汉语谚语意义的构建概念整合分析 63页

汉语谚语意义构建的概念整合分析学科专业：英语语言文学指导教师：刘家荣教授研究方向：语言学及现代英语研究生：蔡晓斌($20040681)内容摘要谚语是人们对客观现实进行观察、思考而形成的，能揭示纷纭的事像，表明深奥的道理。作为一种人类语占中的普遍现象，谚语一直受到国内外语言研究者的关注，对谚语的研究也从其修辞、历史、句法结构、文化、语义等不同视角展开。目前，对汉语谚语的研究主要从修辞、文化、社会等角度进行，而对其意义构建的认知过程的研究尚未引起足够的重视，也缺乏系统的理论分析。概念合成理论及其概念整合网络模式则可以用来深入细致地分析汉语谚语的意义构建和推理机制。Fauconnier(1997)在心理空间理论的基础上提出概念合成理论及其概念整合网络模式，该网络中的四大空间(输入空间1，输入空『白J2，类属空间，合成空问)相互联系，作用，输入空间的对应联系由跨空间映射完成，其结构被选择性地投射到合成空间，并通过组合，完善和扩展形成层创结构，即意义的运演与产生的过程结构。该理论的宗旨在于揭示话语意义在线构建背后的那座认知冰山。本文以意义具有双层性的汉语谚语为研究对象，运用概念合成理论从认知层面将它们分为四类，并对每一类谚语意义构建的幕后操作进行探索和分析，以揭示谚语在线理解过程中这种无意识的、动态的概念整合现象，从而进一步地证明了概念整合是一种普遍的认知活动，具有较强的认知阐释力。同时，通过分析说明汉语谚语的意义构建过程可以从认知角度运用概念合成理论来阐释，为汉语谚语的研究提供了新的视角和分析方法。此外，本研究中对汉语谚语的认知分类突破了传统上从形式、内容等方面进行的分类，为汉语谚语研究提供了一定的参考价值。关键词：汉语谚语意义构建概念合成理论概念整合网络组织性框架llI M．A．THESISAConceptual-blendingApproachtotheMeaningConstructionofChineseProverbsMajor：Specialty：Supervisor：Author：EnglishLanguageandLiteratureLinguisticsandModemEnglishProfcssorLiuJiarongCaiXiaobinAbstractTheproverbisthecreationofmassesOilthebasisofcarefulobservationandconsiderationoftheentitiesintheworld，itcannotonlyrevealthediversenaturalphenomenabutalsoexpresscertaintruth．Asauniversalphenomenonofnatumllanguage,theproverbhasalwaysbeennoticedbythelanguageresearchersathomeandabroad，thestudyhasalsobeendonefromdifferentlevelssuchasrhetoric，history,syntacticstructure，semantics，culture，and∞on．Presently,thestudyontheChinesepmvcrbismainlycarriedoutintermsofrhetoric，cultureandsociety,whilethecognitivestudyonitsmeaningconstructionhasnotreceivedenoughattentionandlacksasystematicanalysis．TheconceptualblendingtheoryanditsconceptualintegrationnetworkcanbeappliedtopmbeintothemeaningconstructionandreasoningmechanismofChineseproverbsinadeepway．Fauconnicr0997)proposestheconceptualblendingtheoryandconceptualintegrationnetworkbasedonthemenmlspacetheory．Inthenetworkmodelofconceptualintegration，fourmentalspacesareadvanced(inputI"inputII，genericspace，blendedspace)whichcaninterrelateandmirroreachotherthroughcross—spacemappingandselectiveprojection，finally,theblendedspaceoccursandtheemergentstructureis ij西南大学硕士学住论文engenderedbycomposition．pattemcompletionandelaboration．Thewholeprocessmakesthemeaningproduced．TheconceptualblendingtheoryaimstoshowUSthecognitiveicebergbehindtheon·linemeaningconstructionofanydiscourse．TIlenon·literalChineseproverbsarctaken∞thesubjectinthestudy,theyalecategorizedintofourtypesfromthecognitivelevelandinvestigatedrespectivelyinfourintegrationnetworkmodels∞thattheinvisible．unconsciousanddynamiccognitiveoperationintheon·linemeaningconstructionofChineseproverbsaremadeexplicit．Inthisway,thestudycallfurtherprovethatconceptualintegrationisauniversalcognitiveoperationandservesavarietyofcognitivepurposes．Meanwhile，itCanbeverifiedthatthementalprocessofChineseproverbmeaningconstructionCanbeillustratedfromthecognitiveaspectbyapplyingtheconceptualblendingtheory,whichCanprovideanalternativeperspectiveforthestudyontheChineseproverb．Furthermore，thecognitiveclaSsificationofChineseproverbsinthestudydiffersfromthetraditionaloneintermsoftheproverbformandcontent，whichmayalsocontributetotheChineseproverbstudy．Keywords：Chineseproverbmeaningconstructionconceptualblendingtheoryconceptualintegrationnetworkorganizingframe 独创性声明学位论文题目：垫亟篮查耋鉴塑建丝拯金整金金堑本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得西南大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者：考蛾签字日期：五刁年g月／o日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解西南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权西南大学研究生院可以r将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书，本论文：口不保密，口保密期限至年月止)。学位论文作者签名：篱彪治弋签字日期：如刁年占月f，。日学位论文作者毕业后去向：工作单位通讯地址导师签名：参?寥暂签字日期：弘矽年占月／口日电话邮编 Acknowledgments1wouldliketoexpressmydeepgratitudetoallthosewhocontributedtothisM．A．Dissertation．Myprofoundappreciationshouldgofirsttomyrespectedsupervisor,ProfessorLiuJiarong，forhisacademicinstruction,valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementduringmythree-yearstudyinSouthwestUniversity．Hisprofoundknowledgeandinsight，andpatienthelphaveenlightenedmealotinthisfieldandledmethroughstagesofthedissertationwriting，Haditnotbeenhisgreathelp，thethesiscouldnothavebeenbroughttothepresentappearance．NexttobeacknowledgedarealltheprofessorsfromwhomIhavelearnedagreatdealthatareofgreatvaluetothewritingofthisdissertation．Theyare-ProfessorChenZhi’an,ProfessorLiLi，ProfessorWenXu，ProfessorYangBinjun，ProfessorLiuChengyu，ProfessorJiaZhigan，ProfessorLiuLihuiandProfessorWangQinling．Myspecialthanksandloveshouldgotomyparentsfortheirgreatcare，supponandencouragementthroughoutthesethreeyears，whichhavesogreatlyfacilitatedtheprogressofthiswork．Iantalsogreatlyindebtedtomyclassmate,LiYingyin$,forherusefulinformationandsupport．1wouldalsoliketothankallmyclassmatesfortheirhelp． ChapterOneIntroductionThepmverhcannotonlyreflecthumanexperiencofromthesocialpracticebutalsotellthelawsofthenatureandsociety．Itisthecreationofmassesandithascondensedpeople"swisdomandexperience．InChina,peoplearewillingtOUSeproverbslike“不听老人占，吃亏在眼前”，“磨刀不误砍柴工’：“有心栽花花不开，无心插柳柳成荫”topresentideasastheyCantellcertainreasonsthroughsimpleforms，andtheyCanbeusedsinglyasaholisticunitorcombinedwithotherlinguisticmaterials．GenerallyspeakingChineseproverbsalethebasicexperientialschemaacquiredfromhumanpracticeandtheyarewithinthehumanscaleofunderstanding(ZhangHui，2003)．1．1ChineseProverbastheSubjectinCognitiveStudyThereareseveralreasonsfortakingtheChineseproverbasthesubjectinthissmdyFirstly,thepreviousworkontheChineseproverbismostlycarriedoutintermsofrhetoric，culture，history,andtranslation,butscarcelyisintermsofcognition．Therefore，applyingthecognitiveapproachtotheChineseproverbstudyisnewandworthdoing．Secondly,cognitivelinguistsshowthatmeaningconstructionindiscourseCaninvolvementalprocesseswhicharecommonineverydaymind，butthefamiliaritywithChineseproverbsmakesUSblindtOthecomplicatedmentalworkofproverbmeaningconstructionandthecognitiverelationbetweenlanguageandmind．Accordingly,toanalyzethemeaningconstructionofChineseproverbsistosomec，【tenttodisplaythebackstagecognitionthatCanguidethemeaningconstructionineverydaymind．Thirdly,asakindofshortdiscourse，theChinesepmverbbearsthecharacteristicsofsimpleformandmultiplemeaning．Onreading“晴带雨伞，饱带干粮’jwecanconstruetheintendedmeaningthatweshouldalwaysmakegoodpreparationswhichmaybeunnecessaryforthemomentforeverythingincaseofsuddendifficultiesbyprocessingtheconcreteimageanditsliteralmeaningdescribedinthisproverb．Despitetheshortand 2西南大学硕士学位论文simpleform，anyChineseproverbhastheintegralityofgrammarandsyntacticstructuretoexpressacompletemeaningliterallyornon-literally．Thus，theChineseproverbcanbeanalyticallyfeasiblefordisplayingthecognitiveoperationinmeaningconstruction．1．2DataCollectionandMethodologyoftheStudyChineseproverbscanbegroupedintotwotypesintermsoftheirsemanticmeanings：onecanbeeasilyunderstoodastheyactuallyexpresstheliteralmeaninganddoesnothaveanyimplicature,suchas“生命在于运动”．“家和力．事兴”．Onthecontrary,theothertypecannotbedirectlyunderstoodbecausetheyusuallywindabendtoexpresstherealmeaninginsteadofsayingitstraight，proverbslike“草无露珠不鲜，花无绿叶不艳’：“只见别人眉毛短，不见自己头发长”areofthistype．Inthisthesis，thefocusisputonthesecondtype，whichwedefineasthenon—literalproverbs．AboutseventysuchproverbsarecollectedfromTheDictionaryofChineseProverbsandwillbeanalyzedlater．Asthemethodologyofthestudy,conceptualblendingtheoryprovidesauniformanalyticframeworkthatcontainsmentalspace，mapping,proj’ectionandcompressionofvitalrelationsforexploringthebackstageoperationintheon—linemeaningconstructionofChineseproverbs．Theproverbswillbeclassifiedandinvestigatedrespectivelyinfourdifferentintegrationnetworkmodels．1．3SignificanceoftheStudyThestudyoftheChineseproverbmeaningconstructioninthetheoreticalframeworkofconceptualblendingCanbeofgreatsignificance．Firstly,thecognitivestudyontheChineseproverbhasnotreceivedenoughattentionandlacksasystematicframeworkforthemoment．s0theresearchintermsofaconceptual—blendingapproachCanadvancethediscussionbeyondthecultural，historical，rhetoricalandsoeiallevels．Secondly,theexplorationoftheon—linemeaningconstructionofChineseproverbscanmakethebackstageoperationexplicitandfurtherprovethatconceptualintegrationisauniversalcognitiveoperationineverydaymind．Whatismore，wecarlbetterrealizeandunderstandthisinvisibleandunconsciousmentalprocesswhichweusedtobeblindto． Chapter0nehttroduction3Thirdly,throughthisstudy,itcallbeverifiedthattheconceptualblendingtheorycallfullyexplaintheinternalcognitiveworkinChineseproverbunderstandingandprovideallalternativeperspectivefortheChineseproverbstudy．Fourthly,Chineseproverbsareclassifiedintofourtypesfromacognitivelevelinthestudy,whichisdifferentfromthetraditionaloneintermsoftheproverbformandcontent．SuchacognitiveclassificationmaycontributetotheChineseproverbstudy．1．4OrganizationoftheThesisThethesisiscomposedofsixchapters．Oneisabriefintroductionwhichstatesthecorpus，methodologyandsignificanceofthestudy,andthearrangementofthethesis．Twoprovidesaliteraturereviewoftheproverbstudyabroadandathomeinfieldsofsemantics，syntax，engnitive-psyehology,rhetoricandculture，andthenproposestheperspectiveandmethodologyinthisstudy．Threeelaboratelyelucidatestheconceptualblendingtheorywhichincludesthetheoreticalbackground，integrationprocessandintegrationnetworkmodelstoprovideasystematicframeworkforthelatteranalyticwork．ChaptersFourandFiveserveasthecentralpartsofthethesis．Fourcarefullyexploresthecognitiveoperationinthemeaningconstructionoftheproverb“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”anddisplaystheconcretecognitivestepswhichcontaintheestablishmenttheproverbinput,activationoftheproverbframe,mappingandselectiveprojection，andtheintegrationintheblend．FiveisthedetailedstudyofChineseproverbmeaningconstruction．AboutseventyChineseproverbsareselectedandclassifiedintofourtypesaccordingtotheorganizingframeorflamestheproverbscontain．SuchaclassificationisnecessaryinthisstudyanditisinaccordancewiththefourintegrationnetworkmodelsSOthattheproverbseanbefullyinvestigated．Sixistheconclusionwhichpointsoutthefindingsofthisstudyandputsforwardsomesuggestionsforfurtherstudy． ChapterTwoAn0verview011theStudiesofProverbTheproverbhasalwaysbeennoticedbylanguageresearchersathomeandabroad,andthestudyhasbeendoneinthefieldofculture，anthropology,folklore,history,literature，tell#on，psychology,andSOon．Alloftheseinterestshaveyieldeddifferentgoals，perspectives，methodologies，assumptions，andtheoreticalconclusions，however,thereisnooverarchingtheoryonthestudyofproverbs．Viewsoftheproverbstudyaredifferentabroadandathome。2．1StudiesAbroadDifferentconcernsontheproverbengenderdifferentviewsbysemanticists，sociolinguists，andpsycholingnists．Theproverbstudyabroadismainlycarriedoutfromtheaspectsofsemantics，syntax，andcognitive—psychology．2．2．1TheSemanticViewCompositionalandNon-compositional11撼traditionalsemanticviewfocuseseompositionalityoftheproverbmeaning．Thecompositionalyiewholdsthattherelationshipbetweentheconventionalfigurativemeaningandthecompositionalmeaningisnottotallyarbitrary,astheformeroneCanbededucedfromthelatteroneundermostcircumstances．Proverbsareestablishedonthebasisofacompositionalcontinuum．Threehypothesesareproposedonthebasisofcompositionality．Nunberg,SagandWasow(1994)proposethedecompositionalhypothesis．Theyarguethatifthecomponents，whetherliteralornon-literal，Cancontributetotheconventionalfigurativemeaningofaproverb,thentheproverbCanbeSeenasdeeompositional，theproverbcomponentplaysanimportantroleinproverb4 ChapterTw0AnOverviewontheStudiesofProverb5understanding．BasedonLakoffandJohnson’S(I980)conceptualmetaphortheory,Gibbs(1994)putsforwardtheconceptualmetaphorhypothesis，whichtakesthattheliteralmeaningCallfunctionmoreorlesswhileunderstandingproverbs．Inthepasttwentyyears，theconfigurationhypothesisandthephrase-inducedpolysemymodelhavebeenadvanced(Caeciari＆Tabossi，1998；Caeciari&Glueksberg,1991；Glucksberg，1993)toprovethatunderstandingproverbsinvolvestakingtheproverbasawholeconfigurationandselectingthepropermeaningsfromitsconstituentsdynamicallytillthefigurativemeaningCallbeactivated．Meanwhile,thereexistsanothertotallyoppositeviewthattheproverbsarenon-compositionalandunanalysable．Hocket0958)thinksthatmanynewnonce-formswillbecreatedtogetherwiththeattendantcircumstance，SOthelinguisticandnon—linguisticinformationareequallycrucialtOhelpUStobetterunderstandproverbs，therealmeaningofaproverbcannotbededucedonlyfromitsimmediateconstituents．Makkai(1972)isanotherscholarwhocontributesalotinthisfield．HeadoptsthestratificationmodelproposedbySydneyLamb(1972)andgroupstheproverbintoproverbofencodingandproverbofdecoding．Makkaiemphasizestheproverbofdecoding．Hetakestheconceptsofdisinformationandmisinformationtodistinguishthehomographicwordsandtheambiguousmeaningsproducedbyproverbs．Disinformationisrelatedwiththeproverbambiguitywhenthehearerorreaderdecodestheproverblogicallybutwithwrongsememe，whilemisinformationoftenappearswhenthehomomorphicpolysemousformsoccuraccidentallyinsimilarsituations，whichcallleadtofuzzyinterpretations．