On Translation Technique of English Proverbs 论英语谚语翻译技巧 16页

OnTranslationTechniqueofEnglishProverbs论英语谚语翻译技巧AbstractTheproverb，whichcomesfromlife,isahighdegreeofconcentrationandembodimentofanationallanguageandculture.Itcanreflectacountry’sculturalbackgroundsuchasgeography,history,religionandsoon.Tostudyanation"scultureisnecessarytostudyitsproverbs.EnglishandChineseproverbsastreasuresoftwodifferentlanguagesembodydistinctdifferencesthatrootinculturaldifferences.Thereforetheinescapableresponsibilityofatranslatoristotranslateproverbsfaithfullyandtoputacultureintoanotherculture.Withthehelpofsometypicalexamples,thisthesiscomparesandanalyzesthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbsfromthepointoforigin,geographicalenvironment,customs, religiousbeliefsandhistoricalculture,etc. Itmakesproverbsdifficulttotranslatebecauseoftheirdistinctivecharacteristicsandtheiruniqueculturalbackgrounds. Inordertopresentanadequatetranslationofaproverb,wecanusefourmethodsoftranslationflexibly:literaltranslation,freetranslation,equivalenttranslationandliteraltranslationcombinedwithfreetranslation..KeywordsEnglishandChineseproverbs;culturaldifferences;translationprinciples;translationmethods 摘要不管世界上任何一个国家，谚语来源于生活，是一个民族语言和文化的高度浓缩和集中体现。它可以反映出一个国家的地理、历史、宗教等文化背景。研究一个国家的文化必然要研究其谚语。英汉谚语作为两种不同的语言瑰宝，由于其独特的文化而表现出明显的差异。因此,如何忠实地翻译谚语,把一种文化在另一种文化中再现出来,成了每一个译者不可推卸的责任。本文借助一些典型的例子，从起源、地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、历史文化等文化侧面入手，进行比较与分析，探讨了英语谚语和汉语谚语之间存在的差异。英汉谚语本身的特点以及其独特的文化背景使谚语的翻译比较困难。为了忠实、通顺地再现英语原谚,可以灵活运用四种译法。本文讨论了直译、意译、对等翻译、直译和意译相结合等翻译方法。关键词英汉谚语文化差异翻译方法翻译原则ContentsAbstract……………………………………………………………….……………....................…..….......iAbstract(Chinese)……………………………………………………..…….……..........................…...ii Introduction……………………………………………….…………….………………………..................1ChapterOneCulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseProverbsandEnglishProverbs.......................................................................................................................21.1DifferencesinOrigin...................................................................................................21.2GeographicalDifferences............................................................................................31.3CustomsDifferences....................................................................................................31.4ReligiousBelief………………………………………………..…………..……………………..….......41.5HistoricalAllusion.......................................................................................................4ChapterTwoTranslationPrinciplesandMethodsonEnglishProverbs.......................................................................................................................52.1LiteralTranslation.......................................................................................................62.2FreeTranslation…………………...…….................................……………………..…….........82.3EqualtranslationMethods….……….........................................................................82.4TheCombinationofLiteralandFreeTranslation.......................................................8Conclusion………………………………………….….............................................................10Notes…………………………..………………………………………..…..