英汉谚语混流考 谚语翻译与文化传播 6页

英汉谚语混流考另一篇：中西文化传播的动力和阻力考察英汉谚语混流现象是文化传播的产物，是人类文化发展进步的缩影，是文化融合的现实表现。在现实生活中我们经常可以发现这样一种现象，就是人们耳熟能详的一些谚语（用语），已经失去了源语文化的痕迹，而在本语中得到通用和流传。已经难以区别目标语还是源语。而在不断地相互穿插使用。这种现象尤其在21世纪，特别是在网络得以普及的今天，表现得越来越迅速，发展得越来越快，规模越来越大。这种混流有其层次，有原始状态的，为人们熟悉的原语名人典故，有点洋腔洋调“冬天到了春天还会远吗”，也有经过过滤后为本语吸取“一石两鸟”并得以发展创新，其中有错用而产生新的生命力“血浓于水”。还有就是人类对世界的共同认识，有着极其相近的表达。多数随着文化的剧烈传播而表现得无以考察，不加取舍而完全消化了。经济全球化伴生的文化全球化传播的产物。文化传播受域界，更为国界影响，但只能消弱，不能阻断文化传播。民族情绪，宗教渊源等也是文化传播的动力或阻力。发展步骤：图。原语生成--原语输出--原语引进--原语传播--原语吸收--原语普及--本语（---回归原语---原语、本语通用。）孤立期--相向期--流传期--缓冲期--剧烈期--筛选期--变异期--固化期--（井喷期）--通用期其中，这种传播并非等量交换，而是与经济发展相平行的。帝国期，强势向弱势输出大于弱势向强势返流，殖民期，强势文化在弱势文化中沉淀并发展，本土期，弱势吸收强势，嬗变期，产生了新的文化。有着历史发展规律。文化传播并非孤立的，是受到经济发展的制约的。但文化传播不会停滞，只是受到经济总量的制约。随着民族经济的发展变化，民族文化又在弱势文化返流基础上得到迅猛扩大，出现文化倒流现象。其中也会出现人为阻滞现象，或有文化排斥现象，这只能在文化传播规模上和速度上发生影响，而不能阻止文化的传播。交流状态：图。你中有我，我中有你。原语与本语共现。趋势发展：图。规模从小到大。越来越多的谚语不加过滤被应用和越来越多的同义不同表达，有的得以过滤本语化，有的加以运用但有了新义。交流媒体：图。口头、书面媒体--电化媒体--网络媒体Thewaterthatbearstheboatisthesamethatswallowsitup.水能载舟，也能覆舟。Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。人为生而食，不为食而生。Oneshouldeattolive,notlivetoeat.独木不成林。Onetreedoesnotmakeaforest.趁热打铁。（趁机行事。）Striketheironwhileitishot./Strikewhiletheironishot.Itishardertochangehumannaturethantochangeriversandmountains.江山易改，本性难移。近朱者赤。Aboylivingnexttoatempleknowsthelitanybyheart./Nearvermiliononegetsstainedpink.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早起早睡身体好。Truegoldfearsnotthefire.真金不怕火炼。Thecrossonhisbreastandthedevilinhisheart.嘴里念弥陀，心赛毒蛇窝。（老虎挂念珠。）Childrenandfoolstellthetruth.小儿口中吐真言。Don"temptythebabyoutwiththebathwater.倒洗澡水不能把孩子也倒掉。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。Itishardertochangehumannaturethantochangeriversandmountains.江山易改，本性难移。Speechissilver,butsilenceisgold.雄辩是银，沉默是金。能言是银，沉默是金。Thewreckedcoachinfrontisawarningtoyou.[注]语出《汉书》前车之鉴。 Togetupearlyinthreemorningsisequaltoonedayoftime.[中国谚语]早起三朝当一天。Ifyoudon"tenteratiger"sden,youcan"tgethiscubs.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。闪光的未必都是金子。Allisnotgoldthatglitters.发光的不一定都是金子。以眼还眼，以牙还牙。一报还一报。（针锋相对。）Eyeforeyeandtoothfortooth.以眼还眼，以牙还牙。（一报还一报。）Eyeforeye,blowforblow.骑虎难下。Hewhoridesatigerisafraidtodismount.骑虎难下。Hewhoridesonatigercanneverdismount.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Learningwithoutthoughtisuseless;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Learningwithoutthoughtmeanslabourlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous.磨刀不误砍柴工。Theworkwon’tbedelayedwhileyou’resharpeningyourscythe.前车之鉴。Thewreckedcoachinfrontisawarningtoyou.[注]语出《汉书》一寸光阴一寸金。Timeismoney.时间就是金钱。Itishardertochangehumannaturethantochangeriversandmountains.江山易改，本性难移。失败是成功之母。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.真金不怕火炼。Agoodanvildoesnotfear(the)hammer.好砧不怕重锤砸。/Puregolddoesnotfearfurnace./Truegoldfearsnotthefire./出污泥而不染。Truebluewillneverstain.今日事，今日毕。Don"tputofftilltomorrowwhatshouldbedonetoday./Don"tputoffwhatyoucandotodaytilltomorrow./Neverdetertilltomorrowthatwhichyoucandotoday./Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday./Theworkfortoday,donotleavefortomorrow./Theworkoftoday,donotleavefortomorrow./Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatcanbedonetoday.Alein,truthout./酒醉吐真言。Drunkennessrevealswhatsobernessconceals./酒醉智昏。