Hockct(1958)andMakkai(1972)havedonealOtofworkonthenon—compositionalityoftheproverbwhichhasgreatimpactonthesubsequentstudy．Somementalmodelsofprocessingproverbsafebasedontheviewofnon-compositionality．2．1．2TheSyntacticViewSincetheearly1960s，somelinguistshaveattemptedtostudytheproverbintheframeworkoftransformationalgrammar,suchasKatzandPostal(1963)，Fraser(1970)， 6西南大学硕士学位论文andNunberg《1994)．KatzandPostal(1963)managetostudytheproverbwithinthesystemoftransformationalgrammar．Theyholdthatsinceproverbsaretheexceptionstotheordinarysyntacticrules，theirmeaningscannotbeobtainedfromtheirownsyntacticstructures，thencertainfeaturesharedbyallkindsofproverbsshouldexistandthatfeatureshouldbestatedbythegrammaticalforms．Thus，KatzandPostalbegintoseekthisfeatureanddividetheproverbintotwotypes：theproverbofvocabularyandtheproverbofphrases．Theformermainlycontainsthepolymorphemicwords．multi—wordnonllsandverbs，whichalestoredinthelexiconinthesamewayastheothercommonwords，whilethelatterexistsindependentlyintheproverblistwhichinvolvestheinformationthatcannotbefreelygeneratedandtransformed．Fraser(1970)putsforwardaseven—stratificationmodelofproverbentrenchmenttoexplainthetransformationalconstraintsoftheproverbstructurebydifferentgraduationswiththeoneendoftotallyentrenchedproverbswhichcannotbetransformedexceptthegerundivenominalizationandtheotherendoffreeproverbswhichCanbetransformedflexiblysuchasthevoice,themovementoftheindirectobject．and∞on．111isstratificationmodelisfromstratumZeq"Otosixincludingcompletelyfrozen,adjunction，insertion，permutation,extraction，reconstitution，andunrestricted，andithasthefeatureofinclusion,thatistosay,ifaproverbbelongstoacertainstratum,thentheoperationofthatstratumandthestratumswhichareunderthatstratumCangotogether．Nunberg,SagandWasow(1994)exploretheproverbinsyntacticmodelsandagreethattheproverbialfeatureisalwayslinkedwiththenon-compositionality．Theygrouptheproverbintotheidiomaticallycombiningexpressionsandidiomaticphrase，theformerhavealreadybeenconventionalizedandthemeaningsaredistributedintheirconstituents，whereasthemeaningsofthelattertypecannotbedistributedintheirconstituents．ItcanbeconcludedthatthesyntacticstudyonproverbsCanenhanceourknowledgeofthecompnsitionalityandnon-compositionalitytosomedegree．111estudyofthecompositionalityhasgraduallybecomethefocusabroad． 2．I．3TheCognitive-PsychologicalView／71teeCurrent171eoriesThecognitiveviewisascientificapproachbasedonthecognitivesciencewhichattemptstoexplainhowindividualsUSeandunderstandproverbsandittriestodescribethementalstructuresandprocesseswhichinvolveproverblearningcomprehensionandUSe(MaHongfang,2005)．Uptonow,littleworkhasbeendonetoexaminetheon．1ineunderstandingofproverbs．Atprescm,therealethreetheoriesofproverbcognitionwhichcallfitthecognitiveviewintheSenSethattheyattempttoexplicateproverbprocessingbymeal岱ofasetofinterrelatedmicrolevelprocesses(Honcck，1997，quotedfromMaHongfang,2005)．Thetheoriesaretheextendedconceptualbasetheory(ECBT)，thedualcodingtheory(DCT)，andthegreatchainmetaphortheory(GCMT)．Allofthethreetheoriesputemphasisonproverbunderstandingratherthanproduction．TheExtendedConceptualBaseTheory(ECBT)TheECBT(HonecL1997)isanextensionoftheconceptualbasetheory,whichplacedproverbunderstandingwithinaproblem·solvingframework．ItassumesthatananalogicalprocessisatworkandamountstosayingthatthefigurativemeaningCanbeusedtomatchupwiththereferenceortopic．AsHoneckargues，‘"theproverbusageisagoodinstanceofpatternmatchingintermsofaconceptuallevel”(1997：131，quotedfromMaHongfang,2005)．Informationaboutthesituation,thetopic，theliteralmeaning,thefigurativemeaning,andtheoccasionalhintsfromtheproverbshouldbeprocessedtoconnecttheproverbandtopic．Namely,proverbsforcepeopletosynthesizetheinformationatahighlevelinallabstractmedium--conceptbase．Inaccordancewiththestandardpragmaticmodel，theconventionalmeaningofallutteranceisconsideredastheintendedmeaningbyreasoningandproblem—solvingprocesseswhichareusedtobuildanewerpreferredmeaning．Whenweuseaproverb，thenormalinductivementalprocesswilloccurbywhichthefigurativemeaningisproducedandrevised．TheDualCodingTheory(DCT)TheDCTstemsfromthedissertationdonebyWalsh(MaHongfang，2005)，which 8西南大学硕士学位论文adoptedPaivio"sdual—codingapproachinmentalrepresentation．Itisahighlyempiricalapproachwhichholdsthatknowledgeisbasedonperceptionandismodalityspecific．Accordingtothetheory,themeaningultimatelyresidesinthenonverbalsystem，aSetofimages，andintheassociationsbetweenlogostosomedegree．InWalsh’Sview,afigurativeinterpretationneedsahi班lyconcrete，imagery-packedverbalinput．Then,theconcreteproverbcanarouseimagerywhichcanbecomethesourceoffigurativeinterpretation．InterpretationCantakeplaceeitherwhenanimageisfirstlearnedorwhenitisarousedandprocessed．UnderstandingproverbsusuallyrequiresUStocompareandcontrastelements．Whatismore，Walshmakestheclaimthatfigurativenessneedsallinitiallyconcreteproverb．However,hefailstoaddresstheroleofthecontextandpragmaticaspectsofproverbuseingeneral．TheGreatChainMetaphorTheory(GCMT)AnotherdifferentviewonproverbunderstandingisprovidedbytheGreatChainMetaphorTheory(MaHongfang,2005)．Itgrowsoutofacognitivelinguisticapproachdevelopedsince1980byGeorgeLakoffandhisassociates(Lakoff＆Johnson,1980；Lakoff＆Turner,1989)．InMetaphorsWeLiveBy(1980)，LakoffandJohnsoninitiatetheirargumentsthatmetaphorisnotapurelylinguisticphenomenon,butacognitivephenomenon．Abasicpremiseisthatmuchofourmindisstructuredintermsofconceptualmetaphors，whichallowsonedomainofknowledgetobeunderstoodintermsofanotherdomain。Conceptualmetaphorisdefinedasthecross-domainmappingbetweenthesoul℃edomainandthetargetdomainbasedonhumanexperience．Itspsychologicalfoundationistheabstractimageschema．AstheECBT,theGCMTCanbeappliedinbothrelevant-contextsituationandirrelevant-contextsituation．111eGCMTreliesonfourbasicconcepts(Honeck,1997，quotedfromMaHongfang,2005)：thegeneric-is-specific··metaphor,thegreat—chain-of-being,the—nature-of-things，andtheconversationalmaximofquantity．ItisbasicallydesignedtoinfluenceaSource—to-targetmappingbyusingsomecombinationoftheabovefourconstructs．However,thetwo·fieldmappingtheoryappearsalittleweakinexplainingunconventionalmetaphorssuchasnewmetaphors，newly-formedexpressions，andsoon．Furthermore，peoplehavedifferentconceptualsystemswhichcouldmakeUSeitheradopt ChapterTwoAnOverviewOntheStudiesofProverb9thesamemetaphortointerpretaconceptorunderstandthesameconceptintotallydifferentways．Therefore，theconceptualmetaphortheorycannotbecompletelyappliedtoexplainallthelinguisticphenomena．Inconclusion,theECBTandDCTarepsychologicaltheorieswhereastheGCMTisalinguisticallyorientedtheoryrMaHongfang,2005)．111eDCTdoesnotdefinetheproverbclearlyandmakesnostatementaboutthequestiononwhetheraproverbialutterancecaninitiateproverbrecognition．InECBT,thatthegenericidealsaresomehowbuiltinproverbsisnotclaimed,noristhatthegenericidealsarerepresentedinsemanticmemory．111eGCMTacknowledgesthattheproverbmaypresentaproblemofrecognition,whichisnotuniquetoproverbs．Aproverbcanberecognizedandprocessedbyvirtueofitsformandfunctionbutnotfortheproverbsignificancethatitisalreadyknown．However,theformisnotenoughforproverbrecognitionasaproverbcouldbepresentedinvariablecontexts．Thel浊lleproverbcallgiverisetodifferentinterpretationsandunfamiliarproverbsCanalsobeunderstoodbecausetheyarementallydecomposablebyavastrangeofmentalstructuresandnon-proverb-specific，inferentialmechanisms．ThoughtheGCMTincludesallthese,itdoesnotexplainthevariationininterpretationat：I"OSSindividualswhosharethesameculture．Althoughthethreetheorieshaveprovidedsomeiusightsintoproverbcognition,theyfailedtoprovideadetailedexplanationofmentalmechanismsoperatedintheprocessofunderstandingproverbs．ThreeProcessingModelsAnotherissueisfromtheaspectofpsycholinguistieswhichattemptstoworkatthementalworkinprocessingproverbs．111etraditionalsemanticviewthatproverbmeaningsareeitherliteralorfigurativemakesthepsychologistsproposethreedifferentprocessingmodels(ZhangHui，2003)．ThefirstmodelistheliteralfirsthypothesisproposedbyBobrowandBellr1973)．Thehypothesisholdsthattherearetwomethodstoprocessproverbs．oneistodowiththeliteralmeaning，whichisusuallyconsideredtobeanactiveway；theotheristodealwiththefigurativemeaning,whichisseenasinactive．Onlywhentheliteralmeaningoftheproverbisnotcompatiblewiththecontext，canthefigurativemeaningoccurandwork．ThesecondmodelisthesimultaneousprocessinghypothesisbySwirmeyandCutler IO西南大学硕士学位论文(1979)，whichisadvancedtorepairtheliteralfirsthypothesis．Ittakesthatproverbshavebeenstoredinthementallexiconandcanbesearchedfromit．Whenweperceivethefirstwordofaproverb，thenwehavebegunprocessingtheliteralandfigurativemeaningsimultaneously．ThethirdmodelisthefigurativefirsthypothesisbyGibbs(1980)，whichistotallyoppositetotheliteralfirsthypothesis．Itsustmnsthattheliteralmeaningcannotworkefficientlyinproverbunderstanding,anditisthefigurativemeaningthatCanmaketheproverbreallycomprehended，itshouldbeprocessedfirstbeforetheliteralmeaning．CrankandSchweigert(1992)pointoutthateachofthethreeprocessingmodelshasitss仃ongpointsandcallbeprovedbydifferentexperiments．However,allofthethreehypothegestakeanextensiveviewontheproverbandhavenotconsideredwhatkindofproverbshouldbetakenasthestudyingsubject．whatotherfactorswillinfluencetheproverbunderstanding，suchasthefamiliarityofthefigurativemeaning,thefrequencyandfamiliarityoftheliteralmeaning,andSOon．Consequently,Cronk，LimaandSchweigert(1993)proposeallintegrativeprocessingmodelwhichcontainsmanyimportantfactorsinproverbunderstandingandofferthelatterstudyagoodmodel．Aspeoplemeetaproverb，thephraseprocessorbeginstosearchbeththeliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaningbyourmentallexicon．Duetotheorientedproverbialcontext，thesearchingtimeoftheliteralmeaningdependsonitsfamiliaritybutnotfrequency,thisistheresultofspreadingactivationandsemanticpriming，Astheliteral。andfigurativemeanings辨processedsimultaneously,theyalenotboundtobeindependentsub-systems．Whenthephraseprocessorprocessesthephrases，italsorecognizesthepotentialproverb，whichisthebyproductofsemanticpriming．Bythefirstfewwordsofaproverb，theliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaningmaybecombinedtogetherasawholeunit，onlywhenthecrucialpointoftheproverbOCCUrs，theliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaningwillbeaparttotwoseparateprocesses，eachofwhichisresponsibleforcomputingtheproverbmeaning．IfthereaderorlistenerCanaccuratelypredictthelastwordoftheproverbaccordingtothefirstfewwords，itiseasierforthemtobetterunderstandthefigurativemeaningoftheproverb．Thisintegrativemodelindeedreflectssomeimportantaspectsinproverbunderstanding,however,itmaynotworkproperlyfortheChineseproverbastheliteral ChapterTwoAnOverviewOHtheStudiesofProvcrb1landfigurativemeaningsdonotcompetewitheachotherinChinesepmverbunderstanding，instead，theliteralmeaningusuallyoffersthevividimageforinferringthefigurativemeaning．2．2StudiesatHomeInChina,thepreviousstudyonChineseproverbshasbeensummarizedtosomeextent．ThemostfamousworksareTheStudyonProverbs(GuoShaoyu，1985)，TheStuayonProverbsintheCurrentTwentyYears：MethodologyandRetrospecfion(AnDeming,2000)，andTheStudyOBChineseProverbs(WuZhankun,2000)，inallofwhichtheproperties，functions,characteristics，classification,andoriginoftheChinesepmverharecarefullyexplored．Generallyspeaking,theresearchiscarriedoutmainlyfromtwoperspectives：therhetoricaloneandsocialone．2．2．1TheRhetoricalViewUsually,theproverbCallcawysomeabstractreasonwithconcreteimagessuchas“离水的金鱼难生存，离群的绵羊要喂狼’：thclanguagedescribingthoseconcreteimagesshouldberichandvividinorderthattheproverbsignificanceCanbefullyunderstood．Asaresult，therhetoricalcharacteroftheproverbhasbeengreatlyadvanced．Besidesexpressingtheliteralmeaningoftheobject,thereexiststherhetoricalmeaningofconveyingthesubjectiveemotionastheproductionofproverbshasaffectionforappraisinganddepreciatingsomething．Suchmeansoflanguageassemanticmeaning,vocabularyandgrammarofproverbsCanallbeappliedforconveyingemotionandbecomerhetoricalkeyelements．Inaddition,manyproverbsdonotstatetheirrealmeaningsdirectlybutwindabendbyusingkindsofrhetoricaldeviceslikemetaphor,metonymy,synecdoche，andSOon．Proverbsnotonlymakethelanguagebecomeamoreidealcommunicativeinstrumentandthelinguisticdescriptionmoredramaticandrichbutalsoincreasethenationaluniquenessinartisticworks．Theproverbdescribedbycommonwordscanrepresentthecomplexessenceofphenomenonunexpected．WangDechun(1983，1990)particularlyanalyzestherhetoricalfunctionofChineseproverbs．Hepointsoutthattheproductionofproverbsisalmostforshowingtheemotion 12西南大学硕士学住论文byadoptingrhetoricaldevicestoexpressthosealreadyexistedthingsandconceptsSOthatthelinguisticeffectCanbeboostedup．Proverbslike“一寸光阴一寸金，寸会难买寸光阴”，“狗改不了吃屎”，“老鼠过街，人人喊打”Canfullyshowtherhetoricaldeviceandsubjectiveemotionexpressedbytheconcreteimages．