我的毕业论文正文_中西方谚语比较 11页

1.NationalAspectsbetweenChineseandEnglishProverbsProverbsarethefixedstatementswhichareextractedafteralongusageandtheyarefromrichlifeexperienceandwisdomthatcontainteachinglessons,instructionsandadvisoryfunctions.Asaformoflanguage,proverbsandculturearecloselylinked,whoserelationshipreflectstheculturecoveredbythehistory,andworldviewandlanguagefeatureandsoon.Differentcountriesandpeoplehavedifferenthistories,beliefs,valuesandlanguages.Scholarsusedtousegeneraltermsofculture—culturalstereotypewhichishighlyexpressedinthesedifferentcultures.Culturaltraditionisanimportantbasistothetwolanguagesforcontrastivestudies.StereotypeinwesternandChineseculture,whichtheculturaldifferencesdeterminetheChineseandwesternproverbshavemanydifferences.Butnothingisabsolute.Becauseof‘‘theexistingdifferencesbetweendifferentculturalgroups,therearemanysimilarities’’.Chineseandwesternproverbsarenotanexception.Asweknow,intheEnglishandChineselanguageproverbsarewidelyused.Proverbsareproductofpeople’ssocialpractices.Sonomatterinwhichlanguage,proverbshavesomecommoncharacteristics.Therefore,weshouldavoidthefixed-fits-allculturestudies.Comparisonsofmulti-dimensionalapproachesshouldbetaken,andweshouldtakefullconsiderationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweendifferentculturalgroups.WecanenrichourknowledgethroughstudyingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternproverbs,anditalsocanbroadenourvision;increaseoursensitivitytoculturaldifferencesandthecommonunderstandingofhumanlanguage.1.1TheculturalbackgroundofproverbsLanguageisthecarrierofculture.Languageisdeeplyrootedintheculturalsoil.Itdoesnotexistifitleavesaparticularcultureandthetwopartsareinseparable.LearningEnglishisnecessarytounderstandthecultureofEnglish-speakingcountries.Proverbsareessentiallynationalincharacter,thatistosay,theircomponentsaremostlynativeelements.EnglishproverbsandEnglishspecifichistorical,economic,11 culturelife,customs,religions,geographyenvironmentarerelatedclosely.ThroughthesurfaceofEnglishproverbs,weareabletounderstandthebackgroundofcultureandexplorethecontentandwayoflifeinEnglish-speakingcountriesonthisbasisgeneratedbythethoughtandwayofthinking,whichisadeepeffectivewaytomasterEnglish.Forexample:(1)Twoheadsarebetterthanone.(InChinese:Threestoogesaregoingon.)(2)Romewasnotbuiltinaday.(InChinese:Icewasnotbreezedthreemetersthickinaday.)(3)EveryJackmusthavehisJill.(InChinese:“loversgetmarried”.)(4)Jackofalltrades,masterofnone.(Chineseequivalentof“everythingcanbeunderstood,buttheyaresuperficial”)Thelasttwocasesabove,JackandJillareontheChineseequivalentof“ZhangSan”and“LiSi”.Inaddition,thereareculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish;therearemanyproverbsinChinese.EnglishlearnerscancomparetheproverbsinthetwolanguagessoastounderstandtheEnglishculturebetter.1.2ThefamilyethicsinproverbsTraditionalChinesecultureregardsConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoismasthemainstreamandConfuciancultureisthecore,whichexplainsthedetailsoflifeethicsanditbelongstoethicalculture.Therefore,thereformedatraditionalethicinChina,whichisbasedonthehumanrelationconnectedwithkinship,andputlovespiritasthecore.“Sisterswithliverandgallbladder,brotherswithblood”.ItshowsthattheChinesepeopleputbloodandheavyfeelingatthefirstposition.