thetropesinenglishproverbs英语谚语中的比喻修辞 22页

辅修专业学士学位毕业论文（设计）题目（中文）：英语谚语中的比喻修辞（英文）：TheTropesinEnglishProverbs学院年级专业学生姓名学号指导教师 完成日期年月AcknowledgmentsIwanttoacknowledgetheinvaluablehelpofMs.Shen,myconstantconsultant,whohasmadetimelyandusefulsuggestionsonworkingouttheoutline,refiningtheearlierdraftsandgivenmeenlighteningadvicethroughoutthewholeprocessofwritingthethesis.Iespeciallyappreciateherguidanceandwishtoextendmysinceregratitudetoher.ThisworkalsoowesmuchtomydearfriendswhoseencouragementandgreathelpinspiresmetomakefurthereffortswhenIencounterdifficultiesandwassometimesatloss.Myheart-feltthanksarealsoduetomyfatherandmother,whohavebeeninconstantfavorofmeandofferedmethebesttheycould.ThisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportandassistancethatIreceivedfromthem.Mygratefulthanksgotoyouall. AbstractPeopleallknowEnglishproverbsarecharming.Proverbsarewidespread.Theyaresimplebutmeaningful.Theyarevividandhumour,whichtheyarethetypicalexamplesofaestheticrhetoricandrepresentstreasureofEnglishlanguage.TheyarethewisdomofEnglishpeople.UsingrhetoricisanimportantreasonwhytheEnglishproverbsarecharming.Amongthem，thetropesarethemostcommonrhetoric.Therefore,IanalyzethetropesinEnglishproverbsinthispaper.Tropescanbedividedintosimile，metaphor,analogy,allegory,metonymyandsynecdoche.Thisarticlefocusesonsimile，metaphorandsynecdoche.Thispaperisdividedintofourchapters.Theyareintroduction,literaturereview，analysisandconclusion.ThefirstchapterintroducesthetropesofEnglishproverbs.ThesecondchaptermakesasimpleintroductionabouttheimportanceofthetropesinEnglishproverbs.Thenthispapermakesabriefanalysisofthesimile,metaphorandsynecdocheinEnglishproverbs.Itincludestheirdefinition,structureandsemanticeffect.Thearticlelistslotsofexamplestoexplainthem.SometimestheyareexplainedinChinesetomakereadersunderstandeasily.Thefinalchapterconcludesthethesis.ThisarticlehelpsusunderstandthemeaningofthetropesinEnglishproverb.IfwecanunderstandthesemanticeffectinEnglishproverbs,wecancomprehendandusetheseEnglishproverbsbetterthanbefore.Keywords:Englishproverbs;tropes;simile;metaphor;synecdoche 摘要英语谚语具有永恒的魅力，英语谚语内容十分广泛，iL具有言少意多、言浅意深、生动形象、幽默风趣、观点鲜明等特点，是美学修辞的典范，是英语语言的瑰宝，是英语民族智慧的结晶。其中修辞格的广泛运用是其魅力的一个重要原因，比喻又是最常用的修辞手法。因此在本文中，我详细介绍了英语谚语中比喻修辞的手法并分析。比喻可分为明喻、暗喻、借喻、讽喻、换喻和提喻。本文主要就比喻中的明喻、暗喻、提喻修辞进行深入探讨。木文共分四章。其中第一章对英语谚语的修辞手法做了简单介绍。第二章介绍了英语谚语以及修辞的背景。第三章分别对明喻、暗喻、提喻进行分析，包括他们的定义，结构以及引起的语义效果。文中列举了大量例子来佐证这几种比喻手法，并进行了详细的分析，并在其屮穿插丫屮文解释，帮助我们更容易理解这些谚语的意义。最后，总结全文，这篇文章帮助我们理解了英语谚语中比喻修辞手法的涵义，如果我们能理解这些修辞手法在谚语中引起的效果，那么我们也能更好的理解和应用这些谚语。关键词：英语谚语；比喻修辞格；明喻；暗喻；提喻 ContentsAcknowledgments1••Abstract11釀ni1.Introduction12.Literaturereview23.Simile23.1Thedefinitionofsimile33.2Thebasicformatofsimile33.2.1"As"style33.2.2"Like”style43.2.3nWhatnstyle53.2.4’"And’’style53.3Thesemanticeffectofsimile54.Metaphor74.1Thedefinitionofmetaphor74.2Thebasicformatofmetaphor84.2.1Conceptualmetaphor84.2.2Coalescentmetaphor84.2.3Implicativemetaphor94.2.4Symbolicmetaphor104.3Thesemanticeffectofmetaphor105.Synecdoche115.1Thedefinitionofsynecdoche11 1.1Thebasicformatofsynecdoche111.2Thesemanticeffectofsynecdoche122.Conclusion13Bibliography15 