‘‘一寸光阴一寸会，寸金难买寸光阴”usesthemetaphoricaldevicebycomparingthetimetothegoldandwarnspeopletotreasurethetimewhichcannotbeboughtevenbygold．Thelattertwo“狗改不了吃屎’：“老鼠过街，人人喊打”canbothreflectthesubjectiveemotionandmetaphoricaldevice，asChinesepeopledislikethedogbecauseofitseatingrubbishandhatethemousebecauseofitsevildoings，thus，thesetwoproverbsareusuallyusedtoimplythebadandunwelcomepersonswhohavethesamebehaviorasthedogandmouse．MaGuofan(1985)exploresthefunctionsofrhetoricinproverbsandXiangGuangzhong(1985)probesintothediverseapplicationsofChineseproverbsbyadoptingkindsofrhetoricaldevicesasaddition，reduction，inversion，substitution，andSOOil．Whatismore,manypapersontherhetoricofproverbshaveemerged，especiallyonthecontrastivestudyoftherhetoricallanguageinChineseandEnglishproverbs．Suchas‘‘AcontrastivestudyontherhetoricalfeaturesinChineseandEnglishproverbs’’(ZouYan,1997)，“ProverbrhetoricandChineseculture”(ZhangQian,1997)，‘"ThestudyofnumbersinEnglishandChineseproverbs"’(XuYu，2002)，‘"ThemetaphorsinEnglishandChineseproverbs"’(RenHong,2006)，and‘‘MetaphorsinloveandtimeproverbsinEnglishandChinese--acomparativestIIdy"’(HuangYulan,2003)．Whatismore．WuZhankun(2000)carefullystudiesthecharacteristicsofChineseproverbsandpointsoutthatoneoftheimportantrhetoricalaspectsinChineseproverbsisthattheyaresymmetricalandharmoniousinsyntacticformsastheyareusuallymadeupoftwoantitheticitemswithrelevantsemanticmeaninglike“路遥知马力，日久见人心""’“车到山前必有路，船到桥头自然直”，andSOon．SucharhetoricalcharacteristicdependsontheChineseaestheticpsychologythatsymmetryisperfact．2．2．2TheSocialViewTheproverbstudyintermsofasocialviewisabroadoneanditCanincludetheresearchinfieldsofhistory,culture，interpersonalcommunication,andSOon． ChapterTwoAnOverviewOtlthestud{esE订Proverb13TheOriginoJ’theProverbTheinvestigationontheoriginoftheproverbhasalwaysbeenthetraditionalworkallthroughtheages，whichcanbeeasilyfoundintheworksanddictionariesontheproverb．ShiShi(1979)exploresthe80urceoftheproverbandthinksthattheproverbusuallyori#natesfromthefolkloreandfolktalesuchas“此地无银三百两”．LiuJiexiu(1985)putsemphasisontheheadstreamoftheproverbfromtwoaspects：wordsandmeanings．MaGuafan(1985)categorizestheproverbintofivetypes：oneisnewly-created,oneisfromthefolklore，anothertwoarefromthelifeexperiencesuch鹅“天有不测风云，人有朝夕祸福”andhistoricaleventslike“万事具备，只欠东风’：andthelasttypeiscitedandchangedfromthefamoussayingsuchas“失败是成功之母”，“知识是智慧的火炬”。IndoingsO。heshowsthattheproverbhasgraduallychangedinitsquantity,structure，andmeaning,aswell瑟thedisciplineoftheproverbdevelopment．AnDeming(2005)elucidatestheoriginanddiversificationofChinesefolkproverbsindetailinhispaper‘"Theformationanddevelopmentoffolkproverbs”．ProverbandCultureTheproverbinheritsnotonlythenationalhistoryandlegend，butalsothepersonage，historicalrelic．governmentpostinnationalhistoryandlegend．111eproverbdeeplyrootsinthedailylifeandisdevelopedbyabsorbingthenutritionofdailylife．Socialfactorssucha8economy,geography,history,cultureandcustomareallinfluencingtheproverbdirectly,hence,theproverbcatchesthedensenationalcharacterandhasthedistinctnationalbrand．Exploringtheculturalcharacteristicsoftheproverbisofgreatsignificancetothestudyofhistory,literature，psychology,custom，andSOon．Sincetheformationanddevelopmentofeachnationhasitsownhistoricalandconcreteconditions，itCanformauniquenationalpsychologicalconceptwhichcouldengenderdifferentviewsevenonthe船Xfl．ethingindifferentcountries．Proverbsofdifferentcultureshavetheirownmeaningsforthedistinctculturalcharacteristiccanexhibittheuniquepsychologicalquality,lifehabits，wayofexpressionandtransmission．Theword‘"dog"’intheEnglishproverbs‘‘Everydoghasitsownday"’，‘"Loveme，lovemydog"’andtheChineseones“狗改不了吃屎’：“咬人的狗不露齿”canshowthedifferentattitudestowardstheanimaldogintwocountries．Thisistheresultofculture．Thestudyonthehumanismintheproverbisakeyparttolookintothecultureinthe 14西南大学硕士学位论文proverb．CuiXiliang(1997)hasdonethemostsystematicstudyinhisworkTheChineseProverbandtheHumanireWorld．Hepointsoutthatduetothecertainhistoryandsocialculture，thesignsoftheproverbaredistinctfromotherlinguisticsignsinforms，meanings，functions，andSOon．Fromthepointviewofsociolinguistics，theproverbcanCalTyagreatdealofhumanisticinformationandthemostabundantculturalcontentt0reflectthemostprofoundhumanityworlddirectly．Forinstance,“冬至清明一百六”tellsthedisciplineoftheclimateinthenature，“上有天堂，下有苏杭”carriesthegeographicalculturethatthecitiesofSuzhouandHangzhoupossessthemostbeautifullandscapeinChina,“鱼头酒，鱼头酒。没有鱼头不会友”reflectstheChinesecustomofinvitationtoadinner,“秋后不深耕，来年虫子生”describestheexperienceinfarming．LinXiuqin(1995)explorestheChinesevaluesthroughproverbsbecausetheyaretheconcretefragmentsofwisdomandresultsofobservationandembodimentoftheuniversaltruth,like“勤劳致富裕。节俭免饥寒”and“吃饭不忘田，吃鱼不忘河”．WenShuobin(2001)discussesthephilosophicalthoughtinChineseproverbsfromadialecticviewsuchascontradictory,materialism，e．g．，‘‘物有生死，理有存亡”and“物极必反，乐极生悲’iYangFang(2002)doessomeresearchontherelationshipbetweenGodandhumanbeingthatcanbereflectedbyChineseproverbssuchas“人定胜天”and“苍天有眼”，whicharedeeplyrootedinthesocialmanufactureandpracticeofthelow·classpeople,andsuchtraditionalphilosophiealthoughthasgreateffectonpeople"slife．WenHongrui(2004)makesacontrastivestudybetweentheculturalconnotationinEnglishandChineseproverbs．ProverbandInterpersonalCommunicationAnothercentralissueisontheapplicationoftheproverbininterpersonalcommunication．Alittleworkhasbeendoneinthisfield．LiQingshan(1994)studiestheinterpersonalcommunicationbyanalyzingalotofproverbstorevealthatthebasiccommunicativestrategyofChinesepeopleistoavoidexpressingdirectly,butsaylessandlistenmore．suchas．．一字出口重千斤”and“山中有直树，世上无直人”．Actually,itmirrorstheChinesecommunicativeculturetosomeextent．LiHaihong(2005)discussesthepragmaticviewinChineseproverbs．hispeechproduction，weemphasize“honesty’andtakemorestressonqualityratherthanquantityofwhatonesays，whereasinspeechcommunication，Westresstheunificationofthewordsandcontexts，tlleyconstitutethe ChapterTwoAnOverviewOnthestudicsofProverb、5basicpragmaticviewofChinesepeople．Proverbslike“饭要细嚼，话要慢说”and“话是一句，墙是一堵”canembodythepragmaticview．Tosomedegree，LiHaihongdoesthesameworkasLiQingshansincebothofthemhaveinvestigatedthecommunicativeculturebythedetailedanalysisofChineseproverbs．TherbetoricalandsocialstudiesCannotonlyhelpUStodeeplyunderstandthecharacteristicsandculturalcontentsoftheChineseproverb，butalsoprovideUSvaluableinformationwhichCanfacilitateproverbunderstandinginourdailylife．However,suchstudydoesnottellUShowweconstructtheproverbmeaning．2．3SummaryThepreviousstudyontheproverbabroadpaidmuchattentiontotheproverbprocessingandunderstandinginvariouscontexts，butlittleworkhasbeendonetostudythecognitiveoperationinmeaningconstructionwithinallintegratedtheoreticalframework．InChina,theformerstudyusuallyattachedmuchimportancetothestaticanalysisontheproperties，culturalcontentsandapplicationsoftheproverb，butseldomstudyhasbeendoneintermsofcognitionandpsychology．Comparativelyspeaking,thecognitivestudyonproverbshasfallenbehindthatofnon-cognitivestudieswhetherabroadorathome，however,thecognitiveapproachcanoffersomeadvantagesOVersomeotherapproaches．asitisinterestedinfindingouttheinternalstructuresandworkingattheentrenchedlinguisticphenomenasuch硒proverbs．metaphors，evendeadmetaphors．Inthecognitivestudy,meaningconstructionreferstothehi【gh·levelandcomplexmentaloperationsthatapplywithinandacrossdomainswhenwethink,actorcommunicate(Fauconnier,1997)．IthaSbeenamajorgoalofthecognitiveapproachtospeeifymeaningconstruction，itsoperation,itsdomains，andhowtheyarereflectedinlanguage．Eveninordinarydiscourse，thementalspaceconfigurationsarecomplicated，嬲Fauconnier(1997：1-2)argues：Arecurrentfindinghasbeenthatvisiblelanguageisonlythetipoftheicebergofmvisiblemeaningconstructionthatgoesonaswethinkandtalk．Thishidden,backstagecognitiondefinesourmentalandsociallife．Languageisoneofitsprominentexternalmanifestations．TheconceptualblendingtheorywhichisproposedbyFauconnier(1997)onthebasis 16西南大学硕士学位论文ofthecognitivescienceistheverytheory幻elucidatetheinvisiblemeaningconstructionandhelpUStOrecognizethishiddencognitiveoperation．ThefamiliaritywiththeChineseproverbmakesUSblindtothisseriesofcognitiveworkandlittlestudyhasbeendoneinthisfield．ApplyingtheconceptualblendingtheorytothestudyofChineseproverbunderstandingCannotonlymakethebackstagecognitionknownbutalsoprovethetheorytobestronganditgallbeemployedintheexplanatoryworkofanydiscourseunderstanding．Inthefollowingchapters，alittleeffortwillbemadetointerprettheChineseproverbunderstandingwithinthistheory． ChapterThreeConceptualBlendingTheory(CBT)ConceptualBlendingTheory(CBT)，whichincludesacognitivemodel--conceptualintegrationnetwork,isanewanddevelopingbranchincognitivelinguistics．ProposedbyGillesFauconnier(1997)，theconceptualblendingtheoryprovidesageneralmodeloftheon-linemeaningconstructionandconsidersthattheprocessofunderstandingshouldincludetheconstructionofablendedspacewhichcontainsstructuresfromdifferentinputmentalspacesandtheproductionoftheemergentstructurethatarisesduringthepmcessofblending．AsFauconnierandTumer(2002)pointout，conceptualintegrationisnotsomethingaddedtothisworld，instead，itisoneoftheessentialtoolsbywhichwecanapprehendandconstructthisworld．JustasLakoffandJohnson(1980)describe,peoplealelivingbymetaphors，weareatthesametimelivingbyconceptualintegration．3．1TheoreticalBackgroundinactuallanguage璐e．itcanbeeasilyfoundthatdiscourseunderstandingisfarmorethanthetotalmeaningsthatwecangetfromitslinguisticexpressionssincetherealmeaningshouldbeactivelyconstructedfromboththelinguisticandnon-linguisticinformation．Thetaskofareaderorheareristocombinevariousinformationhegetsandknowsinordertoobtainacollectivemeaningofcertaindiscourseevent．Traditionally,cognitivelinguistsadopt“frame"’systemtosolvethisproblem．Unfortunately,asthelanguageuseisdynamicandflexible，thestaticframesystemcannotfullyelucidatethedynamicprocessofmeaningconstruction．However,theOCCUITenCCofCBTsolvestheproblem,foritCallofferagoodwaytoprocessnaturallanguageandconceptualintegrationisvirtuallyacognitiveoperationthatblendsdifferentframesfromdifferentdomains，itisdynamic，suppleandactiveinthemomentofthinking．TheCBTCanbetracedbacktotheconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)putfo州ard 18西南大学硕士学位论文byLakoffandJohnson(1980)，andthetypicalworkisMetaphorsWeLiveBy．TheCMTtakesmetaphorastheoutcomeofcross-spacemappingandthestructureismappedfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain．However,OakleyandCoulson(1999)findthattheCMTmainlystudiestheconventionalmetaphorsanditcannotcompletelyexplainthephenomenaofnovelmetaphorsornon—conventionalmetaphorsinitstwo-domainmappingmodel．Facingthisproblem，Fauconnier(1985)proposesthementalspacetheory(MST)inMentalSpaces：AspectsofMeaningConstructioninNaturalLanguage,whichcentrallydiscussestheprocessesofbuilding,referringandidentifyingmentalspacesthroughkindsoflinguisticformsintheon—linemeaningconstructionofnaturallanguage．Hepointsout(1985：1-2)：Theunderstandingofrelevantlanguagestructurecallmakeusstudythespacedomains．whicharcsetupbyusingdifferentsemanticelements，roles，strategiesandrelations∞wetalkorlisten．Thesespacedomainsa∞actuallyimerrelatedmentalspaces。mentalspaceisneithertheorganiccomponentoflanguagenorof粤狮m虬butlanguagecannotexistwithoutmentalspace．Fuflhermore，languageplaysallimportantroleinconstructingmentalspacesaslanguagecanestablishtherelationshipbetweenmentalspacesandthatofsemanticelementsinthementalspaces．Coulson&Oakley(2005)statethatonevirtueoftheMSTisthatitCallexplainhowtheaddresseemightdecodeinformationatthereferentiallevelbydividingitintoconceptsrelevmattodifferentaspeetaofthescenario．Bypartitioningtheinformation，thismethodcreatesaneedtokeeptrackoftherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthecounterpartelementsandrelationsrepresentedindifferentmentalspaces．DespitethemeritsMSThas,thedetailedmentalworkingmechanismhasnotbeendeeplystudiedandonlyrestsonageneraltheoreticframe．Therefore，Faucormier(1997)makesgreateffortsandadvancestheconceptualblendingtheoryanditsworkingmechanisminhisgreatworkMappingsinThoughtandLanguage．TheconceptualblendingtheoryisdevelopedandelaboratedmainlybyFauconnier(1996，1997，1998，2000，2002)，Turner(1996，1998，2000，2002)，Coulson(2000,2001，2005)，Sweetser(1996)，Oakley(2000，2005)，andsoon．TheCBTisoneofthetheoriesofthemodemcognitivelinguistics,itintendstoaccountforcasesinwhichthecontentoftwoormorementalspacesiscombinedtoyieldnovelinference．Conceptualintegrationis ChapterThreeConceptualBlendingTheory(CB力I9dynamic，suppleandactiveinthemomentofthinking，itCanneitherbeapredictionsolelyfromthestructureofmentalspacesnorasimplecompositionofthestructures，itishighlymotivatedbythestmcmresthatareinharmonywithindependentlyavailablebackgroundandcontextualstructures．Theconceptualblendingtheorycallclearlyexhibitthehumancognitiveprocessoftheon·linemeaningconstruction，itCanmakeupfortheinadequaciesoftheCMTandMST．Undoubtedly,theoccurrenceofCBThasenrichedthecognitivescienceandopenedabroaderprospectforstudyingmeaningconstructiondynamicallyatdifferentlevels．