“Kindfatherandworthyprogeny,brothersrespectedandbeloved,couplesconcord”isaportraitureofafamilyharmonystandards.Asfamilymemberswhoattachgreatimportancetotheoverwellinternalrelations,theytaketheirobligationsundertheintrinsichigh11 motivationoflove.“Fatherlovessonatthefirst30years,sonservesfatherafter30years”.Itindicatesthattheinteractionbetweengenerationandthenextgeneration,agenerationofAtoB,this“contemporarypayoff”ethicalvaluewasfixedintheformoflawastheexistenceofobjectivefactorstopromoteharmoniousrelationsbetweentwogenerationsandtomaintainfamily.“Sonsdon’thaveparents,adoptedchildrennotbeinculcatedmorewrong”.“Lovingsonsisnotpartiallove,partialchildwhowillbesuffered”.“Parentsarerighteous,sodotheirchildren.Ifparentsarebad,soaretheirsons”.IntraditionalChineseculture,familyeducationisveryimportant,parentalteachingisfilledwithloveintobeing.Parentsshouldinfluencethechildren’sgrowth,suchasthewordsanddeedsoftheirchildren,Itincludesthreetraditionsatleastinwesternculture:Greek,RomanandChristian.Greekcultureischaracterizedbyharmony,theGreekpeoplerespecteachother,andtheyhaveastrongeagerforknowledge.Romancultureischaracterizedbythedesireofutilitarian,loveofsecularcountry.Christiancultureischaracterizedbythecriticismtorealityandtoitsidealism.StartingfromtheRenaissance,bourgeoisfreedom,equality,fraternityandideassuchasnaturalrights,arecontinuouslyspreadintowesterncountries,whilethelater,thesethoughtsaremorein-depthpeople’heart,becausethebourgeoisrevolutiondestroyedthefeudalhierarchythoroughly.Chineseethicsisheavyfamilyethics,lightsocialethicsandthestateethics.Contrasttowesternethics,easternsocialandnationalethicsshouldbepaidmoreattention.ThefoundationofChinesesocietyisafamilyanditssayinggoeslike“ifonecannotmanageafamily,howcanheruleacountry”.However,thefoundationofwesternsocietyisindividual.Especiallyinmodernwesternsociety,peoplehavebelievedinindividualism,emphasizedindividualfreedom,personalityindependenceandrespectforreason.AclassicexampleofindividualinEnglishmaygobacktomedievaltimes.Itreflectedintheplayfromthemiddleages,thefirstpersonsingular“I”inwhatpositionnomatterareallinuppercase,whichisnotcapitalizedinthesentence“we”insharpcontrast.Therefore,werarelyseethediscussionontheethicsofthewesternfamily.Asfortheconceptoffamilyobligations,westernandChinesefamiliesaredifferent.“Kindfatherandworthyprogeny”itisinteractionbetweengenerationand11 thenext,likelythattransformationofgenerations.InEuropeanandAmericannuclearfamilies,parentsraisechildrenbutchildrendon’thavetosupporttheirownparents.Therelationbetweenonegenerationandthenextisone-way,that’stosay,AtoB,thenBtoCgeneration.Inwesternsociety,peopleregardtheelderlyasaburdentosocietyandfamily,asanencumbrance,evenasacumbrance.ButwecanfindsomeHanChinesefamilyethicsandthesameexamplefromwesternproverbs.Suchas:Bloodisthickerthanwater;Pro-familyisbetterthanoutsiders;Sparetherod,spoilthechild;Fishbegintostinkatthehead;thefishheadfirsttosmellbad.TheseproverbsatleastreflecttheConfucianethicsandculturalawarenesstosomeextent.Soincomparisonofthetwolanguagesandcultures,weshouldusemulti-dimensionalapproachestocompare,avoidingthinkingaboutproblemssimply.1.3TheculturaloriginofproverbsOneofChina’sfourfamousliteratureworks“ThreeKingdoms”islovedbythepublicinChina,almostahouseholdname,ofwhichsomeChineseproverbscomefromthestories.Suchas,“theeffectlossofJingzhou,pridelossofJieting”,“Shuzhounogenerals,Liaohuaforpioneer”,“Threestoogesaregoingon”.Inthewest,thestoriesintheancientGreekmythsandChristianBiblearealmostknownbypeople,sosomeEnglishproverbsdrawmaterialsfromtheancientGreekmythorthestoryoftheBible.Forexample:“Achilles’heelcantakethegap”,theonlydisadvantage,whichcomefromtheancientGreekmyth.Accordingtothelegend,theancientwiseandbraveheroAchillesoutsidethebodywasinvulnerabilitybesidehisheel,andlaterhewasshotdeathforwearingheels.SincethenthereisananalogyfromthecrucialAchilles’heelandnomatterhowpowerfultheherois,hehashisAchillesheel.1.4LocalcolorinproverbsSinceancienttimes,Chinahasbeenalargeagriculturalcountry.Chinesepeoplehaveanintimateknowledgeoflivingandfarmingonlandandtheyarefullofspecialfeelingsfortheiryellowearth.Therefore,therearemanyChineseproverbsaboutlandandagricultureasthethemeofproverbs.Forexample,“Landisthemotherofharvest;11 laboristhefatherofharvest.”“Specifyless;changemoreandthegroundwillberichunderthehardworking.”“Springmomentissignificantforfarming,timeandtidewaitsfornoman”,“Wheatcoversthelandinwinter,lookingonthebreadtosleepinthecomingyear.”Britainisanislandsurroundedbytheseaandfisheryisdeveloped.Manyoftheirsayingsaredrawnfromoceanandnavigation.Suchas:“Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.”Thereisnogoalinmylife,likesailingwithoutacompass.“Thesearefusesnoriver.”“Hewhowouldsearchforpearlsmustdivebelow.”Becausenaturalenvironmentcausesdifferentgeographicalcolor,wecanmakeiteasytoassociateaparticulargeographicalenvironmentofthenation.2.RhymesinChineseandWesternProverbsInadditiontotheirnationalcharacterofChineseandwesternproverbs,anothercommoncharacteristicistheharmoniousrhythms,whicharespokencatchyandeasytoreciteandeasytoremember.2.1RhymesinChineseproverbsandrhymesinEnglishproverbsTherearesomehomonymduplicationsinmanyplaceswhenwereadmanyChineseproverbs.Thisphenomenoniscalledrhyme.Suchas:“DaLuChaoTian,GeZouYiBian.(Theroadback,witheachtakingoneside.)”;“JianLeZhiMa,DiuLeXiGua.(Pickthesesameseedsofthewatermelon.)”;“ZhiYaoGongFuShen,TieChuMoChengZhen.(Withtimeandpatiencetheleafofthemulberrybecomesstained.)”;theseproverbshaveacommoncharacteristic,whichistoreaduponeachproverbthatstopwherethewordhasthesameending.Suchas:“Tian”and“Bian”havethesamevowel“ian”,“ma”and“gua”havethesamevowel“a”,while“shen”and“zhen”havethesamevowel“en”.TheChineseproverbsarefullofbeautyandsenseofrhythmrhymebyrhyme,whichinspirespeopletogetphilosophyandthefeelingofbeauty.ManyEnglishproverbsarealsorhymed.WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesinChineseandEnglishproverbs?LookatthefollowingEnglishproverbs:“Wellbegun,halfdone.”“It"sbetterforamantostriveforhiscareerthantogeta11 family.”“Ahedgekeepsfriendshipgreen.”“Eastorwest,homeisbest.”Sometwophrasesorsomeofasentenceconsistoftheseproverbs.Whenreadingeachwordattheirpauseplace,wecanfindtheyhavesametailrhymes,orthesamevowelrhymesattheendofwords,sothesearetheircommonfeaturesbetweenChineseandEnglishproverbs.Ashomonymisrepeatedinproverbswherethetwostopsattheend,wecallthisrhymeinEnglishManabyOshiorhyme.Throughrepetitionofhomonyms,thephrasesandsentencesareabletobereadfluently.Theusageofrhymeaddsmuchfluencyandbeautiestothem.FromtheabovesevenexamplesaboutChineseandEnglishproverbs，wecanseethattherearefoursimilarpointsofthem.