湘乡方言谚语隐喻认知阐释 76页

学校代号：10536学号：10113021032密级：公开长沙理工大学硕士学位论文湘乡方言谚语隐喻认知阐释学位申请人姓名奎亟指导教师篚建生熬援所在学院窆I国蚤堂暄专业名称生L国语宣堂及应旦语言堂论文提交日期星Q!墨生垒旦：论文答辩日期呈Q!墨生曼旦答辩委员会主席奎延挞数援 ACognitiveStudyofMetaphorinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsByLILiB．A．(HunanUniversityofHumanities，ScienceandTechnology)2010thesis．submittedinpartialsatisfactionoftheRequirementsforthedegreeofMasterofArtsLinguistics&AppliedLinguisticsinForeignLanguageslnChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologySupervisorProfessorChenJianshengApril，2013 长沙理工大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名：彦i罚日期：沙哆年6月y日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权长沙理工大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。同时授权中国科学技术信息研究所将本论文收录到《中国学位论文全文数据库》，并通过网络向社会公众提供信息服务。本学位论文属于1、保密口，在年解密后适用本授权书。2、不保密团。(请在以上相应方框内打“4”)作者签名：鸯丽导师虢邸E日％叩6压年年广、，>¨¨¨r，舻嗲期 摘要湘乡方言是目前保存较完整、较古老的语言，属古楚语，既古老又难懂，是湘语的活化石。湘乡方言谚语短小凝练、寓意深刻、形象通俗、便于记诵传承，不仅反映了湘乡方言的特点，还记载了湘乡独特的生产生活方式、自然环境和民俗风情，承载着湘乡独特的地方文化，是人民群众生活经验和智慧的结晶，具有强大的生命力。长期以来，对湘乡方言谚语的研究大多停留在语言修辞层面，对湘乡方言谚语的认知研究很少。本文将着重从当今认知语言学框架下的隐喻认知理论的角度来对湘乡方言谚语进行新的解读。笔者首先例举总结国内外著名学者对隐喻认知所做的理论研究和理论运用研究，以及国内方言隐喻研究。在分析比较前人研究的基础上，结合湘乡方言谚语的实例进行分析。接着对湘乡方言谚语进行简述，包括语言特色下的句法结构和修辞特色分析，文化特征下的农耕文化、饮食文化和湘乡人的处世文化分析。通过湘乡方言谚语和其他地方方言谚语的对比分析，从而得出湘乡方言谚语的独特特征，为该论文的撰写提供真实语料。然后，通过对湘乡方言谚语的隐喻认知阐释，分析隐喻认知在湘乡方言谚语中体现的作用和功能。隐喻认知在湘乡方言谚语中充当了经验组织的工具，并为湘乡方言谚语的阐释提供了新视角，提高了其表达的形象性和经济性。隐喻是经验组织的工具，而经验是因时因地而异的，通过该论文的撰写，论证了隐喻在湘乡方言谚语的体现中带上一些鲜明的时代和地域性特征的烙印。大部分湘乡方言谚语是可分解的，有理据性的。通过分析文章得出结论，虽然湘乡方言谚语的理解同其他谚语的理解一样都依赖于象似性、范畴化、意象图示、完形心理等隐喻认知机制，但是对湘乡方言谚语的理解还要借助湘乡独特的自然、地理、人文和社会环境，尤其是独特的方言发音特点。只有在方言发音的帮助和理解下，读者对湘乡方言谚语所含的语义才能把握准确。关键词：湘乡；方言；谚语；隐喻 AbstractXiangxiangdialectisthebest-preserveddialectandoneoftheoldestarchaismsatpresent，whichbelongstotheancientlanguageofChuState．ItisthelivingfossilofHunanlanguagebecauseitisancientanddifficulttounderstand．Xiangxiangdialecticalproverbsareshortandconcise，meaningfulandprofound，vividandpopular,andeasytomemorizeandinherit．ItnotonlyreflectsthecharacteristicsofXiangxiangdialect，butalsorecordstheXiangxianguniqueproductiveandlivingmode，thenaturalenvironmentandthefolkculture．Itisthecrystallizationofpeople’Slifeexperienceandwisdom，whichholdsXiangxiang’Suniquelocalcultureandhasstrongvitality．Overtheyears，thestudyofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshasmostlyremainedlanguagerhetoricallevel，butthereisliRlestudytowardsthecognitiveresearchonXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Therefore，theauthordecidedtousethecognitivemetaphortheory，intheflameofcognitivelinguistics，toanalyzetheXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Firstly,itsummarizesthetheoreticalresearchesonmetaphorcognitionandtheapplicationoftheorymadebydomesticandoverseasscholars，aswellasdomesticdialectstudiesofmetaphor．Onthebasisofanalyzingandcomparingthepreviousstudies，itcombinestheexamplesofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbstodoanalysis．Secondly,itgivesabriefreviewofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，includingtheanalysisofsentencestructureandrhetoricalcharacteristicsunderthelinguisticfeatures，theagriculturalcivilization，cateringcultureandlifeskillsofculturalcharacteristics．AccordingtocontrastingXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandotherlocaldialecticalproverbs，itprovidesthepaperwithrealcorpusbyusinguniquecharacteristicsofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Atlast，accordingtothecognitivemetaphorelucidationofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，thepaperanalyzestheeffectsandthefunctionsofcognitivemetaphoronXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．AsthetoolofexperienceorganizationinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，cognitivemetaphorprovidesanewperspectivetoXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Itincreasestheexpressionoftheimagesandimprovestheefficiency oflanguage．Themetaphoristheorganizationtoolsexperience，whereasexperiencevarieswithdifferenttimeandplace．ThispaperprovesthatmetaphorinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshassomemarksagesanddistinctiveregionalcharacteristics．AgreatnumberXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshavebeengiventoprovethatproverbsareanalyzableandmotivatedbyhumancognition．Insum，althoughXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandotherdialecticalproverbsbothrelyonthecognitivemechanisms，suchasiconicity,categorization，image-schematicstructureandgestaltpsychology,thecompletionunderstandingXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsshouldrecurtoXiangxiang’Suniquenaturalandgeographicalenvironment，humanisticandsocialenvironment，especiallytheuniquecharacteristicpronunciation．Onlywithhelpandunderstandinguniquedialecticalpronunciation，canthereadergettheinternalmeaningXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsaccurately．KeyWords：Xiangxiang；Dialect；Proverb；Metaphor Contents摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯IAbstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．IIIntroduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．⋯．．⋯．．⋯⋯．．1Chapter1CurrentStudyofCognitiveMetaphor⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯··41．1ResearchesofCognitiveMetaphorAbroad⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯41．1．1TheoreticalResearchesofCognitiveMetaphorAbroad⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．51．1．2AppliedResearchesofCognitiveMetaphorAbroad⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯81．2ResearchesofCognitiveMetaphoratHome．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11I．2．1TheoreticalResearchesofCognitiveMetaphoratHome⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯121．2．2AppliedResearchesofCognitiveMetaphoratHome⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．131．2．3CognitiveMetaphorResearchesofDialectatHome⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯15Chapter2SpecificCharacteristicsofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．192．1LinguisticFeatures⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．202．1．1TheSyntaxStructureAnalysisofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs⋯．202．1．2TheRhetoricCharacteristicsofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs⋯⋯．232．2Culturalcharacteristics⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯242．2．1AgriculturalCivilizationofXiangxiang⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．252．2．2CateringCultureofXiangxiang⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯272．2．3LifeSkillsofXiangxiang’SPeople⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28Chapter3TheCognitiveMetaphorofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs．．．．．．．．．．．．．313．1TheFunctionofCognitiveMetaphorinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs⋯．323．1．1CognitiveMetaphorastheToolofExperienceOrganizationinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．333．1．2CognitiveMetaphorProvidingaNewPerspectivetoXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．363．2TheEfficiencyofCognitiveMetaphorinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs．．383．2．1IncreasingtheExpressionoftheImage⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯383．2．2ImprovingtheEfficiencyofLanguage⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．39Chapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs．．．．．．．．．424．1TheObjectiveEfivironmentalImpactonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs⋯43IV 4．1．1NaturalEnvironment⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．434．1．2GeographicalEnvironment⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．454．2SubjectiveEnvironmentInfluenceonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs．．．．．．．484．2．1DialecticalPronunciation⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．484．2．2HumanisticEnvironment⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．504．2．3SocialEnvironment⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．53Conclusion⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯．．⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．56Bibliography⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．．58Acknowledgements⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯63AppendixA(攻读学位期间发表论文目录)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．64AppendixB(中文长摘要)⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．65V IntroductionAsthedevelopmentofthelinguisticstudiesinChina，theflourishsituationappearedinthecognitivedomain．Whilestudyingcognitivelinguistics，wefindthatmetaphorhasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthecognitivelinguisticresearchinthepastfewdecades．Metaphorresearchhasalwaysbeentheconcernoftherhetoricians，butithasnotbecomeanimportanttopicincognitivescienceuntilthe1990s，what’Smore，itcombinesthecognitivelinguisticstodosomerelatedstudies．Xiangxiangdialectisthebest—preserveddialectandoneoftheoldestarchaismsatpresent，whichbelongstotheancientlanguageofChuState．ItisthelivingfossilofHunanlanguagebecauseitisancientenoughanddifficulttounderstand．Using“dialectmetaphor”asthekeywordsforfastretrieval，theauthorfindsonly28paperswhensearchingthearticlesofChinaJournalNetSubdirectory“ChineseLanguageandLiterature”from1999to2012，whichshowstherelativelybackwardstatusofdialectandmetaphorinthepastyears．WeCanmakeaconclusionthatthereislittlelinkbetweendialectandrhetoricresearchfromtheaboveinformationwecansee．Thediscussionfordialectremainsatthelevelofrhetoricforalongtimeacademically,whileitisraretoapplyingforthecognitivemetaphortheory．ThispaperelucidatestheXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandemphasizesitscognitiveandlinguisticalfunctionsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivemetaphor．InordertoprovideanewperspectiveofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，therefore，theauthordiscussedwiththesupervisoranddecidedtousethecognitivemetaphortheory,intheframeofcognitivelinguistics，toanalyzetheXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Uptonow,thematicstudiesonXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsarerelativelyrare，moststudiesonlylimitedtoastaticlevelandcoveredastaticdescriptionfromtheperspectiveofsyntacticstructuretoretrospectthesourceupstreamoftheXiangxiangproverbs．Therefore，morestudiesshouldbedonethroughitsinternalfactorstoexploreitsmetaphoricalconnotation．CognitiveLinguisticsendowsUSwith M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyscientificsupportandeffectiveresearchmethodstoexplorethedeeplawsofsemantics．WhilecombinationofHunanXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandcognitivemetaphorprovidednewresearchideasforsuchkindofstudies．Morespecifically,thecombinationofthetwoenrichthestudiesonXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandcognitivemetaphor,whichmakesuptheresearchgapsinthecognitivefieldofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．ThisstudycanpromoteabetterunderstandingofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandanexpansionoflinguistictheory．ItisthefirsttimethatcognitivemetaphorincognitivelinguisticsisusedtotheresearchofXiangxiangproverbs．Itwouldbedifficulttocollecttherelevantdatainthisfieldbutatthesametimeitalsowillbetheinnovationofthispaper．Moreover,thisarticleintendstouseinterdisciplinaryresearchmethodsandinvolveancientXiangxiangdialects，whichmightbehardtounderstandandalsohaslimitedtheoryforreference，thusthekeytoSuccessofthispaperliesinwhetheritcanmakeawonderfulorganiccombinationofthetwosubjectsanddrawaconclusionfromthecombination．AsXiangxiangdialectisthelastbranchoftheAncientChulanguage，andthevalueofthepreservationandstudyoftheXiangxiangdialectscannotbereflectedinthemoment，whileitsvalueliesingenerationsandevenafterafewhundredyears．ThispaperprovidesanewperspectiveoftheXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsresearchfromthecognitivemetaphorpoint，notonlypresentingpeople’Slivingconditionsandlanguageenvironmentatthattime，butalsoenrichingthesemanticsystem，helpingjudgethebasicvocabularyofthedialectandexploringthelocalgeographicalandculturalpsychology．Theapproachesofliteraturereview,interdisciplinaryandcombinationofdescriptionandinterpretation，corpusofinductionareappliedinthecourseofthisresearch：(1)．Byconsultingtherelatedliteraturedata，masterthecurrentconditionsofcognitivemetaphortheoryathomeandabroad．Throughacomparativeanalysisofpreviousstudies，theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofformerresearchesarerespectivelyconcludedandappliedasthetheoreticalbasisandresearchsources．