….......................................11Bibliography…...........................................................................................................12Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………13 IntroductionProverbs,whicharefromlife,embodyahighdegreeofconcentrationofanationallanguageandculture.FrancisBacon,anEnglishphilosopher,said:“Genius’switandspiritofanationarediscoveredbytheirproverbs.”Becauseofthedifferencesinthegeography,customs, religiousbeliefsandhistoricalculture,EnglishandChineseproverbsbeardifferentculturalcharacteristicsandculturalinformation.Theyarecloselylinkedwithculturaltraditionsandtheyareinseparablefromtheorigin,geographicalenvironment,customs,religiousbeliefs,historicalallusions,andotherculturalsides.AstheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineselanguage,proverbsusuallycannotbetranslatedliterallyinanotherlanguage.Theimagemeaningofwordsmayhaveentirelydifferentconnotations.Impliedmeaningisitstruemeaningthespeakerorwriterwantstoexpress.ManydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbscanbegroupedintotwocategories:First,thesignificantdifferencesintheimage;Second,thedifferencesinimpliedmeaning(includingmeaningofJudgments),buttheyarebeyondtheliteralmeaning,whichisaconcretereflectionofculturaldifferences.Withthehelpofsometypicalexamples,thisthesisattemptstomakeanumberofEnglishproverbs,expoundingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs,andexplorespecificprinciplesandmethodsofproposedEnglishproverbs.Sowhatisitsaying?Proverbsarepopular,concise,livelyrhymesorphrases,andtheyareoftenspreadintheformofspokenlanguageandusedbypeople.Theyarealsotheperformanceofpeople’sreal-lifeexperienceorfeltasthe“ready-madewords”.Theyarethefixedphrasesinfolklore,popularwiththesimplewords,andreflecttheprofoundtruth.Theyexpressasocialexperience.Proverb,togetherwithpoetry,isalivelyformoffolkliterature.-13- ChapterOneCulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseProverbsandEnglishProverbsBritishanthropologistEdward•Taylorinthebook“originalculture”(1871),forthefirsttimementionedcultureasaconcept,andexpressed“Cultureasacommunityincludesknowledge,theability,habit,belief,art,morals,law,customsandacquisition”Itshowsaverywidecoverageofculture.Proverbs,asanintegralpartofculture,reflectanationrichinculture.Englishproverbsreflectculturaldifferencesmainlyinthefollowingareas:1.1DifferencesinOriginFirst,EnglishandChineseproverbsareinfluencedbyreligiousideology,buttherearedifferenceswithChina.EnglishproverbsareinfluencedbyChristianity,andreflecttheChristianmoralandethicalcodeofconduct,suchas:Norespecterofpersons(一视同仁);Manproposes,Goddisposes（谋事在人，成事在天),etc.,ButtheChineseproverbsareinfluencedbythethreereligions“Confucianism”,“Buddhism”and“Taoism”.Forexample,“Filialpietyisthemostimportantofallvirtues”isaConfucianthought;“Equalityofallbeings”istheBuddhistidea;“WhenGodshutsadoor,heopensanother”isaTaoistthought.Second,theoriginsofdifferencesinEnglishandChineseproverbsareverylarge.TherearealargenumberofinstitutionsandpopularphrasesofcelebritiesinEnglishproverbs,suchas:“Neversaydie”fromtheBritishnovelDickens’sPickwickPapers;butChineseHistorianthinkthatalotofChineseproverbsarefromsociallifeandproductivepractice,suchas:“Aneighborisbetterthanadistantrelative”isadailyexperience.Inaddition,manyEnglishproverbsarefromLatin,Frenchandotherforeignlanguage,andsomeevenretainedtheoriginal,suchas:Cherchezlafemme(Identifythesourceoftrouble).ThisisareservationinEnglishintheoriginalformofFrenchproverbs;andChineseproverbabsorbedalarge-13- numberofMinoritiesproverbs,suchas:“willstillbebroughttolightthemisdeedsoffortyyears”fromtheUighurProverbs;Therearemanystoriesfromfables,mythsandlegendsinEnglishproverb.