(1)Bothhomonymrhymesarerepeated(2)Bothhomonymsandpauserepeatingrhythmsarelinkedclosely(3)Bothhavethesametailpausehomonyms(4)RhymesinChineseproverbsarereadheavily,long,loudlyandmoreEnglishproverbsalwaysfallonthestressedsyllable.2.2ComplexspeechinChineseproverbsandalliterationinEnglishproverbsIntheChineseproverb,ifyouwanttoexplaintherelationshipbetweenwords,weoftenusethehomophonerepetitionatthebeginningofthewords;thisphenomenoniscalledtherepeatedwordsinChinese,suchas:“HuanTangBuHuanYao”;“JiuBingRuJiuHuo”;“ZhiRenZhiMianBuZhiXin(clothesmaketheman)”.Thesethreeproverbsarereadrepeatedlyatthebeginningbytherelationalwords,acallforaresponse,becauseoftherhythm,wecanreadveryeasily,andtherelationshipbetweenthewordsislinkedveryclosely.IfyouwanttoexplaintherelationshipbetweentwowordsinEnglishproverbs,weoftentendtoappearsucharhymelikethat:“lookbeforeyouleap”;“faultsarethickwhereloveisthin”;“onebeatsthebushandanothercatchesthebirds”.Itisobviousthat“look”and“leap”,“thick”and“thin”,“bush”and“bird”arethetwokeywordsrespectivelyintheaboveproverbs;eachofthetwokeywordsisstartedwiththesameconsonant.Homonymofrepetition,itdoesnotpauseattheendoftwo11 wordsliketheendrhyme,butpausedinthebeginningofthetwokeywords.SoitiscalledalliterationinEnglish.AlliterationmakestheEnglishproverbsproducethebeautifulfeelingofrhythmandstrengthenasenseofrhythm.Andasaresultofhomophonesappearedinthebeginningoftwokeywords,asthusthosetwowordsconnectedclosely,anditmakesfocalpointmoreoutstandingandstructuremorecompact.ItseemsthatalthoughnamesaredifferentbetweencomplexspeechinChineseproverbsandalliterationinEnglishproverbs,infact,theirformandfunctionareverysimilar.3.TheTranslationofEnglishProverbsandChineseProverbs3.1DifferencesinEnglishandChineseproverbsProverbsareasetoffixedexpressionspeculiartoanationformedthroughtheuseoflanguageoveralongperiodoftime,includingcolloquialisms,proverbs,slangexpressionsandsoon,makinguponeoftheessentialpartsoflanguageofthatcountry.ChineseandEnglishspeakingcountriesespeciallyGreatBritainhavealonghistoryoflanguagesandthebackgroundofcultures.Mostofproverbsarevivid,carryingstronglocalcolorornationalfeatures.Someofthemareexplicitandsomeareimplicitwhichcanarousevarietiesofassociations;somemaycontainmorethanonemeaningandmustbejudgedfromthecontext.Iflanguageistheminorofculture,proverbs,astheessenceoflanguage,arethequintessenceofculture.Therefore,thequalityoftranslationlargelydependsonthetranslationofproverbs.Translationisarenderingfromonelanguageintoanother,i.e.thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.However,languageandculturearecloselyconnected.Ontheonehand,languageisapartofcultureandthecarrierofculture.Ontheotherhand,culturehasgreatinfluenceonlanguage.Therefore,withthedevelopmentoftranslation,peoplenolongerconsidertranslationmerelyasaswitchingoflanguagesymbols,butasacross-culturalcommunication.Thatistosay,theswitchingoflanguagesymbolsisthesurfaceleveloftranslation,whereasculturaltransmissionistheessenceoftranslation.Proverbtranslationisthe11 mosttypicalintranslationsfields.3.2ThepointsoftranslationSometimes,itisimpossibleforustoapplyanyoftheabovethreestrategiesintranslation.ForthesakeoforiginalmeaningofEnglishproverbsbackgrounds,itisdifficulttofindoutasuitableChinesewordtoexpress,theChineserenditionwouldmakenosenseatall,letalonetheoriginalmeaning,thetranslationwithnotesmaybeused.Wemustpaymoreattentionstothefollowingpoints:（1）Theliteraltranslationofproverbsprohibited（2）Thetranslationofproverbstokeeptheoriginaltextstyle（3）Thenationalcharacteristicoftheproverbs’translation（4）Theartisticcharacteristicoftheproverbs’translationManypeoplecannotproperlyunderstandthemeaningofaphraseorsentencewithoutanewworkinitjustbecausetheyknowlittleaboutculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChineseproverbs.Proverbsandidiomsareformedinthelonghumanhistoryandculture,includingsomephrasesorwordgroups.Asanationallanguageculture,whenwetranslatethem,wearerequiredtofollowtheprincipleoffunctionalreciprocity.ItisimportantforustounderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultureseriously.Wemustpaymoreattentiontotheseculturaldifferencesintranslationanditcanhelpusfindasuitofcommonpointsbetweenforeigncultureandourownculture.Ifthiscommonpointisblendedintwoculturesthatwillreachanidealstatusthatculturalreciprocitytranslation.Naturally,sincetheexistenceofculturaldifferencesandloss,itcanbedifficultforustofindthesuitcommonpoint,soitdemandtranslatorsmakethetwokindsofcultureascloseaspossible,andmakenecessarilyappropriateadjustmentsintheprocessoftranslation.Itisbeneficialtomaketheexoticthingspresentedinreceptorlanguage.11 4.ConclusionBothEnglishandChineseproverbsareveryrich-full.EnglishandChineseproverbscontaintheirownnationalculture.AccordingthecomparisonofChineseandwesternproverbsaboutthenationalandrhymescontrasts,wecanseethattheculturalbackgroundofdifferentnationsmaketheproverbscolorful,eachwithitsownnationalcharacteristics,buttherewillbedifferencesbetweenindividualsofonekindofculture,betweenthedifferentculturegroupswillhaveincommon.ChineseandEnglisharequitedifferentfromeachother.Butproverbsinbothofthesetwolanguageshavesomecommoncharacteristics:metaphoricallanguage,integratemeaning,fixedcollocationeuphonioussound.Inthesecases,everylanguageisidentical.Asanimportantpartofproverbs,ChineseandEnglishproverbsreflectedalotoflifeexperienceofpeopleanddifferentculturalvalues.Learningalanguageisalsoaprocessoflearningculture,whenwelearnEnglishinourpeacetime,aslongaswearegoodtoreviewandfoundtheproverbsthataccumulatedthroughthousandsyearsofhistoryadageoflearningandusing,itwillcausegreatinteresttolearnEnglishandwecanalsobeinfluencedbycultureandartsfromthebeautifullanguage.UnderstandingChineseandwesternculturaldifferences,thepeoplewholearnanduseEnglishcanobtainagreatbenefit.TocompareChineseandwesternproverbsfromtheperspectiveofdifferentcultures,andindentifysimilaritiesandcharacteristicsbetweendifferentcultures,itisimportantforustoincreaseknowledge,broadenourvision,andimproveforeignrelations.11 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AcknowledgementsThethesishasbeencompleted.IwanttoexpressmysinceregratitudetomytutorMadamHeZhi.Withoutherinstructionandhelp,Icouldnothavecompletedmythesis.Iammuchappreciatedthatshegivesmealotofconcentratedguidanceandhelpnotonlyintheselectionofmytitles,requiredmaterialsofthethesis,butalsointheresearchofwriting.Iwishtotakethisopportunitytoexpresstheheartythankstoherhelpandadvice.Ialsowanttoexpressmygratitudetotheteachersandfriendswhocaredandsupportedmythesis.Here,Iappreciatemyclassmateswhohelpedoutwithmythesis.Finally,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetoMr.Liuforhiscarefulinstructionofmythesis.11