(2)．Theinterdisciplinarymethodistobeused．Thethesiswillcombinethecognitivemetaphortheoryandotherlinguistictheories，andtrytoprovideanewperspectiveto2 IntroductiontheanalysisofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．(3)．Acombinationofdescriptionandinterpretationwillbeused．Thatis，duringthedescriptionofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，thecognitivemetaphorelucidationisalsotobeexplored．Themetaphoristheorganizationtoolsofexperience，andexperiencevarieswithdifferenttimeandplaces．ThispaperprovesthatmetaphorinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshassomemarksofagesanddistinctiveregionalcharacteristics．AgreatnumberofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshavebeengiventoprovethatproverbsareanalyzableandmotivatedbyhumancognition．Insum，thisthesisreviewsthatthecognitivetheorywasappliedtotheunderstandingofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Thecognitivemechanisms，suchasiconicity,categorization，image—schematicstructureandgestaltpsychology,provideanewperspectiveforXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．ThecompletionofunderstandingofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsshouldrecurtoXiangxiang’Suniquenaturalandgeographicalenvironment，humanisticandsocialenvironment，especiallytheuniquecharacteristicofpronunciation．Onlywithhelpandunderstandingofuniquedialecticalpronunciation，canthereadergettheinternalmeaningofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsaccurately．3 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologyChapter1CurrentStudyofCognitiveMetaphorThetraditionalresearchofmetaphorisrestrictedtotheunderstandingthatmetaphoronlyservesasarhetoricmethod，whichbelongstotheresearchdomainofpoetryandliterature．However,theresearchofmetaphornowadayshasbeenexpandedintothefieldsofcognitivepsychology,philosophyandpragmaticsetc．Theresearchersviewmetaphorasthetestinggroundofvarioustheoriesofmeaningandlanguageunderstandings．ApproachingmetaphorfromtheaspectofcognitionofpeopleCanbedatedbacktoShellywhoconsidersthatmetaphorisnotsomethingdecorativeoutsideoflanguagebutawayforpeopletoexperiencetheworld，tothinkandtolive．Itisthekeyofhumanlanguages．Inthepastseveraldecades，manydifferentmetaphortheoriescameintobeinginthewesternworld：Salience·-imbalanceTheory；Domains·-interactionTheory；Structure—mappingTheory；Class—inclusionTheory；Grice’SConversationalImplicationTheory；Searle’SIndirectSpeechActTheory；Davison’SNoMeaningTheory；Lakoff&Johnson’SConceptuNMetaphorTheory；SperberWilson’SRelevanceTheoryandFauconnier&Turner’SConceptualBlendingTheoryetc．1．1ResearchesofCognitiveMetaphorAbroadWiththerisingofcognitivelinguistics，thestudyofmetaphorenjoysatremendousboominthisfield．Metaphorsarenolongerregardedastheornamentalfiguresofspeech(asintraditionalstylistics)，butareunderstoodasimportantconceptualtools(UngeL2001：F40)．Itmeansthatmetaphoris“notafigureofspeech，butamodeofthought”(Forceville，2002)．Metaphoristhebasicformofhumanconceptualization，whichisoneofthemajorsourcesofmotivationfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics．ThehistoryofmetaphorgoesbacktothetimeofAristotle，andhiswritingsonmetaphorshowscognitiveviewpointessentially．4 ChapterlCurrentStudyofCognitiveMetaphor1．1．1TheoreticalResearchesofCognitiveMetaphorAbroadWhenwerefertothemetaphor，thefirstnameshouldbethoughtinthisfieldisAristotle．Andhisdefinitionofmetaphoris‘‘metaphoristhetransferenceofanamefromtheobjecttowhichithasanaturalapplication；thistransferencecantakeplacefromgenustogenus，fromspeciestogenus，fromspeciestospeciesorbyanalogy．，’(Forceville，2002)Tofindoutthesimilaritiesamongdissimilaritiesistheconditionoftransference．Andsimilarityplaysaquiteimportantroleinthistransference．Aristotleholdsthatmetaphorisacomparisonorsimilaritybetweentwoormoreobjectsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategory，andhetakesallsimilesasmetaphors，for“allsimilesbecomemetaphorswhentheexplanationiscommitted．’’Heclaimsthatthescopeofmetaphorincludesthebestimages，mostsayings，allproverbs，andsuccessfulhyperbolesasmetaphors．Asweallknow,itisalongprocessforhumantogettheunderstandingofthenatureofmetaphor．AristotleelucidatedmoreresearchesonmetaphorCandatebackearlyas2000yearsagointhewest．Heelaboratedthegeneratedandrhetoricalfeaturesofmetaphoralotinhisbook“Rhetoric’’and‘‘Poetics”．Themetaphorisdefinedas“itwillbelongtothenameoftheotherthingsusedtorefertothings”．ThisviewdatesfromthefourthcenturyB．C．AristotleinancientGreecestudiesmetaphorfromarhetoricalperspective，andhisaccountsofmetaphorconstitutethemainpartofmetaphoricalstudiesuntilthelatetwentiethcentury．Thatistosay,metaphor“consistsingivingthethinganamethatbelongstosomethingelse”．Andis“thetransferenceofanamefromtheobjecttowhichithasanaturalapplication”．Aliteralmeaningisreplacedwithacorrespondingmetaphoricalexpression，andmetaphorisarhetoricalphenomenonwhichisadeviationfromordinaryuseoflanguageconcerningthesubstitutionbetweenwords．Metaphorisawordthatbelongsinoneplacebutisusedinanother,beingonlyamatteroflanguage，andasetofextraordinaryorfigurativelinguisticexpressions．(Evans．VM．Green，2006)Aristotleseesmetaphorasthesubstitutionofoneideaforanotherindiscourse，inordertocreatenewunderstanding．(Cameron，1999)．EversinceAristotleassertedttthegreatestthingbyfaristobeamasterofmetaphor”，alotofscholarshavestudiedand5 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologywrittenaboutthefunctionandnatureofmetaphorrecently．Traditionally,metaphorwasviewedasamatteroflanguage，asasetofextraordinaryorfigurativelinguisticexpressions，whosemeaningisreducibletosomesetofliteralpropositions．Accordingtothisview,metaphorisprimarilydecorativeandornamentalinnature．(RuiqingLi，2006)Itiscalled‘‘afigureofspeech”，anditsstudywasconfinedmostlytoliteratureandrhetoric，SOthelargemajorityofthesescholarshavefocusedonmetaphorasadistinctiveuseoflanguagethathasvariousrhetoricalfunctions．Recently,however,alotofscholarshavebegundodeeperresearchesonthetopic，investigatingthepossibilitythatmetaphorisnotonlyaformofspeech，butalsomorefundamentallyaformofthought，havingbasicepistemologicalfunctions．Itshouldbecalled“afigureofthought”，whichisbasedonanever—increasingawarenessthatfigurativelanguagelaysatthecoreofcommunicationandofcognition．(Danesi，1998)Manyscholarshavebeguntostudythewaysinwhichmetaphoricalthinking，ithashelpedtoconstituteandnotmerelyreflectscientifictheoryandpractice．Theresearchofmetaphorhasbeenmadedeeperintothefieldoflinguistics．ItbecamewidelyknownwiththepublicationofMetaphorsWeLive8ybyLakoffandJohnsonin1980．Cognitivemetaphortheoryhassincebeendevelopedandelaborated．Thescopeoftraditionalrhetoricmarksmetaphorresearchbreakthroughintoanewmetaphorresearchstage．Thebookbegantodoresearchonmetaphorfromacognitiveperspective，cognitivelinguisticshasbecomethenewinterpretationofthepointofthemetaphorphenomenon．Metaphorisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenon，butalsothecognitivephenomenon，andnowithasbecometheconsensusamongscholarsofvariousdisciplines．Itexistswhenpeopleunderstandoneconceptthroughtheirunderstandingofanother,andtheessenceofmetaphorisexpressedas“understandingorexperiencingonekindofthingintermsofanother"’fLakoff&Johnson，1980：3)．CognitiveMetaphorTheoryofLakoffandJohnsonhasgeneratedasignificantimpact，itnotonlyinthefieldoflinguistics，butalsointhefieldofcognitivescienceandphilosophy．Theirmetaphorisrootedinthetheoryofhumanexperienceresearch．Itnotonlyprovidesanewperspectiveforlinguisticsandcognitivescienceresearch，butalsodeclaresthecognitiveturningofmetaphor6 竺!箜!!!!竺!!!璺!兰!!璺Z21竺竺璺里!!!!!坚!!翌!竺!——research．ItfirstproposedaconceptbyLakoffandJohnsoninthebookofMetaphorsWeLive如whichis：metaphoriseverywhere，metaphorisfillintegralpartthatweobservetheworldaswellastheconceptualsystem．Itisonekindofmesanstounderstandinganotherconceptualdomainthroughaconceptualdomain．LakoffandJohson(1980)discussedthatoneofthegreatestfeaturesofmetaphoristhatcognitivemetaphorwasinitiallyusedbypeopleunconsciouslyorcompelled．Cognitivemetaphorisatoolforbetterunderstandingtheworld．Oneconcept，whichisabstractortheoretical，iscompareddirectlytoanotherconceptthatisrealorphysicalinnature．Thisallowssomeonetomoreeasilycreateaflameofreferencebywhichtheabstractideacanbefullyunderstood．(Nida，E．A．2001．)ThePublicationofLakoff&Johnson’S(1980)influentialworkMetaphorsWeLiveBymarkedtherealbeginningofcognitivemetaphorstudy．Themainconcemofconceptualmetaphortheoryisthat“metaphorisnotjustamatteroflanguage，thatis，ofmereword；wearguethat，onthecontrary,humanthoughtprocessesarelargelymetaphorical”(Lakoff&Johnsonl980：4—6、．Andmetaphorisconceptualinnature：it"safigureofthoughtandaconceptualorcognitiveorganizationwhichisexpressedbylinguisticobjectratherthanafigureofspeech．What’Smore，metaphorisawayofthinkingandacognitivedevice．Metaphorisaprevalentphenomenonthatliesinoureverydaylanguageandstructuresofourdailylife．LakoffandJohnsonalsoholdthatmetaphorissystematicallygroundedinhumancognition，onecommonmetaphoricalconceptwillgiverisetonumerouslinguisticexpressions；differentmetaphoricalconceptsformacoherentnetworkwhichunderlinesbothourspeechandourthoughts·Therearetwodomainsinmetaphor．Oneissourcedomainandtheotheristargetdomain．Itisamappingoftheschematicstructureofthesourcedomainontothatofthetargetdomain，andmetaphoricalmappingsarenotarbitrarybutaregroundedinourbodilyexperience．Onceametaphoricalmappingissetup，itwillthenimposeitsstructureonreallifeandbemaderealindifferentways．LakoffandJhnsonholdthatlanguageissystematicallygroundedinhumancognition，thatis，languageisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceivedandconceptualized．AndLakoffputforwardthatallconceptsarestructuredonthebasisofone’Sexperience．7 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologyExperienceisaproductofinteractionofourbody(includingthesense，motororgans，intelligence，emotionsetc．)Withtheoutsideworld(includingmotions，livingthingsetc．)orinteractionsbetweenUSandphysicalenvironmentorotherpeoplewithinourculture，allofwhichconstituteourconceptualsystem．Andmostofourabstractconceptsareunderstoodthroughotherconcreteorsimpleonesbymappingthepropertiesofonedomainontoanother．(AmandaYesilbursa，2012)Cognitivelinguisticshasgainedmoreandmoreattentionovertheyearssinceitprovidesnewhorizontounderstandlanguageinrelationtohumanexperience．Thestudyofmetaphorenjoysatremendousboomwiththeriseofcognitivelinguistics．1．1．2AppliedResearchesofCognitiveMetaphorAbroadBesides，thoughtismetaphoricalinnature，andmetaphorsinlanguagearederivedfrommetaphoricalthoughts．Intheprocessofunderstanding，metaphorisusedtoactivaterelatedknowledgethatmighthelptounderstandthetopicunderdiscussion．Borrowingexistsintheuseofmetaphors，butitexistsonthelevelofthoughts(Richards，1936)．Onecharacteristicofconceptualmetaphoristhatpeopleareobligedtousethemunconsciouslyattheverybeginning．Thatistosay,duetoculturalinfluencesandthelimitmionsofcognitiveabilities，peoplechoosecertainthingstoexpresssomethingthattheycannotexpressdirectly,ortheyconsiderthatthetwothingsbelongtothesamecategory．AccordingtoBlake(1936)，metaphorconsistsoftenor(alsocalledtopic)andvehicle(alsocalledground)．Whenpeopleusemetaphor,theyputtheideasabouttwodifferententitiestogetherwhichinteractwitheachothertoproduceametaphoricalmeaning．Thetwoentitiesareplacedinarelationrepresentedbyawordoraphraseandthemeaningistheresultoftheinteractionbetweenthem．Theinteractionisactuallythecombinationofthetwoentitiesandtheresultisametaphor．Theconceptsof“tenor”，‘‘vehicle”，and“interactiontheory”areputforwardforthefirsttime．Ametaphorstartsfromthetenorandthegoalisthevehicle．ThetwopartsactivelyinfluenceeachotheLandtheresultantmetaphoricalmeaningisneitherthemeaningofthetenornorthatofthevehiclebutisacombinationofthetwo．Thescopeof8 Chapter1CurrentStudyofCognitiveMetaphormetaphoricalstudyisexpandedfromthelexicalleveltothesententiallevelasakindofsemanticphenomenon．Metaphorisnotafigureofspeech，becausethe“substitution”inmetaphordoesnotOccuronthewordorlinguisticlevel．(Kamsch，Claire，2000)Awordisnotthesubstitutionforanindependentexpression，northesubstitutionforasimileoraliteralmeaning，butitisthecombinationofconceptsandhasitsparticularfunction．MaxBlack(1962)isafollowerofRichardswhodevelopedtheinteractiontheory,themostimportantofhiscontributionistheinterpretationofametaphor．AndBlack’Sdiscoveryofthecreativeandcognitivefunctionofmetaphorsispowerful，whichmadeabetterplatformtocomprehendthingsthroughcreativesimilarityandofferedagoodchanceforpeopletobetterunderstandtheworld．(RichardP‘Honeck，1997)What’Smore，BlackhaswidenedthehorizonofunderstandingtheessenceofmetaphorsonthebasisofRichard’Stheoryandemphasizedthemeansandprocessofhowthemeaningsofmetaphorsareproduced．