividlanguage.Sotheyareveryeasytoberememberedandunderstand.Proverbscanbeeasilyfoundinmostlanguageandareoftenveryancient,andtheyusuallygivepeopleadviceandwarning.2.2MajorfeaturesofproverbProverbastheexperiencesoftheworkandlife,isthesummaryofthedailypractice,representtheuniversaltruthofeveryaspect.2.2.1OriginsAboutoriginofproverbs,theyusuallyareinfluencedbythereligion.Proverbsisusedastoolforthereligionstospreadtheirownthoughts.InChinese,fortheBuddhistandthefeudalismleaders,theproverbmayhandledowntheirdoctrineandcreedeasierandextensive.UndertheeffectoftheJesus,Englishproverbreflectstheethicsmorality.Second,manyproverbcomefromliteraryworks.Anation’sliteraryworksareitslanguage’sginger.Theypromotethedevelopmentoflanguagesomefamousstory,plot,eventhehero’snamebecomesproverbs.Therearemanygreatwritersineastandwest.TheyhadmadedistinctivecontributionstothedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.Third,accordingtothedevelopmentofthecommunicationwithothercountries,moreandmorelanguagecontactswitheachother.OtherlanguageimpactEnglishandChineseduringtheprocessofformingproverb.ManyEnglishproverbsarefromLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.ChineseproverbsareabsorbedformRussian,Japanandotherminoritynationality.Forexample:1.放下屠刀,立地成佛。2.三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。《三国演义》(TheThreeKingdoms)3.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.4.“Thebiterissometimesbit.”isfromShakespeare’sHamlet.［5］Example1isareligionrelatedproverbsfromBuddhistwhichgivingpeopleadvicetostop10 killing.Example2comesfromaChineseliterarywork,meansthreecommonpeoplecanthinkoutmoreideasthanoneintelligencepeople.Example3comesfromthewesternreligionthatrepresentsthecreed.Example4comesfromtheShakespeare’sliterarywork.2.2.2ContentsInthistermofcontents,proverbsmainlyinvolvehistorycustoms,religiouscreedandgeographyaboutagriculturalproductionandsoon.Almostalltheproverbsarepassedbytheancientpeople.Wedoesnotcreatenewproverbveryoften.Eachnationhasitsuniquehistory.Sinceproverbsarehistoricalproducts,theymayreflectsometypicalthingsofthenationalhistoryandthecountry.Chinahasalonghistoryabout2000yearsoffeudalsociety.People’mindandthoughtsarerestrainedbythegovernment.EnglishproverbsarerelatedtothehistoryofEngland.Example:1.周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨。2.“Itisashardtopleaseaknaveasaknight.”［6］p49Example1comesfromaChinesetraditionalstoryaboutatactic.Example2aknightsreferstoamangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishmonarch.TherearemanylegendsabouttheEnglishknights.NomatteronEastandWest,religionisveryimportantforthedailylife.Religion,asthespiritcreed,hasahugeinfluenceofthesociety.Differentreligionsareformedbydifferentculturalbackgroundsanddifferentculturaltraditions.Butthebasiccreedshavemuchincommon:pursuingcharityandgivingadmonish.Proverbsarecloselyrelatedtotheculture,soproverbscanreflectthedifferentreligiousfaith.Forexample:1.救人一命胜造七级浮屠。2.ThewaytoheavenisbyWeepingCross.Example1isanoldChineseproverb,showsthatsavingpeoples’lifeisthebestthing.Example2showsthatonlywaytoheavenisrepentance.Languagereflectspeople’slifeenvironment.Livingcustomsgreatlyinfluenceandrestrictthesystemoflanguageexpressions.Everylanguageischaracterizedbyitsdifferentanduniquelivingcustoms.InChina,somefestivalmeansspecialmeaningforthepeople.ModernChinaisstillacountrythatcannotacceptkissingasanormalsocialcourtesy.Evensomeparentsdonotdothistotheirchildren.Thisisadistinctivefeatureshowingthedifferencesbetweenlivingcustom,becauseinwesterncountrykissingisthenormalcourtesyforthestrangerorthefamilymembers.Example:1.