IntroductionWithregardstotheeverlastingcharmoftheEnglishproverbs,therearevariousreasons，themostimportantofwhichistheextensiveuseofEnglishrhetoricaldevices.TherhetoricalbackgroundoftheEnglishproverbsconcernstheirsourcesandthetraditionofwesternrhetorics.Thepurposeoftheuseofrhetoricsuchasantithesis,repetition，rhymeandanalogyistomaketheproverbspreadwidely.EnglishproverbisavaluablepropertyinBritishfolklore.Itembodiesthepeople’sexperienceoflifeandstruggle，whichisthemostvivid，harmoniousandprofoundbutsimpleandpopularsentence.Itisaccumulatedbyhundredsofpeoplefromgenerationtogeneration.Englishproverbsarecreatedbyworkingpeople.Itusesshort，pithylinguisticformstoexpress.Itoftenusestropes,metonymyandcontrasttodescribetheunderstandingofthelawsofnature.Englishproverbsarethesummaryofsocialpractice.Therefore，Englishproverbsareconcreteandvivid.TheuseofrhetoricisessentialinEnglishwriting.Withtherhetoric，wecanexpressourthoughtsandemotionsbetter.Englishproverbisastationarystatementthatwidespreadamongthemassesofpeople.Itplaysanimportantroleinlanguage.Atthesametime，thevocabularyofEnglishproverbisofteneasytounderstandbutmeaningful.Inessence,mostoftheEnglishproverbscontaintropes,whichmakesproverbsmorespecific,conciseandeuphemism.Generallyspeaking，theapplicationoftropesinEnglishproverbscanmakepeopleunderstandandrememberthemmoreeasily.Tropesincludemetaphor,simile，synecdoche，allegory,metonymy,allegoryetc.Insomeareas,thestudyofrhetoricalisacomplexandinterestingsubject.Inthislimitedspace,Iwouldonlydiscusstheapplicationsofthreekindsoftropes.LiteraturereviewEnglishproverbscomefromthepracticeandtheyreflectthepractice.Theyare charmingandfullofphilosophy.Theyarepopularwithpeopleandpassdowngenerationbygeneration.ThenwhyareEnglishproverbssocharming?Therearevariouskindsofreasons.ThemainreasonIthinkistheextensiveuseoftherhetoric.Thosesimplewordscantellthereaderacomplicatedprinciple.Thatisthebenefitoftheuseofrhetoric.Accordingtothemodernviewofrhetoric，itaimedatimprovingthesemanticeffect.Rhetoricisdividedintotwoparts.Theyarecommunicativerhetoricandaestheticrhetoric.Incommunicationrhetoric,weputtheemphasisontheclearcontent，fluentsentenceandstrictstructure.Butinaestheticrhetoric，weoftenpayattentiontoitsaesthetics.Inaestheticrhetoric，wecanimaginethesituationinourmindthroughitsattractivewords.Proverbisalanguageformthatallkindsofthelanguagehave.Theyareusedalmosteverywhere.Atthesametime，proverbisatypicalexampleofaestheticrhetoric.ItisatreasureoftheEnglishlanguage.ItisthewisdomoftheEnglishpeople.BecauseoftheextensiveusingofrhetoricalinEnglishproverb，itissimplebutvivid，pithybutmeaningful.WecanfindmanyrhetoricsinEnglishproverbs.TheyshowthebeautyoftheEnglishproverbs.Ontheotherhand,tropeisthemostimportantandcommonrhetoric.Itisanimportantpartinrhetoric.ItisanoutstandingsymbolinEnglishproverbs.Inotherwords,notropes，noproverbs.SimileSimileisthesimplestandbasicrhetoric.Inordertodepicttheimageofapersonorsomethingclearly,peopleoftencomparesomethingorsomeonewhohasthesamecharacteristicswithotherpersonorthings.ThedefinitionofsimileADictionaryofLiteraryTermsdefinedsimileas：’’Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanother.Insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisexplicitcomparison(asopposedtothemetaphorwherecomparisonisimplicit)recognizableby theuseofwords’like’or’as’’’(Craige2002:36).Theword"like”and’’as’’arecalled"introductoryword’’ofthesimile.Theformatofsimileis’’thesignified+theintroductoryword+thesignifier”.Wordlike,as,asIf，asthough，as...as，as...so,similarto,tobearare-semblancetoarecommonintroductoryword.ThedefinitionofsimileintheWordNetEnglish-Englishdictionaryisafigureofspeechthatexpressesaresemblancebetweenthingsofdifferentkinds(usuallyformedwith"like’or"as1).Accordingtothisauthorityandbroaddefinitionofsimile，itisarhetoricwhichmanifestonethingliketheotherthing.Inacommonway，thesignifiedhasthesamecharacteristicswiththesignifier.Therearelotsofcommonintroductorywordslikeas，seem，asif，asthough，suchasandsoon.Thebasicformatofsimileis"AislikeBnor’’Aisas…asBH.Italsohasotherforms:virtualstyle,"that”style,’’than■’style,theverbstyleand"and”style.Simileisusuallyusedinadvertisementandtechnologydescriptiontextbecauseitshowsthesimilarbetweenonethingandtheotherthing.Readercanunderstandthedescriptionoftheobjectandspiriteasily.Amongthem,thesignifiedistheobjecttobedescribed,whilethesignifieristheobjectwhichisfamiliartopeople.Thebasicformatofsimile”AsnstyleTherearetwoforms.Oneistheword”as"whichisplacedaftertheword"be”toactaspredicative.Suchas:Anhonestman’swordisasgoodashisbond.(诚实人的诺言，如同他立下的契约一样可靠).Anotheristheword"as"whichisplacedaftertheactionverbtoactasadverbial.Forexample:Childrenpickupwordsaspigeonpeas,andutterthemasGodshallplease(小孩学舌如鹅鹅，再次说出无口误)，Hebidesasfastasacatboundtoasaucer(守候得牢靠就像守候食碟的猫).SentencewhichisguidedwiththewordnasnisrelativelyrareinEnglishproverbs.However,phraseswhichareguidedwithword"as”canbefoundeverywhere.Suchas:asbusyasabee，asdeepasthesea,asfineassand，asgentleasabreeze,ashealthyasanox,ashungryasawolf, aslightasacloud,aspureasspringwater,asregularastheclock，aswhiteassnow,aswildasatiger.Aswecanseefromtheseexamples,inthesephrases,thewordnas”isfollowedbyadjectivewhichdescribethecharacteristicsofsomethingtoguidethesimile."Like•’styleSimileguidedbytheword"like”caneitherbeplacedafterthecopulaoraftertheactionverb.Whenitcomestothesentence，itisplacedafteractionverbstoserveaspredicative.Forexample:Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.（无3标的生活，就象无罗盘的航行）；入manwithoutreligionislikeahorsewithoutabridle.（没有信仰的人就像没有繮绳的马）；Xmanofwordsandnotofdeedsislikeagardenfullofweeds.（只说不做的人，犹如光长野草的花囲）.Afacewithoutasmileislikealanternwithoutalight（没有笑容的脸蛋犹如没有亮光的灯笼）；Abrokenheartislikebrokenchina:wecanmendit，butwecannevererasethescars（破碎的心好比破碎的瓷器：我们可以修补它，但永远也不可能消除其伤痕）;说恥.Inthesaying,onlyafewsimilewhichisguidedbytheword’’like"isplacedafteractionverbtoactasadverbialmodifier.Suchas:Amerryheartdoesgoodlikeamedicine（保持快乐的心情就像药物一样有益）;Theyagreeliketwocatsinagutter.