3．2KeyTermsoftheTheoryTofullyunderstandtheconceptualblendingtheory,therearesomekeytermswemustmakeclearfirat．3．2．1FourMentalSpacesTheconceptualblendingtheoryincludesfourbasicspaces：twoinputmentalspaces，agenericspaceandablendedspace．ThefourspacesCallconstituteanetworkbymappingandprojectiontokeepthespacesinterrelated．Twoinputmentalspacesrefertothementalspacescontainingpartialrepresentationsoftheentitiesandrelationshipsinagivenscenarioasweperceivesomethingvisuallyoraurally,theyarestructuredbytheinformationfromdiscretecognitivedomains．Thegenericspacerepresentstheabstractconceptualstructurethatissharedbythetwoinputspaces,asthecommonstructureandinformationCallbemappedontothegenericspace．Atanymomentintheconstruction，thegenericspacemapsontoeachoftheinputs，itdefinesthecurrentcross-mappingbetweenthemandenablesintegrationtoproceed．Theblendedspaceinheritstheselectedaspectsofthestructureandinformationfromeachinputspacebypartialcross-spacemapping,matchingandselectiveprojeetingtomakethematerialfromthetwoinputspacescombineandinteract，andthendevelopsitsownemergentstructurebythejuxtapositionoftheelementsfromtheinputspaces．Theblendcancontainnotonlythegenericstructureinthegenericspacebutalsospecific 20西南大学硕士学位论文structuresandthestructureswhichareimpossiblefortheinputs．3．2．2MappingandProjectionMappingisprimarilyamathematicconceptwhichreferstoacorrespondencebetweentwosets(WangBin，2000．Thenatureofmappingbetweendomainshasreceivedmoreandmoreattentionasacentralproblemincognitivescience，lateritisborrowedbythecognitivelinguiststoindicatethehumancognitivecapacityofmeaningproduction,transferandprocessingbetweendifferentcognitivedomains．Mappingplaysacentralpartattheheartofnaturallanguagemeaningandeverydayreasoning．AccordingtoWangBin(2001)，fourkindsofmappingsareinvolved：Projectionmappingsprojeetpartofthestructureofonecognitivedomainontoanother．Inotherwords，aswetalkorthinkaboutsomedomain(thetargetdomain)，wewillusethestructuresandconceptsofanotherdomain(theSOurCedomain)forbetterunderstanding，forinstance，metaphoricalmapping．SuchmappingsarestudiedbyLakoffandJohnson(1980)，Sweetser(1990)，Turner(1986，1991)，Gibbs(1994)，andSOon．PragmaticfunctionmappingsrefertothetworelevantdomainswhichmaybesetuplocallycorrespondtotwocategoriesCanbcmappedontoeachotherbyapragmaticfunction．Metonymyandsynecdochearethetypicalinstances．Nunberg(1978，1979)contributesalOtinthisfield．Schemamappingsuseageneralschemata,flameormodeltoconstructasituationinthecontext，suchmappingsareforconstructingandconnectingmentalspaceswhichCallbeexpandedaspeoplethinkandtalk．ItCananalyzethediscourseanditsknowledgestructures．Theidealizedcognitivemodel(ICM)isoneofschemamappings，chieflystudiedbyLakoff(1987，1991)．，+Thelastoneisthecross-spacemappings，theylinkmentalspacesconstructedinadiscourseandaccountforlogicallypuzzlingpropertiesofvariouskindsofphenomena,suchascounterfactuals，hypotheses，directandindirectdiscourses，andsoon．Mappingisseenasanimportantcognitivedevicetoconstructthemeaningofcertaindiscourse．Eventhesimplestmeaningisinfactnotsimple．OnlyweassembleOurstoredknowledgeandmakeproperinferencethroughvariouscognitivemappings，callweobtaintherealmeaningbecausethelanguageitselfCanstimulateandactivatehumancognitive structuresthroughkindsoflinguisticcuesincertaincontext．Projectionisanotherimportantaspectandinstrumentinconceptualintegration．AsFauconnier＆Turner(1998：145)define：prujectioncollnectsfrBlnestospecificsituations．torelatedframes。toconventionalscenes．itlinksrelatedlinguisticconstructions．ItCalllinkoneviewpointtoanotherandsett驴nfwviewpointspartlyoilthebasisoftheoldottes．Itcallalsoconnectcounterfactualconceptionstonon-counteffactua|conceptionswhichtheyarebasedon．Projectiontypicallyinvolvesconceptualintegration．Inblending,oneofthemoststrikingaspectsisthephenomenonofselectiveprojection(Grady,2000)．Theprojectionistypicallypartial，noteverydetailoftheknowledgeandstructureisimportedintotheblend，wejustprojectquitesmalloftheinputspaces．Whilesomeelementsofacognitiverepresentationareactivated，othersareinhibited，asthereexistsaclashbetweentheseelements，onlythosemorestronglyactivatedfeaturescallbeprojectedintotheblend．Theinputspacesarebothprovidersofprojectiontotheblendandreceiversofprojectionback‰thedevelopedblend．3．3ConceptualIntegrationNetwork(CIN)Centraltotheconceptualblendingtheoryisthenotionofconceptualintegrationnetwork(cry,‘‘粕arrayofmentalspacesinwhichtheprocessesofconceptualblendingunfold"’rCoulson＆Oakley,2000：182)，Ineverydaythinkingandtalking,weuseCINsystematicallyinmeaningconstruction．3．3．1NetworkModelandTypesThenetworkdealswiththeOil·lineanddynamicworkinconstructingmeaninganditconsistsoftwoormoreinputspaces，agenericspaceandablendedspace．TheworkingprocesscanbeschematicallyrepresentedbyFigure1(Fauconnier,1997：151)： 22西南大学硕士擘位论文●II"■l—BIond2Meanwhile，FauennnierandTurner(2002)strengthenthecentralfeaturesoftheCINmodelbyaddingfourpoints．Firstly,anyspacecanbeamendedatanymomentintheconstructionofconc印tualintegration．Secondly,theblendisnovelandproduceddynamically,buttheyr℃c九I“entrenchedmappingsandflames．andtheblenditselfCallalsobecomeentrenched．Thirdly,theblendisabasicinstrumentforimegratingseveraleventsintoasingleunit．Fourthly,althoughtheblendingprocessisdynamic，theintegrationCanservedifferentgoalssuchastransferofemotions，inference,counterfactualreasoning,conceptualchangeandcreativity．FauconnierandTurner(1998，2002)examinearangeofprojectionpossibilitiesforconceptualintegrationnetwork，whichgiverisetoataxonomyofnetworks．Thekeypointsofsuchtaxonomyaretheextentordegreetowhichspacesinthenetworksharemorespecificframesandtowhicheachoftheinputsprovidesthebasisfortheflameintheblend．FourtypesofintegrationnetworkwereputforwardbyFauconnierandTurner(2002)，theyaresimplexnetworks，mirrornetworks，single-scopenetworksanddouble-acopenetworks．Beforeexplainingthosenetworks,thekeytermoforganizingflameneedsdefiningfirst．FauconnierandTurner0998)statethatanorganizingfi"ameforamentalspaceisaframewhichspecifiesthenatu佗oftherelevantactivity,eventsandparticipants，itcallprovideatopologyforthespaceitorganizes，i．e．asetoforganizingrelationsamongtheelementsinthespace．Oncetwospacessharethesameorganizingframe(F)"theysharethecorrespondingtopologyandcallbeputintocorrespondence，thus，across-space ChapterThreeConceptualBlendingTheowfc81l23mappingbetweeninputscanbeestablisheddirectly．BasedonHuAihua(2004),ifspacesinthenetworksharetopologyalthelevelofanorganizingframe．wedefineitasTF．buttheymaydifferatamorespecificlevel(TS)．Therewillalsobeincidentaltopology(TI)inbothinputspaces，afinertopologythatdoesnothavetObeincluded，specifiedorgiventotheorganizingframe，butthefeaturesofTICanbeprojectedintotheblendifnecessary．111cblenditselfcandevelopitsownemergentstructureandformadeherspecificflameTFb．Besides，theorganizingframeCanbemodifiedandelaboratedastheintegrationnetworkisconstructedandtopologyattheTF．TSorTIlevelmaycometobepromotedordemotedasneeded．Thefollowingpartistheexplanationofthefournetworktypes．SimplexNetworksAsthebasicandsimplesttypeofconceptualintegrationnetwork，asimplexnetworkhastwoinputspaceswithonehavinganabstractframeandtheothercontainingthevalueswithoutanyorganizingframe，theyareintegratedintheblendedspaceinthesimplestway,thereisnoclashbetweentheinputsandthecross··spacemappingisaframe-lD··valueconnection．Asaresult，itdoesnotlookintuitivelylikeablendataII，butitisindeedaperfectintegrationnetwork．AsFigure2shows：TFTS’I。Fb(TF+TS)Figure2：ASimplexNetworkModelMirrorNetworksAmirrornetworkreferstothenetworkwhereallspaces，includingtheinputs，generic，andblendsharetopologygivenbyallorganizingframe．Asallthespaceshavethesameorganizingframe，wesaythattheinputspacesmirroreachother．Yet,theorganizingflametakesonaricherollewhichonlyexistsintheblendedspace．Innmirrornetwork，therearenoclashesbetweentheinputsattheleveloforganizingframe．whilethereareclashesatmorespecificlevelsbelowtheframelevel．AsisshowninFigure3，whichisslightlyrevisedonthebasisofHuAihua"sstudy(2004)： 24西南大学硕士学位论文TFTSTR(TF+TSI+TS2)Figure3：AMirrorNetworkModelSingle-ScopeNetworksThesingle·scopenetworksarealsonamedone-sidednetworks．Insuchanetwork，thetwoinputshavedifferentorganizingframesandonlyoneofthemcallbeprojectedtoorganizetheblend．Itsdefiningpropertyisthattheorganizingframeoftheblendisanextensionoftheorganizingframeofoneoftheinputs，andtheblendinheritstheorganizingframefromoneinputandspecificelementsfromtheotherone．Hence，theprojectiontotheblendishighlyasymmetricandobviousconceptualclashtakesplace．BasedonHuAihua’sstudy(2004)，Figure4Canrepresent：TFtTSITFb(TFI+TS2orTFz+TS0Double-ScopeNetworks111eyarealsocalledtwo-sidednetworks．Insuchnetworks，thetwoinputsareorganizedbydifferentandclashingframesbutSomestructuresarcprojectedfrombothframestotheblend，inotherwords，bothframesoftheinputspacesmakecentralcontributiontotheblend，andtheirsharpdifferencesofferthepossibilityofrichclashes，whichCanmakechallengestOtheimaginationandcausetheblendtobehighlycreative．Consequently,theresultantlogicofthedouble-scopeblendCanbedifferentfromeitheroftheinputframes．AccordingtoHuAihua(2004)，Figure5isofminoralterationstodisplaysuchnetworkmodel： TFTSTFb(TFI+TF2+TSI+TS2)Figure5：ADouble-scopeNetworkConceptualintegrationalwaysinvolvesatleastfourspaces，butthatisjusttheminimaltemplate．Theintegrationcanalsooperateovermanymentalspaceswhichcallbeappliedrepeatedly,i．e．itsoutput，theblend，willbecometheinputfornextblending．Wecallthisthemultiple-blendnetwork，whichisthefifthtypeofthenetworkmodelinconceptualblending．Thoughitseemsmuchmorecomplicatedthantheotherfourtypes，wecaneasilyunderstanditaslongasweareclearabouttheotherfour,assuchtypecanbeseenasthecontinuumofaseriesofblendsonthebasisofsimpleblendingprocess．3．3．2IntegrationProcessTheblendedspace伽developitsownemergentstructurenotintheinputspacesbytheoperationofthreecognitiveprocesses：composition,completion，andelaboration．CompositioninvolvescombiningtheconceptualmaterialfrommorethanoneinputtOmakearelationavailableintheblendthatdidnotexistintheseparateinputs．Italsoinvolvesintegratinganelementwithaframe．Fusionisonekindofcomposition,assomecounterpartsmaybefusedintheblendCompletion,alsonamedpattemcompletion,Occurswhenstructureintheblendmatchestheinformationinlong—termmemoryandbringsadditionalstructureintheblend．Itisamentalprocessofmakingtheknowledgeofbackgroundframes，cognitiveandculturalmodelsheprojectedintotheblendsoastOmakethecomposedstructureintheblendcomplete．ElaborationinvolvesmentalOrphysjcalsimulationoftheeventintheMendasthestructureintheblendCallbeelaborated．Thisiscalledrunningtheblend．Itisconsistedofcognitiveworkperformedwithintheblendaccordingtoitsownemergentlogic．Newinferencesarepossibleintheblend．Composition，completionandelaborationallrecruitselectivelyfromOurmost 26西南大学硕士学位论文favoredpatternsofknowingandthinking．Theycanmaketheelementsintheblendhaveinternalconnectionswhicharemotivatedconceptuallyandexperientially,thustheblendCanmakeUSeoftheseconnectionsincreativeways．Intheblend，theelementscanstillbeconcreteandspecificobjects，orthosestrongeronesdestroytheweakerOReS，ortheelementsfuse，inthisway,wecaninfernovelmeanings．ThethreecognitiveprocessesareworkinginacontinuumtOmaketheblendapowerfulcognitivestructure．3．3．3CompressionofVitalRelationsOneofthemostimportantaspectsofhumanefficiency,insight,andcreativityisthecompressionachievedthroughblending．Inputspacescallbelinkedtogetherthroughmanyrelationswhichwecalltheouter-spacerelationsandthesevitalrelationsCanbecompressedwithintheblendwhichwecalltheinner-spacerelations．Thevitalrelationsandtheircompressionarethekeyelementsthatfunctioninintegrationandmeaningconstruction(Fauconnier&Turner,2002)．Bystudyingthecompressionofvitalrelations,wecanrealizetheinnermechanismofdiscourseunderstanding．AccordingtOZhangHui(2003),thevitalrelationsCaninvolveChange,TimeandSpace,Identity,Part—Whole，Cause·Effect，Value·Role,AnalogyandDisanalogy,Similarity,Category,Intentionality,andUniqueness。Change：ItisageneralvitalrelationwhichCanconnectoneelementtoanotherandsetsofelementstoothersets．Anouter-spaceChangeisusuallyaccompaniedwithallouter-spaceIdentitylinkandCanbecompressedintoUniquenessintheblend．Identity：ItmaybethemostbasicrelationwhichconnectstheelementsofthesameidentityandoftenrelatestootherrelationslikeChange，TimeandCause-Effect．Itisseenastheresultofimagination--somethingthatimaginationmustbuildordisassemble．TimeandSpace：111cyaretwovitalrelationsrelatedtomemory,change，continuity,simultaneity,andnon·simultaneity,aswellashumanunderstandingofcausation．Intheblend，theyarealwayscompressed．Part·Whole：Itisawidely·spreadandimportantcognitivemechanisminourdailylife，asweoftenusethepartofsomethingtOindicatethewholething，orviceversa．Itisallessentialpartinthenetworksuchasmetonymicmapping．Cause—Effect：Itisperhapsthemostessentialrelationinhumanlife，aseachCanbe Chapter功reeConceptualBleJldingTheorv(CB力27theeffectofthepreviousoneandthecauseofthenext．