英汉语言中关于狗的谚语研究 21页

AcknowledgementsIamdeeplyindebtedtoJiangZhaozi,mysupervisor,whonotonlyhasgivenmeconstantandvaluableadviceduringmywritingofthisthesis,butalsohasgoneovermydraftsmeticulouslyandofferedcriticalcommentsonthem.Withouthishelp,thethesiscouldneverhavereacheditspresentform.Mysinceregratitudealsogoestomyteacherswhohavegivenmelecturesandhelp,whichareindispensabletothecompletionofthisthesis.Igivemyheartythankstomyclassmateswhohaveofferedhelpandsuggestionsintheprocessofwritingthisthesis.Finally,Iwouldliketothankthosecriticsandwriterswhoseessaysandworkshaveprovidedvaluableinformationconcerningthesubjectofmythesis. AbstractProverbisatraditionalproductofculturesindifferentcountries,whichcancreateunexpectedeffectincommunication.Withtherapiddevelopmentoflinguisticstudy,increasinglynumbersofscholarsbegintofocusonthespecialfieldsuchasanimalinordertogetbetterresearchonhumanlanguage.Dog,oneofthemostfavoriteanimalsallovertheworldistheintimatepetorfriendofhumanbeingsandproducesuniquecultureespeciallyonproverbs.Butproverbsaboutdogsfromdifferentcountriesusuallyconveyvariousinformationandconnotation.Therefore,thisthesisistryingtomakeacomparativestudyofEnglishandChineseproverbsaboutdogsincludingthedifferentmeaningsoftheproverbs,somesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwokindsofproverbsandthereasons.FrommystudyIfindthatthedifferenceisnotsomuch.Chineseproverbscontainingdogslaystressontheloyaltytohishost.ButEnglishproverbscontainingdogsemphasizeonthefriendship.TheauthorthinksthatChineseproverbscontainingdogslaystressontheloyaltytotheirhostbecauseoftheinequalitystatusofChinesesociety.Englishproverbscontainingdogsregarddogsasfriendsbecausetheyemphasizeontheconceptofequalityanddemocracy.Keywords:dogs;proverbs;comparativestudy 摘要谚语是不同国家的一种传统文化产物，在交际中能够产生意想不到的效果。随着语言学研究的迅速发展，大量学者开始放眼于特殊领域的研究，比如动物，以求可以更好的进行人类的调查研究。狗作为全世界最受宠爱的动物，是人类亲密的宠物或者说是朋友，尤其在谚语方面产生了独特的文化。但是来自不同国家的关于狗的谚语通常传达多样化的信息和内涵。因此，这篇文章致力于比较研究英汉语言中关于狗的谚语，包括：此类谚语的不同含义，异同以及产生异同的原因。通过研究发现汉语与英语对狗的分歧并不是那么大，汉语中强调狗的忠诚而英语中更多强调的是友谊。笔者认为汉语对狗忠实的强调反映了汉语长时间对人地位不平等，而英语一般强调平等，故视狗为朋友。关键字：狗;谚语;对比研究 TableofContentsAcknowledgementsiAbstractii摘要iiiTableofContentsivIntroduction2ChapterOneProverbsContainingDogsandPreviousStudiesonIt31.1TheRolesofDogandProverbsContainingDogs31.2PreviousStudiesonProverbsContainingDogs3ChapterTwoMethodsandMaterials52.1Methods52.2Materials52.2.1ChineseProverbscontainingDogs52.2.2EnglishProverbscontainingDogs7ChapterThreeMajorFindings113.1DataAnalysis113.2FactorsAffectingCulturalConnotationofAnimalWordsinEnglishandChineseProverbs12ChapterFourConclusion14References15 