从中西方谚语中探索中西方文化的差别 19页

摘要谚语是意义完整的固定句子，是一种重要的语言形式。在不同文化的谚语中，相同的物体和行为往往被赋予不一样的含义和思想感情。木文研究的口的便是通过研究英汉谚语来探索中丙方文化的差异。文章首先从谚语的构成方面比较了英汉谚语的差异，然后从屮四方人们的居住环境、人文思想、道徳观念、宗教信仰和风俗习惯五个方面对英汉谚语进行比较和分析，并总结出中西文化在这些方而的差异。通过本文对英汉谚语的研究和总结，我们将学＞』到两种谚语的不同文化内涵，更重要的是，这有助于我们更加正确地使川英汉谚语。因此，研究屮两方谚语之问的文化差异具有重大的理论和现实意义。关键词：谚语；中西方文化；差异 AbstractProverbisacompletesentence，anditisanimportantformoflanguage.Inthedifferentproverbsthatfromdifferentculture，thesamethingsandthesamebehaviorshowrepresentdifferentmeansanddifferentfeelings.ThepaperisaimedtoexploretheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternproverbs.Firstly，theauthoranalysisthedifferencesfromtheiruniquecharacteristics，thensummarizesthedifferencesoflivingenvironment，humanisticidea,moralviews，religiousbeliefsandsocialcustomsbetweenChinesecultureandWesternonebycomparingandanalyzingChineseproverbsandEnglishones.Throughthestudyandsummaryofthispaperwewilllearnthedifferentculturalconnotationfromdifferentculture.What’smore，wewilluseChineseandWesternproverbsmoreeasilyandmoreaccurately.SoitisnoexaggerationtosaythatacomparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseproverbsisofgreatpracticalandtheoreticalsignificance.Keywords:Proverbs;WesternandChineseculture;differences AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.Igratefullyacknowledgethehelpofmysupervisor，XiaLi,whohasofferedmevaluablesuggestionsintheacademicstudies.Withoutherencouragement，insightfulcriticismandgraciousguidance,thecompletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.IalsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoalltheteachersinForeignLanguagesSchool,fromwhosedevotedteachingandenlighteninglecturesIhavebenefitedalotandacademicallypreparedforthethesis.Ishouldfinallyliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentswhohavealwaysbeenhelpingmeoutofdifficultiesandsupportingwithoutawordofcomplaint. OutlineI•IntroductionII.TheCharacteristicsandImpactofProverbsA.TheUniqueCharacteristicsofProverbs1.FormofCharacters2.SentencePattern3ThePositionandRoleofProverbsintheRealLifeProverbsarelanguagetreasureforthemasses.Throughouthistory，proverbscanbereservedindicatedthattheywereinfavorbythemasses.Sowecanincludethatourdailylifeisunabletoleavethem.Theyhavebecomeanindispensablepartofourcommunication，whichoccupytheimportantpositioninthereallife.Ontheotherhand，proverbisoneofliteraryformwhichispopularinfolkamongtraditionalsocial.Themainfunctionofproverbisenrichedourdailyconversationform.Itenableduscommunicatemoreunimpededandmoreinteresting.Datingbacktoancienttimes，asamaincommunicationlanguage,proverbbenefitedmanypeople.Mostproverbsarelivingexperiencesandlifereasonssummarizedbythemassesthroughalongtimefromtheirownlivingexperienceandmanyflunk.Justlikeaproverbsaying:Experienceisthemotherofwisdom（经验75智慧之母）.Consequently，asChinesedescendant，wemustprotectthispreciouswealthwhichourforefatherslefttous.Inourdailycommunication,weshouldusetheseproverbsasmuchaspossible;what’smore，weshouldusingaccurate.II.TheCulturalDifferencesofChineseandWesternProverbsTheformationofthelanguagewasinfluencedbymanyaspects,whichincludegeography,history，religiousbeliefandlivinghabits.Proverbisthecreamoflanguage,whichcarriestheculturalfeaturesandcultureinformation.Proverbandtheculturetraditionareinseparable.Thedifferenceoflanguagewasdecidedbynational