“吃了重阳酒，夜作不离手。”10 1.Unkissed,unkind.Example1showsthatwhenpeoplemeetChongyangfestival,drinkingisthewayofcelebration.Example2reflectsthatkissingisanormalcourtesyinwesterncountry.Intheancienttime,theagricultureisthemostimportantissueofonecountry.Anation’sgeographicalenvironmentisbasesoftheagricultureanditdecidesthedevelopingofthelifelevelandtheprocessofthewholesociety.Thegeographicalfeaturesareinevitablyreflectedintheproverbsofthelanguage.Englandisanislandcountry,andnogoodenoughsunshineandsuitableearthforcultivation.Ithasabigadvantageofsailingandfishing.Somanyproverbsrespectthesecharacters.Chinaisatraditionalagriculturecountry.Almostallthepeoplearefarmers.Proverbs,asthecrystalofthefarmer,accumulatemanywisdomandintelligence.Example:1.春雨贵如油。2.Beingonthesea,sail;beingontheland,settle.Example1showsthatinChina,whenspringcomes,therainisveryrareandprecious.Example2showsthatEnglishpeoplemakelingforsailingandfishing.AgricultureisnotfitatetheenvironmentonEngland.2.2.3FiguresofspeechProverbsuserhetoricaldevicestoattractthereadersdeeply.ManyChineseandEnglishproverbsusethesamerhetoricaldevicessuchassimile,metaphor,repetition,hyperboleexaggerate,Antithesis,Synecdoche,personificationandsoon.Wecanfinditsinfluenceineverycornerinliterature.Rhetoricisabetterwayforpeopletoexpresstheirthinking,feelings,andtheiremotionsandtoletotherpeopletounderstand.ThoughChineseandEnglisharetwototallydifferentlanguagesaroundtheworld,wecanexcitedfindthat,comparisonwiththerhetoricofChinese,itisnotsohardtofindthattherearelotsoffigureofspeechwhichcanbothuseinEnglishandChinese.Example:1.割麦如救火。2.Timeisfatheroftruth.ⅢCulturalOrientationsinChineseandEnglishProverbs3.1DifferentculturalorientationsinChineseandEnglishproverbsBothintheEnglishandChineselanguageproverbsarewidelyused.Theyarepassedfromgenerationtogenerationwithfewchanges.TheamountoftheproverbsisveryhugebothinEnglishandChinese.Itreflectseveryaspectoflifeandlonghistory.Withessentiallynationalcharacteristics,proverbscontainmostlynativeelements.EnglishandChineseproverbsshow10 theirownnationalculture.Manypeoplecannotproperlyunderstandthemeaningofaphraseorproverbsevenajokewithoutspecialsearchaboutit,becausetheyknowlittleaboutculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs.TheEnglish-speakingandChinese-speakingpeoplecomesfromdifferentcultures.Theyliveindifferentlivingenvironment,havedifferentcustomsandholddifferentreligiousbelieves.Allthosedifficultyhinderthewayofunderstandingproverbsrightly.Sohavingacknowledgesofthedifferenceoncultureandcoralcreedandthoughtsofdifferentcountryandcultureisthemostimportantsteptolearnanewlanguage.3.1.1Collectivismvs.individualismCollectivismandindividualismisaveryimportantpartforunderstandingtheChineseandEnglishcultureorientation.Andtheyareaffectedbythelonghistory,customsandvalues.Chinaisthebestcircumstanceforcollectivism.UndertheinfluenceofConfucianism,Buddhismandtaoism,Chinesetraditionalcultureandvaluesystemobvioustendtocollectivism.Afamilyhometothecountryforthecountrytotheworldfortheworld.(家，国，天下)isoneofthemostimportantcreedofConfucianism.ItreflectsthatChinesepeoplebelievecountryisabigfamilyandeveryoneisconnectedtoeachother.Thewholeworldisonecommunity,andPeacefulnessisprized.TaoismisthelocalreligionwhichoriginatesinChina.Humanlifebeinginahighlyharmonywithnature.（天人合一）representstheChinesepeoplethinktheworldasawhole.Noonecanexistbytheirown.Chinesepeopleemphasizedthatpreferringtheprofitofthesocietyandcommunitybeyondpersonalbenefits.Individualpeopleshouldputthecommunitybeyondindividualandcooperatetoachievethesuccessofcommunityoragroup.Chineseproverbsreflectingthiscollectivethoughtarelike:一人拾柴火不旺,众人抬柴火焰高。