IntroductionProverbisaculturallysignificantpithysayingwithamoralorpracticalmessage.Simpleandbriefproverbscanachieveprofoundinsignificanceandproducehumorouswit.Invariouscultures,mostproverbsareconnectedtoanimals.Andwecanfindthedifferentattitudestowardanimalsfromtheproverbsoftheirculture.Amongalltheanimals,dogsapparentlyplayanimportantroleinourdailylifesinceancienttime.Therefore,duringthedevelopmentofcultureagreatmanyproverbscontainingdogsareproduced.Incommonviews,dogsaretreatedasthesymbolofloyalty,inferiorityandsnobbery,whichinfactarerelatedtodogs’character.Andinmostcases,peopletendtocriticizepeoplebythedescriptionofdogs.Itisseeminglytotalkaboutdogs,buttherealpurposeistoexpresshumanprincipleswiththeaidsofrhetoricdeviceslikemetaphor,ironyoreuphemism.IaminterestedintheproverbscontainingdogsandIwanttousethisaspectasanentrypointtounderstandthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenAmericanandChineseculturebetter.Moreimportantly,throughthecomparativestudyontheseproverbs,wecanobservevarioussocialphenomena.However,proverbsfromdifferentcountriesusuallyconveyspecialanddifferentmessagesandconnotation.Forexample,inChinese,theproverbsaboutdogmostlyexpressderogatorysensewhileinEnglish,theproverbsshowcommendatorysense,whichisresultedfromdifferentcultureaboutdogsandtheattitudetowardsdogs.InChina,dogsareconsideredtobethewatchdogs,whichevidentlywilldecidethetragicfateandimageofdogsinourminds.Onthecontrary,inthewesterncountries,dogsarealwaysregardedaslovelyandintimatepetorcompanionespeciallyfortheelders.Sometimes,dogscanevenbetreatedasthefamilymembers,whichundoubtedlymakethewesterndogsownatotallydifferentlifeandstatus.Byfocusingon"culturallyloaded"aspectsofthewordsorphraseswhichpeoplefromanothercountryuserequireourspecialattention,whichwouldhelpusdosmoothlyandproperlyininterculturalcommunication.Thearticlewilldiscusstheproverbsaboutdogsmainlyfromfouraspects.Chapteroneistogiveabriefintroductiontotherolesofdogandthevariousproverbscontainingdogsandpreviousstudiesonproverbscontainingdogs.ChaptertwoistoshowthemethodsandmaterialsofcomparativestudyofEnglishandChinese proverbscontainingdogs.Chapterthreeistoshowthemajorfindings.ThroughthedetailedanalysisofChineseandEnglishforexamples,wecangetagoodunderstandingoftheexpressiveeffectoftheproverbscontainingdogsandthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwolanguage’sproverbs.AndwewillknowthattherewasabitofmisconceptionaboutthecommonconceptChineseandEnglishproverbscontainingdogs.Afteranalyzedthedatareflectedfromtwotablesandcharts.Itrytoexplorethereasonsthatcausethedifferenceandsimilaritiesincludingtheinfluenceoftheculturedifference,fromwhichwecanthoroughlycomprehendtheproverbscontainingdogs.Chapterfouristheconclusionofthisthesis. ChapterOneProverbsContainingDogsandPreviousStudiesonIt1.1TheRolesofDogandProverbsContainingDogsTheroleofdogswithhumansisdifferentindifferentperiods.Intheirearlyroles,wolves,theirdogdescendants,wouldhavederivedsignificantbenefitsfromlivinginhumancamps—moresafety,morereliablefood,lessercaloricneeds,andmorechancetobreed.Humanswouldalsohavederivedenormousbenefitfromthedogsassociatedwiththeircamps.Forexample,dogswouldhaveimprovedsanitationbycleaningupfoodscraps.Therelationshipbetweenthepresenceofadogandsuccessinthehuntisoneoftheprimaryreasonsforthedomesticationofthewolf."Themostwidespreadformofinterspeciesbondingoccursbetweenhumansanddogs"andthekeepingofdogsascompanions,particularlybyelites,ithasalonghistory.Theyhaveearnedtheuniquenickname,"man"sbestfriend"becausetheyhavelivedandworkedwithhumansinsomanyroles.Peopleoftenentertheirdogsincompetitionssuchasbreed-conformationshowsorsports,includingracing,sleddingandagilitycompetitions.Thescientificevidenceismixedastowhethercompanionshipofadogcanenhancehumanphysicalhealthandpsychologicalwellbeing.Therearemanydifferencesbetweendogandcatsoranyotheranimals.Haveyouevernoticethatwhenyoublowinadog"sfacehewillgetmadatyou?Andhewillstickhisheadoutthewindowifyoutakeitforarideinthecar.Catsaresmarterthandogs.Youcan"tgeteightcatstopullasledthroughsnow.DogscomeoutinbothChineseandEnglishproverbs.1.2PreviousStudiesonProverbsContainingDogsInthegraduationthesisofAComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseProverbsContainingAnimalandPlantWordswrittenbyFengXiaohui.Thereasonwhydifferentpeoplescancreatedifferentmetaphoricalproverbsaboutthesameideahasdiscussedindetail.HemadeacomparativestudyontheRhetoricLevelandon theculturalLevel.Hetriedtofindconnectionsbetweenlanguageandculture.Andhehadnoticedtheeffectofdifferentlivingenvironments,differentlivingstyles,differentreligiousbeliefs,studiesofdifferentvaluesonproverbscontaininganimalsincludingdogs.InthethesisofEnglish"DOG"andChinese"GOU":ComparisononEnglishandChineseCulturalConnotationsinTermsofAnimalWordswrittenbyYangJing.Hefoundthatthewordsorphrasepeopleuseandthecultureinwhichpeoplelivearecloselyrelated.Connotationsofthewordsorphrasesareingeneralcloselyrelatedtotheculturetheyarerootedin.weshouldbeawarethatthewordsorphraseswechoosetousemayleadtomisinterpretationsandmisunderstandings.AndinthethesisofTheComparisoninthe”Dog”imageintheIdiomsBetweenEnglishandChinesewrittenbyDongXiaojin,hesaidthatdogishumbleinChinese.Itisa curseifoneusesittodescribehumanbeings.HoweverdogforBritishandAmericanpeople,bothcanbeusedtoguard,hunting;itcanalsobeseenaspartnerandlove.InthethesisofAComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseIdiomsContainingAnimalswrittenbyDongtao.Inancienttimes,peoplearoundtheworldlivedonfarming;thereshouldbesomeanimalsincommon,suchascows,horses,rabbits,cats,dogssoon.Thefunctionsoftheseanimalsarequitesimilarallovertheworld.Thus,thereisnodoubtthatsomeoftheanimalshavesamemeaningbetweendifferentcultures.Forinstance:“Dogeatdog”狗咬狗.DogsarerepresentingofloyaltybothinEnglish-speakingcountriesandChina.TotheEnglish-speakingpeople,dogsareoftenregardedasoneofthebestfriendofhumanbeings.Dogscanbekeptnotonlyaswatchdogbutalsoaspets.Theyarekeptbecausetheyareintelligent,loyal,dependableandbeingabletomakegoodcompanions.Therefore,thedogisusuallyassociatedwithpositivequalitiesintheWest.“Everydoghashisday”,inthisproverbhiswaydoesnotmeancommonbutmeanthedaywhensomeonebecamesuccess.Wecantranslateitas风水轮流转.