Heisagrandonewhocannotbeignoredinthefieldofcognitivemetaphor．IntheChinesecontext，metaphorwastraditionallystudiedinrhetoric，acommonlinguisticphenomenon，awayofexpressingmeaningsincertaincontext．Metaphorcomesthroughthedecorationandadjustmentoflanguageinordertoimproveexpressiveeffects．Scholarshavearguedthat‘‘therewasbutonedisciplineinwhichthestudyofmetaphorwascentral—rhetoric’’andthatitischieflyconcernedwithfigurativelanguage，especiallytropes(Ortony,1993)．Aliteralmeaningisreplacedwithacorrespondingmetaphoricalexpression，andmetaphorisarhetoricalphenomenonwhichisadeviationfromordinaryuseoflanguageconcerningthesubstitutionbetweenwords．Metaphorsshouldbe“madefromwordsthatarebeautifulinsound，inmeaning，orbyassociationtotheeyeorsomeothersense”．Metaphoristraditionallyviewedasamatteroflanguage，anditsmeaningisreducibletosomesetofliteralpropositions．Itisthe“hallmarkofgenius’’andbelongstothefieldofrhetoric．Metaphorsarenotusedinaccuratescientificdiscourses，butareappropriateforthepurposeofpoliticiansandpoetsbecausetheyarevague．9 Traditionalviewsofmetaphorarebasedonsimilaritybetweendifferententitieswhichaccountsforthefactthatcertainlinguisticunitsareusedmetaphoricallytoexpressacertainconcept(Kovecses，2002)．Similarityisapre-existingconcept，anddetermineswhichmetaphorisemployedtodescribetheworld．Metaphoristhecreativeuseoflanguage，mainlyoccurringinpoetryandliteraryworks．Inthistradition，metaphorisonlyamatteroflanguage，orvividexpressionwithdistinctlyliteralmeanings．Peoplesimplyuseonewordorexpressioninsteadofanotherwithoutanyinvolvementofcognitiveactivities(Kovecses，2002)．BothEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbshavealonghistoryandarewellestablishedinthisfield．WecanfindthattheearlyBritishproverb“Unionisstrength’’in600B．C．；andwasnotuntil1546proverbswerewrittendownandcompiledsystematicallyintoabook．However，justafewscholarshaddoneresearchesabroadonproverbs．Andtheworkswhichrefertoproverbsaredictionariesthatcollectingproverbs．Forexample，Scarborough，Willian’SACollectionofChineseProverbswaspublishedin1875，intheAmericanPresbyterianMissionPress，Smith，CharlesGeorgepublishedhisShakespeare§Proverblore：HisUseoftheSemanticofLeonardCulmanandPubliliusSyruin1963(HarvardUniversityPress)andTheComparativeRussian—EnglishDictionaryofRussianProverb&Sayingin1995inwhichthereare5543entries．Andtherearesomescholarswhoisstudyingproverbsjustsimplymaketranslationsofproverbsfromonelanguageintoanotherlanguage：Dali，SalvadorwhoisthewriterofAnApproachtoAmericanIdiom(1985)andTheHeartofAnotherIsaDarkForest，RussianProverb(1986)．Andsomescholarsstudyindividualproverbs，donotpayanyattentiontotheanalysisofproverbsystem，functionsandcomparisonwithotherproverbs．Forinstance，BerrnanpublishedhisProverbWit&Wisdom．"ATreasuryofProverbs，parodies，Quips，Quotes,Cliches，Catchwordin1997，PlopperpublishedChineseReligionSeenthroughtheproverbin1935，Hayes’SFolkloreandBookCulturein1997，Honeck’SAProverbinMindtheCognitiveScienceofProverbialWitandWisdom(1997)，andthereisacasestudyofMi，Wolfgang，whichis“CallaSpadeaSpadefromClassicalPhrasetoRacialSlur”：in2002． Chapter1CurrentStudyofCognitiveMetaphorConsequently,sincethe1970s，thevariousdisciplinessuchaslinguistics，philosophy,psychologyandforeignlanguageteachingscholarsmademultiplelevelsofcross—disciplinaryresearchesfromdifferentangles．Theapplicationofmetaphortheoryisthenecessityofthestudyofmetaphor．Metaphortheorynotonlypromotesthestudyoflinguistictheory,butalsopromotestranslation，literatureandlanguageteachingresearchesfromnewperspectives．Overall，themetaphoricalapplicationofthetheoryisstilltobeexplored，especiallyincombinationwiththedialect．KathleenE．Dusenbery(2012)，inthedissertationof7amthePageofWord’HowCognitivePoeticsRevealsMetaphor≥TransformativePowerarguesthatcognitivepoeticsrevealsmetaphor’Stransformativepowerintheanalysisofliterature，intheteachingofwriting，andinthecreativewritingoftheauthor．Thedissertationmakesthisargumentbyemployingthreemajorstrategiesfromthisfield：genreasprototype，cognitivegrammar,andtheinfluenceofmetaphorandmetonymy．Thesethreeapproachesareappliedtospecificexamplesofliterature，intermsofcoursedesignandpedagogy,andintheauthor’Sowncreativewritingtoexhibithowtheanalysisofmetaphorchangesthehumanmind．Thedissertationincorporatesrecentresearchonintrospection，whichinthelasttwentyyearshasseenmuchgrowthinthefieldduetotheincreaseintheuseofbrainscanstoprovideevidencetocognitivepsychologistsandcognitivelinguists．Theactofintrospectionisthekeytothefieldofcognitivepoetics，whichstemsfromancientphilosophy,nineteenthcenturyEuropeanphilology,andtwentiethcenturypsychologyandlinguistics．1．2ResearchesofCognitiveMetaphoratHomeManyscholarsinChinahaveresearchesandelaborationsonmetaphorfromacognitivepointofviewsincethepublishingofMetaphorsWeLive缈，byAmericanscholarLakoffandJohnson．Asahottopicinthecognitivelanguage，Metaphorwasdomesticallyreviewedsystematicalinrecentyears．Today,peopleathomeandabroadcommencealotofresearchesonmetaphor,thedomesticpapershavereachedseveralhundredsinrecentyears．Thetraditionaltheoryofmetaphorisonlylimitedtothe 塑：垒：：!里型!竺!壁塑墨!堕坐堡!竖堕竺!!!堡坠堡垒里!!竺!竺型metaphorofthephenomenonitself．Ithasnotputmetaphoronhumancognition，thinkingandcommunicativeactivitiesforinvestigation，SOitcan’tfullyexplainthemechanismandtheessentialproblemofmetaphor，Itisrareforresearchestolinkcognitivemetaphoranddialect．Cognitivetheoryofmetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon，butabasic，generalawarenessofhumanunderstandingoftheworld．ItCanbeusedtoexplainpeople’Sconceptoftheformationprocessofthinking，cognitivedevelopmentandbehavior．1．2．1TheoreticalResearchesofCognitiveMetaphoratHomeUPtonow,proverbs，asanimportantlinguisticandculturalphenomenon，haveattractedtheattentionofmanyscholarsbothinChinaandwesterncountries．Scholarsmainlyfocusonthestudyofproverbsfromtheperspectiveofcollection，translation，rhetoric，culture，andcontrastivestudybetweenEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs．HuZhuanglin(2005)，thebookofCognitiveMetaphor,"ShuDinging(2000)，thebookofStudyofMetaphor；ZhaoYanfang(2001)，thebookofAnIntroductionofCognitiveLinguistics,allofthesebookscomprehensivelyexpoundthegeneralsituationofthestudyofmetaphorandintroduceallkindsofmetaphortheory．Theyshowthatthestudyofmetaphoricalphenomenonofourcountryandthelevelofresearchesaregraduallyimproving．What’Smore，LinShuwu，asthefirstdomesticscholarofforeignmetaphortheory,inlinguisticalinstituteofChineseacademyofsocialsciences，publishedaseriesofbooks．Inhisbooks，hedescribesthecreatedsimilarmetaphortheoryandtheinteractionconceptofcognitive．Healsodescribestheapplicationofmetaphortheoryinthecross—culturalstudy,thepresentsituationofmetaphorstudy,andfuturedevelopmenttrends．ChenJiansheng(2008)elaboratedthatthemetaphorisnotonlyoneofthemostcommonrhetoricalwayinhisgreatworksofAnIntroductionofCognitiveVocabulary，butalsooneofthebasictypesofhumanlanguage．Sincethe1970s，thebirthofcognitivelinguistics，peoplehaveanewperspectiveofmetaphorintherhetoric，and Chapter1CurrentStudyofCognitiveMetaphorstudyavarietyofwaysfromtheperspectiveofcognitivescience．Hebelievesthatthemetaphorisnotjustarhetoricaldevice，butanimportantwayofthinking．ZhaoYanfang(2001)，inthebookofAnIntroductionofCognitiveLinguistics，elaboratedthatthemetaphoricaluseofaconcepttoexpressanotherconceptofthelinkagesbetweenthetwoconcepts．Thisassociationistheassociationofobjectivethingsinthefieldofhumancognition．PengZengan(2011)producedanewideainhisgreatworksofTheNewPerspectiveofMetaphorStudy．Cognitivemetaphorisatoolofbetterunderstandingtheworld．Oneconcept，whichisabstractortheoretical，iscompareddirectlytoanotherconceptthatisrealorphysicalinnature．1．2．2AppliedResearchesofCognitiveMetaphoratHomeForinstance，ChenMinghua(2007)collectsEnglishproverbsinhisACollectionofEnglishProverbs，thereare1600Englishproverbsincludedandalltheproverbsareclassifiedinto17categories，suchasbehaviorandattitude，friendship，menandwomen，goodnessandbeauty，etc．InASurveyofEnglishProverbs，ZengZili(1983)studiesEnglishproverbsfromacomprehensiveaspect，hedefinesEnglishproverb，analyzesitscharacteristicsanddiscussesitstranslation．AndtherearesomescholarswhostudyEnglishproverbswithintheframeworkofcontrastivestudyandtranslation，forexample，ZhouYuliangf2001)，LiQijiu(2002)，KouFuming(2007)，andSOon．TheydothecomparisonofEnglishandChineseproverbs，andfindoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwokindsofproverbs．Therearesomescholarswhoputforwardstrategiesforproverbtranslation，andtheydiscussproverbtranslationmainlyfromlinguisticperspective．SuchasZengZili(1982：18)，mainlyfocusontheproblemsthatexistinproverbtranslation，thecorrectunderstandingandthenationalflavors．YanHongen(1985：20)，hismajorconcemisthattentranslationmethodsthathavetightconnectionwithliteraltranslation，freetranslationandloantranslation．YiLili(2010)pointsoutthefeaturesofEnglishproverbsandsuggestssomemethodsofthetranslationofEnglishproverbs．OnthetranslationofEnglishproverbs，PengXiaohong(2012)emphasizesthatkeepingthenationalflavorisof M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologymuchimportanceinthetranslationofEnglishproverbs．ZhangYuhong(2011)pointsoutproverbsarecharacterizedbylonghistory,widerangeofsources，sweetmelodies，richimages，expressivenessandthought—provokingideas，anddiscussessomeofthewayswhichCanbeadoptedforthetranslationofproverbs．Therearesomescholarswhostudyproverbsfromtheperspectiveofculture．Forexample，inthisarticle缈Comparison,toLookCulturalDiscrepanciesBetweenEnglishandChineseProverbs，CaiLiping(2001)mainlyfocusesonproverb’Srelationshipwithculture，andproposesthatculturalperspectiveisagoodwayforbetterunderstandingtheconnotativemeaningofproverbs．HeXuzhi(2011)maintainsthatproverbshaveimportantculturalvalues，whichhelpUStounderstandthecultureofanationinthepaperOntheCultureValueofEnglishProverbs．LiCaige(2002)andZhangHuaming(2002)statethatculturalpattemsintermsofEnglishandChineseproverbscanreflecttheorientationofanationonworldview，value，assumption，etc．Withthedevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics，therearesomescholarsthathavetriedtostudyproverbsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics．HuangYulan(2003)studiesproverbsthatconcerningcognitivelinguisticperspective，whichcanbeseeninmetaphorsinLoveand乃聊PProverbsinEnglishandChinese-AComparativeStudy，whichwasconcentratingonthemetaphoricalaspectsofproverbs．YuQiu(2012)，shestudiesEnglishproverbsfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguisticsinacomprehensiveperspectiveofproverbunderstanding．ZhaoJie(2010)studiesEnglishproverbsfromtheaspectofcognition．BasedontheempiricalstudyofEnglishproverbs，hefindsoutthattheunderstandingofproverbisanautomaticprocessandcognitivepoweristhekeytounderstandingproverbsacrosscultures．ShuDingfanghaspublishedmanybooksandessaysaboutmetaphorsfromthecognitiveaspects．Basedontheviewsofmanyfamouswestemlinguistsandresearchers，Shu(1998)putsforwardthatthemetaphorisbasicallyacognitivephenomenon．Hediscussesthemajortypesandcharacteristicsofmetaphors，usingmanyEnglishandChineseexpressionsasexamples，andhealsoconcludesmanysemanticfeaturesofmetaphors．Whenunderstandingametaphor,Shu(2000)thinks ——竺!塑!!!!竺竺竺坐兰塑堂堂竺旦婴尘鲨坚!!塑!竺thattherearetwosteps：therecognitionofthemetaphorandtheconclusionofmetaphoricalmeaning．Inthisprocessthecontextplaysanimportantrole．Asatoolforhumancognition，themetaphorhasmanycognitivefunctionsaccordingtoShu(2001)：ametaphoristhebasisforhumanbeingstoorganizetheirconceptualsystems，thetooltoformtheexperience，thenewangletounderstandthings，andthemethodtoreason．0nthebasisofRichard’SandBlack’SinteractiontheoryandLakoffandJohnson’Smappingtheory，Shu(2002)explainstheworkingmechanismofametaphor．Ametaphorinvolvestwoconceptsintwodifferentdomains。andthemetaphoricalmeaningoccursastheresultoftheinteractionofthetwoconcepts．Theinteractionworksinthemannerofmapping．Theconceptorstructureinonedomainismappedontotheotherone，andanewconceptorstructureisformedasthemetaphoricalmeaning．HuZhuanglinmakesmanygreatcontributionstothestudyofmetaphorsfromcognitiveaspects，whoisanotherprominentfigureintheresearchofcognitivemetaphors．Hu(1996)introducessomemajorformsofthegrammarmetaphor．Heconcludesthatthereisatleastonedomainrelatingtogrammarinthesourcedomainandthetargetdomainofthegrammarmetaphor,andthatthecomparisonbetweenthesourcedomainandthetargetdomaincanbebuiltuponakindofgrammaticalrelationshipratherthanonlyaconcretething．Hu(1998)alsodiscussesmetaphorsfromthepragmaticaspect，becausethesatisfactoryexplanationofmetaphorunderstandingcannotbedrawnonlyfromtheliteralmeaningofwords．Contextisasignificantfactorinunderstandingmetaphoricalmeaning．Besidesthestudyofthegrammarmetaphorandmetaphorsinpragmatics，Hu(2000)thinksthatametaphorcanalsobeanobjectinstylistics，foritisanimportantwaytoconstructdifferentstyles·Metaphorsenjoythefeatureofinnovationwhenpeopleareexpressingtheirexperience．1．2．3CognitiveMetaphorResearchesofDialectatHomeXiaoJianhua(2007)，inthepaperofMetaphorInterpretationofthedialect M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologytwisters,elaboratedthatthedialecttwister’Sformationwasbasedonourcognitivemechanisms．Asacognitivemechanism，metaphorprovidesthemotivationfortheformationoftwisters．HetakesXinzhoudialectasexampleinhisarticle，involvingtherhetoricandcognitivefunctionsofmetaphorinthedialectoftwisters．Thispaperpresentsthatpartoftheproverbandtwisterscanbeseenastypicalofextendedmetaphor．LiShuzhen(2007)，inthepaperofShanxidialectfour-charactergridofsemanticfeaturesandcognitiveresearch，talkedabouttheconstitutesandsemanticfeaturesofShanxidialectfour—charactergrid，theanalysisoftheinternaldifferencesoftheShanxidialectfour-charactergrid．Ithasmadepreliminarystudyoflanguagephenomenonfromacognitivepointofview．What’Smore,theShanxidialectfour—charactergridhasthecharacteristicof‘‘descriptiveimage’’and“derogatory”．Cognitionembodiesthe“allthings’’and“peopleareallthings．’’themetaphorofcognitiveprocessoftheformationoffour—charactergridalsoplayedaveryimportantrole．WangXuekai(2007)，proposeaviewpointonM。A．thesisofShandongproverblinguisticcharacteristicsandculturalconnotations．Proverb，asoneoftheimportantcorpusinlinguisticsresearch，isasayingsofaChineselanguagesystem．Itbelongstothescopeoflexicology，whichisrelativelystableunitofspeechworks．Itappearsintheformofthesentenceandequivalentofawordonthenatureandfunction，however,itiSnottheword．XiangZhimin(2010)，inthepaperofCognitiveInterpretationoftheMetaphoroftheSichuanDialectTwisters，proposedtheusingofadialectareaorspeciallanguagecommunicationenvironmentcanreachaspecialsenseofidentity．Itplayedtheroleofa“statussymbol”．XiaoMoyanpublishedthethesisofStudytheMetaphorinMinnanDialectinZhangzhounormalcollegejournalsin2010．Thisisararethesisindomesticstudy,whichlinkedthedialectwithmetaphor．Shementionedthattherearefewpeoplewhostudieddialectthatcombinedwithrhetoric．TherearemanydifferencesbetweenMinnandialectandmandarinwords：Thesamemeaningofaword，whichdidnot 竺!塑!!!!￡竺!堕坐兰!竺!!竺!曼竺墨旦!!!!!竺!!皇旦!竺!causeasimilarassociationinmandarin，butindialectthereis．ThereisakindofreminiscenceinMandarinbutthereisanotheroneindialects．ThesimilarassociationofmetaphorprovesthedifferencesalthoughtheyaretothesamedegreebetweenMandarinandtheMinnanDialect．ShethinksthemetaphoricalstudyofMinnanDialectmakescontributiontorichlexicalsystem，helptojudgethebasicvocabulary,andexcavatethelocaldialectoftheregionalculturalmentality．WuChunbo，LiuYun(2011)，inthepaperofThenrslExplorationofHunanXiangxiangDialecticalSaying，elaboratedthatXiangxiangproverbstopicwasrelativelyrareandwasrestrictedtothestaticlevel，mainlyfromtheperspectiveofsyntacticstructuretorecoverthesourceupstreamofthestaticdescription．LiLiying，ZengFang(2011)，inthepaperofAnalysisoftheSyntacticStructureoftheHunanXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs，elaboratedthatHunanXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshasavarietyofsyntacticstructures，singlesentenceandcomplexsentence．Single’sentenceproverbhasmainverbsentencesandnon．predicatesentence，ageneralcomplexsentenceproverbhascomplexsentenceproverbs．YangMum，introducedallkindsofexpressionsofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsintheworksofTasteXiangxiangWords．ForXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，understandingofthedevelopmentcannotonlybeattributedtothesocial，historicalandothersurfacefactors，itsmeaningshouldbeexploredfrominternalfactors．CognitivelinguisticsexploredthescientifictheoryandeffectiveresearchmethodsforUS，whichcanhelpUStoexplorethedeeplawsofsemantics．Accordingtotherelevantstatisticaldataanalysis，wefoundaclearupwardtrendfromthetrendoftheresearch，especiallythedomesticmetaphorresearch；Fromtheresearchpointofview,thedomesticresearchfocusesontwoaspectsoftheintroductionofforeignresearchandmetaphortheory；Fromtheresearchpointofview,90％ofthedomesticresearchfromthecognitiveperspective，cognitivesciencehasbecomethemainperspectiveofmetaphorresearch．AndmetaphorresearchhasbeenextendedtootherlanguagesbysingleEnglish．Therefore，themetaphoricalstudyinChinahasjuststarted，themetaphorintermsofbreadthanddepthhasmuchroomfordevelopment． Proverbisamirrorofculturalpattemandtheessenceofalanguage．Proverbs，astheproductofhumanwisdom，accumulatenationalpracticalexperienceandglitteringgemsoftheculturaltreasurehouseintheworld，andformanimportantpartoflanguageandculture．Asanimportantpartoflinguisticandculturalphenomenon，proverbshavealwaysattractedmanyscholars’attentionbothathomeandabroad．BasedontheConceptualMetaphorTheoryofLakoffandJohnson，theauthormakesacognitivemetaphorelucidationofHunanXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Proverbisnotonlythecrystallizationofhumanwisdom，butalsonationalculturalheritage．Scholarshavealsofoundthatmanyproverbsaremetaphorical．Peoplecanstudyproverbsfromtheperspectiveofmetaphor．Manyscholarshavedoneresearchesfromtheperspectiveoftraditionallinguistics，whichincludesproverb’Sorigins，proverb’Sculturalfactors，proverb’StranslationandcontrastivestudiesofEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs，etc．Somescholarshavedoneresearchfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics，andputforwardsomeviewsandapproachesonproverbs，butfewofthemhaveeverrevealedthecognitivemechanismofunderstandingproverbs．Therefore，basedontheConceptualMetaphorTheoryofLakoffandJohnson，thispaperdetailedanalysisofcognitivemetaphoronHunanXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs． Chapter2SpecificCharacteristicsofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsChineseidiomsarecategorizedintomoresophisticatedtypes．Forinstance，inAChinese—EnglishDictionary,RevisedEdition(1997)，Chineseidiomsconsistofthreemajortypes：proverb，folkadageandtwo—partallegoricalsaying．However,itisdifficulttodistinguishproverbfromfolkadagebecausetheysharesomecommonfeatures，whicharousestheattentionofscholarsandexpertsinthisfield．Proverbsplayimportantrolesinpeople’Sdailylifeandtheiruseoflanguage．ScholarsfoundthatproverbsandfolkadagearebothcategoryofChineseidioms，theyarepopularsayings，whichcomefromandspreadamongtheordinarypeopleandoftencontainsometruth，counselorwarnings．WangYingchuan(1981)putforwardthatbothproverbandfolkadagearecreated，polishedandenrichedbytheordinarymassesaswellasspreadandpopularizedbywordofmouth．Andbothofthemreffecttheprofoundwisdomandknowledgeofthecommonpeopleinhighlycondensedform．What’Smore，theyarevivid，forceful．Proverbsexpresssomecompleteideaorthought，oftencontainingsententious，warningorinstructivemeaning。ProverbisoneofidiomsinChinese，whicharepopularfolksayingsinfixedformandcolloquialinlanguage．Proverbsareidiomaticexpressionswhichconveywisdom，counselorwarningsinastraightforwardway．Theyarewidespreadpopularamongthecommonpeople．Proverbswhicharecomposeofacoupledclausewillformrhymeandparallelism，theyareinstructive，philosophic，informativeandinspiring，whichusuallyusedasindependentsentences．ZhuGuangqian，afamousChineseesthetician，literaturetheorist，andtranslator,putsforward：proverbsaretheconclusionsoflivingandworkingexperiencedrawnbypeople．Theyareakindofsimpleandmeaningful“ready—madewords”spreadingfrommouthtomouth． M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technology2．1LinguisticFeaturesTheXiangxiangdialectisdifficultforpeopletounderstand，ithasremarkablefeaturesonsyntaxstructureandculturalcharacteristics．Proverbs，althoughwithoutcertaindefinition，havebeenwidelyacceptedtobemetaphoricalbymanyscholarsandresearchers．Proverbsplayimportantrolesinpeople’Sdailylifeandtheiruseoflanguage．BothinEnglishandChineseculturesproverbsenjoygreatattention．However，linguistshavenotpaidenoughattentiontoproverbstudies．Xiangxiangdialectisoneofthebest—preserveddialectsandoneoftheoldestarchaismsatpresent，whichbelongstotheancientlanguageofChuState．ItisthelivingfossilofHunanlanguageanditisdifficulttounderstand．SoIusesomePinyintoexpressalloftheXiangxiangdialecticalproversinthispaper．2．1．1TheSyntaxStructureAnalysisofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsThesyntaxstructureofXiangxiangdia．1ecticalproverbspresentscomplicatedcharacteristics．Ithasbothsinglesentenceproverbandcomplexsentenceproverb．Accordingtothecompositionofsentencestructure，Xiangxiangdialecticalproverbscanbedividedintosubject-·predicatesentenceandnonsubject·-predicatesentence．Thenumberofnonsubject—predicatesentencepatternsisfewandthemainnumberisthesubject-predicatesentenceproverb．(1)Erduogengzinenruande．耳朵梗子嫩软的。(2)Yaoziyeyaojiesanjialingshe．鹞子也要结三家邻舍。Example(1)foradjectivepredicatesentences，thesentenceisusedtosatirizethepeoplewhoareeasytochangeone’Smind．“ruan”isaadverbofdegree，usedtomodify“soft"’．Example(2)isverbpredicatesentence．Ittellspeoplehowtodealwiththerelationshipwithothers．(3)凡6“gfdex沱niushi．扶不起的泻牛屎。(4)Shaogehuzigongcai．少个胡子共菜。Example(3)isanounnonsubject—predicatesentence，itisusedtocriticizethosepeoplewhodon’tworkhard．Example(4)isaverbalnonsubject-predicatesentence，whichreferstolackingofanimportantrolewhenitisneeded．20 Theformofproverbissmallwhilethemeaningisrich，complexsentencejustcansatisfythischaracteristicofproverbs，complexsentenceisthemainsentencesofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，thispaperputsthegeneralcomplexsentence，multiplecomplexsentence，constrictivecomplexsentenceasthreekindsofcasestodiscuss．Thereareallkindsoflogicalsemanticrelationsinrelativeclausesofsentences．Accordingtotheserelations，thispapermainlydiscussedthefollowingcategoriesofgeneralsentenceinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Parallelrelationshipofsentencerespectivelydescribesrelatedseveralthingsorthesamethingsofseveralaspectsbeforeorafterclauses，itsrelationshipbetweenclausesisparallelorcontrast．Forexample：(5)Sanshiyelidehuo，yuanxiaoyelidedeng．三十夜里的火，元宵夜里的灯。(6)Youyantongxian，wuyantongdan．有盐同咸，无盐同淡。(7)Qinliaoqin，ZUliaoz“．亲料亲，族料族。clausesinexample(5)haveparallelrelationship，itdescribesakindofcustoms，theeveofthelunarnewyearwanttofire，thenightofthe15thofthefirstlunarmonthshouldlitlight．Thenthenextyearwillbebetter．Althoughexample(6)hasnotusedassociatedwords，onlyusethe“do—notdo”，“have-nothave’’semanticinstead，relativewordsCanbejudgedasbeforeandafterclausestoliftrelationship．clausesbetweenexample(7)haveparallelrelationship，emphasizingthethingbetweenrelativesandthefamilyshouldnotmixtogether,weshoulddistinguishitclearly：Choosingsentencesaredividedintopendingselectionandfixedselection，Xiangxiangdialecticalproverbsofchoicesentenceproverbisafixedchoosingtype，namelyclauseswerelistedbyseveraloptions．Itselectsoneanddropsanother,whichmadethemeaningclear．Forexample：(8)Ningkeqionggajiawu,bukemugazainv．宁可穷嘎家务，不可木嘎崽女。(9)J／nkuyinku,buruzijidecaoku．金窟银窟，不如自己的草窟。Allthetwoexamplesarefixedchoicesentences．Thetoneofexample(8)isfirmandtherelatedwords“wouldrather．⋯⋯shallnot⋯⋯’’showedXiangxiangpeoplepay’1 塑：垒：!箜堕堕竺!婴呈!堕望璺坐!型堕坚塑堕翌!!丝旦!!塑12型moreattentiontothecharacteristicsofchildren’Seducation．Thetoneofexample(9)iseuphemismandtheuseofrelatedwordsare‘‘notas”，theothermeaningofsentenceis”eastorwest，homeisbest”．Assumethattheforwardsentenceonclausesbringsthehypothesis，thesubsequentclauseintroducesaresultfromtheassumption，therearealargenumberofhypothesiscompoundsentencesinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Forexample：(10)Yaozhuanchushengqian,yaotongchushengmian．要赚畜牲钱，要同畜牲眠。TherearesomerelatedwordsinhypothesiscompoundsentenceofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Suchasexample(1O)ofthe“to⋯，．．⋯”，theformerclause“to”means“ifyouwantto”．thesubsequent‘‘to’’generalmeans“will”．Multiplesentencehastwoormorethantwolevelsofthestructureofthesentence．ThereareplentyofmultiplesentencesinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Forexample：(11)Zaixiangniang,wagaiqiang；zaixiangye,maofanchi．崽像娘，瓦盖墙；崽像爷，有饭吃。(12)Chongyangyouyukanshisan，chongyangwuyukanshisan?shisailyouyuyidongyu,shisanWllyuhandonggan．重阳有雨看十三，重阳无雨看十三；十三有雨一冬雨，十三无雨旱冬干。Example(11)，thefirstandthesecondclauseconstitutethesecondfloor,thethirdandthefourthclauseforthesecondfloor,theyarehypothesisrelations，itisanoldsaying：ifthesonlookslikemom，hewillhaveambition；ifhelookslikedad，hewillbepoortodeath．Example(12)，theformerandthesubsequenceclausesareparallelrelationship，thissayingtellspeoplewecanjudgethisyear’SwinterclimateconditionsfromthelunarSeptember13th．