“Loveisblind”comesfromRomanmythology,andtherearealotoffarmingproverbsintheChineseproverb,suchas:“ratherinthetimebefore,aftertheabsence.”1.2GeographicalDifferencesProverbsproductioniscloselyrelatedwithpeople’slives.Britainissurroundedbysea,andtheEnglishChannelistheonlygatewaytotheAtlanticformanyEuropeancountries,whichisalsooneoftheworld’sbusiestsearoutes.Therefore,oncethemaritimeindustryinBritishhistoryleadtheworld,itmakesagreatinfluenceontheformationofEnglishProverbs.TherearemanyEnglishproverbswiththesailing-related,suchas:totakethewindoutofone’ssail（先发制人，抢占上风），togowiththestream/tide（随波逐流、顺应时势），tobeallatsea（不知所措.Britain’suniquegeographicalenvironmentmakesthefishingindustryplayanimportanteconomicposition,whichalsoleftEnglishalargenumberofandfishery-relatedsayings,suchas:hook(land)one"sfish(如愿以偿，用诡计得到想要的东西)haveotherfishtofry(有其他鱼要煎——有其他事要做)playafish(让上钩的鱼不停地拖动钩线而致疲乏)etc.,Chinaisalandlockedcountry.Forthousandsofyears,itwasdominatedbyagriculture.Peopleandlandareinextricablylinked.Therefore,therearemanyChineseproverbsaboutrivers,landandagriculture-related,suchas:SailingWiththeWind(一帆风顺)ThedangerpastandGodforgotten.（过河拆桥）Watchingafirefromtheothersideoftheriver（隔岸观火）Topulluptheseedlingstohelpthemgrow（拔苗助长）andsoon.1.3CustomsDifferencesAdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesecustomsisanimportantaspectofculture.Themosttypicalcaseisthepeople’sattitudetodogs.Dog,inChina,isahumbleanimal.Chinesepeopleregarddog-relatedwordsasmostlyderogatoryterms:apackofrogues（狐朋狗党）Acorneredbeastwilldosomethingdesperate(狗急跳墙)wolf"sheartanddog"slung（狼心狗肺）-13- henchman（狗腿子）andsoon.Althoughinrecentyears,thenumberofraisingpetdogsseemstohavegreatlyincreasedandchangedthestatusofthedog,butthedogwasadeeplyderogatoryimageinChineselanguageandculture.InEnglish-speakingcountries,dogsareconsideredasman’smostloyalfriends,soWesternersdonoteatdog’smeat.Thoughthederogatoryinfluenceofotherlanguages,mostproverbsinEnglishastothedogpartarecomplimentarysense.IntheEnglishproverb,itisoftenusedtodescribetheimageofadog’sbehavior,suchas:Everydoghashisday（人皆有出头日）;Loveme,lovemydog（爱屋及乌）.Incontrast,theChinesepeoplelovetheircats,comparedwithcatswhooftenhasingredientsofintimacy,suchas:Acathasninelives(吉人自有天相).InWesternculture,thecatisusedtomeananevilheartedwoman,suchas:Catshidetheirclaws（知人知面不知心）.⑤Fortheimageofthefox,theChineseemphasizethefox’stailsurprisingflaws,suchas:Thetaildoesoftencatchthefox(常凭尾巴抓到狐狸),TheEnglishemphasizeonfoxtrickswhicharemoredifficulttodealwith,suchas:Whenthefoxpreaches,thenbewareyourgeese（遇上狐狸说教，当心鸡鹅被盗.Chinesethinkthatthelossofhorseshasnothingwrong,andcouldbringgoodluck,suchas:Misfortunemaybeanactualblessing(塞翁失马，焉知非福).ButEnglishthinkthatthehorsemustnotbelost,suchas:Betterlosethesaddlethanthehorse(宁可丢鞍，不可失马).1.4ReligiousBeliefReligiousbeliefisanaspectofpeople’smentalactivity,andhascertaininfluenceonthenationalculture.AndalargenumberofproverbsthatappearinEnglisharerelatedtoreligion.Buddhismhas1000yearsofhistorysinceitcametoChina,andpeoplebelievethatBuddhaisaboutthehumanworldatall,sotherearemanyChineseproverbswiththe“Buddha”,“temple”andothersayings,suchas：topresentBuddhawithborrowedflowers（借花献佛）；⑥ChineseproverbreflectstheTaoistthinking,suchas:Dangeristhenextneighbortosecurity（福兮祸所伏，祸兮福所倚）,Joysurfeitedturnstosorrow（乐极生悲）.Inmanywesterncountries,especiallyinBritain,people-13- believedinChristianity,Godistheonlysupreme.Therefore,inreligiouslifeandtheiractivities,manyEnglishproverbsarestrongreligious,suchas：Naturedoesnothinginvain(造物主无所不能),Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves（上帝帮助自助的人）；⑦Intherightchurch,butinthewrongpew（进对了教堂，但坐错了椅子）.Ittellsusthatoverallthinkingisright,butthedetailiswrong.1.5HistoricalAllusionTherearealargenumberofhistoricalallusionsofproverbsinEnglishandChineseLanguage.IntheChineseclassics,proverbs,mostlyinpoetry,legends,thinkersofthemiddle,aresimplebutprofound,andeducatethepeopleverydeep.Forexample,failinacompetitiveexamination(名落孙山),aprofessedloveofwhatonereallyfears（叶公好龙）andsoon.They’reallfromthehistoricalallusion.ThemainsourcesofEnglishproverbsallusionsareinthefollowingareas.Thefirst,they’refromthe“Bible”,forexample:WeareallAdam’schildren(我们都是亚当的子孙)；Thesecond,they’refromtheGreekandRomanmyths,suchas:Pandora’sbox(潘多拉之盒—灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源);Thethird,they’refrom“Aesop’sFables”,suchas:adoginthemanger（狗占马槽，占着茅坑不拉屎;Thefourth,they’refromWilliamShakespeareandotherliteraryworks,suchas:Brevityisthesoulofwit（简洁是智慧的灵魂）.Ofcourse,thesourceofproverbsisnotasingleBritishliterature,butavarietyofsources.Inadditiontotheabove-mentioned,thereareproverbsfromWesternEurope,suchas:Allhappyfamiliesresembleoneanother,everyunhappyfamilyisunhappyinitsownway.（幸福的家庭彼此相似,不幸的家庭各有其不幸）,fromtheFrenchproverb:Don’tputthecartbeforethehorse（不要本末倒置).TherearemanydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs,butEnglishproverbs’large-scaleuseofrhetoricissoconcise,vivid,andpregnantwithmeaning,withastrongArtisticinfluenceandartisticbeautyofthelanguage,thattheynotonlyhaveexperienceinteachingpeoplethesametime,-13- butalsoacquireagoodofartisticenjoyment.ChapterTwoTranslationPrinciplesandMethodsonEnglishProverbsLanguageisaculturalexpression.Tosomeextent,ChineseproverbsreflecttheChineseculturalcharacteristics,andEnglishproverbsreflecttheEnglishculturalcharacteristics.Therefore,whiletranslating,thepremiseofthesynonymybetweenthelanguageterms(equivalence)isnotenoughtoseekreciprocity.Nidasaid,“Allofthetranslation,whetheritispoetryorprose,itmustbeattentivetotherecipient’sresponse;Therefore,theultimategoaloftranslationistheeffectproducedfromitsaudiencefromChinaanditistheevaluationofanytranslationofthemostfundamentalfactors.”Therefore,duringthetranslatorstranslatetheEnglishproverbsintoChineseproverbs,theymustmakemoreuseoftheperformanceoftheChineselanguagemeans,andseektoreproducethestyleandrichnessofEnglishProverbs.Onlybypayingmoreattentiontothesayingbeyondtheliterallanguageofthespecificcontentofallegorythatcanmaketranslationproperly,appropriateforreasoning,withoutlosingtheoriginallanguageofproverbswiththeimage.Ontranslationstandards,foreigntranslationtheoristsclaimdifferencefromYanFu’s“fidelity,accuracy,elegance”,FuLei,“Inspiritisimportantthaninappearance”toMr.ZhangPeiji’s“faithfulfluent”totheAmericantranslationtheoristEugeneA•Nidaof“functionalequivalence”or“DynamicEquivalence”.Althoughthefocusoftheseclaimsisdifferent,butthecenteraskstofaithfullyandaccuratelyexpresstheoriginalmeaningandmaintaintheoriginalstyle.theso-calledfaithfulnessfortheoriginalmeaningoftheexpressionmeansliterallyfaithfultotheoriginalmeaningoftheexpression;meaningofimplied；meaningoftheimageinthreeaspects.However,noteverywordtexthasthreemeaningsatthesametime.Inparticular,anytwolanguagesandcultureswhicharenotidenticaltotheoriginaltextandshould-13- bereproducedatallthreesignificanceoftranslationisoftenimpossible.Ifthereisaconflictinthetranslationbetweentheliteralmeaningandimpliedmeaningorsignificanceoftheimagebecauseofculturaldifferences,theimageoftheliteralmeaningorsignificanceshouldbesubjecttoimplicitmeaning.Second,iftheimageoftheoriginalmeaningofthetargetlanguagemaybefoundcorrespondingto-ornothavethesameimage,oritisthesameimage,butimpliedtheconflictmeaning,thenitistheexactmeaningtheexpressionimpliedmustbefirstconsidered,whichcanbereplacedAnotherfamiliarimage,orwegiveuptheimageofmeaning,onlytranslatedimpliedmeaning.Inshort,theimpliedmeaning,whichisintendedtoconveytheoriginalmeaning,isthemostimportant.⑧Forexample:EastisEast,andWestisWest.Ifwetranslatedliterally“EastisEastandWestisWest”,itcannotfullyexpresstheimpliedmeaningofthesentence,butto“Afterall,theEastisEastandafterall,TheWestistheWest”whichcanreflectthelamentsbetweenEastandWest.Ontranslationmethod,iftheoriginaluseoftheexpressionliterallymeansaccurately,youcanusetheliteraltranslationaspossible,butifliteraltranslationcannotreproducetherichcontentsoftheoriginalproverb,youcanusefreetranslation,equaltranslation,literalandfreetranslation,soastomoreoriginalcharmintact,sovividtranslation.ThefollowingaspectsintroducethemethodsofEnglishProverbs.2.1LiteralTranslationTheso-calledliteraltranslationreferstotranslationinthelanguagespecificationwhichisnotviolated,andnoassociationoftheconditionsthatcausedtheerrorinthetranslationofEnglishproverbsisanalogytoretaintheimageandthenation,localcolormethod.WeuseliteraltranslationoftheEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbsbecausethey’rethesamepartofmetaphorandimage,oraftertheliteraltranslation,itisn’tmisunderstood,suchas:Practicemakesperfect（熟能生巧）,Wallshaveears（隔墙有耳）,New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers（初生牛犊不怕虎）,andAfireoncity-13- wallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat（城门失火，殃及池鱼）.2.2FreeTranslationSomeEnglishproverbsexpressthehistoricalallusionsofspecificcountryorculturalbackground,ifweusetheliteraltranslation.Thetranslationmaybefar-fetched,whichisnoteasyforChinesereaderstounderstand.Therefore,weusuallyabandonexpressionofprimitiveformsinsteadoffreetranslation,whichcanbeavoidedinsomecasescausedbyliterallydraggingitsfeettocausemisunderstandingsandotherills.Forexample,Achilles’heel,ifweliterallytranslateitas“theman’sheel”,whichisdifficultformostpeopletounderstand,whileifwetranslateitasimplications“theonlyfatalweaknesses”,whichismoreappropriate.⑨Examplesinclude:Infairweatherprepareforthefoul(居安思危)；Murderwillout（纸包不住火）；WhenGreekmeetsGreek,thencomesthetugofwar（两雄相争，其斗必烈）；Everymanhasafoolinhissleeve（人人都有糊涂的时候）.2.3EqualTranslationMethodsProverbsaresocialphenomenaandthelawsofnaturalphenomena,whicharethescientificsummaryofproductionandlifeexperiencesofthemasses.BritishandAmericanpeoplehavethesimilaritieswiththeChinesepeopleinexperienceandunderstandingoftheworldinmanyrespects,whichmakethetwonationshaveverysimilarproverbs.SomeChineseproverbsandEnglishproverbscoincideinthesamecontent,use,orsubstantiallythesameimage,orsubstantiallythesameanalogyandrhetorictoexplainthesametoken.Inthiscase,wecanusethesynonymousChineseproverbstotranslatetheEnglishproverb,“onecanbemorefluenttranslation,ontheotherhanditeasierforthereadertounderstandandaccept.”