“Toputthedog”,Itmeansthatsomeonedoesn’tthavelotsofmoneyinpocketwhenheorhermakesthefirstappointmentwithloverheisalsonotdressedsobrightly.Andheorsheborrowssomemoneyandclothesfromtheirfriendsfortheappointment.Wecantranslateitas充门面摆阔气.Inchapter3namedlearningmethodsofanimalproverbs;heproposedthetheoryoflearningtheculturalbackgroundoftheanimalidiomsincludingdogidioms. ChapterTwoMethodsandMaterials2.1MethodsDocumentanalysisandcomparativemethodareadoptedintheresearch.IspentmuchtimesearchingproverbscontainingdogsontheinternetandreadthebooksIborrowedfromourlibrary.Throughtheextensivedatacollection,Iclassifiedthesedatatothreeparts:positive,neutral,negativetwotable,andtwochartscameout.Documentanalysisismainlyusedonthebasisofthepreviousstudies,differentChineseandEnglishproverbscontainingdogsandtheachievementsbyotherscholars.Documentanalysismethodisusedtosettheresearchcontentortheresearchobject.ItisclearthattheresearchdealswiththecontrastiveanalysisofproverbscontainingdogsbetweenChineseandEnglish.Manyothermethodsarealsousedwiththecomparativemethod,suchasthestatisticalmethod,categorization,andexemplification.Intheprocessofcollectingtherelevantproverbsthemethodsareused.FromtwochatandtableswecanseebothinChineseandEnglishthenegativeaccountforthemostpartabout45percent.InChineseproverbscontainingdogs,positiveonlyaccountfor4percent.ButinEnglishitsaccountfor15percent.Inthepartofdataanalysisappearedinthenextchapter,methodsofcategorizationandexemplificationareadopted.Iclassifiedthesedatatothreeparts:positive,neutral,negative.2.2Materials2.2.1ChineseProverbsContainingDogsInChinadogsareoftenusedtowatchoveritsmaster"shouse.ManyproverbscontainingdogsinChineseisnegativetheytrytoexpressthebadqualityofdogs.Therearealsomanyproverbscontainingdogstrytoexpresstheloyaltytotheirhost.Positive：1.子不嫌母丑，狗不嫌家贫Neutral: 1.猫捉老鼠狗看门：本分事2.好狗不跳，好猫不叫。3.好狗不咬鸡，好汉不打妻。4.绊人的桩，不一定高；咬人的狗，不一定叫。5.狗咬人，有药治；人咬人，没药医。6.爱叫的狗不咬人;咬人的狗不露齿。7.闷头狗，暗下口。Negative:8.肉包子打狗：一去不回头。9.街上的疯狗：乱咬人。10.见狗扔骨头：投其所好。11.要饭的打狗：穷横。12.疯狗咬月亮：狂妄。13.苍蝇嘴巴狗鼻子：真灵。14.狗拿耗子，多管闲事。15.牛眼看人高，狗眼看人低。16.狗仗人势，雪仗风势。17.人怕没理，狗怕夹尾。18.画人难画手，画树难画柳，画马难画走，画兽难画狗。19.虎父无犬子。20.画虎不成反类犬。21.狡兔死，良狗亨:高鸟尽，良弓履。MostproverbsondoginChineseisnegative.From“虎父无犬子”、“牛眼看人高，狗眼看人低”、“狗仗人势，学长风势”orotherproverbswecanseethatsometimesdogisusedtoexpressbadimage.Howevermanyproverbsondogisusedtoexpresstheneutralhabitofdogsuchas“人怕没理，狗怕夹尾巴”、“好狗不咬鸡，好汉不打妻子”.DogsinChineseproverbssometimesbeusedtocontrasttohumanbeingsintheproverbs“狗咬人，有药医。人咬人，没药医。”. 2.2.2EnglishProverbsContainingDogsDogisconsideredasthebestfriendofhumaninmostEnglish-speakingcountries.ManyproverbscontainingdogsinEnglishispositive.Fromtheexamplesof“Loveme,lovemydog”;Ifthe“olddogbarks,hegivescounsel”and“luckydog”,wecanseethatdogcomesoutasapositiveimageinmanyEnglishproverbs.TheworddoginEnglishgenerallyconveyscomplimentaryorneutralmeaninginEnglishcultureasthephrase"treatsomeonelikeadog"(虐待某人).Theyalsousetheimageofdoginproverbstoexpressthefeelingofhumanbeinglike“Dogswagtheirtailsnotsomuchinlovetoyouasyourbread.”,“Olddogswilllearnnonewtricks”andsoon.Positive：1.E:Every dog has his day.C: 人人皆有得意时。2.E:Loveme,lovemydog.C:爱屋及乌。3.E：ThemoreIseeofmen,themoreIlovedogC：我愈观察人，我愈爱慕狗。4.E：Iftheolddogbarks,hegivescounsel.C：老狗叫是忠告。5.E：Bettertobetheheadofdogthanthetailofalion.C:宁为鸡头不当凤尾。