人心齐，泰山移。一个巧皮匠,没有好鞋样;二个笨皮匠,做事好商量;三个臭皮匠,合个诸葛亮。IndividualismisthekernelvaluesysteminEnglishculture.Individualismmeansthetiesbetweenpeopleareloose.Everyoneprefertolookafterthemselvesbytheirown.［3］Thischaracterjustconformsthewestpeopleadvocatingunique,emphasizingpersonalindependence,andvaluingpersonalaspiration.Intermsofindividualism,Americancultureisregardedastherepresentativeone.The“Americandream”andthe“westernmovement”tosomedegreeencouragetheyoungpeopletopursuittheirowndreamandenforcethedevelopmentofindividualism.TheAmericancultureofpursuinguniqueandstrangestyleencouragestheindividualismdevelopment.Therefore,manyEnglishproverbsreflecttheirthoughts.Forexample:Self-preservationisthefirstlawofnature.10 Wheneveryonetakescareofhimself,careistakenofall.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfortune。Ifyouwantathingwelldone,doityourself.3.1.2Hierarchyvs.equalityChinahasa2000yearshistoryoffeudalism.Politics,economy,culturearecontrolbythecentralgovernmentandloadreachingasummit.ChinahasabigterritoryandabigpopulationwhichisequaltothewholeEurope.Onlydependingontheharshclasses’degreecanthedominatorgovernhiscountry.Thelowestpeoplearecontrolledbytheofficial;theofficialsarecontrolledbytheemperor.InsomedynastylikeYuanandQing,Chinawascontrolledbytheminoritynationality.Forthepurposeofsolidifyingtheirregime,preventingthepowerturningtoothers,imperialclassseveranypossibilitiesofregimehandledbyothersandpusheddiscriminationtoHanpeoplebyregardingthemassecond-classcitizens.Thoughthefeudaltimehasfinished,manyproverbsarepassedbycontainthisconceptsuchas:官大一品压死人。小鬼斗不过阎王，胳膊扭不过大腿。Westernpeoplevalueequality.Theyaspiretoequality.Becauseoftheancienthistory,Englishpeopleandpeoplefromotherwesterncountrylovefreedomthroughthelongexperiencesofsailingandtravelling.Throughtheblackmiddlecentury,renaissanceactivitybroughtthenewthoughttothosepeople.Thepoorpopulacerealizesandbeginstopursuitthateveryoneshouldbeequal.Everyonewasbornwiththesamerightsandsocialpositionbygod,everyoneisequalandfreedom.ManyhistoriansbelievethatAmericancultureisregardedastherepresentativeone.IntheDeclarationofIndependence,“Allmenarecreatedequal”.“Americandream”,emphasizeeveryoneisequal;everyonehasthesameopportunityandpossibilitytoachievesuccessiftheyoungpeoplestrugglehardtopursuittheirdream.Ittolargedegreeencouragestheyoungenforcethedevelopmentofconceptofequality.Englishproverbsmostlycreatedinthattime,theyinevitableareinfluencedbycircumstanceinthattime.Forexample:Sixfeetofearthmakeallmenequal.Acatmaylookataking.3.1.3Harmonyvs.competitionTheconceptofharmonyhasaveryspecialandimportantstatusinChinesetraditionalculture.Harmonyisoneoftheoldestphilosophyframeworks.ItisthemostrepresentativeorientationoftheChineseculture.Harmonyisborninagriculture.Agriculturalproductionneedtofitthe10 naturalprinciples.Itistheembryoofharmony.Fromthetimepassby,thethoughtofharmonyspreadotheraspectsasthecoralthoughtofChinesepeople.ConfucianismshowsthatChinesepeoplebelievecountryisabigfamilyandeveryoneisconnectedtoeachother.Thewholeworldisonecommunity,andPeacefulnessisprized.Onlyallthosepeoplecanlivetogetherpeacefullywithoutanystruggleandfight,thefamily,countryandthesocietycanbeexistedforlongtime.Fromthaton,theChinesepeoplehighlyemphasizethesolidarityandharmonybetweenpeopleandpeopleorbetweengroupandgroup.Taoismblazes“humanlifebeinginahighlyharmonywithnature.”Itemphasizesharmonyexistseverywhere.Donotfocusonthepersonalemotionandbenefits,andholdingthecharitablethoughtstoeveryone.BuddhismspreadbroadlyinChina.ThemaincreedofBuddhismistreasuringharmonyandinfluentothertodogoodthings.Suchas:事怕合计，人怕客气。