culture.Thenationalfeatureswasreflectedfromproverbwouldembodythenationalculture.ConsequentlywecanfindthedifferencebetweenWesternandChineseculturebycomparativeanalysistheirproverbs.ThispaperwilldiscussfourdifferencesbetweenWesternandChineseproverbs,whichincludelivingenvironment，humanisticidea,moralviewsandreligiousbelief.A.ProverbsofLivingEnvironmentLanguagecomesfromproductivelabor.Proverbsareessencesummarizedfromlivinglifeandproductivelabor.Britishisanislandcountry，themarinetransportandtradewereverydeveloped.Soitslanguagewereinfluencedtoalargeextentbythisenvironment，mostproverbswereconnectedwithseaandsailing.Forexample，totakethewindoutofone’ssail（先发制人，强占-匕风）;Togowiththestream（随波逐流、顺应时势）；Allriversrunintosea（海纳百川）.TheuniquegeographicalenvironmentmadethefishingindustryveryprosperousinBritish.Therearemanyproverbsaboutfishing,suchas,hookone’sfish（如愿以偿，用诡计得到想要的东曲）;Haveotherfishtofry（有Jt•它事5?•做）•Onthecontrary，Chinaisaninlandagriculturalcountry.Wehavevastland，landistheoriginofotherentities.Homologousthereweremanyproverbconnectedwithrivers,landandagriculture.Forinstance,—冈马扬不起尘土，一个人成不丫英雄；萝卜a菜，各有所爱；王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸；滴水之恩，涌泉和报等。Thoughanexample，wewouldfindaninterestingphenomenon，whenwedescribesomeoneisextravagant，theEnglishproverbwouldsay:spendmoneylikewater;however，inourChineseproverb，wewouldsay:挥金如十。Itfollowsthatthedifferenceenvironmentwouldproducemanydifferentproverbs. BeProverbsofHumanisticIdeaHumanismpaysattentiontoexpressindividualbrilliance.Butfortheviewaboutpeopleisdifferent,sothedevelopmentofhumanismwasdifferentbetweenWesternandChinese.Thesedifferenceswouldreflectinproverbsnaturally.Datingbacktorenaissance,humanismemphasizedtheindividualvalueandthesignificanceofpeople’sexisting.Thenthesocietyadvocatedfreedomanddevelopedhumanity.Thisreflectedinproverbssuchas:Mandoeswhathecan，andGodwhathewant（人做他能做的，.h帝做他愿做的）.Andsomeotherproverbsclearlyhighlightedthecorestatusofhuman.Forexample，manisthesouloftheuniverse（人是宇仿的灵魂）;Manisthemeasureofallthings（人是衡量万物的标准）.Ontheotherhand，somevoluntarismhumanismpersonconsideredthatthenatureofmentalitywastheonlyexistenceduringourlife.Nietzscheconsideredthatwillistherootofallthingsonearth.Therearemanyproverbswhichaboutattachedimportancetooneself.Forinstance，everymanisnearesthimself（每个人都最荣近自己）；Everymanlikeshisownthingsbest（毎个人都最喜欢他Cl己的东两）；Everymanthinkshisowngeeseswans（每个人都把|L|己的鹅想象力天鹅）；Everyonefastenswherethereisgain（每个人都盯住利之所在）.DifferentwithWesternhistory,ourcountrydidnotexperiencetheperiodwhichtheologyoccupiedthedominantposition.Datingbacktoancienttimes，ourthoughtwasoccupiedbyConfucianism，whichwasaknowledgeresearchedhuman.Therearemanyproverbswhichpayattentiontopeople，suchas:冈海之内皆兄龙也；己所不欲，勿施于人。Confucianismconsideredthatindividualisjustachesspieceinthebigsocietychessboard.Inordertoprotecttheinterestofthewhole，itwasindispensabletosacrificetheinterestofindividual.ThiswastotallydifferentwithWesternviewpoint.InChineseproverbs，therearemanytoreflectputothersbeforeoneselfandbekindtoothers.Suchas:严于律己，宽以待人；宁可人负我，切莫我负人；把困难留给自己，把方便®给他人等。Andthereareotherproverbsstressedthe importanceofcollective.Forexample：—人不成阵，独木不成林；众人拾柴火焰高；孤雁难飞，孤掌难鸣；一花独放不是春等。A.ProverbsofMoralViewsMoralviewsmeanthecognitionandviewofpeopleaboutitself，othersandthewholeworld.Thisincludemanyaspects，wewilldiscussfromthefollowingseveralaspects.1.TheAttitudeTowardsReputationInWestern,thetraditionalmoralviewsconsideredthatreputationwasveryimportant,asaperson,weshouldpayattentiontoourbehavior.Itisnotimportantwhatotherpeople’sevaluate,solongasoneselfnotdamagesocietyandotherpeople，notviolatethelaw.SoinWesternproverbswewouldfindthatit’snormalwhenrefertorumor.Forexample,wemayknowtheproverbwhichsays:Sticksandstonesmaybreakmybones,butwordswillneverhurtme（棍棒石头可能会打断我的骨头，｛H.