Value-Role：Itisaubiquitousvitalrelation．Allroleshavetheirvalues．Inotherwords，anelementCanbelinkcdasaroletOanotherelementthatcountsasitsvaluewithinoracrossmentalspaces．AnalogyandDisanalogy：Analogyrestsontherole-valuecompression．Disanalogyisgroundedonandcoupledtoanalogy．Iftheblendhasmultipleslotswithinthesamerole，thenthedisanalogousvaluescanbebroughtinasdifferentvaluesforthoseslots．SimilarityandCategory：Thesetwovitalrelationsalethemostobviousinner-spacerelations．Similaritylinkstheelementswithsharedproperties．Categoryistheinner-spacevitalrelationandittakesplaceonthebasisofanalogy．Intentionality：Itcontainsagroupofvitalrelationsthathavesomethingtodowithhope，relief,memoryaswellastheattitudesanddispositionstowardsthediscoursecontent．IntentioualityCanbereinforcedintheblending．Uniqueness：ItCallbeobtainedautomaticallyintheblendandmanyvitalrelationswillbecompressedintoUniquenessinatechnicalsal辩．ConceptualintegrationiscontinuallycompressinganddecompressingthemSOastodeveloptheemergentmeaning．Withoutcompression，wecannotfullyunderstandthediscoursemeaning．3．4ConstructiveForceandApplicationsofCBTServingavarietyofcognitivepuq∞ses,conceptualintegrationisauniversalcognitiveoperationonaparwithanalogy,recursion,mentalmodeling,conceptualcategorization,andframing．TheconceptualblendingtheoryCanexplainawiderangeofphenomenainvisibleoruntreatableunderitsintegrativenetworkmodelsandrevealtheunrecognizedorunconsciousaspectsofeventhemostfamiliarexpressions．CBTCanofferUSavaluablewaytoexplorethemysteryofhumanlanguageandthought，andtheintegrationmodelCanexplainthecognitiveprocessmethodicallyandthoughtfullytoprovideUSanotherwaytoanalyzevariouslinguisticphenomena．Becauseofitsconstructiveforce，theconceptualblendingtheoryhasbeenadoptedtoanalyzethemeaningconstructidnandreasoningmechanisminmetaphorinadeepway 28西南大学硕士学位论文especiallyintheon—linemetaphoricalprocess，whichisseenasoneofthecontributionsofthetheory．Moreover,theconceptualintegrationnetworksareappliednotonlytothemeaningconstructionofthelinguisticphenomenalikenewly—formedwords，euphemismbutalsotootherfieldslikemathematics(LakoffandNunez，2001)，literature(Tumer"1996)，music(Zbikowski，2001)，humor(Coulson，1996)，grammar(Fauconnier&Turner,1996)，socialscience(Turner,2001)，andSOon．InChina,theblendingtheoryanditsintegrationnetworkshavealsobeenappliedtoexplorethevariousChineserhetoricaldevicessuchasmetonymy(QinShengyong,2001)，transferredepithet(WuJing，2002；WangLirong，2005)，metaphor(WangShaohua,2001),andsoon．Inaddition，moreandmoredissertationsontheapplicationoftheblendingtheorytotheChineselinguisticphenomenaemerge．such嬲Chinesewisecrackunderstanding(HuangJin，2004)，Chinese‘"Jueju"’understanding(DongPingrong，2004)，translationandconceptualintegration(HuAihua，2004)，Chinesecompound(Ti卸Zhen,2006)，Punsandeuphemism(YinXing，2006；GuoShen，2006)，andsoon．3．5SummaryConceptualintegrationinvolvessetting叩networksofmentalapacesthatCanmapontoeachotherandblendintonewspacesinvariousways．Inoureverydaythinkingandtalking,WeUSeconceptualintegrationintheon—linemeaningconstruction，butwerarelypayconsciousattentiontothisprocessbecauseitisSOpervaSive．Assaidbefore,ffCenthesimplestmeaningisinfactnotsimple，becauseeverymeaningisproducedviaacomplexcognitiveoperation，DespitethefactthattheChineseproverbmeaninghasentrenchedinOurbrains，itdoesnotmeanthatthecognitiveoperationdoesnothappen．Instead，thecharacteristicthatChineseproverbsalwaysimplycertainsignificancethroughaseriesofconcretedescriptionsofthenaturalphenomenawhichwecanfindinourdailylifesuchas“爱叫的麻雀不长肉，咬人的狗不露齿”and“船无水难行，鸟无翅难飞”CanshowUStherelationshipbetweentheconcreteimageandconceptwhichcanprovidesomeevidenceoftheelementconnectioninmeaningconstruction．Accordingly,basedonwhattheformerresearchershavedone，wecanalsostudythementalprocessofhowWeinfertheChineseproverbmeaningwithintheframeworkofconceptualintegration． ChapterFourBlendingandChineseProverbUnderstandingBlendingispervasiveinmeaningconstructionaslongaswetalkandthink．DespitethefactthatwecanimmediatelyconstruethereasonofaChineseproverbwereadorheaLitdoesnotmeanthatwehavenotexperiencedacognitiveoperationtoconstructitsmeaning．Instead，weconstantlysetupmentalspacesbasedontheproverbitemsandmaketheblendingworkviaactivation，mapping，projectionandintegrationtoinfertheproverbimplicature．Inthischapter,theproverbof“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”isselectedforexhibitingthecognitivestepsofChineseproverbunderstandinginthefi"ameworkofconceptualblendingtheory．4．1ProverbInputBasedonthecognitivegrammar,Langacker(2001)proposestheconceptofcurrentdiscoursespace(CDS)whichreferstothesententialinformationinacertaindiscourseenteringthecurrentattentionofthereaderdynamically,theconstantupdatingofCDSCanhandlethediscourseprogressionassomeinformationwillbefurtherdevelopedandupdatedduringtheoperationofCDSwhilesomeotherinformationwillbeignored，forgotten,andev锄disappearinthisprocess(citedfromWangYin，2005：257)．TheCDSissetupmainlyonthebasisofclausefortheclauseisthetypicalunitinanydiscourseandCanofferaconceptualchunktoestablishacorrespondingcurrentspace，thatistosay,aclausecanopenamentalspace,aclauseisacurrentspace．InthespecificstudyofChineseproverbs，weputforwardtheconceptofproverbinput，orproverbinputspacebasedonCDS．Asashortdiscourse，Chineseproverbsareusuallycomposedofonlyoneclausewhichwenametheone-itemproverblike“虎毒不食子”and“有奶便是娘”，oroftwoclauseswhichwecallthetwo-itemproverbas“蛇爬无声，奸计无影”and“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”．Accordingtotheclauseor 30西南大学硕士学位论文clausesaproverbcontains．WecanestablishthecorrespondingspacethatWedefineastheproverbinputspace．For“虎毒不食子”and“有奶便是娘’jwesetuponlyoneinputspaceineachproverb．butfor“蛇爬无声，奸计无影”and“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”，webuilduptwospacessinceeachproverbcontainstwoclauses．Aslongastheproverbentersourcurrentattention,wecansetuponeproverbinputortwoormoreinputsbyitsclauseorclauses．EachclauseinaproverbcallprovideinformationtohelpUStoconstructandintegrateacognitiveworldinourmind．Psychologicalexperimentsshowthatproverbunderstandinginvolvesalargenumberofmemorystructures,memoryinteractions．andmentaloperations．‘‘Aproverbcanprovideinformationwhicharousesthoughtsaboutgenericideals，andtheseidealsofferabasisforassemblinganunderstandingoftheproverb"’(Faucounier,1998：15乱．Bearingtheproverbinputin0111"mind，wecanmakeactiveinteractionsbetweentheproverbinformationandstoredinformationtoprovideabasisforthelatterintegrativework．Theestablishmentofproverbinputisregardedasthemostessentialstepinproverbunderstanding．4．2ActivationofProverbFrameTheproverbframeistheabstractmentalmodeloftheconcreteimagedescribedinaproverb。WhenWeconstructtheproverbmeaning,Wearesuretoabstractthereasonfromthedetailedmeaning,namely,Weinferthenon—literalmeaningfromtheliteralmeaning．Proverbframeisimportantformeaninginferencebutitdoesnotariseautomatically,itisusuallyactivatedbycertainconceptorlexicalitem．AccordingtoJohnson-Laird(1989：471，quotedfromSmith，2003)，‘"theexplicitcontentofadiscourseisusuallyonlyablueprintforastateofaffairs：it咒liesonthereadertofleshoutthemissingdetails”．Inotherwords，theliteralcontentofaproverbisonlyaclueforUStoextractthemissingdetailsandinferthepotentialmeaning．Oncetheproverbinputhasbeensetup"ourmindbeginstodotheconstructiveandintegrativeworkbytheoperationofaseriesofmentalmodelswhicharetheinternalmodelsofthesituationdescribedbythesentenceandcanbebuiltfromthelinguisticinformation(Johnson·Laird，1983，quotedfromStevenson，1993)．Spreadingactivationis ChapterFourBlendingattdChineseProverhUnderstanding3Isuchanimportantcognitiveprocessforfacilitatingtheestablishmentofmentalmodelsoftheproverbbyinteractingandintegratingtheknowledgeorcontentactivatedbythelinguisticinformationandthosestoredinourmemory．Semanticprocessingandreferentialprocessingareinvolvedinthisactivationphase．4．2．1SemanticProcessing“Semanticprocessingconcernsworkingoutwhatwordsandsentencesmean”(Harley,2001：312)．Itistheprocesstodealwiththeliteralmeaning．TounderstandaChineseproverb,weusuallystar[fromasetoflinguisticmarks．Intheproverb“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”，twoinputscanbesetup"thenthesemanticprocessingwillhappenineachspaceasthefirststage．IninputI．“壶中无酒难留客”。thelinguisticinformationtellsIISthattheguestcannotbemadetostayhappyandlongatone’shomewithoutbeingofferedwine，ininputII，“池中无水难养鱼’’’theliteralcontentshowsUSthatthefishcannotberaisedwithoutwater．ThesemanticprocessingisaneasystageforunderstandingtheliteralmeaningcarriedbytheeXactwordsandphrasesinaproverb．ItCanprovideabasisforworkingouttheproverbflamesinceSOmewordsorphasesdescribingthesituationcanstimulatetherelevantknowledgestoredinourlong-termmemoryandshapeasituationmodel．4．2．2ReferentialProcessing‘"Referentialprocessingconcernsworkingouttheroleinthemodel’’(Harley,2001：312)．Itisthestageforworkingouttheframeaswell船itsrolesofeachinput．Fullyunderstandingthelinguisticmeaningofeachclauseinaproverb，wewillconstructasituationmodelofeachinpuLwhichisthesituationrepresentedanddescribedbytheproverbcontent．Weintegratetheinformationderivedfromtheconcreteimagewithourstoredknowledgetoformmabstractframe．Thisprocessconformstothatofworkingouttheorganizingframeoftheinputspacewhichisthekeytermforconceptualintegration．Inotherwords，referentialprocessinggoescloselyaftersemanticprocessinganditactuallymakestherelationbetweentheelementsineachinputspacesalientbyactivatingthemodelorfranleinourmemory．111“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”。theformerclausedescribesthesituationof 32西南大学硕士学位论文aguest’Sunhappyandshortstaybecauseofnowine，theconceptsof‘"guest"’and‘"wine"’Canactivatetheframeof“invitationtoadinner"’withtheroleslikehost，guest，andfbod，whereasthelatteroneoffersthesituationofraisingfishwithoutwater,theconceptsof‘"raise”and“fish”Canstimulatetheframeof“raisingfish”withtherolesasmiser,fish,andinstrument．Onepointshouldbestated,inreferentialprocessing，wejustworkouttheproverbframeandtherolesoftheframewhichareactivatedbycertainconceptsdescribedintheproverb．butthevaluesfortherolesintheframeareignored．Intheproverbflame“invitationtOadinner",thevaluesforhost，guest。andfoodareneglectedforthemomentbecauseWeneednotanyconcretenessintheframe．Likewise,thevaluesforraiser,fishandinstrumentarcalsoignored．Consequently,thetwoinitialproverbspacesaredevelopedintOtwoabstractframes．Keepingtheseframesinourmind，WeCanorganizethemapping，projection，andblending．Spreadingactivationmakestheinformationprovidedbytheproverbcontentandknowledgestoredinourmemoryinterrelateandinteractactively,forthelexiealitemsintheproverbcallarousetheconceptsstoredinourmemorybywhichwecarlactivatetheproverbfranle．Semanticprocessingandreferentialprocessingareworkinginacontinuumandtheyalecompletedeasilyandquicklyinourmindbecauseofourentrenchedknowledge，buttheycannotbeneglectedinourstudyasbothofthemcontributetOthewholecognitivework．4．3MappingandProjectionKeepingthesemanticmeaningandtheorganizingframeofeachproverbinputinmind，Wealeabouttodomappingandprojection,whichCallbetakenasthekernelofconceptualintegrationtocreatethegenericspaceandblendedspace．4．3．1ConnectionofProverbInputsAmapping,ormentalspaceconnection,istheunderstandingthatanobjectorelementinonementalspacecorrespondstoanobjectorelementinanother(Coulson&Oakley,2005)．Amappingconnectsthecounterpartsindifferentinputspaces，itcallbeofmanykindslikeconnectionsbetweenframesandrolesinframes，connectionsofidentity ChapterFo"BlendingandChineseProverhUnderstanding33ortransformationorrepresentation，metaphoricalcormeetions，andSOon．Namely,amappingisestablishedbetweenatleasttwoinputs，itcancreateorreflectmoreschematicstructureconlnlontOtheinputsSOastogenerateagenericspace．Foranyproverb，whatwedoistoopenamentalspaceorspaceswheretheelementsmentionedordescribedCanbeconnectedandcategorizedatamoregenerallevel．SOthattherelationscanbemapped．Wedefineitastheconnectionofproverbinputswhichinvolvesthecounterpartconnectionanditisvirtuallyamappingbetweentheproverbinputs．Intheproverb“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”，thereferemialprocessinghasworkedOUttheorganizingframeofeachproverbinput，oneis‘"invitationtodinner",theotheris‘"raisingfish”．Obviously,theyaredifferentframes、Ⅳithdifferentroles．1k“invitation"’franlehastherolesofhost，guest。foodandwinewhereasthe“raising’’flamehasmiser,fish,containerandwater,thenthecounterpartconnectiongoeslikethefollowing：theinvitationframeconnectstotheraisingframe，thehostconnectstotheraiser,theguestistothefish,thefoodandwinearetOthecontainerandwater．Throughtheseconnections，wecanfindthecounterpartsbearsomethingincommonwhichCanbecategorizedatamoregenerallevelsuchastheagentwhichembmoesthehostandraiser,thepatientthatcanincludetheguestandfish，aswellastheconditionincludingthefood，wine，containerandwater,thentheabstractconceptsofagent，patient，andconditionarcmappedontoanotherspace，thegenericspace．