Whenaleisin,witisout./Whenwineisin,truthisout./Whenwineisin,witisout./Winein,witout.眼不见，心不念。Outofsight,outofmind./别久情疏。久不见，心不念。（离久情疏。）远离情疏。Farfromeye,farfromheart.军人以服从命令为天职。Obedienceisthefirstdutyofasoldier.服从是军人的天职。来说是非者，必是是非人。搬弄是非的人比贼还坏。Atattlerisworsethanathief./搬弄是非者，必小人也。Thedogthatfetcheswillcarry./搬弄口舌者必是小人。Whochatterstoyou,willchatterofyou.对你说是非的人也会说你的是非。/来说是非者，即是是非人。Adogthatwillfetchabonewillcarryabone.历史往往重演。历史总在重演。Historyrepeatsitself.良弓张久必驰。人不是铁打的。Abowlongbentatlastwaxes/waxethweak./常拉满弓无力。Abowlongbentgrowsweak.良弓张久必驰。良好的开端等于成功的一半。好的开始等于成功的一半。（开头好，一半了。）Agoodbeginningishalfthebattle.首战告捷等于一半胜利。/Agoodlatherishalfashave./良好的开端是成功的一半。好的开始是成功的一半。Agoodbeginningishalfdone./Thefirstblowishalfthebattle./Thefirststepisasgoodashalfover./Thefirststrokeishalfthebattle./Wellbegunishalfdone.良好的名声在黑暗中也能闪闪发光。Agoodnamekeepsitslusterinthedark.好的名声在黑暗中也会光芒四射。良药苦口。Goodmedicinealwaystastesbitter./Goodmedicineisbitterinthemouth./良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。Agoodmedicinetastesbitter./良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。 Unpleasantadviceisagoodmedicine./良药苦口利于病。Goodmedicineforhealthtastesbittertothemouth./良药苦口利于病。忠言逆耳，良药苦口。Adviceislikemedicine,thebetteritis,thenastiertotake./Bitterpillsmayhavesweeteffects./Adviceislikemedicine,thebetteritis,thenastier./忠言逆耳。Adviceisseldomwelcome./Advicewhenmostneededisleastheeded./忠言逆耳利于行。直言无害。Hardwordsbreaknobones./（忠言逆耳利于行。）Goodcounseldoesnoharm./（忠言逆耳利于行。）Goodcounselnevercomesamiss.磨刀不误砍柴工。Abeardwelllatheredishalfshaved./Theworkwon’tbedelayedwhileyou’resharpeningyourscythe.宁做鸡头，不做凤尾。Itisbettertobetheheadofadog/lizardthanthetailofalion./宁做鸡头，不为凤尾。（宁为鸡口，莫为牛后。）Bettertoreigninhellthanserveinheaven./Itisbettertoreigninhellthanserveinheaven./Betterbetheheadofanassthanthetailofahorse./宁为鸡头，毋为牛后。Betterbetheheadofadog/cat/fox/lizard/mousethanthetailofalion./宁为鸡头，毋为牛后。Betterbetheheadofapikethanthetailofasturgeon./（宁为鸡口，勿为牛后。）宁为鸡头，毋为牛后。Betterbetheheadoftheyeomanrythanthetailofthegentry.旁观者清，当局者迷。Lookers-onseemorethanplayers./Lookers-onseemostofthegame./Theon-lookerseesmostofthegame./Theoutsiderseesthebestofthegame./Outsidersseemorethaninsiders./Thespectatorsseemoreofthegamethantheplayers./Standers-byseemorethangamesters./Thebeacondoesn’tshineonitsownbase./Thedarkestplaceisunderthecandlestick.烛台底下最暗。/当局者迷。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。Menareblindintheirowncause.骑虎难下。Haveawolfbytheears./Hewhoridesatigerisafraidtodismount./Hewhoridesonatigercanneverdismount.弱肉强食。大鱼吃小鱼，小鱼吃虾米。Bigfisheatlittlefish./Menlivelikefish,thegreatonesdevourthesmall./Thegreatfisheatupthesmall./弱肉强食。上山容易下山难。Itiseasytogoupthehillthantorundown.事实胜于雄辩。Asinglefactisworthashiploadofarguments./Proofisbetterthanargument./行胜于言。行动胜于空谈。行动胜过语言。行动胜于言辞。一个行动胜过空话一筐。Actionsspeaklouderthanwords./结果自说，不必口舌。Theeffectspeaks,thetongueneedsnot./人不说话理说话。（有理不在声高。）Heiseloquentenoughforwhomtruthspeaks./事实不容争辩。Factsspeakerlouderthanwords.万事开头难。开锣的戏难唱。Allbeginningsarehard./Beginningisalwaysdifficult./Beginningsarealwayshard./Eachgoodlythingishardtobegin./Everybeginningisdifficult/hard./Itisthefirststepthatcosts./Thefirststepisthehardest./Thefirststepistheonlydifficulty.迈出第一步是最艰难的。/凡事总是由难而易。Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy./开锣的戏难唱。Beawarebeginning.万丈高楼平地起。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。Habitisacable:weweaveathreadofiteveryday,andatlastwecannotbreakit./万丈高楼平地起。Thehighesttowerbeginfromtheground./万物皆有时。Everythinghasitstime./Ahighbuilding,alowfoundation./凡事都得从头做。凡事总有一个开头。Everythingmusthaveabeginning./伟大始于渺小。Fromsmallbeginningscomegreatthings.大事起于微小的开头。/万物起于毫末。Thebeginningofallthingsaresmall./伟业非一日之功。（一日造不出洛阳桥。）坚持必成。Romewasnotbuiltinaday./伟业非一日之功。Astrongtown/castleisnotwoninanhour./冰冻三尺非一日之功。Anoakisnotfelledatonestroke./Itisnotthelastblowoftheaxethatfellstheoak./千里之行，始于足下。Hewhowouldclimbtheladdermustbeginatthebottom./Athousandmiletripbeginswithonestep./Hethatclimbsaladdermustbeginatthefirststep./Thelongestjourneystartswithasinglestep./万丈高 楼平地起。合抱之木，生于毫末。（大始于小，有始于无。）要干大事，先干小事。Greatoaksfromlittleacornsgrow./Thegreatestoakshavebeenlittleacorns./要干大事，先干小事。Everyoakmustbeanacorn.亡羊补牢，为时未晚。悬崖勒马，回头是岸。迟干总比不做好。亡羊补牢，为时不晚。迟到总比不到好。晚来总比不来好。迟干总比不干好。（迟到总比不到强。）晚做总比不做强。Betterlatethannever./It"snevertolatetomend./Nevertoolatetomend./亡羊补牢，犹未晚也。过而能改，善莫大焉；It’snevertoolatetomend./亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。有错就改，永不嫌晚。Itisnevertoolatetomend./You’dbetterwakeupbeforeit’stoolate.亡羊补牢，为时已晚。Itistoolatetolockthestablewhenthehorsehasbeenstolen.马已被盗，锁圈已晚。/Itistoolatetolockthestablewhenthehorseisstolen./Itistoolatetoshutthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen./Itistoolatetoshutthestable-doorwhenthesteedisstolen./Lockthebarndoorafterthehorseisstolen./Lockthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen./TheTrojansbecamewisetoolate./Whenthecalfisstolen,thefarmermendsthestall./Whenthehorseisstolen,youlockthestabledoor.星星之火，可以燎原。（小灾可成大祸。）Littlechipslightgreatfires./Littlesparkslightgreatfires./Alittlefirekindlesaforest./Alittlesparkmaykindleagreatfire./Amatchwillsetfiretoalargebuilding./Asinglesparkcanstartaprairiefire./千里之堤毁于蚁穴。（小洞不补，大洞吃苦。）（小灾可成大祸。）Alittlefireburnsupagreatdealofcorn.学不厌晚。学无止境。活到老，学到老。It"snevertoolatetolearn./活到老，学到老。（不经一事，不长一智。）活着，为了学习。学无止境。Liveandlearn./学不厌晚。Amanisnevertoooldtolearn./Aswelive,sowelearn./Oneisnevertoooldtolearn./为学不怕年高。Itisnevertolate/oldtolearn./为学不怕年高。Nevertoooldtolearn.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Learningwithoutthoughtisuseless;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous./Learningwithoutthoughtmeanslabourlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous./学而不思则罔。Learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost.学而不思，白费力气。学习，学习，再学习。Study,study,andstudy.血浓于水。Bloodisthickerthanwater.血债要用血来还。Bloodmustatoneforblood./Bloodwillhaveblood.淹死的都是会水的。Goodswimmersatlengtharedrowned./Thebestswimmersareoftenestdrowned.掩耳盗铃。Thecatshutsitseyeswhenstealingcream.眼睛是心灵的窗户。Theeyeisthemirror/windowoftheheart/soul./Theeyesarethewindowsofthemind./Theheart"sletterisreadintheeyes.以眼还眼，以牙还牙。（一报还一报。）Eyeforeye,blowforblow./Aneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。/Hethathasbeenbittenbyaserpent,isafraidofarope.Timeismoney.时间就是金钱。一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。Asingleflowerdoesnotmakeaspring./一花独放不是春。Oneflowermakesnogarland./Onelarkdoesnotmakeaspring.一举两得。一箭双雕。（一石二鸟。）Hefellstwodogswithonestone./一举两得。