（像沟里的两只猫一样情投意合、.Ontheotherhand,Englishisrepletewithphrasesincludingwords"like"Suchas:todrinklikeafish，toeatlikeahorse,toflylikeabird，toshinelikegold，tosinglikealark，tosleeplikealog,toswimlikeaduck,totwinklelikeastar，toworklikeahorseandsoon.Inthesephrases，thesimileguidedbytheword"like”isplacedafteractionverbtoserveasadverbialmodifiers.Atthistime，thecharacteristicoftheverbisdescribedvividlybyusingsomethingwearefamiliarwith. "What"styleTherearetwocommonstyles:AistoBwhatCistoDandWhatCistoD，AistoB.Forexample:Readingistothemind，whatexerciseistothebody（读书对身心之重，恰如运动之于身体、.Intellectistothemindwhatsightistothebody（智力对思想犹如视力对于身体一样重耍）.Theword’’what”alsocanbeputatthebeginningofthesentenceinsteadoftheendofsentence.Theyareusuallyusedtotelltheimportancebetweentwothings.Forexample:Whattheblueprintistothebuilder,theoutlineistothewriter（提纲对于作家犹如蓝图对于建筑师一样重要）.Whatsaltistofood，thatwitandhumoraretoconversationandliterature（妙语与幽默之于会话与文学，怡似盐对于食物一样）.Theabovetwoexamplesisthesecondstyle.Theword’’that”connectsmainclauseandsubordinateclause.ButusuallywordHthatncanbeomitted...And”styleItisaspecialkindofsimilestructure,whichiscommoninEnglishproverbs.Thisparticularsimilecomparestwocollocationelementswhicharebeforeandaftertheword’’and".Butword’’and"inthissituationcannotbeunderstoodas"together"，itmeans"like”here.Forexample:Loveandcoughcannotbehid.ItmeansLoveislikecoughthattheycouldnotbeescapedfromtheeyesandears.InChinese，itmeans恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃人耳目.Yqxanotherexample:Truthandrosehavethornsaboutthem.（真理象玫瑰那样多刺）.Booksandfriendsshouldbefewbutgood.（读书如交友，应求少而精）ThesemanticeffectofsimileAllinall，theobject"sshapes,movementsandstatescanbedescribedvividlyinaclearwaybyusingsimile.Theintroductorywordinthesimilelikesabridge,whichlinksthesignifiedandthesignifierclosely.Peoplecanimaginetwothingsthroughtheintroductorywords.Forexample:Ill-gottenwealthislikeapalacebuiltonthesand. Inthissentence,"ill-gottenwealth”isthesignified，while”apalacebuiltonthesand”isthesignifier.Thetwothingswereconnectedwitheachotherwiththeword’’like"sothatpeopleassociatedthe"ill-gottenwealth"with"thepalacebuildonthesand’’whichisfamiliartopeople.Theproverbwarnspeoplethatwemustmakemoneythroughhardwork，orwewillworryeverydaywhenweusethem.Alsoitwarnsthatwecannotmakemoneybyfoulmeanseventhoughwefacedifficulties.TheproverbChinesemeaningis财富來得不正当，犹如宫殿建沙上.Peoplemayknow:Beauty,unaccompaniedbyvirtue,isasaflowerwithoutperfume.Beautyisaforevertopic，wecansaythateverybodylovesbeauty.However,howcanweunderstandthebeautycorrectly?Howcanwetreatthebeautyinandoutcorrectly?Wemustputtheemphasisnotonlyontheappearancebutalsoontheirvirtue.Thisproverbshows’’beauty，unaccompaniedbyvirtue”as"aflowerwithoutperfume’’.Itillustratessuchaphilosophy:Peoplealwayspraisethebeauty.Buttheypraisenotonlyfortheprettyappearancebutalsoforprettyheart.Proverbsalsotouchedadeeperproblemsthatlotsofpeopleaspiretotheoutersothattheyignoretheexternalthingsinreallife.Inessence，beautyispurebutskin-deepandshortlived.Onlythebeautywithinnervirtueisforever.Anotherexample:Readingistothemind，whatexerciseistothebody.Themainfeaturesofthiskindofstructureisitsdirectmeaning,clearandsymmetricalstructure，antithesisneatandbeautifulsentencepatterns.Thisstyleofsimileisoftenusedtorevealthedeeperorabstractmeaningsothatpeoplecanbeimpressedbythesedeepsignificance.Whattheproverbwanttotellusistheimportanceofreadingtothemind.Nowitisexpressedbythesimpleandobviousrelationshipbetweenthebodyandexercise.Itmakespeopleunderstandeasily.Enoughisasgoodasfeast.Livinginthissociety，wehavelotsofdemandsformaterialandspirit.Properdesirecanencourageonetomakebiggerprogress,butendlessdesireoftencanruinhim.Proverbusesthestructurethat"as+adjective+as"tolinkthe”enough’’and