Fromtheaboveanalysis，wecanseethatwiththeinfluenceofnatureitself,XiangxiangdialecticalproverbspresentUSarichandcolorfulcharacteristicsaswellascomplicatedsyntaxstructures．Ingeneral，lesssinglesentence，morecomplexsentences；lessmultiplesentence，moregeneralsentenceandsqueezesentence。22 2．1．2TheRhetoricCharacteristicsofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsDialecticalproverbsplayanimportantpartinChinesevocabulary,whichisallimportantkindoflanguageform．Itisafixedstatementthatitis!ransmittedinpeopleorally．Itcombinesthecommonpeople’Ssimplewisdom，usingsimplepopularwordstoreflecttheprofoundtruth．ThemajorsentencestructureinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsisdoublesentence．Mostofthemhavebrightrhythmandharmoniousrhyme．Therearealsosomemulti．sentencesinit，mostoftherhymesaretheendingrhyme．Forexample：(131Youyubuchixia，maoyuyeyaocha．有鱼不吃虾，有鱼也要叉。Example(13)hastheendingrhyme．Itusedtheword“fish”torepeatinthissentence．What’Smore，ProperlyrepeateduseofindividualwordsCangivesapersonagoodfeelingwithcharacterpronunciation，avividcadenceandwell—balancedforms．RhetoricspeechisthefixedformatorspecificmodethatpeopleCanimprovetheexpressingeffectoflanguageandthelong—termofthelanguagecommunicationactivities．Xiangxiangdialecticalproverbsusedparable，pun，exaggerationandfiguresofspeechtomakethelanguageimplicithumorandmeaningful．Parable，accordingtopsychologicalassociation，seizethedifferentthingsofsimilaritybetweenpoints，usingBtoportrayA．ItCanbedividedintodifferentformsofsimile，metaphor,andmetonymy．MetaphorisacommonfiguresofspeechinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Forexample：(14)Renqingshibaju,youlaijiuyouqu．人情是把锯，有来就有去。(15)Daodunshishangmo，renchunshishangxue．刀钝石上磨，人蠢世上学。Example(14)andexample(15)aremetaphor．Example(14)selectsthe“peoplerelationshipiscomeandgo”and“sawtoeachside”assimilarity；Example(15)uses“astupidmailcanlearnfromsociety”fortheontology,“abluntknifemaybesharpenedonastone”forthemetaphors，andexplainstheimportanceofannealinginthefuture．Exaggerationisakindoffiguresofspeechthatithighlightsimagethingsdeliberately．Exaggerationpsychologicaltendencyisawidespreadsocialphenomenon，exaggerationCanexpressthespeakerforthingsorcharacterswithvividemotional M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyattitude，whichisbeneficialtohighlightitsnatureandcharacteristics，thusitiseasytocausetheresonanceofthehearer．Allinall，peopleusedtheexaggerationtoachievecommunicativepurpose．Forexample：(16)Shuyezidiaoxialaidaponaoke，下来打破脑壳，走路都怕踩死蚂蚁子。ZOUludoupacaisimayizt树叶子掉Example(16)describesatimidpersonvividly．Heisafraidtodoanything．Pungeneralusethevoiceorsemanticconditionstospeakonethingfortheotherthing．TherearesomeproverbsinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，whichusethepuntoexpressthemeaningvividandlively．Forexample：(17)WaipoWbllixingjiang．外婆屋里姓蒋。Example(17)usesXinagxiangdialect“familyname”and“believe”，“Jiang”and“award”homophonic，satirizethepeoplewhoalwaysliketohearbutterimplicitly,dialectword“house’’isthemeaningof“home”．Aboveall，HunanXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshaverichcontentandexquisiterhetoricrules，itpaysmoreattentiontowordchoiceconcretization，usingavarietyofrhetoricalformat，withastronglocalbreathandsendoutauniquelanguagecharm．Dialecticalproverbsreadsmoothlyandhavebrightrhythm．Itiseasytobelearnedbyheartandfullofartisticappeal．Theuseofrhyme，dialecticalfunctionandthecollocationofsyllablesinXinagxiangdialecticalproverbsareimportantmeanstoreflectthebeautyoflanguage．Rhyme，itisregularlyandalternatelyusedthesameorsimilarsyllabletocirclereciprocating，whichwillincreasethelanguagerhythmandthebeautyofmusictomakeworkharmoniousandunified．2．2CulturalcharacteristicsCultureisdefinedsuccinctlyasthetotalityofbeliefsandpracticesofasociety；nothingisofgreaterstrategicimportancethanthelanguagethroughwhichitsbeliefsareexpressedandtransmittedandbywhichmostinteractionofitsmemberstakesplace．(Nida，1991)Since“nolanguagecanexistunlessitissteppedinthecontextofculturewhichdoesnothaveatitscenter,thestructureofthenaturallanguage’’24 ～——一堡垒竺!!!!璺旦!坐!!竺!竺竺!型堑竺竺!茎堕旦坠!塑墨旦!垒!!垡!兰!!竺!!尘!(Uspensky，1978)，themetaphoricalaccountmustbeinconjunctionwithothersocio。culturalfactors．Metaphorizationmearlsunderstandingonethingbymeansofanotherthingoranotherexperience．Evenpeoplewhobelongtothesameculturalbackgroundwillthinkabouttimedifferently．Forexample：Somesay：‘‘Timeisalongriver”，somesay：“Timeismoney”andothersmaysay：“Timeisaslowlymovingsnail．’’Thereasonwhytimeintheexpressionsoftimeproverbsisexpressedlikethatisculturallyandindividuallydefined．Dialectisoneofessentialmeansthatthepeopleofacertainareacontactcommonproductionactivities，livingthingsandexpresspersonalthinkingfeelings．Cultureisatotalofmaterialcultureandspiritualculturecreatedbyhumaninthehistoricaldevelopmentprocessandissymbolsystemofguidingpeopleactivities．Dialectitselfisakindofculturephenomenon，butisalsothecarrierofmanyotherculturalphenomenons．Dialectproverbisanimportantpartofdialectvocabulary,whichistheknowledgeofspokenEnglishandstructurerelativefixedproverbcreatedbythelocallaborpeople．Dialecticalproverbswithpopularunderstandability,stylesimplicity,canreflectthedialectofvariousculturalcharacteristicsfromallaspectsoflire．2．2．1AgriculturalCivilizationofXiangxiangisacounty—levelcity,belongstotheXiangtancity,Itisverysuitableforthedevelopmentofagriculturalproductionandithasrichresourcesandfertileland．Thisisanancientagriculturalcity,accordingtosomeculturalrelicsandunearthedculturalrelics，itconfirmedthattherewereancestorsengagedinprimitiveagriculturefishing，huntingandotherproductionactivitiesinXiangxiangterritoryinBC2800-2300．Forthousandsofyears，peopleaccumulatedrichfarmingproductionexperience，partsofthemwerechangedintoproverbforms，andpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration．Theweatherhasdirectinfluenceonayear’Sharvest．Throughthelong．termobservation，peoplesummedupmanyproverbstoreflectXiangxiangcountry’Sclimate，itisusedtopredicttheweather,guidingpeopletobetterproductionand’气 坚¨AThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyliving．Forexample：(18)Jingzheqianminglei,sishibagerizitianbukai．惊蛰前鸣雷，四十八个日子天不开。(19)Guangqingming,anguyu．光清明，暗谷雨。Example(18)referstoifthethunderoccursbeforetheinsectsawaken，thereisalongtimeofrainorsnow．Example(19)referstoiftheweatherisfineonPureBrightness，itwillsurelygood，ifitrainsorcloudyonPureBrightness，itwasbad．AndifitrainsonGrainRain，itwillbegood．TherearealotofproductionexperiencesummarymadebypeopleinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Forexample：水。(20)Xiaomanchitang．小满满池塘。(21)Yaodeyutouzhu,bayueyaoyigeyueshui．要得芋头煮，八月要一个月Example(20)meansifitrainsOilLesserFullnessofGrain，paymoreattentiontowaterstorageandputwaterintothepondasmuchaspossibletoensurethatfarmlandcanbeirrigatedatthedryseason．Example(21)meansthatAugustisthegoodseasonfortaro’Sgrowthasitensurestheenoughmoistureatthistime，otherwise，itwillaffecttaro’Sharvest．Sinceancienttimes，peoplebegantoworkwhenthesunrise，endedtorestafterthesunset．AgriculturallaborismainproductionsurvivalactivityforXiangxiangpeople．SomeproverbsalsoreflectedtheXiangxiangpeople’Sworkattitudeofwishinggoodharvest，etc．Forexample：(22)RenxieduanWU,niuxieguyu．人歇端午，牛歇谷雨。(23)Caitianbuchangge，heshaobaiziduo．踩田不唱歌，禾少稗子多。Peopleworshipthegodsthatrelatedtothenationaleconomyandpeople’Slivelihoodinagriculturalperiod，inordertoprayforthegoodcropweatherandbumpergrainharvest，theywillworshipthegodwhoareengagedinmajorproductionactivities．Example(22)meanspeopletakegoodcareofcattle．PeopleregardstheOXfor“sustenance”，donotwishtoabuseandslaughtercattle．Examplesf23)saidthat26 —C—ha—pter—2—SpecificCharacteristicsofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsXiangxiangpeopleareoptimisticandmostofthemaregoodatsinging，theymakejokesandotherwaystoremovetirednessofhardworkinthefield．2．2．2CateringCultureofXiangxiang“Eat”isoneofthemostimportantaspectsinpeople’Slife．Inthepast，peoplearemostly“tobeadequatelyfed”，butpeoplearepayattentiontoone’ShealthtodayXiangxiangpeoplehavegraduallyformedtheirownuniquefoodcultureinthislonghistory．(24)Lam甜bandaofanjiaoxiachi．腊肉拌到饭脚下吃。(25)Yefanshaoyi7f，echenggecanfef．夜饭少一粒，饿成个残废。Example(24)saidthepeoplevaluetherarefoodverymuch．Generallyspeaking，peoplewilleatthebaconinChineseNewYearfestivalorotherimportantdays．Peoplewillhideitundertherice，andthesmellofbaconmakespeopletoeatabowlofrice，atlast，apieceofbaconisstillinthebowl．Example(25)referstoeatone’Snll，becauseoflongnighttime,thestomachwillbehurtifitisempty．Nowpeopleallknow“ifyouwanttobegood，eatlittleintheevening”．Xiangxiangpeoplehaveknackincooking，thatis“cookinghasskill，Friedandheavyfire”．Whilefryingvegetables，itshouldhaveheavyfireandmoreoil．Xiangxiangpeopleinruralliketoeat‘‘threering”food，namelyitshouldringwhentheoilisputintothepot，itshouldringwhenthefoodwasputintothepot，anditshouldringwhenthewaterwasputintothepot．Xiangxiangpeopleliketoeatpepper,but“winebeafraidofbeefandricebeafraidoffish，pepperbeafraidofsteamedsweetpotato”，whenyoueatsteamedsweetpotato，thenpepperisnotpeppery．XiangxiangpeoplehavethecustomsofeatingsouponSummerBegins，because“eatingsouponSummerBegins，stonecanbetreadwithapit”，itmeansifpeopleeatsouponSummerBegins，andtheyhavethestrength，stoneCanbetreadwithapit．Xiangxiangisrichintea，Xiangxiangpeopleliketohavetea．TheymusthaveacupofteaafterdinnerandtheymustdrinksesameteaattheSpringFestival．Itmusthavecigaretteandteawhentreatingcustomer,‘‘Therearetwothingsfortreatingcustomer,apieceofsmokepipeabowloftea．’’’7 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologyAmetaphoricalconceptiscoherentwithoneculture．Languageisthecarrierofculture，i．e．theculturemustshowitstraitsthroughalanguage．Lakoff(1980)foundoutthatpeople’Sthinkingsystemismetaphoricalinnature．Thenthemetaphoricalconceptsshouldbecoherentwithaspecificculture．Arethereanyuniversalmetaphoricalconcepts?Theanswerispositive，sinceitcomesfromhumanlivingexperience．Andsomeareculturallyspecificsinceitinvolvesthevaluesofanationandindividuals(Ortony,Andrew,1993)．2．2．3LifeSkillsofXiangxiang’SPeopleScholarshavebeenformanyyearsshowingmuchconcernontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture，Despitetheirarguments，theundeniablefactremainsthatlanguageStudycannotbeseparatedfromculturalstudy．Kramsch(2001：3)remarks“Languageistheprincipalmeansweconductoursociallives．Whenitisusedincontextsofcommunication，itisboundupwithcultureinmultipleandcomplexways．”Nidabelievesthat“languagealsoconstitutesinasimplisticmannerasthetotalityofthebeliefsandpracticeofasociety’’Healsobelievesthat“theinterrelationsbetweenlanguageandcultureCanthenbedescribedintermsofreciprocalmodifications，theratesofchange，therepresentationofculturebylanguage，andtheissuesofdoublecausation”(2001：139)．Judgingfromwhattheyhold，itisnotdifficultforonetocometothejudgmentthatalanguageisapartofcultureandacultureisapartofalanguageandthetwoareintricatelyinterwovenSOthatonecannotseparatethetwowithoutlosingthesignificanceofeitherlanguageorculture．Inotherwords，languageandculturearemutuallyinfluencedandtheredon’texistthepossibilityoftheirseparation．Dialecticalproverbsareinclusive，itnotonlycontainstheknowledgeandexperiencethatlocalpeoplehaveaccumulatedforalongtime，butalsoexpressedlocalpeople’Svalueorientationandideasunconsciously．(26)Qinyuanqinhao，linyuanlinsheng．亲愿亲好，邻愿邻胜。(27)Liushiniandeqinqi，yi幻fPrshiniandewanglai．六十年的亲戚，一百二十年的往来。(28)Gerenc办i，f肠疗yaqiang,zhongrenchilemankouxiang．个人吃哩烂牙28 璺!垒旦!!!!兰旦!堕鱼!竺!竺!!堡塑!垒箜堕茎!竺曼兰!塑墨望堕!!!垒!垒!!!竺!!尘!腔，众人吃了满口香。Xiangxiangpeopleareattachedtotheirnativelandandunwillingtoleave，theythinkthat‘"peoplewillpooriftheymovethreetimes，firewillextinguishifitmove．dthreetimes”．Itmeansweshouldpayspecialattentiontogettingalongwellwithourneighbors．Examples(26)and(27)wishrelativesandneighborshavehappydays．Xiangxiangpeoplevaluecourtesy,payattentiontohumanrelations。Example(28)describesXiangxiangpeopletreatsotherpeoplewithsincerity,notselfishandshareeachother’Sfortunesoflifestyle．Xiangxiangpeoplehavecourageanduprightness．Xiangxiangpeoplerealizethe‘‘delaysaredangerous”，ourstrengthwillwinothersrespect．XiangxiangdialecticalproverbsareXiangxiangcounty’Sculturalmirrorandcarrier,itcontainsrichhistoricalandculturalconnotationwithstronglocalflavor．Culturalmodelsareagreatvarietyofhumaninstitutionsthataretheprojectionsofconventionalunderstandingsofrealitysetintimeandspace，foralltoexperienceasartifactsofacommunity’Slife(Shore，1996)．Forexample，publicmodelsmaybecreatedtodescribepalpableentities，suchashouses，pottery,tools，paintings，songs，dancesandtypesofclothingwhichareallinthecategoryof“materialculture’’intheworld．Ontheotherhand，someimpalpableculturalmodels，likeconventionalstylesofmovementandspeech，existinthemindsofpeople．