一个朋友一条路，一个冤家一堵墙。骂人不揭短,打人不打脸。Thegeneofcompetitionlocatesineverywesterner’sblood.Livingbyfishingonthesea,theancientEnglishpeoplelovedconquestandadventurethroughtheircompetitionwiththesea,andafterwards,duetotheindustrialrevolutionaryinEngland;theproductiveforcegainedarapiddevelopment.Itdidnothavetheenoughmoneytoenlargethescale.Itthenconquersthepoorcountryastheircolonyandcompeteswithothercolonists.Indomesticpolitics,Englandwasinfluencedbytheenlightenment,exercisedemocracy.［4］Usuallytherearetwoormorepoliticalpartiestocompetetotheregime.Onculture,throughrenaissanceandenlightenment,Englishpeoplefocusonthepersonalstatus.Theybelievetheindividualistshoulddependontheirownabilitytoleadagroupthroughcompetitionandgainpersonalsuccess.ThebeliefofcompetitionalsospreadtoEnglish-speakingcountriesunderthecolonialruleofEngland.Proverbsrecordthisperiodofhistory.Suchas:Itisthesqueakywheelthatgetstheoil.Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfortune.Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.Menleapoverwherethehedgeislowest.3.1.4Traditionorientationvs.futureorientationChinaisacountryoftraditionalorientation.TheChinesepeoplehaveastronghistoricalconsciousness,whichisrepresentedbyadmiringgreatlythetraditionalnotions,principlesandconstantpatternofbehavior.BecauseChinahassuchalonghistoryabout3000years,duringthisperiod,Chineseancestorleftusmanyworkstorecordtheirexperiencesandknowledge10 .Therefore,thereisadeeplythoughtinpeople’smind:allthosethingscanbefoundinhistory.Peoplecanfollowtheexampleofthesuccessfulpeople,takingtheloser’sexperiences.Amongthelonghistory,theinstitutionandthecontentofdailylifedidnotchangeveryhuge.Alltheseexperiencescanstillbeusedandconsummatedfortheoffspring.So,thinkingmodeofChinesepeoplehavethecharacteristicslikethatvaluinghistory,thinkinghighlyoftradition,andrelevantvenerationculture,appreciatingsynopsisandexperience,andrespectingtheoldpeople.Suchas:吃一堑,长一智。前车之覆,后车之鉴。不听老人言,吃亏在眼前。老将出马，一个顶俩。Onthecontrary,EnglishandAmericanpeoplemoreappreciatethefuture.Payingattentiontothefuture,theyfocusonthenewstuff,changesanddevelopment.Keepingthespiritofsuspicion,theydonotworshiptheauthorityofhistoryoroldpeople.Theytendtodoubt,criticizeanddenythethingsthattheymeet.Togainexperience,theyemphasizethroughtheirownpractice.Meantime,theyprefertogiveuptheoldthings.AndthesocietysystemandchangeissoquicklyinEnglandthatthereisnotimeforthepeopletorecordfortheiroffspringandlearnfromancestors.Becauseofthegeographicallocation,communicationwithothercountryorotherpartoftheworldisnotconvenient.So,alsotheygenerallybelievethatpeoples’oldagedoesnothavemoredisadvantagesthanadvantage.Thiskindoforientationisreflectedinmanyproverbs,suchas:Changebringslife.Thereisnothingpermanentexceptchange.Thereisnofoollikeanoldfool.Youcan’tteachanolddognewtrick.3.2SimilarculturalorientationsinChineseandEnglishproverbsThoughChineseandEnglisharetwototallydifferentlanguagesaroundtheworld,wecanexcitedlyfind,throughcomparingwiththetwocultures,therearelotsofproverbsinEnglishandChinesereflectthesameorsimilarthoughts.Through,innaturalandsocialcondition,ChinaandEnglandhavemanydifferentthings;therearealsomanysubjectivelawsandpeople’sunderstandingaboutwordsuniversal.NomatteronEastorWest,culturalorientationasthespiritcreedhasmuchincommon.Nomatterwhatkindofcultureandlanguageandwheretheyaregrowingup:pursuingcharityandgivingadmonish.NomatteronWestandEast,thedevelopmentdirectionofsocietyarethesame.Theprinciplesandrulesofsocietyandcountry’sdevelopmentarethesame.People’swillanddailylifehavemuchincommon.NomatteronEnglandorChina,peopleholdsamethoughtsaboutthesamethingsbecauseofthe10 stuff’sobviouscharacteristics.Likesnake,wolfandlion,thereisnodistinctiveimpressionamongdifferentcultureandlanguage.Andthesesimilaritiesresultintheculturaluniversality.Proverbsarecloselyrelatedtotheculture,soproverbscanreflectthesameuniversalityintheculturalorientation.Forexample:趁热打铁。