feast"toillustratethemeaningthattruehappinessisinacontentedmind.MetaphorMetaphorisonekindofthetropes.Accordingtothecommonfeaturesbetweentwothings，thereadermustunderstandthemeaningbyhimselfinsteadofgettingitdirectly.TherearemanyexamplesinEnglishproverbs.ThedefinitionofmetaphorMetaphormeans’’acomparisonmadebetweentwothingsthatarealikeincertainaspect，butitissuggestedratherthanexplicitlystatedwithoutusingtheword’like’or■as’"（吕雯2006:132）Wemaysummarizethedefinitionsofmetaphorasfollowing:"intheWebster’sversion，metaphorisseenasafigureofspeech;secondly,metaphoristhesubstitutionofonewordbyanother;thirdly，metaphorinvolvessimilaritybetweenobjectsorconcepts;finally，metaphorisregardedasaspecialcaseofsimilen（陈明2003:5）.Metaphor,isanimplicitcomparison.Itisdifferentfromthesimile.ThereisnointroductorywordbetweenthesignifiedandthesignifiesThestructureofthemetaphorisHthesignifiedisthethesignifier”.Metaphorillustratestheobjectsmorevividlyanddeeplythanthesimile.Itsexpressionismorestrongthanthesimile.Metaphorsoftendonotusetheintroductoryword.Usuallyitimpliesmoremeaningthanthesimileanditdescribetheimagemoreobviously.Whentwothingshavethesimilarcharacteristics，weoftenusetheword’’is”tolinkthetwothingswitheachother，thatis"AisBn.Therelationshipbetweenthesignifiedandthesignifierisdirectandclose.ItiscommoninEnglishproverbs.Becauseoftheomissionoftheintroductoryword，theproverbbecomemorebrief.Metaphorhasbeendividedintofourforms.Theyareconceptualmetaphor（鞭:念隐嗡,coalescentmetaphor（兹含型燈物，implicativemetaphor（冷薯黑燈物andsymbolicmetaphor（康京TheuseofmetaphormakesEnglishproverbvivid. ThebasicformatofmetaphorConceptualmetaphorAccordingtothetheoryofcognitivelinguistics，conceptualmetaphorinvolvestwoparts.Ithasafunctionwhichistounderstandoneconceptthroughtheotherconcept.ThismetaphorcanbeappliedtotheformulathatX(NounA)isY(nounB).Sotheconceptualmetaphorhasanothernamewhichiscalledequationalmetaphor.Forexample,inthephrase’’Zz>veisfire"、，"fire”isobviouslyusedtocomparetothenloven.Asweallknow,loveishighemotionalintensity.Themoreintensetheemotionis，thestrongerthefeelingofloveis.Sousingthefiretodescribetheloveisvividandproper.Firecanbelightened，canexistandalsocanbecrushedout.Whenthefirewaslit，thelovestarted.Whenthefirewasburning,theloveisexisting.Whenthefirewasextinguished，thelovefinished.Intheproverb"Loveismeatanddrink”,oneofthetwoconceptsis’’love’’，andtheotheris"eatanddrink.11Here"eatanddrink”meansnutrition.Peoplecannotlivewithouteatingordrinking.Toputitanotherway，itmeanspeoplecannotlivewithoutnutrition.Nutritionisessentialtopeople.Similarly，lifeisnotperfectwithoutlove.Loveisessentialtopeople,too.Foodanddrinkbringsusthephysicalnutritionsoasthelovebringsusmentalnutrition.TherearemanyEnglishproverbsincludingconceptualmetaphor，suchas:Lifeisajourney;Theeyesarethewindowofthesoulandsoon.Insomeconceptualmetaphors,thetwoconceptualwordscanbeaddedoneortwomodifiers.Suchas:Aheartwithoutloveisaviolinwithoutstrings，Abeautifulfaceisasilentcommendation,Acheerfulheartisgoodmedicineetc.CoalescentmetaphorSomescholarsbelievethatmetaphorisalanguagephenomenonwithtwodifferenttypesofwordsinonesentence.Inotherwords,thecoalescentmetaphoristhecombinationofageneralwordandametaphoricalword.Forexample,inproverbuEvetydoghashis