Achievetwothingsatonestroke./Killtwobirdswithonestone.一人得道，鸡犬升天。Eventhedogswaggerswhenitsmasterwinsfavor.一燕不成春。Oneswallowdoesnotmakeaspring./一燕不成夏。Oneswallowdoesnotmakea summer.一叶障目，不见泰山。以偏概全。见树不见林。Hecannotseethewoodforthetree./见木不见林，逐末而忘本。Cannotseethewoodforthetree./一叶障目，不见泰山。（见树不见林。）Onecannotseethewoodforthetrees./Youcannotseethecityforthehouses./Youcannotseethewoodforthetrees.一只耳朵进，一只耳朵出。Inatoneearandoutattheother./左耳朵进，右耳朵出。Goin(at)oneearandout(at)theother.玉不琢，不成器。Auncutgemdoesnotsparkle./玉不琢，不成器。Thebesthorseneedsbreaking,andtheaptestchildneedsteaching./Thefinestdiamondmustbecut.鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。Iftheshepherdsquarrels,thewolfhasawinninggame./Twodogsstriveforabone,andathirdrunsawaywithit./Whilethedogsgrowledateachother,thewolvesdevouredthesheep./螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后。Thewolfhasawinninggamewhentheshepherdsquarrel.远亲不如近邻。Agoodneighbourisbetterthanabotherinthenextvillage./Anearfriendisbetterthanafar-dwellingkinsman.近友胜远亲。/Anearneighbourisbetterthanafar-dwellingkinsman./Betteraneighbouroverthewallthanabrotheroverthesea./Betterisaneighbourthatisnearthanabrotherfaroff./Wecanlivewithoutourfriends,butnotwithoutourneighbours.远水不解近渴。Whilethegrassgrowsthehorsestarves.远水不救近火。Farwaterscan’tquenchnearfires./远水救不了近火。Distantwatercannotquenchafirenearby./Farwaterdoesnotputoutnearfire./Waterafaroffquenchesnotfire.真金不怕火炼。好砧不怕重锤砸。Agoodanvildoesnotfear(the)hammer./Puregolddoesnotfearfurnace./Truegoldfearsnotthefire.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。Allmen’sgainsarethefruitofventuring./Gotothesea,ifyouwouldfishwell./Ifyoudon"tenteratiger"sden,youcan"tgethiscubsEarlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早起早睡身体好。Truegoldfearsnotthefire.真金不怕火炼。Thecrossonhisbreastandthedevilinhisheart.嘴里念弥陀，心赛毒蛇窝。（老虎挂念珠。）Childrenandfoolstellthetruth.小儿口中吐真言。Don"temptythebabyoutwiththebathwater.倒洗澡水不能把孩子也倒掉。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。Itishardertochangehumannaturethantochangeriversandmountains.江山易改，本性难移。Speechissilver,butsilenceisgold.雄辩是银，沉默是金。能言是银，沉默是金。Thewreckedcoachinfrontisawarningtoyou.[注]语出《汉书》前车之鉴。Togetupearlyinthreemorningsisequaltoonedayoftime.[中国谚语]早起三朝当一天。Ifyoudon"tenteratiger"sden,youcan"tgethiscubs.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。闪光的未必都是金子。Allisnotgoldthatglitters.发光的不一定都是金子。以眼还眼，以牙还牙。一报还一报。（针锋相对。）Eyeforeyeandtoothfortooth.以眼还眼，以牙还牙。（一报还一报。）Eyeforeye,blowforblow.骑虎难下。Hewhoridesatigerisafraidtodismount.骑虎难下。Hewhoridesonatigercanneverdismount.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Learningwithoutthoughtisuseless;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous.学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。Learningwithoutthoughtmeanslabourlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous. 磨刀不误砍柴工。Theworkwon’tbedelayedwhileyou’resharpeningyourscythe.前车之鉴。Thewreckedcoachinfrontisawarningtoyou.[注]语出《汉书》一寸光阴一寸金。Timeismoney.时间就是金钱。Itishardertochangehumannaturethantochangeriversandmountains.江山易改，本性难移。失败是成功之母。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.真金不怕火炼。Agoodanvildoesnotfear(the)hammer.好砧不怕重锤砸。/Puregolddoesnotfearfurnace./Truegoldfearsnotthefire./出污泥而不染。Truebluewillneverstain.