TheconnectingworkcanbeshowninFigure6：ProverbInputIProverbInput2Figure6：Connectionofthepmverbinputs 34西南大学硕士学住论竞4．3．2SelectiveProjectionAccordingtoFaueonnier&Turner(1999)．projectiontypicallyinvolvesconceptualintegration．Inblending，structurefromtheinputspacesisprojectedtoaseparateblendedspace，buttheprojectionisselectiveandpartial，astheblenddoesnotneedtocontainallthestructuresandelementsfromtheinputs．Noteverydetailofourknowledgeisimportedintotheblend，weusuallyimportintotheblendonlyasubset,possiblyquitesmall，oftheknowledgeoftheinputspaces．111eselectiveprojectionoftheaboveproverbcallbelikethis：firstofa11．thetwodifferentframesof‘qnvitation幻dinner"’and“raisingfish"’areprojectedtotheblendwhichaleusedtoremindusoftherelevantknowledge，secondly"theelementsliketheguest，thefish,andtheresuRsofleavinganddeathfromthetwoproverbinputsareprojected．Afterwards．theblendedspaceisproduced．111eselectiveprojectioncanberepresentedlikethis：ProverbinputlProverbinput2BlendedspaceFi弘n7：Selectiveprojectionoftheproverbinputs4．4IntegrationinProverbMeaningConstructionTheconstructionoftheblendusuallyprovidesawaytointegrateefficientlyandeffectivelyoverdifferentspacesbYmaintainingthenetworkofconnectionstoproduceknowledge，inference，andnovelactionwhichcannotbeconstructedonlybyunionorintersectionoftheinputspacesorasimplemock-upofafewelementsfromtheinputs． ChapterFolitBlendingandChinesePr0PerhUntierstanding35Constructingtheproverbmeaningisadynamicandcreativeactivitycarriedoutintheblendedspacebycomposition，completion,compressionofvitalrelations，andelaboration．4．4．1CompositionandCompletionInblending,thepartialstmcture,sprojcotedfromtheinputscanbecombinedandcomposedintheblendedspacetomakenewrelationsavailablethatdidnotexistintheseparateinputs，andpatterncompletionprovidesadditionalstructureorrelationbyourknowledgeofbackgroundframes，cognitiveandculturalmodels(Hutchins，2005)．Intheproverb“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”，weprojeetthedistinctframesandtheelementsof‘"guestandfish’Iand“leavinganddeath”thatareoriginallyintheseparateproverbinputintotheblendedspace．thenwecallcomposethemas‘"withoutwineorwater,theguestandfishwilldisappear",whichdidnotexistintheseparateinputspace．Soonafterthecompositionoftheelements，thepaHemcompletiontakesplacetoofferadditionalstructurenotprovidedbycomposedstructure．TheculturalknowledgemakesUSknowthatinChina,wineisthesymbolofhospitalityintheinvitationtoadinner,thebetterthewineis，thehigherdegreeofhospitalityis．Ifthehostwantstheguesttohaveapleasanttimeathishome，heshouldprovidewineatdinner．Withoutwineonthedinnertable,theguestmayfeeldisappointedandfinishthedinnerasquicklyaspossibleandleave．Meanwhile，theencyclopedicknowledgemakestherelationbetweenfishandwatersalient．asfishcanonlylivewithwater．Iftheraiserwouldliketokeephisfishstrongandhealthy,heisrequiredtoofferthefishfreshwater,oritwilldiesoon．Accordingly,thecause-effectrelationbetweentheguestandwine，betweenthefishandwaterismadetobeevidentbypauerncompletion．CompositionandcompletionnotonlydrawtogethertheconceptualstructurespreviouslykeptapartbutalsomakethelatentrelationsevidentbyOurstoredknowledge．4．4．2CompressionofVitalRelationsTheconnectionsofproverbinputsofferUSaseriesofouter-spacerelations，buttheyshouldbecompressedintotheinner-spaceones，thenOUrimaginationcallbefullyexerted 36西南大学硕士学位论文anddeveloped，andthenovelmeaningCanbeengendered．Conceptualcompressionisallimportantinstrumentforunderstandingtheproverb，aswemakeintegrativeworkbetweentheinputs，andtheelementsandrelationsineachproverbinputareselectivelymappedandprojectedintotheblendedspace,finally,theyarecompressedasawholeunitandwecanachieveaglobalinsightoftheproverb．Intheaboveproverb，wehavetwodifferentframesof“invimtiontodinner"’and‘"raisingfish”，eachframehasitsownrolesandvalues，buttheysharethegenericspace，whichcontainstheeventfi-allqeincludingcertainagent，patient,instrumentandconsequence．Thenthecompressionintheblendcallgolikethis：TimeandSpacecompressions：ineachproverbinput，thedifferenteventsof¨invimtiontodinner"’and‘"raisingfish，’mayhappenatdifferenttimeandspace．however，wecompressthemintothesingletimeandspaceintheblend．IdentityandChangecompressions：thehostandraiser,theguestandfish，thewineandwater,guest’Sleavingandfish"sdeatharcfirstconnectedastheouter-spacerelations，buttheyareallcompressedandchangedintotheagent，patient,theconditionandconsequenceaccordingtotherelationsofidentityandchange．Cause—Effectcompression：itmakestherelationsbetweentheguestandwine，betweenthefishandwatersalient．Thedistinctreasonsfortheguest’Sleavingandfish"sdeatharecompressedintoasingleoneas‘"certaincauseleadstocertaineffect"’．Uniquenesscompression：alltheaboverelationsarecompressedandonlyexistintheblend．、矾ththesecompressionsofvitalrelations．wecanachieveanabstractlogicfromthespecifictermsineachproverbinput,whichisofgreatimportanceformeaningconstruction．4．4．3EmergentStructureAccordingtoMarkTurner(1996)Meaningisnotadepositinaconceptcontainer．Itisaliveandactive，dynamicanddistributed，constructedforlocalpurposesofknowingandacting．Meaningsarcnotmentalobjectsboundedinconceptualplacesbutrathercomplexoperationsofprojection，binding,linking，blending，andintegrationOVermultiplespaces．Meaningisparabolicandliterary．(MarkTurner,1996：57) ChapterFoarBlendiagant[ChinesePmvc南UmlerstandinE37Theblendisdevelopedandelaboratedthroughimaginativementalsimulmionacenrdingtotheprinciplesandinternallogicoftheblend．Thus，themeaningwillbeelaboratedandinferredforpracticaluseintheblend，whichwedefineastheemergentstructurewherenovelmeaningisproduced．Ineverydayactionandspeech，weperformsignificantemergentstructureinblending,asunderstandingiscreating,communicatingistriggeringdynamiccreativeprocessesinothermindsandinourown．Understandingcertainexpressionrequiresacreativeblend，whichexploitstheconventionalmappingsandbackgroundknowledge．HoldingtheorganizingframeofEventanditsrolesoftheagent，patient，conditionandconsequenceintheblendedspaceof“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”，aSwellasthecompressionsofvitalrelationssuchasIdentity,Change，Cause-Effect，theelaborationhelpsUStoproducetheabstractmeaningthat‘"withoutthenecessaryoressentialcondition,anythingcannotbedonesmoothlyandsuccessfully"’．whichistaken硒theemergentstructureoftheproverbblend．4．4．4ProverbImplieatureGenerallyspeaking,thediscourseinformationCanbeconveyedbytwodifferentways．Onewayistoprovidedirectevidencefortheinformationtobeconveyed，anotherwayistoprovidedirectevidenceoftheintentiontoconveyit．Fromapsychologicalpointofview,thedescriptionofcommunicationintermsofintentionsandinferencesmakesgoodsen∞．ashumanstypicallyconceptualizehumanandanimalbehavior,notintermsofitsphysicalfeaturesbutintermsofitsunderlyingintentions(Sperber&Wilson．1995)．SoareChineseproverbs，theyalwaysprovidedirectevidenceoftheintentionto．conveytherealproverbinformationwhichweconsiderastheproverbimplicature．UnderstandingtheChineseproverb，weshouldhaveaconstrualofitasthetenetoftheChineseproverbisnotonlytomakeUSrealizethereasonitcarries，butalso，themostimportant，tomaketitscognizethewayweliveinthisworldandtorequireUStotakeactiveactionsinourreallifeinordertoavoidthesamemistakeorregretastheproverbdescribesortoachievethesamepositiveeffectastheproverbtellsUS．Theproverbof“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”actuallydescribestwounsuccessfuleventsbyconcreteimagesandalsopointsoutthedirectcausetothefailure，whichare‘"withoutwine"’and‘"withoutwater”．Theemergentstructurerunintheblend 38西南大学硕士学位论文suggeststhat‘"anythingcannotbedonesuccessfullywithoutcertaincondition”，andwecallelaborateitbyourencyclopedicknowledgethateverythingintheworldcannotexistseparatelyasallthethingsarerelatedtoeachother,SOwemusttakethenecessaryfactorsintoconsiderationwhiledoingsomething．Keepingthisstructureinourmind，whatwecanconstruefromthisproverbisthatifwewishtodosomethingsuccessfully,weshouldfirstbeclearaboutthefactorsthatwillhaveimpactonwhatwearegoingtodo，meanwhile，wearerequiredtograspthekeypointthatCandeterminetheSUCCESSamongallthefactorsandmanagetosatisfythekey．Onlyinthisway,canwesucceed．111atistheimplicatureinthisproverb，inanotherword，theimplicatureherereferstoabroadsense，itnotonlytellswhattheproverbimpliesbutalsoadvisesUSwhattodoandhowtodoinourdailypractice．itisforarousingouractualbehaviortocertainevent．Thisisthepurposeofcreatingproverbs．Itcarlbesaidthattheproverbimplicatureistheextensiontotheemergentstructureintheblend．111erealSenf沁ofunderstandingaproverbisthatwecanlearnsomethingandputwhatwehavelearnedintopractice，thereby,wecallreallyexperiencetheworldbodilyandmaycreatemoreproverbsthroughthediversifiedexperiencesincetheproverbisessentiallythereflectionandcollectionofobservationandembodimentoftheuniversaltruths．4．5SummaryByappiyingtheconceptualblendingtheoryanditsfour-spacenetworkmodelinstudyingthecognitiveoperationinmeaningconstructionoftheChineseproverb“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼’"，wecanrealizethewholementalprocessinacontinuumandunderstandhowmapping,projectionandintegrationfunctioninChineseproverbunderstanding．Meanwhile，onepointshouldbestated，weusuallyconstructtheproverbmeaningveryquicklybecauseofthefamiliaritywiththeproverbs，sothereisnotaclearborderlinebetweenthesecognitivesteps，i．e．weactuallyexperiencethesestepssimultaneouslyorjumpfromonetoanotherrapidlyinthemomentofthinking．ComparedwiththepreviousstudiesontheChineseproverb，theconceptualblendingtheoryanditsintegrationnetworkCanoffersomeadvantagesinexplainingtheinvisiblebutpervasivecognitiveoperationinproverbmeaningconstructionandhelpustobeclearertothecomplexcognitiverelationbetweenlanguageandmind． ChapterFiveCaseStudyofChineseProverbsinFourNetworksInFour,wecarefullyinvestigateblendingandproverbunderstanding,anddisplaythecognitivestepsinmeaningconstructionbyanalyzingthepmverb“壶中无酒难留客，池中无水难养鱼”withinthenetworkofconceptualintegration．Inthischapter,wewillcategorizeChineseproverbsintofourtypesandexploretheirmeaningconstructionrespectivelyinfourintegrationnetworkmodelsincludingthesimplexnetwork，themirrornetwork,thesingle—scopenowork，andthedouble-scopenetwork．5．1ClassificationofChineseProverbsintheStudyTheconceptualintegrationnetworksen，esasthecentralnotiontotheconceptualblendingtheory,anditsfour-spacemappingmodelcanprovideUSaframeworkofmeaningconstruction．FournetworktypesareproposedbyFauconnierandTurner(2002)accordingtothesimilarityordifferenceoftheorganizingframeforeachinput，whichhasbeendiscussedindetailinsection3．3．1．Generallyspeaking,Chineseproverbsareone-itemonesandtwo·itemones．InorderthattheproverbsCanbecarefullystudiedindifferentnetworks，theyareclassifiedintofourtypesfromthecognitivelevelonthebasisoftheorganizingframe．Forinstance,“真理战无不胜”containstheFightingframewhichservesastheorganizingframeoftheproverb，itisthetypicalityinthesimplexnetwork．“大海不讥笑水滴，高山不嘲讽小石”belongstothemirrornetworkasthetwoclausessharethesameframe：Deridingflame，buttheydifferatthespecificvaluesasthefirstcontainsthevaluesofoceananddrip，thesecondincludeshillandstone．“金无足赤。人无完人”serves雒thecaseofthesingle-scopenetworkforthefirstitemofferstheGoldflamewhemasthesecondprovidestheHumanframe．Likewise。“樱桃好吃树难栽，小曲好唱口难开”isthesampleofdouble-scopenetworkasitembracestwOframesofEatingandSinging,butitisdifferent39 40西南大学硕士学位论文from“会无足赤，人无完人”勰theblendwillbeoperatedmorecomplicated,whichwillbecarefullydiscussedinsections5．2．3and5．2．4．Suchclassificationmaydifferfromthepreviousonewhichhasbeendoneintermsoftheproverbformsandcontents，butitisnecessaryinthestudyandconformstothefourintegrationnetworktypes．ClassifyingChineseproverbsinsuchawaycallfacilitateourprobingintothemeaningconstructionindifferentmodelsofintegrationnetwork．5．2CaseStudyinFourNetworksInthissection,Chineseproverbsaregroupedandinvestigatedinfourintegrationnetworks．Aboutfifteenproverbsaregivenastherepresentativesofeachnetworktype,buttwoofthemureexpoundedineachtypeandtherestcanbeunderstoodinasimilarway．5．2．1CaseofSimplexNetworkThesimplexnetworkisthesimplestoneinalltypesofintegrationnetworks．whichcanbeseenastheframe-to·valueconnectionandcompressionbetweentwoinputs，oneofwhichcontainstheorganizingframeandtheotherincludesthevaluesofthatframe．Intheblendedspace,therolesoftheframeinonespaceandthevaluesintheotheraleconnected，compressedandintegrated．Thefollowingproverbsaleofthistype，theyaleusuallyone-itemones，(1)千年古道变成河(2)吃不到葡萄说葡萄是酸的(3)清官难断家务事(4)牵牛要牵牛鼻子(5)虎毒不食予(6)帮理不帮亲(7)百闻不如一见(8)药要敷在痛处(9)单桨摇船难过江(10)有赚就有赔 1)213104)金钩下耳钓鲤鱼死知府不如活老鼠冰冻三尺非一Fl之寒贪食的鱼易上钩Weexpoundon(1)，(7)and(10)．Onreadingthepmvefb“千年古道变成河’jwefirstsetupaproverbinputcontainingthesemanticmeaningthatalong-historyroadhasbecomeafiver,thentheword‘"become"’canactivatetheChangeframewhichinvolvesrolesAandBinanotherspace．Accordingly,咖proverbinputshavebeenproduced．TheconcretevaluesofaroadandriverexistininputLwhiletheChangeflameOccBrsininputⅡ．Thecounterpartconnectionistheframe-to·valueconnectionthatlinksroleAtotheroadandroleBtotheriver,andtheyareprojectedintotheblend．Afterthat,wecomposethemintheblendas‘"role九along-historymad，hasbecomeroleB，ariver．’’However,thepatterncompletionthroughourbackgroundknowledgeremindsUSthatitseemscounterfactualforaroadoflonghistorytotomintoariversincetheyaretotallydifferentatalllevels．Holdingthislogicintheblend，weengageinthecreativeactivitythroughmentalsimulationOilthebasisofthecounteffactualrelationtilltheemergentstructureemergesthatalthoughroleAwhichhasalonghistoryse哪stobeunchangeableandcontradictorytoroleB．itCanfinallybecomeB．Havingtheemergentmeaningintheblend，wearetomakeaconstrualoftheproverbimplicaturethateverythingischangingandbeingchangedintosomethingelseevenifwethinkitimpossibleandcounteffactuaionconditionthatwearealwayswillingtoinsistonendeavoringwhateverthedifficultiesandblockswillbe．Onlyinthisway,callwetumtheimpossibilitiesintothepossibilitiestomakeeverythingprogress．TheintegrationnetworkmodelofthisproverbislikeFigure8： 42西南大学硕士学住论文InputIFigure8：CaseofSimplexNetworkSimilarly,fortheproverb“百闻不如一见”．webuildaproverbinputof“seeingisbetterthanhearing"’。theword‘"better"’callimmediatelyactivatetheframeofComparisonwhichshouldbeartwoentitiestobecomparedbyourstoredknowledgeontheconceptof‘"better"’．Then,theFrame—Valueconnectionandcompressiontakeplace．Thecross—spacemappingconnectsseeingtoentityAandhearingtoentityB，andtheyareprojectedintotheblend．Consequently,wecomposethemintheComparisonflameas‘"entityA。seeingsomething,isbetterthanentityB，hearingsomething"’．Keepingthisinternallogicintheblend，wecaneasilydothepatterncompletionbyourdailyexperiencethatseeingisbelieving,whichcanbedevelopedintotheemergentstructurethatweshouldnotacceptanythingjustbyhearingfromsomebodyelsebutonlybyseeingitthroughourowneyes．Intheexampleof“有赚就有赔’jtheconceptsof‘Wofit"’and“loss”callarOUSetheframeofBusinessinourmindwiththerolesofbusinessman,business，andtheoutcome．ThentheBusinessflameanditsoutcome，andtheelementsofprofitandlossareproj‘ectedintotheblendwheretheoutcomeandelementsofprofitandlossareconnectedand ChapterFiveCaseStudvofChineseProverbsinFourNetworks43compressed．Compositionoftheelementsoperatestoproducethecomposedmeaningthatprofitandlossareinconcurrenceinbusinessdoings．TheencyclopedicknowledgehelpsUStocognizethattheprofitstandsforthegoodsidebutthelossforthebadside，thenthecomposedmeaningCallbecompletedinadeepwaythatdoingbusinessissuchariskythingthatnobodycallalwaysgetprofitbutalsopaytheloss．Holdingthisnewrelation，webegintOelaboratethemeaningbymentalsimulationofdoingabusinessandthespecificscenarioofprofitandloss，thenwecalldeveloptheemergentstructurethatwhateverwedo，wecangetprofitandlossatthesametimejustlikedoingabusinesssincegainingandpayingworksimultaneously．Bytheemergentstructure，wecanlearnthatthegoodandthebadarcdependingoneachotherforexistence，weshouldtreatthemcarefullyandcorrectlybeforetakingactions．Therestproverbscanbeunderstoodinthesamewayas(1)，(7)and(io)．Dealingwithsuchproverbs．whatwedoistoopenaframeinputwhichCallbeconnectedtotheproverbinput，theframeandvaluearecompresseddirectlytogeneratetheblendwherethecomposedmeaningcanbecompletedbyourstoredknowledgeandtheproverbimplicatureCanbeeasilyeduced．5．2．2CaseofMirrorNetworkTheminornetworkmakesalltheinputspacessharethesameorganizingflamethatCanprovideacertaintypologyandorganizingrelationsfortheelementsinthespaces．Oncetheinputssharethesameframe,theysharethecorrespondingstrucUn"esandareeasytomirroreachother．Examplesarelikethese：(1)种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆(2)打鱼靠网，打狼靠棒(3)爱上的猴子觉标志，看中的狗熊觉漂亮(4)大海不讥笑水滴，高山不嘲讽小石(5)在家靠父母，出外靠朋友(6)一时之胜在于力，千古之胜在于理(7)挨金似金，挨玉似玉(8)物有生死，理有存亡 44西南大学硕士学位论文(9)成群的喜鹊能斗鹿，齐心的蚂蚁能食虎(10)鱼帮水。水帮鱼(11)前怕狼，后怕虎(12)看自己一朵花，看别人豆腐渣03)低头的庄稼穗大，仰头的庄稼穗小(14)快织无好布，快纺无好纱Weexplicatethemeaningconstructionof(1)and(11)．hl“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆’：wesetuptwoproverbinputsbythetwoclauses，oneisaboutplantingthemelonandtheotherisplantingthebean．ThesemanticprocessingmakesusclearthatplanterAcanhaveamelonharvestbyplantingitfirst，socanplanterBbyplantingbean．Inbothspaces,wehavesimilarelementsliketheplanter,theseed，theplantingtool，theprocessofplanting，andtheharvest．ItiseasyforustofindthatthetwoinputsshareacommonorganizingfranleofPlanting,whichcallprovideatopologyforthespaceandasetoforganizingrelationsanaongthoseelementsineachinput．Accordingly,wecountitastheframeofthegenericspaceandallthespacescallmirroreachotherinthesensethattheysharethesameorganizingframe．Then，thecounterpartsconnectionbecomesstraight，Thecross·spacemappingconnectsthecounterpartsplanterAtoplanterB，melontobean，toolAtotoolB，harvestofmelontoharvestofbean．Afterthat，weprojectthePlantingframetoorganizetheblendsincetherearenoclashesbetweentheflamesinthevariousspaces．Besides，elementsintheinputsarepartiallyprojectedtotheblend，suchastheplanters,melonandbean,plantingprocessandharvest．Bythisselectiveprojection,wecomposethemeaningintheblendthattheplantersCallhaveagoodharvestofmelonandbean．Thecompressionofvitalrelationsislikethefollowing：IdentityandChangecompressions：thedifferentplantersAandBarecompressedandfusedintooneplanteraccordingtotheidentity．TimeandSpacecompressions：thetimeandplaceatwhichmelonandbeanareplantedmaybedifferentastheplantersdotheplantingworkseparately,buttheyarecompressedintothesametimeandplace．Cause·Effectcompression：wecarlharvestmelonandbeanbecauseoftheprevioushardplantingwork．Althoughtheworkingprocessesmaydiffer,theyarecompressedand makethecau．99·effectrelationsalient．Part-Wholecompression：theconcreteimagesofmelonandbeanCallhecompressedtostandforalltheseeds，theharvestofmelonandbeancanbeforallthefruits．Thispart-wholecompressionaccordswiththeprincipleofmetonymictighteningintheintegrationprocesstosomeextent．Therefore,themeaningcanheenrichedandelaboratedasanabstractcanse。effectlogicthatwhattheseedyouplant，whatthefruityouCangetviathecompositionoftheclashingspecificelementsineachinputwhichhasnoclashattheleveloforganizingframe．Fromtheelaboratedmeaning，wecanhaveaconstrualoftheproverbimplicaturethatwhatyougetisbasedonwhatyougivefirst．NothingCanbeachievedinvain．Wemustbeindustriousinourlifetohavetheharvest．TheprocessCanbeshowninFigure9：GenericspaceFigure9：CaseofMirrorNetwork 46西南大学硕士学住论文Likewise，intheproverb“Iii『怕狼，后怕虎”，wefirstlyestablishtwoinputsbythetwoclauses，oneisbearingthecontentthatsomeonedreadsthewolfinfront，theothercontainssomebodydreadsthetigeratback．111esemanticmeaningshowsthatsomeoneisalwaysdreadingthewolfandtigerthatmaybeinfrontoforatthebackofhim．IninputI’thereexiststheDreadingframe，andtheelementsofpersonA，wolf,andthenatureofthewolflikecrueltyandferocity,whileininputII，thereisalsotheDreadingframe，andtheelementsofpersonB，tigerandnatureofthetigerasbrutalityanddisservice．WecaneasilydetectthatthereisnoclashattheleveloftheorganizingframebetweenthetwoproverbinputssincebothofthamaresharingtheframeofDreadingsomething，whichCanprovideatopologyandasetoforganizingrelationsamongtheelementsforthespacesandorganizethegenedcspaceandblendedspace．Thecross—spacemappingconnectspersonAtopersonB，wolftotiger,andthenatureofwolftothatoftiger．Then,theframeofDreadingbeastismappedontothegeneticspace．Afterthat，theDreadingfranleandelementsliketheperson,wolfandtigerareprojectedintotheblendwherewecomposethemas‘‘apeT$onisdreadingwolfandtiger"’．Theencyclopedicknowledgeinourmemoryimmediatelymakesuscomplementthemeaningthatapersonisdreadingthewolfandtigerbecauseoftheirevilnatures．Thecompressioncarlincludethefollowing：IdentityandChangecompressions：球!rsonAandpersonBarefusedandcompressedintothesamepersonintheblend．SimilarityandCategorycompressions：thewolfandtigersharetheevilnaturessuchascrueltyandferocity,theyarecompressedintothecategoryofbeast．Cause．Effectcompression：theperson’sfrightisduetotheevilnaturesofthewolfandtiger．Becauseofthegreatharmthewolfandtigerwilldotohim．hejustkeepswhereheisanddaresnotgoahead．Part-Wholecompression：thewolfandtigerrepresentthebeast,theirevilnaturesandharmfulbehaviorsCanstandforthedangersandhazardsexistingaroundus．Bythesecompressionsofvitalrelations，wecanelaboratetheblendasanabs仃actlogicthatapersonisalwaysdreadingthedangersandhazardswhichmaydogreatharmtohim，sohejuststayswhereheisanddoesnotgoanyfurther．However,indailypractice，wecouldnotstaysomewhereforeveranddonothing，orourlifewillbestatic．The ChapterFiveCaseStudl’ofChineseProverbsmFourNe“w)rb47proverbisto西veusacautionthatwemustbebraveandactiveinourlifctoachieveourgoalswhateverthedangersmaybearoundUS．OtherproverbsofthistypeCanbeanalyzedsimilarly．Sincesuchproverbscontainonlyoneorganizingframethat咖organizeallthespaces．whatwedoistoconnectthecounterpartsintheinputsandmaketheirvitalrelationssalient，thenwecarleasilyruntheblendandinfertheproverbimplicature．5．2．3CaseofSingle-scopeNetworkThesingle-scopenetworkcontainstwoclashingorganizingframes．oneofwhichwillbedevelopedtoorganizetheblend．SuchanetworkCanbeSeenasthetypicalmetaphoricalmappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain．Examplesarelikethese：(1)做事没计划，盲人骑瞎马(2)好茶不怕细品，好事不怕细论(3)衡量轻重用秤杆，检验真理靠实践(4)花在春天，人在青年(5)黄会从矿石中练得，幸福从艰苦中取得(6)金无足赤，人无完人(7，泉水挑不干，知识学不完(8)马好不在鞍，人美不在衣(9)吃饭要细嚼慢咽，办事要调查研究(10)鸟靠翅膀，人靠智慧(11)刀在石上磨，人在世上练(12)吃肉要知饱足，说话要掌分寸(13)人不可貌相，海水不可斗量(14)物以类聚，人以群分(15)山外青山楼外楼，英雄静面有英雄(16)劈柴看纹理，讲话凭道理Theaboveproverbsbearclashingframes，oneservesasthesource，theotheristhetarget，themappingisthetypicalmetaphoricalmapping． 48西南大学硕士学位论更Take“做事没计划，盲人骑瞎马”forinstance,itiscomposedoftwoantithetieitems,theyenterourattentiontoprovideusconceptualchunks勰wereadthem．Wesetuptwoproverbinputsonthebasisofthetwoclauses．IninputI，thesemanticmeaningshowsthatthereisnoplanfortheworktobedone，ininputII，itdescribestheimagethatablindmanistidingablindhorse．Then，theorganizingframesofeachinputcallbeworkedoutbythekeywords‘"work"’and‘"tiding"’．Accordingly,onetakestheWorkingframecontainingtheelements硒theworker,thework,workingplanandresultA．theotherhastheRidingframeincludingtheelementslikeablindman，ablindhorse，tidingdirectionandresultB．Then，thescenariooftheworker’sworkingandtheblind’stidinggivesUSalivingandcompactframeforfacilitatingourunderstanding．Holdingtherespectiveorganizingframeandrelevantelementsineachproverbinput,wemapthecounterpartsbetweentheinputsdirectly,theworkerisconnectedtotheblind，theworkistotheblindhorse,theworkingplanismappedtothetidingdirectionandresultAistoresultB．Bysuchconnections，wecandetectthateachpairofcounterpartssharesomethingincommonbecausetheyserveasthevalueswhichcanbefin"thergeneralizedatahighlevel．namely,theworkerandblindcanbeabstracted鹤theagent,theworkandhorsecanbegeneralizedasthepatient，theworkingplanandridingdirectionaresummarized私theinstrument．resultAandresultBarccategorized勰theresult．Thesegeneralconceptsa∞allmappedontoanotherspace，thegenericspace．Afterward，weprojecttheelementsofthework，noplan,theblind"stidingandresultBintotheblend．Intheblend，thecomposedstructureisthattheworkbeingdonewithoutplanwillberesultBoftheblind’stiding．However,resultBisnotclearincomposition,thenthebackgroundknowledgeoffersusaconstrualofresultBforcompletingthecomposedmeaning,i．e．ablindmanwillsurelyfalloverandgetbadly-woundedbytidingablindhorseasnothingcanbeseenandnodirectioncanbegiven．11lecompressionsinthisproverbarethefollowing：IdentityandChangecompressions：theworkerandtheblindmanalefusedandcompressed。soaretheworkandhorse，theplananddirection,resultAandresultB．Similaritycompression：ithelpsustohaveadirectconceptualizationonthesimilaritybetweentheresultofworkingwithoutplanandthatofablindtidingwithoutdirection，soweCallcomposethemeaningthatworkingwithoutplanwillleadtotheresultofablindtiding． ChapterFiWCaseStzulvofChineseProverbsinFourNem,orks49Categorycompression：theworkingplanandtidingdirectionarccompressedintoahighercategoryofpreparation．Cause·Effectcompression：itmakestherelationbetweentheworkandplan，thetidinganddirectionsalient．Themeaningisthuselaboratedastheworkwillsurelybeafailurewithoutplanjustlikeablindriding．ItisveryobviousthattheRidingframeservesasthesourcetOorganizetheblendwhiletheWorkingflameisthetargetandisthefocusofunderstanding，themappingbetweentheinputsisametaphoricalmappingsincewecomparetheworker’Sworkingwithoutplantotheblind’stiding，andwecanvividlycomprehendtheproverbonthebasisofthementalimageryofablindmall’stiding．Inotherwords，thisproverbaimstOwarnustOmakeeverythingwell—preparedbeforestartingdoing,orwewillfailandhurtourselvesjustastheblind’Sfallingdownfromthehorse．AsisshowninFigure10：Input1／TargetFigure10：Ca"ofSingle-"opeNetwork 50西南大学硕士学位论文Let’Stake“人不可貌相，海水不可斗量”foranotheranalysis．Twoproverbinputsarepromptlybuiltbythetwoantitheticclauses“人不可貌相”whichoffersUStheconceptualmeaningthatapersoncannotbejudgedbyhisappearance，and“海水不可斗量”whichprovidesUStheinformationthattheseacannotbemeasuredwithabushel．Bythesesententialinformation，theframesofeachinputCanbeactivated．Intheinputof“人不可貌相”．thereexiststheJudgingframewhichincludestheelementsliketheperson,mean5ofjudging(byappearance)，andconclUSion．Similarly,intheinputof“海水不可斗量”，theMeasuringframeisactivated，whichembracestheelementsasthesea,meansofmeasuring(bybushel)，andresult．