Strikewhiletheironishot.隔墙有耳。Wallshaveears.旁观者清。Lookers-onseemostofthegame.自作自受。Selfdo,selfhave.傻人有傻福。Foolshavefortune.英雄所见略同。Greatmindsthinkalike.有志者，事竟成。Wherethere’sawill,there’saway.滴水穿石。Constantdrippingwearsawaythestone.爱屋及乌。Loveme,lovemydog.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。Oncebitten,twiceshy.Thecontactbetweenstatesandnationsismoreandmorefrequent.Differentnationalculturesareexchangedandinteractedtoeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture.［7］p211Thechangesisdirectlyreflectedinthelanguage.Proverbisthecrystaloflanguage.Ithasamoreobviousrepresentation.EnglishabsorbsmanyChinesewords,andagreatnumberofEnglishwordsalsoenterintheChineseculture.Nolessthanthat,wealsocanseethatmanyChineseproverbsbecomeEnglishproverbsandChinesepeoplealsoacceptalotofEnglishproverbs.“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”isfrom“Aneyeforaneye,atoothforatooth.”“谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好”isfrom“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.”“吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸”isfrom“Sourgrapes”andsoon.“Distantwatercannotquenchafirenearby”isfrom“远水解不了近火”。“Don’tclimbatreetolookforfish.”isfrom“勿缘木求鱼。”“Takeawayfuel,takeawayflame.”isfrom“扬汤止沸，不如釜底抽薪。”“Thetruthbyincessantendeavors.”isfrom“愚者千虑，必有一得。”ConclusionThoughEnglishandChinesehavemanydifferencesinalmosteverypartofthesetwolanguages,weareexcitedfindthatthelanguageisjustlikethemusic.Eventhoughtswedonotknowitverywell,westillcanfindthatsomethingbetweenEnglishandChineseisincommon.Subjectivelaws,principles,andpeople’sunderstandingabouttheworldthoseareuniversal.Proverbsarethecreamofalanguage.Theyarecloselyrelatedtoanation’scultureandenjoygreatculturalvalues.Theyreflecttherelationbetweencultureandlanguage.Itisoneofthemostimportantbridgesforcultureandlanguagetoinfluenceeachother.Becauseofthecultural10 generalitiesanddifferences,EnglishandChineseproverbshavetheiruniversalityandindividuality.Theindividualityisthemostdifficultpartincultureforthelanguagelearners.Theyarepermeatingandinterfusingeachother.Soacomparativestudyofculturalorientationcanhelppeopletolearnalanguagewellandunderstandthetruemeaningofother’swordincross-culturecommunication.Onlyknowingtheseuniversalityandindividuality,wecanlearntheEnglishwell,andbeagoodtransformerforthesetwolanguages.Bibliography[1]H.D.Brown.LanguageLearningandLanguageTeachingPrinciple.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchingPress,2002.[2]李佐文，郑朝红.语言与文化.保定：河北大学出版社.2005(9).[3]霍比恩.牛津高阶英汉双解词典.北京：商务印书社，2009(6).[4]AdelineYenMah.AThousandPiecesofGold.Glasgow:HarperCollinsPress,2003.[5]张宁.英汉习语的文化差异与翻译.中国翻译.1999(3).[6]Oatey.H.S.AMultidisciplinaryApproachtoInterculturalCommunication.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchingPress,2010(12).[7]TomMcArthur,RoshanMcArthur.OxfordConciseCompaniontotheEnglishLanguage.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.[8]李彩歌，张华明.谈谈英汉谚语的文化取向.安阳师范学院学报,2002(4)[9]梁茂成.英汉谚语的理解与翻译.中国翻译,1995(6).[10]武占坤，马国凡.谚语.内蒙古：内蒙古人民出版社，1997.[11]徐涛.英汉谚语民族性的比较.阿坝师范高等专科学校学报,2004(2).[12]张国扬.英语习语与英美文化.长沙：湖南教育出版社.10