言语绝不会伤害到我）.Incontrastwiththis，inourproverb,itis:棍棒伤皮肉，恶语伤人心.Wecouldfinditisverydifferentbetweenourtwocountriesinourcountry，influencedbythetraditionalconcept;everyoneputsthefameatanimportantstation.Ontheotherhand,thereputationalwaysbeconnectedwithmorality.Onewillhaveagoodfameifhewasavirtuousman，usuallythenhewouldgainrespect.Butthisisnotabsolute;sometimesthesevirtuouspeoplewouldloseface.Relatedtothiswehavemanyproverbstoo,suchas:人冇脸，树冇皮，没脸没皮没出息；死要而子活受罪等。Becauseofcareaboutface，mostChinesescaretherumorwhichisnotgoodforhim.ManyproverbsexpressedthatChinesefeartherumor.Forinstance:谣言口J以系人；防人之口甚于防川；人言可畏;杀人不见血等。ThisshowsthatthecultureisdifferentbetweenWesternandChineseaboutreputation.Livingindifferentplace,weshouldknowthemannersandcustoms. 1.TheViewofLoveThedistinctresultofcontrastbetweenWesterncapitalismandChinesefeudalismaboutmoralistheviewoflove.DuringtheChinesefeudalismsociety,thetraditionfeudalethicalcodeconstrainedthefreedomofloveseriously.Themarriagewasdeterminedbyparents.Someproverbsreflectedthissocietyatmosphere.Suchas:父母之命，媒妁之言；嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗；娶到的媳妇买到的马，由人骑來由人打等。However,intheWesternsociety，earlierintherenaissance,thepeoplebegantopursuefreedomandtheemancipationofhumanity.Thecapitalismsocietyevenadvocatedfreelove.TherearemanyproverbsthateulogizeloveandcommentloveinEnglish.Suchas:Loveisfree（爱情是|1|由的）；Truelovenevergrowsold（真正的爱情永不过吋）;Loveisthetouchstoneofvirtue（爱情是美德的点金石）.2.FilialDutyThedutyoffilialreferstofilialtoourparents.Asoffspring，weshouldtreatourparentswithfilialrespect.Weshouldobeyourparents,lookafterthemwhentheyneed,respectourparentsandinherittheburningincense.TherearemanyproverbsaboutfilialinourChinesehistory.Suchas:父母在，不远游；千里烧呑，不如在家敬爹娘；不孝省三，无后为大；父母教，须敬听，父母责，须顺承等等。ConcerningWesterncapitalismmoral，italsoemphasizedthatchildrenshouldtreatparentswithfilialrespect，butitdidnotstressthatchildrenmustalwaysfollowparents’advice.Childrenhavetheirownlifeandcharacter.Parentsshouldnotinterferemoreabouttheirdailylife.SotherearesomedifferentproverbsoppositeChineseproverbs，suchas:Childrensuckmotherwhentheyareyoung,andfatherwhentheyareold（孩了•小时候吃母亲的奶，老了享受父亲的财，与中IR的“养儿防老”相反）;Childrenarenottobeblamedforthefaultsoftheirparents（不能凶为父母的过错使孩子受到责备）；Childrenwhentheyarelittlemakeparentsfools,whentheyaregreatmakeparentsmad（孩子小时候使父母变傻，L（大了把父母逼疯）. 1.TheAttitudeTowardsWomanIntheChinesefeudalismsociety，thewomansubjectedtomuchoppress.Duringthattime，thewomanshouldlistentotheirfatherathome,submittotheirhusbandaftermarried,andcomplywiththeirsoniftheirhusbanddied.Theirstatuswaslow,forexampletheycouldnotaccepteducationliketheman，andtheycouldnotattendsocialintercourse.What’sworse，inourfeudalismsociety，thewomanshouldproceedfoot-binding,whichwasveryharmfultohealth.Afterthewomanmarriedwiththeman,theyshouldobeywifelysubmissionandvirtue.Theymusttreattheirhusbandwithloyalandsteadfast.Theywouldnotmarryagaineventheirhusbanddied.Sowesayitisnotfairforthefeudalismwoman.ManyproverbswereproducedBasedonthisbackground,suchas:女子无j便是徳，一女不吃两家茶；好马不吃［h!头草，好女不嫁二夫君；嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗；忠臣不事二主，贞女不事二夫；嫁出去的女儿泼出去的水等等。