6.E：Helpthedogoverthestile.C：助人度过难关。7.E：Heisaluckydog.C：他是个幸运儿。Neutral:8.E:Barkingdogsseldombite.C:咬人的狗不露齿。9.E：Dogscannotchangeeatingexcrement.C：狗改不了吃屎。 10.E：While the dog gnaws bone,companions would be none. C：狗啃骨头无需伴。11.E：Dogsthatbarkatadistancebitenotathand.C：远处狗就叫，近身不会咬。12.E：Ineverycountrydogsbite.C：是狗就会叫。13.E:Anolddogcannotalteritswayofbarking.　C:老狗难改常吠声。14.E：Anolddogbitessore.C：老狗咬得很。15.E：likeadogwithtwotailsC：高兴得跟什么似的16.E：Olddogswilllearnnonewtricks.C：老年人很难学会新事物。Negative:17.E:Whenadogisdrowningeveryoneoffershimdrink.C:救了落水狗反咬你一口。18.E:Let sleeping dogs lie. C：不要惹事生非19.E:Every dog is a lion at home. C:狗在家门口就成了狮子。20.E：Outofadog"smouthwillnevercomeivorytusks.C:狗嘴里吐不出象牙。21.E：Don’tsnapandsnarlatmewhenI"mtryingtodomybestforyou.C：狗咬吕洞宾不识好人心。22.E：Dogswagtheirtailsnotsomuchinlovetoyouasyourbread.C：醉翁之意不在酒。23.E：Giveadogabadnameandhanghim. C:给人加个坏名声，他就永远洗不清。24.E：Despairgivescouragetoacoward.C：人急造反，狗急跳墙。25.E：Hethatliesdownwithdogsmustriseupwithfleas.C：近朱者赤，近墨者黑。26.E：Twodogsstriveforabone,andathirdrunsawaywithit.C：鹬蚌相争渔翁得利。27.E:Whatdoesthemooncareifthedogsbarkather?C:月亮不理狗的狂吠。28.E:Into the mouth of a bad dog often falls a good bone. C:好骨头常常含在坏狗的嘴里。29.E：Thecatanddogmaykiss,yetarenonethebetterfriends.C：猫狗虽相吻，总难成好友。30.E：Hungrydogswilleatdirtypuddings.C：饥不择食。31.E：Dogswagtheirtailsnotsomuchinlovetoyouasyourbread.C：狗儿把尾摇，爱的是面包。32.E：Everydoghashisday.　C：片瓦也有翻身之日;人人都有得意时。33.E：Giveadogabadnameandhanghim.　C:欲加之罪，何患无辞。34.E:Hewhohasamindtobeathisdogwilleasilyfindastick.　C:有心打狗好找棍;欲加之罪，何患无辞。35.E:Whenadogisdrowning,everyoneoffershimdrink.　C:待到狗溺水，众人给水喝。36.E：leadadog"slifeC：过着猪狗不如的生活。37.E:nothavedog"schanceC:毫无机会。38.E:alazydog C:懒汉。39.E:adirtydogC:下流坯。40.E：likeadogatawhistleC：呼之即来。41.E：adoginthemangerC：占马槽的狗;占着茅坑不拉屎。42.E：Bewareofasilentdogandstillwater.C：提防不吠的狗,小心静止的水。43.E：acat-and-doglifeC：争争吵吵的日子。44.E：hand-doglookC：愁眉苦脸。45.E:dogitC:拈轻怕重，逃避工作。46E:Dogeatsdog.C:狗咬狗。MostproverbscontainingdogsinEnglishisalsonegativesuchas“Dogeatdog”,“dogit”,“adirtydog”andsoon.ThereisnotsomuchdifferencewithChineseproverbsinthisaspect.Butfromthelistedproverbscontainingdogsabove,wecanfindthepositiveaspectinEnglishismuchhigherthaninChinese. ChapterThreeMajorFindings3.1DataAnalysisAfteranalyzingfromtheproverbsabove,twotablesandchartscomeoutasfollows:ChartoneChineseproverbscontainingdogs：positivenegativeneutraltotal114722CharttwoEnglishproverbscontainingdogs： positivenegativeneutraltotal730946Fromthetwotablesandcharts,wecanseebothinChineseandEnglishthenegativeaccountforthemostpart.InChineseproverbscontainingdogs,positiveonlyaccountfor4percent.ButinEnglishitsaccountfor15percent.Tomostofus,mostimageofdoginChineseishumbleandmostimageofdoginEnglishisnoble.Butfromthetwocharts,thisopinionmighthaveadeparture.Fromthetwochartswecansee,inbothChineseandEnglishproverbsnegativeuseoftheimageofdogsaccountforthemostpart.Therearealsomanyproverbstodescribetheneutralaspectofdogs.ButthenumberofpositiveinEnglishproverbsisalittlehigherthaninChineseproverbs.3.2FactorsAffectingCulturalConnotationofAnimalWordsinEnglishandChineseProverbsPeople"sexperiencesandunderstandingsoftheworldhavesomesimilarareas. Therefore,therearelotsofsimilarofthesameanimalproverbsinEnglishandChinese.DoginbothChinaandforeigncountrieshavemanyhabitsincommon.Theyallbitehumanbeingsiftheyarethreaten.Thisisthereasonwhyneutraldescriptioncountforapartandwitchcouldnotbeingallowedtoignore.BothChineseandEnglishmentendtousetheimageofdogtoexpresshumannativecharacteristics.SothereisnosurprisewhydogsinbothChineseproverbsandEnglishproverbsthenegativeismorethanhalf.Dog"sfunctionbegantodeclinewhenpeopleenteredthe"farmingperiod".ChineseproverbscontainingdogslaystressontheloyaltytotheirhostbecauseoftheinequalityofChinesesociety.Englishproverbscontainingdogsregarddogsasfriendsbecauseofthememphasizeontheconceptofequality.Weshouldtrytounderstandthedifferencefromtheircultureroot.TheChinesepeoplearedeeplyinfluencedbyConfucianism.Confucianismemphasizesgrade,thismightbetherootwhythepositionofthedoginChineseproverbsislowerthaninEnglishproverbs.Thebadhabitofpye-dogwouldhardlybebearablewiththeimpactofforeignculture.ThusinEnglishtherearealotofderogatoryexpressionaboutdog“gotothedogs”(走向毁灭),“adeaddog”(废物),“Thedogreturntohisvomit”(在同一个地方跌倒).IntheBible,dogisHumble,uncleananimalsanditsbehaviorsaredisdainandcontempt.InWesterncountries,thefamilyrelationshipisquietweak.Youngadultsseldomsupportoldparents.So,whentheyfeellonelytheyoftenplacetheirspiritonthepets.Theyoftentakeawalkwithdogsandtalktothem.Sometimes,ratherthantotheirdaughtersorsonstheyleavetheirpossessionstothedogswhichkeepaccompanyingthem.Moreoverinthewesttheconceptofequalityanddemocracyisprevalent.ThismightreflectedinEnglishproverbscontainingdogs.ThusitisnothardtounderstandwhythenumberofpositiveproverbscontainingdogsinEnglishishigherthaninChinese. ChapterFourConclusionProverbsarethedistillationofapeople"scultureandtheyembodydifferentpeople"srespectivetastes.Theyarealanguagephenomenonand,simultaneously,theyarealsoaculturalphenomenon.Asforproverbscontainingdogs,theyseemtobemorebewitchingthananyotherproverbsbecausetheseproverbsinlaythemselveswithmanyracy,vividandravishingimages.Itisdogsmaketheseproverbslivelierandvisualized.Accordingtotheresearchdataandtheanalysis,theopinionthatmostproverbscontainingdogsinChineseisnegativebecauseoftheconceptofinequalityandisnobleinEnglishbecauseoftheconceptofequalityanddemocracy.Thisopinionmighthaveadeparture.InbothChineseandEnglishproverbsnegativeuseoftheimageofdogsaccountforthemostpart.Therearealsomanyproverbstodescribetheneutralaspectofdogs.ButthenumberofpositiveinEnglishproverbsisalittlehigherthaninChineseproverbs.Wehavemadeaninitialcomparativestudyofproverbscontainingtheword"dog"andhaddiscoveredsomeuniquecharacteristicsofthiskindofproverbs,muchisaheadtobeexplored.Forexample,howmuchdodogswordscontributetoproverbs?Proverbsareagreatgoldmineandproverbscontainingdogsareafascinatingpartofit,sotheauthorinsiststhatmoreeffortsshouldbemadeinthefutureresearchofthisfield. 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