Afterwards，Ourmindbeginstodotheconnectionworkbetweenthetwoinputs．Judgingapersoncorrespondstomeasuringthesea,themeansofjudgingcorrespondstothemeansofmeasuring，theconclusionofthejudgementcorrespondstotheresultofthemeasurement．Throughthesecounterpartconnections，"wecanobservethatbothoftheframesandtheirelementsbearsomegeneralitiesatanabstractlevel，i．e．doingsomethingbycertainmeanstogetafinalresulLwhichCanbegeneralizedastheEventframethatembracestheroleslikeagent，patient,methodandresult．Obviously,thetwoinputsserveasthevaluestotherolesintheEvent疗"anle，thus，theEvent丘硼ecanbemappedontothegenericspacewhichreflectsthecomnlongroundsthetwoinputsshare．111eselectiveprojectionmakestheelementsofjudgement,appearance．andtheresultofmeasuringthesea、Ⅳimbushelprojectedintotheblendwherethecomposedmeaningemergesthatthejudgementbyappearancewillbetheresultofmeasuringtheseawithbushel．ThenthepatterncompletionenablestheresultofmeasuringtheseawitllbusheltobedefinitefortheencyclopedicknowledgeprovidesUStheinformationthatthebushelistoosmallinsizetomeasuretheboundlesssea,themeasurementbysuchmeansisridiculousandmeaningless，Inthisway,wecanunderstandtheemergentmeaningthatjudgingapa"50nbyappearanceisridiculousandmeaninglessjustlikemeasuringtheseawithbushel．Itisevidentthatthejudgementofapersoniscomparedtothemeasurementofthesea,weinheritthefranleofMeasuringtheseatoorganizetheblendwhichfunctionsastheSourceinput,whiletheJudgingframeistheTargetinputwhosemeaningcanbededucedfromtheSource．111ecompressionsincludethefollowing： Categorycompression：theappearanceandbushelinjudgingandmeasuringarecompressedintothecategoryofmeasufingmethod．Thebehaviorsofjudgingapersonandmeasuringtheseaarecompressedintothecategoryofevaluation．Similaritycompression：therespectiveresultsofjudgingapersonbyappearanceandmeasuringtheseawithbushelbearsomesimilaritiessothattheyarccomparedandcompressed．Cause·Effectcompression：theseacannotbesurveyedbybushelbecauseofitsweaksize，thepersoncannotbejudgedbyappearancebecauseofitsunilateralism．Theyarecompressedas：thesimplisticmethodcancausethewrongeffect．Holdingallthesevitalrelationsandthecomposedmeaning,wefinallydeveloptheMendthattheevaluationbytheexterioriswrong,fromwhichtheproverbimplicaturecanbeobtainedthatweshouldnotbemisledbyfalseappearancesaSgreatmindscannotbefathomed．Proverbsofthistypetypicallyinvolvethemetaphoricalmappingsfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain，wecanconstruetheproverbimplicaturebasedonthemetaphoreveniftheinputsareclashingattheleveloforganizingflame．5．2．4CaseofDouble-scopeNetworkTherearetwoprincipalinputswithclashingorganizingflamesinthedouble-scopenetwork。eachoftheframewillbepartiallyprojeetedtoorganizetheblendformeaningconstruction．Thefollowingproverbsareofthistype：(1)小溪喧哗，大海无声(2)蔗无两头甜，针无两头尖(3)要学老牛勤耕地，莫学鹦哥尽练嘴(4)糖多不甜，胶多不粘(5)射箭看靶子，弹琴看观众(6)海阔任鱼跃，天高任鸟飞(7)瓜熟蒂自落，水到渠自成(8)铁是打出来的，马是骑出来的(9)高飞之鸟死于美食，深泉之鱼死于芳饵 52西南大学硕士学位论文(10)姑娘讲绣花，秀／d‘讲文章(11)船无水难行，鸟无翅难龟(12)草无露珠不鲜，花无绿叶不艳(13)马到悬崖收缰晚，船在江心补漏迟(14)鼻子虽灵闻不着头，钢刀虽快砍不断水(15)爱叫的麻雀不长肉，咬人的狗不露齿(16)万丈高楼平地起，千年古树靠根撑‘Firstly,weexpoundon“要学老牛勤耕地，莫学鹦哥尽练嘴”．Twoproverbinputscanbeestablishedonthebasisofthetwoclauses．TheconceptofthecaRRie’sploughandtheparrot’sspeakingcBnactivatetwodifferentorganizingframes：theCattleandtheParrotframe．Theculturalknowledgemakesusknowthatthecattleishardworkingwhiletheparrotistalkingbutdoesnothing,theycallbeseenastherepresentativesofthedoerandthetalker．Accordingly,intheCattleinput，wehavetheelementsofthecattle"snaturalcharactersasindustry,hardworking，andthesymbolismofthedoer9intheParrotinput,wehavetheelementsoftheparrot"snaturalcharacterslikeidleness，mouthworkingandthesymbolofthetalker．Holdingtherespectiveorganizingframeandrelevantelementsineachproverbinpukwemapthecounterpartsbetweentheinputsimmediately．Theelementsofthenaturalcharactersofthecattleareallconnectedtothoseoftheparrot．Bysuchaconnection，wecalldetectthatalltheelementsvirtuallysharesomethingincommonsincetheysci-veasthevalueswhichcanbegeneralizedatahighleveloftherepre．ientativesofnaturalcharacters，whichcanbemappedontoanotherspace，thegeneticspace．Afterwards，wepartiallyprojectthespecificnaturalcharactersofthecattleandparrotintotheblend．Inthe“Cattle＆Parrot”blend．weprojecttheCattleandParrotframesandtheirmaincharacterslikehardworkingandmouth-workingwhichCallresultinsuccessandfailure．Theyarethencomposedintoancwavailablerelationthatcattle"shardworkmakesSUCCESSwhileparrot"smouthworkmakesfailure．ThenitisfurthercompletedbyourculturalmodelsthatadoercangainsuccessasheworkshardlikethecaRRiewhereasatalkerachievesnothingashealwaysspeaksrepeatedlyliketheparrot．Compressionsofvitalrelationsgoasfollows： ChapterFiveCaseStudvofChineseProverhI儿FourICetworks53Categorycompression：thecharacteristicsofthecattleandparrotarecompressedintotherepresentativesofnaturalcharacteristics．Changecompression：thecattleandparrotarechangedintotherepresentativesofdoerandtalker,SOaletheirnaturalcharacteristicschangedintothetypicalcharactersofthedoerandtalker．Cause—Effectcompression：therelationbetweentheearle’ShardworkandSUCCESS，betweentheparrot’Smouthworkandfailure黜compressedintotherelationbetweenthepaymentsandgains．TheblendinheritsthestrucRmefrombothinputsanddevelopsitsownorganizingframeonthebasisoftheCattleandParrotframesbyChangecompression，andthenelaboratestheemergentstructurethatthedoermakesSUCCESSandthetalkermakesnothing．Finally,weinfertheproverbimplicaturethatwemustheindustriousandtakeactionstOachievesuccess．TheprocessCanheshowninFigureII：Figurell：CaseofDouble-scopenetworkTheproverb“射箭看靶子，弹琴看观众”Canbealsounderstoodinthesamewayas 54西南大学硕士学位论文“要学老牛勤耕地，莫学鹦哥尽练嘴”．Twoproverbinputsarebuiltbasedonthetwoclauses．TheconcreteimagesofshootinganarrowandplayingthepianoCanarousetwoorganizingframes：theShootingframeandPlayingflame．Theexperientialknowledgeoftheshootingandplayingthepianomakesthetwoinputshavetheirownelements．IntheShootingframe，itcontainstheshooter,thearrow,thetarget，anddirection．InthePlayingframe，itincludestheplayer,thepiano，theaudience，andmusic．Secondly’thecross—spacemappingconnectstheshootertotheplayer，thepianotothearrow,thetargettotheaudience，andthedirectiontothemusic．Suchconnectionsenabletheappearanceofthesimilaritiessharedatahighlevelbetweenthepairsofthecounterpartsfromthetwoinputs．Theshooterandplayerserveasthevaluestotheagent，thepianoandarrowaretothepatient，thetargetandaudiencearetothetarget,andthedirectionandmusicserveasthevaluestOtheinstrument．Consequently,theseabstracttermsaremappedontothegenericspace．Thirdly,weselectivelyprojecttheelementsoftheshooterandplayer，thetarget,thedirectionandmusicintotheblend．Inthis“Shooting&Playing”blend．wetaketheelementstogethertoproduceacomposedstmetuncthattheshooterandplayermaketherightdirectionandmusicaccordingtotheirtargets，anditisfurthercompletedasncoherentrelationbyourexperientialknowledgethattheshootingdirectionisdeterminedbywherethetargetis．orthealTOWcannotbeshot；themusicshouldbechoseninthelightoftheaudience，orthemusiccannotbeappreciated．Compressionsofvitalrelationsarethefollowing：Identitycompression：theshooterandplayerarecompressedintothesamepersononthebasisofidentity．ChangeandCategorycompressions：theshootingtargetandaudiencearetotallydifferent，buttheyaretheobjectivesofshootingandplayingthepiano，theyarechangedandcompressedintothecategoryofobjective．Cause-Effectcompression：itmakestherelationsbetweentheshootingandtarget，themusicandaudienceevident．Withoutatarget，wecannotshoot，withouttheaudience，weneednotplaythemusic．Theyarecompressedintotherelationthatanobjectiveisthecauseofdoinganevent．TimeandSpacecompressions：thetimeandspaceofshootingaredifferentfrom ChapterFiveCaseStudvofChineseProverbsinFourNclwork焉55thoseofplayingthepianoastheshooterandplayermaydoatdifferenttimeandspace，buttheyarecompressedintothesametimeandspacewhichCanfacilitateourunderstanding．Theblendinheritsbotlloftheinputflamesandtheelementslikethetargetanddirection．Wecreatetheemergentstructurethatdifferentstrategiesorinstrumentsshouldbeadoptedaccordingtothedifferentobjectivesonthebasisofthecomposedmeaningintheblend．Lastly,weconstruetheproverbimplicaturethatwearerequiredtomakeaconcreteanalysisofconcreteconditionsinordertofindoutthemostappropriatewaytohandleafrai侣．TherestproverbsCanbeanalyzedinthesamemodelas“射箭看靶子，弹琴看观众”and“要学老牛勤耕地，莫学鹦哥尽练嘴”．Proverbsofthistypearethemostcomplicatedonesastheybearclashingorganizingframesandelements，andtheirmeaningscannotbedirectlyobtainedaseachproverbclausehasitsownintendedmeaning．However,whatwedowithsuchproverbsistoinheritboththeorganizingframesineachinputandintegratethemeaningsofeachproverbclauseintheblendtoinfertheproverbimplicature．5．3SummaryChineseproverbsusuallycarrygreatsignificancethroughthevividdescriptionsofnaturalphenomenainourlife．Therefore，weconstructtheproverbmeaninginanabstractlogicbytheexperientialschemastoredinourmemory．Bystudyingtheproverbsinfourcognitivenetworks，wecanrealizethattheabstractlogicinunderstandingproverbsisgraduallyformedandbecomesentrenchedviatheconnectionsbetweentheconcreteelementsandimagesprovidedbytheproverb，selectiveprojectionoftheelements，compositionandcompletionoftheelements．Wededucetheproverbimplicaturebymentalsimulationoftheconcreteimageintheproverbandthendevelopitintoallabstractstructureintheblend．JustforthefamiliaritywiththeChineseproverb，weoftenignorethiscognitiveworkoperatingautomaticallyinmeaningconstruction．Thus，thedetailedstudyCanfullyexhibitthisunconsciousmentalworkandmakeUScognizethecognitiverelationbetweenlanguageandmind． ChapterSix6．1FindingsoftheStudyConclusionAsauniversalphenomenonofhumanlanguage，theproverbhasalwaysbeennoticedbylanguageresearchersathomeandabroad．ThecognitivestudyintermsoftheconceptualblendingtheoryisanewandvaluablewaytotheChineseproverbstudyanditCandiscoverthegeneralbackstageoperationinproverbmeaningconstructionandinoureverydaymeaningconstruction．Throughthestudy,somefindingsCanbefound：Fi璐t1％ithasbeenpmvedthatthemeaningconstructionofChineseproverbsCanbeexplainedandillustratedfromthecognitiveperspectivebymeansofFauconnicr’Sconceptualblendingtheory．ThestudydoesshowtheubiquityandconstructiveforceofblendingwhichCanworkefficientlytohelp雌tofullyunderstandthecognitiveoperationinproverbmeaningconstruction．Secondl％wecanfindthatproverbsareactuallymentalspacebuilders，eachitemCansetupacorrespondinginputspace．Connectingtheelementsindifferentproverbinputstofindouttheunexpressedrelationshipsse锄stobethemajorstrategyinunderstandingproverbs．ThestudyofthebackstageoperationinproverbunderstandingCanshowthatmentalspaceisanimportantandpowerfulinstrumentwhenWedealwiththelinguisticmaterials，whichagainprovesFauconnier’S(1985)viewthatthementalspaceisthelocalstructureandmentaldomainthatcanbeelaboratedwithourthinkingandtalking,itisadynamicon·lineconceptestablishedineommunieation．Thirdly,Wecanhaveaclearpictureoftheconstructiveforceofblendingfromtwoaspectsthroughthestud％oneisthestructuremappingandselectiveprojectionoftheelementsintheinputs，theotheristhementalsimulationormentalimageryoftheconcretesituationwhichcanhelpUStoconstructanddeveloptheblend．Fourthly,metaphorandmetonymyareusuallyinterlacedinChineseproverbs．Inmost56 ChapterSirConcluston57circumstances，theproverbmeaningisfirstelaboratedfrommetonymyonthebasisofadjacencytothemostrelevantdomain，andthenthemetonymicmeaningisextendedtoanotherirrelevantconceptualdomainmetaphorically．Thedevicesofmetaphorandmetonymydogreatcontributiontotheproverbmeaning,andthecompressionofvitalrelations，whichhelpsUStocompresstheconcreterelationsintotheabstractlogic，playsanessentialroleinthewholeprocess．Fifthly,itCanbefoundthatmostChineseproverbsbelongtothesingle-scopenetworkanddouble-scopenetwork．Thecasestudycanexhibitthephenomenonofconceptualcombinationinvolvedinproverbunderstanding80astorevealtheessenceofhumanlanguageusingandcomprehension．Fromabroadersen∞．thisstudyCallprovideagoodperspectivefordiscoveringthecomplicatedcognitiverelationbetweenlanguageandmind．6．2SuggestionsforFurtherStudyThestudyCanbefurtherdevelopedfromthefollowingthreeaspects．Firstly,thecorpuscouldbeenrichedandmoreChineseproverbsCanbeanalyzedcarefullyonthebasisofthepresentanalyticalmodel．asthestudyinthisthesisonlyprovidesaroughpaaerntosomeextent．Secondly,astheChineseproverbisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets，themethodologyoftbeproverbstudyshouldbemultiple．ThecognitivestudyontheChineseproverbisinsufficienttotellthewholestory．TheperspectivesCanbeexpandedintothefieldsofpsychology,semantics，pragmatics，andontology,allofwhichCancontributetotheChineseproverbstudyandhelpUStohaveadeeperunderstandingofChineseproverbsfromdifferentlevels．Thirdly,conceptualblendingtheoryanditsconceptualintegrationnetworkcanbeappliedtoexplainotherChinesephenomenanotonlyintheaspectofmeaningconstruction，butalsootheraspectslikeword—formation，rhetoric，grammar,pragmaticpresupposition，andSOon． 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