ItwastotallydifferentintheWesterncapitalismsociety.Althoughthemanheldtherulestatus,thewoman’sstatuswasnotlowlikeChinese.TheyweremuchfreerthanChinesewoman.Therewereevensomeproverbsexpressedthatthewomanwasimportanttotheirhusband.Theycouldbringfortunetothefamily.Lookingthesefollowingexamples:Hethatwouldthrive，mustaskhiswife（谁想发迹，就请•教妻+）;Hewhodoesnothonorhiswife,dishonorhimself（不尊重妻子的人就是不尊重自己）；Agoodwifeisagoodprize（好妻子就是好的奖赏）.Avirtuouswomanisacrowntoherhusband（贤德的妻了•是丈夫的冠冕）.A.ProverbsofReligiousBeliefsReligiousbeliefsareoneofthemostimportantaspectsofourspirituallife.Religiousbeliefshaveagreatinfluenceonnationalculture.ThiswouldhelpusclearlyunderstandthetwonationallanguageculturewhichthroughresearchingthereligiousbeliefsreflectedfromWesternandChineseproverbs.Identically，wewilljusttalkaboutthefollowingtwoaspectssimply. 1.GodandnoGodDatingbacktoourancienthistory,therewerethreedenominationswhichincludeConfucianism，BuddhismandTaoism.Fromthestrictsense，theyhavenotgod.Reflectedinproverbswaslikethat:不看僧而着佛而；天命不可违；万事都由命，半点不由人；人争一U气，佛争一炷香；福无双至，祸不单行等。Inwestern,peoplemainlybeliefsChristianity.ChristianityadmittedthattherejustoneGod.ChristiansconsiderthatGodistheentireworld.Godisthefounderofhumanity.Goddominatesthehumanity.ThemanmustsubmittoGod.Godknowseverythingandheisomnipotent.Lookingthesefollowingexamples:Heavenisaboveall（上帝高于一切）；Godiswherehewas（上帝无处不在）；TruthisthedaughterofGod（真理是上帝的女儿）；ThetreethatGodplantsnowindhurtsit（h帝种的树，风吹不倒）.Whilethepriestclimbsapost,thedevilclimbsten（道高一尺，魔高一丈）.Heavenneverhelpsthemanwhowillnotact（自己不动，叫天何用）.2.TheIdeaofEqualityandGradeInourChinesedenominations，therewasnothesovereigndeity.Andindividualcanacteverykindofdeity.However，itwasleveledbetweeninterpersonalrelationships.TheemperorofChinesefeudalismsocietycalledheisaSonofheaven.Therestofpeopleshouldlistentohim.Everyonehashisownstatus，hecouldnotgetoffside.Let’slooksomeexamples:小鬼斗不过阎王，胳膊扭不过大腿；官大一级压死人，宰相家人七品官；普天之卜*莫非王土。Oneinterestingphenomenonisthatthesocietywasleveledwherethepeoplecouldactanydeity;thesocietyadmittedthattheGodistheonlydeitywherethehumanityareequal.WecanlooksomeWesternproverbsasthefollowing:Jackisasgoodashismaster（杰克和他的主人一样好）；Sixfeetofearthmakeallmenequal（六英尺长的土地使所有人一律平等）；Everyoneisamasterandservant（符个人既是主人也是仆人）;Everymanisakinginhisownhome（每个人都是家里的皇帝）. A.ProverbsofCustomBetweentheWesternandChineseculture,thebigdifferenceofcustomwasreflectedintheattitudeofdog.Inwestcountries，dogishuman’sfriendandcompany.Ithasthesamestatusofpeople.Sotherearemanycommendatoryproverbsaboutdog，suchas:Iftheolddogbarks，hegivethecounsel（老狗叫，是忠告）.Heisaluckydog（他是个幸运儿）;Everydoghashisday（凡人汽意H）.HoweverinourChinese,dogisaderogatoryterm.Dogislowlinessandhumbleanimal.Someproverbsaboutdoglike:好狗不咬鸡，好汉不打妻；好狗不挡道；狗咬穿烂的，人舔穿好的。TherearestillmanydifferentaspectsaboutproverbsbetweentheWesternandChinese.Ijusttalkaboutsomeofthem.Asanexample,throughtheseproverbswecouldfindmuchdifferenceabouttheWesternandChineseculture.Thenwecouldlearnmoreaboutthetwodifferentcountry’shistory.What’smore，throughthestudyingwelearnedmanydifferentkindsofproverbs.Inourdailycommunication,wecanusetheseproverbs;theywillbringusforfortuneandinteresting.Howeverwhenweuseproverbs，weshoulddistinguishdifferentsituation.Asdescendants,weshouldtakefulladvantageoftheseproverbswhichourforefatherleftforus.Weshouldinherittheseproverbsanddevelopthem.IILConclusioiiCultureandlanguageareindispensabletoeachother.Languagereflectsculture,andiscontrolledbyculture.Itiswellknownthatproverbsarenotonlytheproductsofthesociety，economyandculture，buttheresultofexcellenceinanation.Throughtheanalysisofthecross-culturalcomparisonofEnglishandChineseproverbs，conducetounderstandtheculturaldepositsoflanguage，therebyemboldeningcomprehendofEnglishandChineseaswellastheculture，enhancinglanguageappliedability. 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