Inthatcase，culturecanbedefinedasanextensivecollectionofdifferentmodelsthatexistbothaspublicartifactsintheworld，andascognitiveconstructsinthemindofmembersofacommunity．Withrespecttothefieldofmetaphor,thoseculturalmodelsinthemindsofpeopleneedtobeemphasized．Accordingtoconceptualmetaphortheory,metaphorhasatightrelationshipwiththoughtandthehumanconceptualsystem．Considerconventionalmodels，theyarestockedinourmindsandsharedwithmembersinthesamecommunity．Forexample，thecustomofremovingahatwhensayhelloinwesterncountries．Thesemodelsexistinacertainsocialenvironment，asopposedtopersonalmodels，whichisnamed“idiosyncraticmodels”．Asanimportantpartofculture，mostconventionalmodelsarepassedonovertimethroughthegenerations．Inaddition，imageschemasthatrelatetocultureareusedwidelyinconceptualmetaphor．Imageschemasareschematicimages，suchastrajectoriesorlong，thinshapes，or29 M～AThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologycontainers(Lakoff,1987)．Johnson(1987)considersthemas“structuresfororganizingourexperienceandcomprehension”．Mostimageschemasarederivedfromsomaticexperience，suchasup·downschemas，center-peripheryschemasandcontainerschemas．Fromtheaboveanalysisandcomparedwithotherdialecticalproverbs，wecanknowthatbecauseofthenatureoftheXiangxiangdialecticalproverbitself,thecontentofthemarerichandcolorfulwhilethecharacteristicsofthesyntacticstructureiscomplicated．XiangxiangdialecticalproverbsCanbedividedintotwoparts：singlesentenceproverbandcomplexsentenceproverb．Thesinglesentenceproverbalsocanbedividedintothreeparts：subject—predicatesentenceproverbandnon—subject—predicatesentenceproverb．Thecomplexse．ntenceproverbconsistsofgeneralcomplexsentenceandmultiplesentence．Coordinatecomplexsentence，choosingcomplexsentenceandhypothesiscompoundsentencebelongtogeneralcomplexsentence．HunanXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshaverichcontentandexquisiterhetoricrules，itpaysmoreattentiontowordchoiceconcretization，usingavarietyofrhetoricalformat，withastronglocalbreathandsendoutauniquelanguagecharm．Dialecticalproverbsreadsmoothlyandhavebrightrhythm．Itiseasytobelearnedbyheartandfullofartisticappeal．Xiangxiangisacounty—levelcity，whichbelongtoancientagriculturalcity．Somanyproverbshaverelationshipwithagriculturalculture．What’Smore，Xiangxiangpeopleareveryfriendlyandhospitable，wecanfeelthehospitabilityofXiangxiangpeoplefromtheseproverbs．AllofthesecharacteristicsofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsalsoreflectedincognitivemetaphor．30 Chapter3TheCognitiveMetaphorofXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsThemetaphor,ahottopicinrecentyears，hasbeenstudiedbyscholarsfromvariousperspectivesbothathomeandabroad．Itisnotmerelyamatteroflanguage，butamethodofthinkingandaneffectivecognitivet001．Ithelpshumanbeingstounderstandabstractanduntouchableconceptsintermsofconcreteandwell．knownones。Fromthecognitiveview,themetaphoristhesystematicalmappingacrossconceptualdomains．Beforemakingfurtherdiscussiononproverbs，itseemsquitenecessarytodefinetheterm‘‘metaphor”inaplainway．Basedonthefigurativeviewsandcommon_languageviews，thispaperintendstomakethedistinctionbetweenmetaphorinitsnarrowsenseandbroadsense．Metaphor,inanarrowsense，referstoafigurativewayofusingthewordsandphrasesofalanguage．Initsbroadsense，itcanbedefinedastheprocessofconceptualization，thatis，theprocessofunderstandingandexperiencingasemanticdomainbyvirtueofanothersemanticdomain．Theformernamedthetargetsemanticdomainandthelatteristhesourcesemanticdomain．Toputitinanotherway，thereexistssomekindsofmappingbetweenthem：thesourcedomainismappedontothetargetdomain．Metaphorinitsnarrowsenseembodiessuchconceptualization．Xiangxiangdialectisthebest．preserveddialectandoneoftheoldestarchaismsatpresent．ItisthelivingfossilofHunanlanguagebecauseitisancientanddifficulttounderstand．Xiangxiangdialecticalproverbsareshortandconcise，meaningfulandprofound，vividandpopular,andeasytomemorizeandinherit．ItnotonlyreflectsthecharacteristicsofXiangxiangdialect，butalsorecordstheXiangxianguniqueproductiveandlivingmode，thenaturalenvironmentandthefolkculture．Itisthecrystallizationofpeople’Slifeexperienceandwisdom，whichholdsXiangxiang’Suniquelocalcultureandhasstrongvitality． 3．1TheFunctionofCognitiveMetaphorinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsCognitivelinguistshypothesizethatthereasonwetakethevocabularyfromonedomaintodescribeanotheristhatthereis，inourminds，akindofone．to．onecorrespondencebetweentheontologyofonedomain(10veforexample)andtheontologyofanotherdomain(takingajourney)．Ourknowledgeofaconcreteexperienceactsasakindofstandingmodelforunderstandingandreasoningaboutwhatismoreabstract．Toconceptualizeloveisajourneymeansroughlytoemployamodelofloverelationshipasjourneys．ManyscholarsinChinahaveresearchesandelaborationsonmetaphorfromacognitivepointofviewsincethepublishingofMetaphorsWeLiveBy，byAmericanscholarLakoffandJohnson．Metaphor,asahottopicinthecognitivelanguage，thedomesticreviewissystematicinrecentyears．Today,peopleathomeandabroadcommencealotofresearchesonthemetaphor，thedomesticpaperhasreachedseveralhundredsinrecentyears．Thetraditionaltheoryofmetaphorisonlylimitedtothemetaphorofthephenomenonitself,Ithasnotputmetaphoronhumancognition，thinkingandcommunicativeactivitiesforinvestigation，SOitcan’tfullyexplainthemechanismandtheessentialproblemofmetaphor．Itisrareforresearchestolinkcognitivemetaphoranddialect．Itcanbeusedtoexplainpeople’Sconceptoftheformationprocessofthinking，cognitivedevelopmentandbehavior．Comparedwiththepreviousstudyofproverbsandmetaphors，somescholarshaveconventionallyclassifiedproverbsintotwocategories，oneunderstoodliterallyandtheothermetaphorically．(Shu，2000：37)Toputitmoreplainly，someproverbsCanbemetaphoricallyinterpreted．Andfurtherillustrationsaregiventhatthefirstcategoryisoftenthosedepictingnaturalphenomenaordescribingpeople’Slifeexperience，andtheothercategorytendstoconveysomephenomenonorphilosophyviasuperficiallyexpressingacomparativelymoreintuitionisticphenomenon．32 竺!兰旦堕!‘!。堕!竺塑堕兰坚!!翌!竺竺旦茎!婴壁!塑堡里型!鲤!兰!!翌!!!竖3．1·1CognitiveMetaphorastheToolofExperienceOrganizationinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsRichard，thefounderofmetaphorinteractiontheory,oncepointedoutin1936：“Goodlanguageisacompleteimplementation，itcanexpresspeople’Sperceptionthatcan’tdothingsbyitself．”Thelanguageistheintersectionofthedifferentfields，itnotonlyacognitiveforms，butalsothepartofthedailyexperience．Thecognitivesystemconstitutesthepsychologicalbasisoflanguageuse．Metaphorisakindofcomplexsymbol，differentfromotherkindsandinaformofanalogy．Onekindofanalogyidbasedonresemblance．(RamageandBean，1998)Otheranalogieshavetodowithproportionality：afatheristoasonasamotheristoadaughter．Thoughtheanalogyissimilartoanalogiesofmathematicsandothersciences，itdiffersfromthosebybeingdifferentfromofanalogy．Itconsistsofatopic，avehicle，andacommonground(Richards，1926，1936)．Inthemetaphor“Loveisajoumey”，‘‘Love’’isthetopicof“陀以o，．”—t11eintentionorthetargetofthemetaphor．“Journey’’isthe‘‘vehicle”．thethingbeingcommenteduponandthesourceofthemetaphor．Thesemanticbasisforcomparisonsuchasthesemanticfeaturesassociatedwiththevehicleandthetopicistheground．Themetaphor“Loveisajourney”isinfactananalogybetweentwodomains阳Fig．3．1LoveisajourneyHowever,inthecognitivelinguisticviewbyLakoffandJohnson(1980)，metaphorisdefinedasunderstandingoneconceptualdomainintermsofanotherconceptualdomain。Inotherwords，insteadofdrawinganalogiesbetweentopicsandvehicles，aswedefinedinthetraditionaltheoryofanalogy,theconceptualtheoryproposedbyLakoffandJohnsonofferedadifferentapproachtotheanalysisof33 metaphorbydividingtwodifferentcognitivedomains，i．e．“source”and“target”domains．Eachcognitivedomaincontainssomeconceptualschemesbasedontheexperience．Theisgainedbymappingthesourcedomainontothetargetdomain．So，inthemetaphor“Loveisajourney”，theunderstandingoftheisrealizedbymappingtheconceptualdomainof“Journey”i．e．(B)ontotheconceptualdomainof“Love”i．e．(A)asisshownonthefigurebelow：Fig．3．2LoveisajourneyMetaphorisatoolofexperienceorganization，andexperienceisalsodifferentfromeachother。Dialectisakindofbestcarriertoembodytheregionalculture．SuchasthefollowingXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs：(29)Sanshiyelidezengbizi．三十夜里的甑箅子。Example(29)isoftenusedinsuchsituationas“somematerialsarelimited，youcan’tborroworbuytheminanywhere”．Itsessenceisthesourcedomain“Allthepeopleintheeveofthenightwithretortgratingtosteamfood，SOtheretortgratingsaretight”，toactivatetargetdomain“somematerialsarelimited，youCan’tborroworbuytheminanywhere”．whichhighlightsthetargetdomain，“Retortgrating”isakindoflargecircularpotwhichusedforsteamingfood，itcanbeusedforheatingorcookingfood．Inthepast，people’Slifelevelislow,theycanhavegoodfoodonlyinholidaysorfestivals，SOtheusingof“retortgrating’’inChineseNewYearisverypopular．ThissentencemeanseverybodywantstouseretortgratingstOprepareChineseNewYearfoodontheeveoftheevening，itisnotconvenientforotherpeopletoborrow．Originallyretortgratingshavenorelationshipwithtightsupplies，buttheyaregettingtheconnectionthroughthetoolofmetaphor．Untilnow,youcanfindretortgratinginruralhomeorduringtheChineseNewYear,butotherplacesCannotbe34 —C—hapter3——TheCognitiveMetaphoronXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsseen．Thisisbecausethemetaphorexpressestheunknownorconceptthatisusuallyspokeninthisregion，theregion’Speoplearefamiliarwiththiskindofthings，thenthemeaningofthewordcanbemoreeasilyunderstoodandmasteredbymostpeople．Thissentenceuse‘‘retortgrating”tometaphorotheritems．(30)MgesiSUHziyidao扣．一个司孙子一道符。Xiangxiangpeoplenamedsorcereras“door-god”。Hecandrivestheevilout．Ithasyellowpaperwithredwords，somepapersprinklewithchickenbloodandstickatthedoororwallofswineryhouse．Thewordsonthepaperarecommonlydifficulttoidentify,SOXiangxiangpeoplescribblewordfor“ghostpicturepeachwoodcharmsagainstevil”．Probablyscribblesaresimilartowritings，eachonehashisstyleandfeatures，SOitisalsocalled“adoor—godhasakindofcharacter”．ThissayingWashiddensourcedomainandtargetdomain，theothersayingisthetenorandthevehicle．Examplesarenotdirectlyputforwardtheobjectorthefigurativeobject，buttoexplainthetruthwiththeaidofthewholesentenceofmetaphor．Thesameareaofpeople’Ssubjectiveexperiencearedeepeningandchangingwiththedevelopmentofobjectivereality,italsowasreflectedinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs：(31)Qianxuanwanxuan，xuangelou沈馏zhan．千选万选，选个漏灯盏。“Dengzhan”inexample(31)meanstheoldtungoillamp．Tungoillampsaregenerallyusedintheperiodsofelectrifypoweroutages．“loudengzhan”referstotheoilleakageoflamps，thewordsareusedtosatirizethepeoplewhoarechoosy,butgettheoppositeresult．Nowlivingconditionisbetterthanbefore，everyvillagehastheelectricity,thecountrysidealsohasaperfectpowergrid，SO“lamps’’Cannotbeseenindailylifeagain．嘎。(32)Jiujicaiji,chigagaoga,ganganlangga．酒几菜几，吃嘎搞嘎，干干朗Theoriginalintentionofexample(32)iseatingupallthefoodandnotwasteanymore，oldpeoplewerealwayshungrybecauseoffoodshortage，SOtheycherishfoodverymuchandneverwastefood．Nowitalsometaphorsomeonewhohasnosavings，what’Smore，ithasthesimilarmeaningwith“themoonlightclan”．Thiskindofproverbsputsubjectiveexperienceandobjectiverealityoftheinteractiontogether，35 塑：垒：坠型!旦!竺!婴璺!堕坐塑!型堕竺!!!堕璺堡垒堡些竺!竺型andreflecttheinteractionincisivelyandvividly．ThecognitivefunctionofmetaphorembodiesXiangxiangdialect，itisbasedonthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthethingsandexperienceinthefield，SOastodeepentheknowledgeandunderstandingofobjectivethings．Next，theauthorwilltalkaboutthecognitivefunctionofmetaphorinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Namely,metaphorcannotonlybasedonthesimilaritybetweenthethings，atthesametime，italsocreatethesimilaritybetweenthetwothings，SOastoprovidepeoplewithanewperspectiveofrecognizingthings．3．1．2CognitiveMetaphorProvidingaNewPerspectivetoXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsThetypicalmetaphoricalpattemis“XisY”．Inordertounderstandthemeaningof“XisY”．weshouldknowthatourunderstandingisbasedon“mentalmodels’’incognitivelinguistics．Ourperceptiontothingsisbuiltonrecognitionof“typehierarchystructure”．Barriere&Popowich(2000．53—68)pointsoutthat：“typehierarchystructureistoclassifyandcategorizeentityindomainofinterest，andthentoconstructspaceofsimilarity．Entitiesindomainareattributedtoonetypebecausetheyinheritthecommonpropertiesofsuper-class．”XuShenghuan(2008c：4)alsoacceptsthispointanddividestypehierarchystructureinto‘‘taxonomictypehierarchy”and“compositionaltypehierarchy”．LeiQing(2010)furthermakesaninvestigationofmetaphorproductionandinterpretationbasedonthistheory．Hearguesthatinmetaphoricalpattern‘‘XisY”，“XandY”aredifferenttypes，thesalientpropertiesinourmindmaketwounequalthingsbecomeequalinsemantics．