(FENGQing-hua,1995:144),suchas:Diamondcutdiamond（棋逢对手）；Twocanplaythegame（孤掌难鸣）；Tofishintroubledwaters（浑水摸鱼）；Likefather，likeson（有其父必有其子）.2.4TheCombinationofLiteralandFreeTranslationSometimestranslatingsomeEnglishproverbs,thesimpleliteraltranslation-13- cannotmakereadersunderstanditsmeaningwhilefreetranslationcannotexactlyexpressthemeaningoftheoriginalproverbs.Thenitisnecessarytousethecombinationofliteralandfreetranslation.Literaltranslationisdifficulttomakeupwordsandphrasesandparaphrasedifficultvividenough.Literally,usingliteraltranslationcanpointoutthehiddenmeaning,soweusevividtranslationtoachievingtheeffectoffinishingtouch.⑩Forexample:Cutyourcoataccordingtoyourcloth(量布裁衣，量入为出)EvenHomersometimesnods(荷马也有瞌睡时；智者千虑，必有一失)IfIhavelostthering,yetthefingersarestillthere(戒指虽丢失，手指仍然在；留得青山在，不怕没柴烧).ThequalityofthetranslationhasadirectimpactonthequalityofEnglishproverbs.Therefore,howtodealwithEnglishtranslationofproverbsisaveryimportantissue.Weshouldkeeptheoriginalidiomsasmuchaspossible.-13- ConclusionAllinall,expressingalonghistory,bringingthewisdomofthepublictogetherandputtingtherichcontentinahighlyconcentratedform,whicharetheoldestoftheculturesofmankindandthemostvaluableformoflanguage.Proverbsareatreasureofnationalcultureandfullofnationalcharacterafterlong-termaccumulationandrich,whichcombinewithconcise,paradox,antithesis,harmony,image,meaningbrilliant.Therefore,theculturaldifferencesthroughproverbsandthestudyofEnglishtranslation,notonlypeoplecanunderstandthecountry"shistory,cultureandcustoms,expandinghorizons,butalsotheycanlearnfromthemicroperspectiveonthingstosetupinterculturalcommunicationideas.Therefore,itissignificantthattheuseoftheskillsoftranslatingEnglishproverbsconveyproperlytheoriginalmeaningofaccuracy.Ofcourse,acquiringtheabovefourkindsofproverbsdoesnotmeantofindawaytotranslatethemasterkeyofallthesayings.Someproverbsneedtranslators"interpretationandtransformation,"whilesomeproverbsshouldmaintaintheoriginalmeaninginordertomaintaintheir“authentic”.-13- Notes[1]张宁.英汉习语的文化差异与翻译[J].中国翻译，1999年，第3期：p.23。[2]张宁.英汉习语的文化差异与翻译[J].中国翻译，1999年，第3期：p.23。[3]武占坤,马国凡.谚语（第二版）[M].内蒙古：内蒙古人民出版社，1997年.p.3。[4]陈丽英.英汉习语的语用意义对比及翻译[J].龙岩师专学报，2003年，第21卷：p.107。[5]周淑萍.英汉谚语渊源比较分析[J].南平师专学报，2003年，第22卷：p.92。[6]张宁.英汉习语的文化差异与翻译[J].中国翻译，1999年，第3期：p.23-24。[7]陈丽英.英汉习语的语用意义对比及翻译[J].龙岩师专学报，2003年，第21卷：p.108。[8]陈雯.英语习语文化内涵探微[J].广西教育学院学报，2003年，第5期：p.45。[9]包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001年.p.163。[10]张宁.英汉习语的文化差异与翻译[J].中国翻译，1999年，第3期：p.25。-13- 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AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomyrespectedsupervisor,whohasofferedmeinvaluableguidanceandinspiringencouragement.Hisprofoundknowledgeandinsightfulsuggestionshaveenlightenedmeinthisfield,andhaveledmethroughallstagesofthisthesiswriting.ThereforeIoweallthemeritsinthisthesis,ifany,tohim.AndImustdedicatethisthesistomydearestfamilymembers.Withouttheirlovingcareandunfailingsupport,thisthesiswouldnothavecomeoutontime.-13-