day""dog”isthegeneralwordwhile’.day”isametaphoricalwordwhichmeansjoy.Similarly，inuEverycloudhasasilverlining""cloud”isthegeneralwordand"silverlining"isametaphoricalphrasewhichmeansathreadofhope.Accordingtothestructuralist，thistypeofsentenceiscalledpart-sentencemetaphor.Forexample,theproverb"Lawscatchesfliesbutlethornetsgofree”.’’Flies’’referstothecommonpeopleand"hornets”meansVIP.Anotherexampleis”Theappleneverfallsfarfromthetree”.Htheapple”referstothechildrenand’’thetree”referstotheirparents.Themeaningofthesentenceis:Thecharacteristicsofchildrenareprettysimilartotheirparents.Wecanseefromtheaboveexamplesthatnomatterinconceptualmetaphororinpart-sentencemetaphor,thewordorphrasereferstoadesignatedandspecificpersonorobject.ImplicativemetaphorSomeproverbsdorftimplysomethingbyawordorphrasebutrefertothemeaningbyallthesentence.Forexample，in’’AnetwithaholeinItwon’tcatchanyfish""，thereisnowordcanimplyaspecificthingbecausethewholesentenceisametaphor.Themeaningis:Aplanwithflawscannotbecarriedoutperfectly.Anotherexample，wecannotcuttheproverb”Lookbeforeyouleap”offbecauseitisawhole.Itsmeaningis:Youshouldconsidertheconsequenceofyouractionbeforeyouact.Accordingtothetheoryofstructurallinguistics,thismetaphorbelongstothewhole-sentencemetaphor.Thepeopleortheobjectisnotspecificbuthasdifferentmeaningsindifferentsituationsinimplicativemetaphor.Forinstance,”Bigthunder,littlerain”candefineonepersonwhosaidmuchbutdidlittleundercertaincircumstances.Italsocanbeequatedwith”Barkingdogsseldombite”undersomecircumstances.Themeaningis’’Amanspeaksmuchdoesnotnecessarilyproducetroubletootherpeople".Foranotherexample,in""Theearlybirdcatchesthewonnn."Theearlybird”canbepointedtodifferentpeopleindifferentsituations:likethefirstinterviewer,theinventorinsomeaspect，theearliestpromotersoftheindustryandsoon. SymbolicmetaphorUsingonethingtorepresentanotherthing，usingmaterialthingstorepresenttheimmaterialthingsandusingspecificthingstorepresentabstractthingsisthesymbolicmetaphor.Forexample,"strikewhiletheironishot”issymbolicmetaphor.Itusesthespecificthingstorepresentabstractthings.Itimpliesthatwecannotmissanychanceatanycircumstanceaslongastheconditionsareadvantageoustous.Also,theproverbuWaterdroppingclaybydaywearsthehardestrockawaynissymbolicmetaphor.Ittellusthetruththatwecanbesuccessfulaslongasweworkhardatanytimeanywhere.Anotherexampleis:birdmaybeknownbyitssong”.The’’song”representsnthespeechofaperson"In”Nocross,nocrown"the’’cross"refersto’•suffer”and’’crown”refersto’’supreme”.Theproverbbirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush”means:Thehigher-valueistoofarawayfromustogetthem，sowemustcherishthethingwehave，evenitissmallandcheap.43ThesemanticeffectofmetaphorThereisanexample,Somebooksaretobetasted，otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewed.Inthisproverb，thesignifierdoesnotappear，butitsmeaningisshowedbytheverb’’taste""swallow”and"chew•’indirectly.Intheproverb，bookshasbeensaidasdelicious.Onekindofbookisforhumantotaste,theotherkindisforpeopletogobble,andthethirdisforpeopletoread，toenjoyandremember.Wecanseethemeaningofthethisproverbeasilybecauseofitsvividvocabulary.Englishproverbsoftenusesomematerialsoranimalstorefertosomekindofpeople.Sometimesthesignifiedandthesignifierareomittedinproverbs.Sometimesthesignifiedandthesignifierarereplacedbythematerialsoranimals.Forexample:Arollingstonegathersnomoss.Thisproverbreferstoapersonwhofrequentlychangeshisoccupationscan’tsavemoney.Butinthisproverb，theyarereplacedbythephrase’’arollingstone11and’’moss"Peoplecanunderstandthetruththatonemustconsidermorebeforehechangehiscareer. Inaddition，therearemanyproverbsrefertopeoplebyanimalwords.""Hethatliesdownwithdogs，mustriseupwithfleas”isoneoftheexamples.Inthisproverb,the"unworthyfellows”isreplacedbythe"dogs"InAmerican,althoughthedogshaveareputationofmensbestcompanion,peoplethinkifsomeoneliveswiththem，hemayeasilygetdiseases.InChinese，itmeans”近朱者赤，近墨者黑".SynecdocheAccordingtotheEnglish-Englishdictionary,synecdochemeanssubstitutingamoreinclusivetermbyalessinclusiveoneorviceversa.Itisarhetoricthatuseparttoreplacethewholeorusethewholetoreplacethepart.5.1ThedefinitionofsynecdocheSynecdochealsobelongstothetrope.Forexample,manyhandsmakelightwork.Manyhandsmakequickwork.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.Greatmindsthinkalike.Intheseproverbswords’’hands’’，"heads’and’’minds’’refertopeople.Thistypeofrhetoriciscalledsynecdoche.WemustpayattentiontothedifferencebetweenthetranslationoftheseproverbsinEnglishandinChinese.Whenwetranslatethem，wemustpayattentiontothetargetlanguageandsourcelanguage.Wemusttranslatethemproperlysoastomakereadersunderstandandacceptthem.Asweallknow，iftheseproverbsdonotusesynecdoche，thenthewholesentencewillbeveryboring，paleandweak，thelanguagewillbeverylongandcomplicated.ThebasicformatofsynecdocheIntheproverbs,apartofthebodyisusuallyusedtoreplacetheperson.ItisacommonphenomenoninEnglishproverbs.Forinstance，inuBloodisthickerthanwater",theword"blood”refersto’’therelationsbydescentfromacommonancestor”.In”Noearissodeafasonewhichwishesnottohear"theword"ears”refersto’’personor man”.In”Afairfacecannothaveacrabbedheart”,thephrase’’afairface•’referstonabeautifulperson”.In"Thegrayhairshouldberespected",ituseMthegrayhairHtoreplace’’theoldpeople11.In”Thebreastsarebetterattheothersideofthefence"theword’’breast”means”wife.’•Inthe”Faintheartneverwonfairlady"the’’faintheart”isusedtoreferto"afaintheartedman".In”Afalsetonguewillhardlyspeakthetruth”，therealmeaningofthephrase’’afalsetongue”is’’apersonwithafalsetongue".Whenwetranslatethesesentences,wemustpayattentiontotherealmeaningofthesewords.Asthepartcanreplacethewhole，thewholecanreplacethepart.Forexample:Thehandthatrocksthecradlerulestheworld.Inthisproverb，theword’’world”refersto"family”.Itbelongstothisstructure.Thisproverbmeansthatmotheristheleaderoffamily.53ThesemanticeffectofsynecdocheInEnglishproverbs，theuseofsynecdocheisnotuncommon.Forexample:Twoheadsarebetterthanone.Inthisproverb,word’’heads"refersto"persons”.Thisproverbbelongstothestyleofnpartreplacethewhole"Asthe"head”isonepartofthebody，itisusuallyusedtorefertoanindividualinEnglish.Forexample，wecountpeoplebyheads.Inaddition,theEnglishoftenusethebody’sorganstorefertoaperson.Suchastheword"hand”，’’heart"’’mind’’，’’mouth’’(heremeanspopulation)areusedtoreferto"man".Peoplecanalwaysassociatethewholewiththepart.Theycanrecognizethewholethroughobservationofthepart.Forexample:Manyhandsmakelightwork.Faintheartneverwonfairlady.Greatmindsthinkalike.InEnglishproverbs,theabstractmeaningisalwaysexpressedbyspecificthings.ItisverycommoninEnglishproverbs.Itsoriginalideaissimplebutitssignificanceisdeep.Forexample:Hewhowouldsearchforpearlsmustdivebelow.Thcproverbillustratestherelationshipbetween"searchforpearls”and"dive"Inthissentence,theword’’pearls”isaspecificcharacteristic.Heretheword’’pearls■’refersto’’thethingsofvalue”whichisanabstractthing.Itistheonlywaythatpeoplemustdivedowncanthey searchforthepearls.Peoplerealizedthatinordertopursuetothemostvaluablethingsinthelife,theymusttakerisks.Inthisworld，everyone’sdreamisnotsame.Someonemakestoolittleefforttogetwhattheywant,whilesomeonegiveupwhentheymeetdifficulties.However,Imightsaythatsuccessiswonbythreethings:first，effort，second，effort,third，stillmoreeffort.Onlywhenwedothingsstepbystepcanwesucceed.Whenwemeetdifficultiesorproblems，wemustfacetothemandsolvethem.Atanytime,wecannotgiveupourdreams.Therearemanyproverbsalsousethesamestructure.Forinstance,povertywantsmanythings，andcovetousnessall.Pridefeelsnocold.Acreakingdoorhangslongonitshingesandsoon.ConclusionTropesincludemetaphor,simile，metonymy,synecdoche,etc.Theyaremajorelementsofthesemanticdevicesofrhetoric.ThesemanticdevicesofrhetoricplayanimportantpartintheEnglishproverbsandtheyarepowerfulmarksofthecharacteristicsoftheEnglishproverbs.ItisconsiderableuseofthosesemanticdevicesofrhetoricthatgreatlyimprovestheexpressiveabilityfortheEnglishproverbs.TheymakestheEnglishproverbsbecomebriefinspeech,vividinimage,richinconnotation，andprofoundinphilosophy.Thisarticlegivesananalysisofthethreekindsoftrope.SimilemaybeisthemostsimpleandcommonfigureofEnglishproverbs.InEnglishproverbs，similecanvividlydescribefeaturesofobjectsandmaketheproverbseasytobeunderstoodbyreaders.ThemetaphormakesabstractideasmoreconcreteandthemeaningoftheEnglishproverbsmoredefinite.Althoughthesynecdocheisnotascommonasthesimileandmetaphor，itisstillanimportantpartoftheEnglishproverbs.Ifthereisnosynecdoche，theproverbwouldbetedious. TheEnglishproverbsseemtobevividandhavedeepmeaningwiththeapplicationsoftropes.Soitispopularwithpeople.GoodanalysesofthestructureandtheapplicationoftropesinEnglishproverbscanmakeusunderstandthedeepermeaningoftheproverbseasily.ThroughtheanalysisoftropesinEnglishproverbs，wecanhaveafurtherknowledgeandunderstandingofEnglishproverbs.Thisisgoodforustoabsorbtheforeignculture.AlsoitisgoodforustoenhancetheabilityofusingEnglishproverbstoexpressouremotionandenrichourknowledge. 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