Blackputsforward“interaction’’whichsaidthatthecognitivemetaphorapprehensioncailnotuseliteralrighteousnesstoparaphraseordescribe，whenweusedthemetaphor,mindwillemergetwothingsortwokindsofthoughts，theyareinteractandproducenewmeaningsundertheeffectofthemutualsupportofwordsorphrases．Metaphorisconnectedbythesimilarityofarelativelyclearstructureofsourcedomainandarelativelyfuzzystructureofgoaldomain，theessenceisthatthe36 Chapter3TheCognitiveMetaphoronXiangxiangDialecticalProverbssourcedomaingraphicstructuremappingtothetargetdomain．Thus，wecansumupthebasicmodeofsemanticcognitive．Ifweuse‘‘X’’toindicatethesourcedomainofXiangxiangdialecticalproverb，“Y”indicateitstargetdomain，thentherelationshipbetweenthetwocanbedescribedasmathematicstype：“Y=f(X)”．Metaphorisnotonlydescribedtheexistingsimilarityofthetwoobjects，butalsoCancreatesimilarity,namelymetaphorhastheabilityofproducingnewrelevanceorsimilarity．Itproducesnewhypothesisthroughtheanalogicalreasoning．ThisfunctionofmetaphoristhemostobviousoneinsomeXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．(33)Waipow“lixingjiang．外婆家姓蒋。Example(33)skillfullycreatedthesimilaritythroughthehomophonicuseofXiangxiangdialect“lastname’’and“believe”．“Jiang’’and“award’’areusedtosatirizethosepeoplewholiketobeflattered．Dialectwords“house’’hasthesamemeaningof“home”．Itmeansthegrandma’Sfamilynameis“Jiang”．ithasthesamerelationshipwith“award”．Thissentenceexpressesthemeaningindirectlyandhassenseofhumor．Itusesthemetaphorfromthedoublemeaningfromthenewangle．(34)Laoshibitoukong．老实鼻头空。Example(34)usestheword“honesty”toconstituteasemanticpun，“full”inXinagxiangdialectalsocanbeverb，“block”，“honesty’’insentencehavethemeaningof“noseisalwaysclogged”．‘‘thenoseisemptyafteralongperiodofblockingup’’meansthenosenotblockedanylonger,butmeanshonestmanisnothonestyanymoreinfact．(35)Bupayiben,zhipaerben．不怕一本，只。tfl-．本。Example(35)uses“day”inXiangxiangdialecticalwordstoread“one”flexibly,andinterpretdifferentmeaningswithmandarinpronunciationof“ri”．“one’’and“two”areadjacentnumber,Traitorstakerefugeintheinvaderstocollaboratewithquislingduringtheanti—Japaneseperiod，SOpeoplecallit“thesecondone”．Traitorshelpatyranttodoevil，killingtheanti-Japanesefighter．PeoplethinkitiseasytofightagainstJapanbutitishardtofightagainstthetraitors．Sopeoplejustsay“PeoplearenotafraidofJapanbutbeafraidofthesecondone．’’Thereare“navelhitfart，putwaist(demon)gas”，“peoplesincerely,firetohollow”，whichalsoembodythenew37 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyperspectiveofmetaphor．Accordingtothesepoints，thekeytocreationofanewcategoryistore-classifythingsandfindouttheircommonattributes．Therefore，wecallthiscategoryas“attributivecategory”．Itisbasedon“createdsimilarity”．1willgiveanotherexampletoillustrate“attributivecategory’’and‘‘createdsimilarity”．Thatis，“thecamelistheshipofthedesert．’’Inthismetaphor,thecamelandtheshiphavesimilarconnotationssuchasaverybumpytransportationtooltotakepeoplefortravel，anditcanbeusedinawar,etc．Throughjuxtapositionoftwodifferentconceptsandimages，anew“attributivecategory”iscreated3．2TheEfficiencyofCognitiveMetaphorinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsTraditionally,metaphorisviewedasamatterofwordsratherthanthoughtsoractions．Inliterarycontexts，metaphorisusedforeffectorforornamentandcontrastswithliterallanguage．Formostpeople，metaphorisabovetheordinarylanguage．Theybelievethatthefunctionofthemetaphorisonlyadeviceofthepoeticimaginationand“rhetoricalflourish”(Lakoff&Johnson，1980)．Conceptualmetaphortheoryindicatesthatmetaphorcanbeessentialandpervasiveinlanguageandthought．Metaphorisnotonly“amatterofwords”，butalso“amatterofthought”(Lakoff&Tumer,1989)．Humanthoughtprocessesarelargelymetaphorical，andthehumanconceptualsystemisstructuredanddefinedinametaphoricalway．Accordingtothisview,metaphorplaysamajorroleinpeople’Severydaylanguageusingandthinking．3．2．1IncreasingtheExpressionoftheImageThemetaphorofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsusesomefamiliarthingstoindicatethosethingsthatpeoplearenotfamiliarwithordifficulttoaccept，whichmakeiteasierforpeopletoacceptthoseboringanddifficultthings．Itmakessomeargumentsvividandclosetolife．ThereareafewcasesofimageinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs：38 Chapter3TheCognitiveMetaphoronXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs(36)Oindashitoudafuqiu．揿哒石头打浮泅。Example(36)warnspeopletodotheworkcarefully．‘"qin”and“fuqiu”mean“catch’’and“swimming"’inXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Holdingthestoneattheedgeofpond，thereisnoriskofdrowning．Theanalogymeansonepeopleshouldnotreachforsomethingwhatisbeyondone’Sgrasp．(37)Qfg沁f，dunqimai．企起死，顿起埋。Example(37)meansthatthehostinXiangxianginvitetheguesttosit，iftheguestrefusedtosit，thehostwillsaythat“Ithardtorequesttheguesttostay”，whichimpliesthatthehostrequesttheguesttostaysincerely．“qi’’hasthesamemeaningof“stand”，‘‘dun’’means‘‘up”inXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，“dun’’and“qi”havethesamemeaningofdifferentexpressions．Diestandingbetterthanlivekneelingreferstoneverbecompromisedoryieldtotheenemy．(38)Zhuanqianhaobizhentiaotu，yongqianhaobishuituisha．赚钱好比针挑土，用钱好比水推沙。Example(38)usestwosimilestoexpressthedifficultyofmakingmoney．Itiseasilyusedoffbutdifficulttomake．Theindicatorofresemblancewordis“like”．Inthisproverb．“makemoney”and“needlepicksoil”areontologyandvehiclerespectively．Themotivationbetweentheontologyandvehiclearethesimilaritywith‘‘hard’’．What’smore．‘‘spendmoney’’and‘‘waterpushsanff’constituteametaphoroftherelationshipofthecharacteristics：“easily”．Needlepicksoil，waterpushsand，‘"pick”and‘"push’’showthatmakingmoneyisSOhardwhilespendingmoneyisSOeasy．Using‘‘needle”topickthesoilislikelookingforaneedleinasea，whichisverydifficultforapersontoattain．“Thehumanrelationshipisthesaw,itwillberetum．’’“Abluntknifemaybesharpenedonastone，astupidmancanlearnedfromsociety．”AlloftheproverbsincreasetheexpressionsoftheimageinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．3．2．2ImprovingtheEfficiencyofLanguageTheeconomicprincipleoflanguageisoftencalledthelanguageofeconomy．Two—partallegoricalsayingsfollowtheeconomicprincipleoflanguageinits39 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyapplication．Itnotonlyincreasesexpressionsofeconomyproperlyaccordingtothecontext“rest”ofthesecondpart，andthepartoftherestonestillcanrisetoexpresseuphemismorreflectsomeusefulideasthroughthefirsthalfofthewords．TherearesomeoftheXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsthattheauthorhascollectedinrecentyears：(39)Wayanx￡lYlsheda．挖眼寻蛇打。Example(39)ofthe“yan”means“hole”inXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，“wayan”referstodiggingsnakeholes．Peopleoftenthinkthatwherethereisaholethereisasnake．Actuallyitisnotalwaysright．Thissentencereferstosomeonewhooftencausestroubles，andsatiresthepersonwhoisbored．(40)Huzibandaofengangli．胡子绊到粪缸里。Example(40)referstoabeardedpersonwhoisdroppingintothecesspit．Asthebeardwascoveredwithfilth，ifheopenshismouth，itwillbemouthfuloffilth．Thissentencemeanssomebodysufferslossesanddoesn’tknowwhattosay．And“dummyeatrhizomaofCoptidis，havebitternesscouldnotsay”，‘‘striketheteethtoswallowintohisstomach”aresynonymous．Thesesayingsarevividandlikeascope，shortentheunderstandingprocess，reflectingefficiencyofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．(41)Sanshiyelidacaoxie．三十夜里打草鞋。Example(41)isatwo-partallegoricalsaying．“Someoneplaysstrawsandalsatthethirtynightoftheyeagfalsebusy．’’Thissentencesatirethepeoplewhoalwayspretendstodosomethingatthewrongtime。Peopleworkedalltheyearandshouldhavearestatthethirtynightoftheyear．Whydidtheyplaystrawsandals?ThissayingalsoreflectstheprincipleofleasteffortinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．ThroughtheuseofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，peoplenotonlysavethetimeandimprovetheefficiencyofcommunication，butalsomeetthedemandofthetwocommunicatingparties．Eachcognitivedomaincontainssomeconceptualschemesbasedontheexperience．CognitiveplaysasthetoolofexperienceorganizationinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Peoplemaketheproverbsaccordingtotheexperiencetheyhad．What’Smore，metaphorplaysamajorroleinpeople’Sdaily40 languageusingandthinking．ItprovidesanewperspectiveforXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandmakestheproverbsvivid．Moreover,cognitivemetaphornotonlyincreasestheexpressionsoftheimage，butalsoimprovestheefficiencyoflanguage．Withthehelpofthesefunctionsandefficienciesofmetaphor,wecangetthemainideaofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsmoreeasily． 塑：垒：里型!竺!竺!竺墨些璺望璺!∑!型堡竺!兰垒竺!!垒里生!型!型Chapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsinXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsModemChineseincludescommonlanguageanddialect，however,Mr．ZhuDexisaidthatthepeoplewhostudymodemChinesetendtostudymandarinonly,neithercaringabouthistorynorthedialect．Theyregardthedialectresearchasinterlacedfield．Restrictyouractivitiestoadesignatedarea，donotwishtogooverthetophalfstep．What’Smore，itisnotagoodthingfortheresearcherortheacademicdevelopment．(LiRulong)．Languageisthemostimportanttoolforhumancommunication．Itisalsothemostcomplicatedoneofsocialphenomenon．Chineseisthemainlanguageinourcountry,andthedialectdivergencesphenomenonofChineseisquiteprominent．Andeachdialectinthesamedialectareaarealsodistinctive．Proverbsarethetruthfromthenationalproduction，livingexperiencesummaryofobjectivethingsoutofthecognition，judgmentandpractice．Itiswidelyspreadandlastinguseasfixedphraseintheformoffolk．XiangxiangdialecticalproverbsarethecrystallizationofXiangxiangcountrypeople’Sexperienceandwisdom，justasotherpansoftheproverbswithasimpleformandrefinedlanguagetoexpressaprofoundreason，whichwasusedtoguidepeople’Ssocialpractice．Proverb’Sessenceliesinmapping，withsimple，intuitiveimageorsituationtounderstandandexperiencemorecomplex，abstractimagesorsituations．Mostoftheproverbsaremetaphoricalmetaphorthatmakesitmorespecific，conciseandtactful．Proverbsarethedaughtersofdailyexperience．Itisnotonlyoneoftheoldestandthemostvaluableforms，butalsothelivingfossilofacomplicatedhumanlifepicture．Proverbshavelargelyexistedinsuchasfolktales，literature，religiousrule，dailyoralandsomeotherformsforalongtime．Metaphoristhebasicformofhumanthinkingandthekeyofhumanlanguage．Metaphorcoversamountofpartsaboutoriginoflanguage，conceptlearning，thinkingmechanism，humancommunicationand42 鱼!塑堕!坠!墅垒!塑堕堕塑!!!吐竺竖竺茎!竺望!竺曼望!兰!!塑型!翌!!尘!mutualunderstandingect．In1980s，LakoffandJohnsonbasedtheiranalysisandresearchonplentyofdailycorpusin“MetaphorsWeLiveBy”，whoarelinguistsfromAmerica，discussingthattherearetheconceptofactionsysteminnatureandsomethingmetaphoronhumanthinking，whilethekeyistoutilizeonestounderstandothers．MetaphorCanbeeasilyfoundinhumanlanguage，itnotonlyinfluencesonhumanthinkingandaction，butalsomakesimprovementstohumancognitionandabilitywiththeenrichmentofconceptsystem．EstablishedinMetaphor，thispassagewillfollowfouraspectstodoanalysis：Iconicity，Categorization，Image—schematicstructure，Gestaltpsychology．4．1TheObjectiveEnvironmentalImpactonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsModemmetaphortheorymeansthatmetaphorisakindofhumancognitivephenomenon．Itisakindofcognitiveactivitythathumanwilluseexperienceinthefieldtoexplainorunderstandanotherfieldofexperiences．Therefore，theproductionofmetaphorinproverbshassomeconnectionwiththecertainnatural，socialandhumanenvironmentfactors，differentareasofthepeoplemayusedifferentmetaphorsonthesamephenomenon；Forthecomprehensionofmetaphor,differentculturesmayalsogivedifferent，evenoppositemeaningstothesamemetaphor．TheEskimosliveinarcticforsnowandtheArabsliveinthedesertforcamels．Theirunderstandingofthesethingsaremuchdeeperthanotherpeople。Therefore，thecognitiveenvironmentisindispensableintheprocessofmetaphor．4．1．1NaturalEnvironmentTheXiangxianghas13maindrainageforripplewaterintotheprimarybranch．ThemostannualrunoffofRipplewateris6．143billioncubicmeters，thelestannualrunoffis1．68billioncubicmeters．Xiangxiang，nearthetropicofcancer，isthemoretypicalsubtropicalmonsoonclimate，fourdistinctseasons，abundantrainfall，rainheatrecords，fertileland，longcropgrowthperiod，itisafamouscityforfoodandpig．43 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologyIconicityisthebasisofforming．Iconicityisusedbetweenlanguagesignifierandsignified．Itisanconnectionamongtheformandcontentofthelanguage，whichCanbeproofedandmotivated．Generationofmetaphorisalwaysalongwiththediscoveryorcreatesnewiconicity．Cognitivesubjectlooksforsomethingassociatedindifferentcognitiveinter-domain，toconstructandsharecharacteristicsinametaphorpatternSOthatitcanmeettheneedforcognitionmoreefficiently．Iconicityisthebasisofmetaphoravailable，anditmakestheconceptsthatneedtoberesolvedfromabstracttoconcretesensebyobservationandassociation．WiththedevelopmentofContemporaryLinguistics，peoplediscoverythatconceptsystemoflanguagestructureiscomingabovethecognitivebasis，reflectingthenecessarilyconnectionbetweenlanguageformandlifeexperience．Thesearenotlimitedtothesurfaceofthepictographandonomatopoeia，alsothesimplecorrespondencebetweensoundandmeaning，buttoincarnatethedeepassociationfromlanguageandthinking，inordertomakeexperiencestructurereflectedonitsmutualcontactwithintermediary．Forexample：(42)Liqiyongbujin，ringshuidanbuwall．力气用不尽，井水担不完。(43)X／nsaobasaodeganjing．新扫把扫得干净。(44)Liuzheqingshanzai，buchoumeichaishao．留得青山在，不愁没柴烧。(45)X／nguanshangtenSaltbahuo．新官上任三把火。Theliteralmeaningofexample(42)is“Youshouldworkhardandhard”．Theproverbofexample(44)means“Aslongasthecastlepeakstill，therearefirewoodcanbeburned”，whichrefersto“Wherethereislife，thereishope”．Thesetwoproverbshavethesamemeaning．Weshouldchoosethemoreimportantonewhenfacingthechoices，whichisassociatedwithIconicity．Theliteralmeaningofexample(43)is‘"Newbroomssweepclean”，insinuatingthemeaningof“Anewly—appointedpersonmakeschangeslusty”，theyarebothinsinuatedthatofficialsarewillingtotakenewmeasuresorpolicieswhentheyareintheirpositions．Fromtheseproverbs，wecanlearnthattheabstractconceptsinsidemetaphorcanbehighlightedwhentheyareassociatedwithexternalentities．Meanwhile，itcanexpandtheoriginalconceptsystemofconcretevocabulary．Intheconstructionofthe Chapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsmetaphor，duringassociation，wordsandwordscanfindoutthesimilarcontext，theyCanmakepreparationsforthedifferentmeaningsandhelptocreatetheinnermeaningoftheaffinityinsidetheoriginaldistantthings．Thefindingandfollowingoficonicityneedstousetheperceptualexistencesomewhereinotherexperienceplaces，thosedevelopingofconceptsystemswillplayanindispensableroleinpromotinghumancognitiveabilities．Thecognitiveconstraintandinfluenceonlanguagearefirstembodiedbyiconicity；iconicityisasetofsignswhosemeaninginsomecrucialwayresemblestheirforms．Itdenotesthatlinguisticstructureisareflectionofcognitiveorexperientialstructure．Iconicityisofgreatsignificanceinrevealingthemappingrelationshipbetweencognitionandlanguagestructure．Ascognitivelinguisticsdoesnotjustconcemabouttherealworldofobjects，butdealswiththecognitivemodelswehavelearnedabouttheworld．Itprovidesanewreferencepointfortheiconicrelation．Itistheextemalfactorssuchasreality；physiology,cognition，knowledge，meaningandpragmaticstogetherthatattributetothemotivationoflinguisticform．Themainprinciplesoficonicityaremanifestationsofhuman’Sconceptualizationprocesses．4．1．2GeographicalEnvironmentHunanisaninlandprovince，whichislocatedinthesouthofChina．YangtzeRiverandDongtingLakeareinthenorthofHunan．ItisverydifficultforancientHunantocommunicatewithotherprovinces；itstaysinahalfisolation，semi．enclosedstate．Thenaturalconditionsleadtodevelopingstrong，simpleandconservativecharacterofresidents．XiangxiangisthehometownofXiangArmy,themostimportanttownofthesouthofChu，calledRyongson．ItislocatedinthecenterofHunanprovince，22kilometersnorthfromShaoshan，80kilometerseastfromChangsha．Itisanareawhichis201squarekilometersandhasapopulationof900000．Xiangxianghasalonghistoryandsplendidculture；what’Smore，alargenumbersofoutcomersliveinXiangxiang．Metaphorresearchfromcognitivepointofviewhasattractedmanyscholars45 sincethepublicationofMetaphorsWeLiveby(Lakoff&Johnson，1980)．Ithaschangedthemetaphorstudyfromlanguageleveltocognitivelevel．Categorization，whichisacognitiveterm，isabasistoallourintellectualabilities．Itisthathumanbeing’Sabilitytoclassifythingsconsciouslyorsubconsciouslyintocertaingroup．Therelationshipbetweenmetaphorandcategorizationisacomplicatedone．Manyphilosophersandlinguistshavenotedthecloserelationshipbetweenmetaphorandcategorization．HoweveLtheattemptsmadetolinkthestudyofmetaphorandthatofcategorizationisfew．Iftheuseofterm“category”isnottobetakenlightly,butratherashavingsometheoreticalimport，thenthereisgoodreasontoexpectthatfigurativelanguageandcategorizationshouldbelinked．Fromthispointofview,wehavemadethejointconsiderationofmetaphorandcategorizationinordertoexploremetaphormotivationbasedoncategorizationinXiangxiangdialectalproverbs．Categorization，itreferstotheprocesswherebyclassification．ofexperienceisaccomplished．Rosch(1994：513)said：“humansliveinacategoricalworld；fromhouseholditemstoemotionstogendertodemocracy,objectsandevents(althoughunique)aretreatedasmembersofclass．”Fromtheseviews，wecanseecategorizationisoneofthemostbasicfunctionsoflivingcreatures．Itplaysaveryimportantroleinhumanbeing’Slife．Fromcategorizedability,wecanhavemanycategories．Theyarestructuresinhumancognitivesystem，whichareusedtorepresententitiesperceivedinenvironments．Atthesecondstage，namelyrecentlyandpresently,ithasbeenapproachedasanimportanttopicinexperimentalpsychology．Therefore，wehavereasontosay“metaphorsandcategorizationweliveby”．Itisundeniablethatcategoryisanindispensablenotioninthestudyofmetaphoricallanguage．Frommanyscholarswecanfindevidence．Cooper(1986：271)said：“itsspeakersareconsciouslyclassifyingorsubsumingthingsundercategoriestowhichtheydonotbelong”．AsTurbayne(1970：40putsit，“metaphorsareintentionalcategorymistake．’’SoitCanbeconcludedthatmetaphorhasacloserelationshiptocategorization．Categorizationisaformingprocess．Categorizationisahigh．1evelcognitiveactivityofthehumanlife．Itneedstoseedifferentthingsincommon，accordingtowhichtoclassifytheworldandthenformtheconcept．Thehuman46 璺!塑塑!兰坠!垒璺兰!塑堡垡坠!!皇旦!竺竖竺茎!竺坠!竺墨旦型!生!垒!!竺∑!生!handle，deconstruct，split，reasoning，aswellassynthesizeexperienceofthemselves，areusedtoformasystemtoprovideforthecommunity,whicheventuallybecomeakindofspiritualwealthbeingreferencedbypeople．Categorizationdominatestheformationprocessofthemetaphor,itisthefocusofcognitivelinguistics，thebasicmodesofwhichare：(1)Thedivisionofthecategoryisnotarbitrarilydividedworldphenomenon，butontopofourbrain’Scognitiveability；(2)Thecognitivecategoryhavetheprototype，whichhasakeyroleintheformationofcategorization；(3)Becausethecategoryboundariesareblurred，whichmeansthatthere，Sn0strictboundariesincategorizationareas。(4)Cognitivecategoryincludedmembersofthemosttypical，whichdoesnothavetherepresentativemembers，amongwhichtorank．Theexperienceofproverbialstoreandthesummaryofalargenumberofhumancognitiveactivitiesarebasedonthe‘‘prototype”forthecenteroutwardexpansion．Theprototypeisthemostrepresentativeofaspecificaspectofthings，otherthingsareconsideredtobeofthesamecategoryasaresultofacertainfamilyresemblancewiththeprototype．Humanlanguagecontinuestobreakthroughtheoriginalcognitivedomaininthecourseofdevelopmentofsociety,SOthatthecognitivescopeofthingsalsowillcontinuetoexpand．Duringthisperiod，proverbsfromthedescriptionofthespecificthingstoadeeperlevelofcognitive，expressanewwayofthinkingandperception，SOthatthecorrelationbetweendifferentthingscanbehighlight．Usingthe‘‘horse’’intheanimalprototypeasanexample：(46)QiandahuangniuZZlOmaqi．牵哒黄牛做马骑。(47)Daimadaohebian,bu妇qiangantou。带马到河边，不可强喝水。(48)Shefuliumangshua,mafuxianggongqi．蛇服流氓耍，马服相公骑。Theliteralmeaningofexample(46)means“Weshouldnotmakemistakeswhenchoosingthetalents”，whichreferstothe‘‘don’tdothingsinthewrongway”，thatis，theChinesemeaningof“thinkingoverbeforedoingthing”；Example(47)literallymeans“Holdingahorsetotheriver,donotforceittodrinkwater”．itrefersto“Youcarlgivetheopportunitytosomeone，butyoucannotforcethemtodoitiftheydonotwantto”，Example(48)means“Everythinghasitsvanquisher"’．Itreferstothemeaningof“Thereisalwaysonethingtoovercomeanother”．Ricoeurpointedout47 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologythatthelanguagestrategyplayinganimportantroleinthemetaphor,whichisdeliberatelyvaguethelogicinlanguageandtheexistingborders，SOthatwecanseethesimilarityoftheoriginalclassification．Inotherwords，themetaphorslieindestroyinganoldareaandcreatingnewlogicalboundariesintheruinsoftheoriginalareas．“Horse’’inEnglishandChineseproverbsaboutaprototypeanimalextendedtohumanbehaviorhabitsfromspecificareastonewcognitivemeanings．Honeckalsocameupwiththeideaonthebasisofexperiments．Manyfigurativelanguagescanbequicklyunderstoodandindicatedtheirfigurativesenses．“Conceptmatrix’’hasagenerateforce，whichmadeinfinitenumberstoriesagroupoffamilyresemblancesintothesamecategories，reflectingtheconceptonViewCategorization”．4．2SubjectiveEnvironmentInfluenceonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsAccordingtowhathavebeenremarked，metaphoricalproverbsmayberoughlyclassifiedintotwogroups：Culture—unspecificproverbsandCulture—specificproverbs．Theformerreferstothosethatreflectthecommonnessamongdifferentcultures；thelatterarethosethatarespecifictoadistinctiveculture．Inviewoftheculturalspecificityofmetaphoricalproverbs，theacceptabilityoftranslatedproverbsshouldbepre—consideredbeforechoosingatranslatingapproach．Asithasbeenmadeout，thefirstapproachmaygivebirthtoversionsthatcausingmisunderstandingsareduetoculturaldifferenceandthelowacceptabilityoffeatureintargetculture．Thisisespeciallytrueforthoseculture-specificmetaphoricalproverbs．4．2．1DialecticalPronunciationOurlinguistsMr．YiLijun，inthearticleof“thekingofHunandialectwords--Xiangxiangdialect”，saidthatifyouwanttostudyLiSaoofQuYuan，youmustunderstandthesoutherndialect，especiallyHunandialect．WhileXiangxiangdialectisthemostimportantdialectinHunandialect．Withthedevelopmentofhistory,oldXiangdialectwassurroundedbythesouth，north，westofthemandarindialectfora48 竺hapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbslongtime，whichwasinfluencedbytheeastofhakkadialecta11dGaIldialect．SothatthephoneticsystemconstantlychangedandgraduallyformedanewcoexistandspecialsituationsofoldXiangdialectandnewXiangdialect．Geographically,thenewandoldXiangdialectsaredistributedinthenorthandsouthofHunan，therefore、itiscalledthenorthXiangdialectandthesouthXiangdialect，thesearetwodialecticalareasofXiangdialect．Yetthisdialectbelongstospecial“independentroodel”dialectinHunandialect，whichisindependentandlessaffectedbytheothersUITOundingdialects，remainingmanyoriginalcharacteristicsofXiangdialect，SOitisdifferentfromotherdialects。IfyouwanttogettherightmeaningofXiangdialecticalproverbs，youshouldknownthepronunciationofthem．(49)ChumeHmodaizai,finshanmodaigou．出门莫带崽，进山莫带狗。‘"Zai”meansthechildinXiangxiangdialecticalproverb．Xiangxiangpeopleread“狗”as“gai”．Theyhavethesamerhymeof‘‘ai”．Ifyoureadthissentenceinmandarin，theyhaven’tthesamerhyme．Ofcourse，youCan’tgettherightmeaningofthissentence．Itisacommonsensethatthelittlechildiseasytocry．Youwillfacealotofdifficultiesinjourneyifyoucarriedwithyourchild．Meanwhile，thedogalwaysmaketroubleswhenitmeetspheasantorotheranimalsinthehill．Thetwothingshavethesamecharacteristicofmakingtrouble．(50)Zuibaliangkuaipi,jianghuaw“坊馏qi．嘴巴两块皮，讲话无定期。Xiangxiangpeopleusethissentencetosatirizethosepeoplewhobreaktheirwords．“pi”and‘‘qi”havethesamerhymeof⋯i’．Ifsomeonebreakfaithwithothers．wecandescribesuchkindofpeopleas‘"Zuibaliangkuaipi,jianghuawudingqi”．(51)YanWOguoshenyaochepimao，dandaguoshenyaoyipiao．雁窝过身要扯匹毛，担大粪过身要舀一瓢。AccordingtoXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，‘‘yanWO”refersto“agroupofwildgeese”inthesky．However,peopleinotherareasusuallythinkctyanwo，’asccthenestofwildgeese”．SotherearesomedifferencesbetweenXiangxiangdialectandmandarin．Xiangxiangpeopleusethissentencetosatirizethosepeoplewholiketopettyadvantageofothers．VulgarityisoneofthemostdistinctivefeaturesofXiangxiangdialect．Xiangxiangisacounty—levelcityandmostoftheresidentsare40 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyfarmer．“Dafen”isakindoffarmyardmanureincountryside．Alotofproverbsarecombinedwithproductionandlivingofagriculture．扒。(52)Gaohuazishaohuo，zhiwangzijikualipa．告花子烧火，只往自己胯里“Gaohuazi’’means‘‘beggar”inXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Beggaralwayswearthinclothesinwinterbecausehehasnomoneytobuyotherclothes．Becauseofclod，hemustwarn3_himselfbyafire，regardlessofotherpeople．Itwasusedtosatirethosepeoplewhoisselfish．Afterall，withthehelpofpronunciationofdialect，wecangetthemeaningofproverbsmoreaccurately．Onthecontrary,wecannotgettherightmeaningifwereaditasmandarin．4。2．2HumanisticEnvironmentChinahasalargepopulationandalonghistory．Withthehistoricalchangesoffivethousandyearsandthepopulationflow,ancientChinesedevelopmentalsobecomemultifarioustoday,peopletalkeddifferentdialects，avarietyofdialectshaveformed．ThemostpopularstatementinacademiccirclesisthatChinesedialecthasdividedintosevenregions：thenortherndialect，Wudialect，Xiangdialect，Gandialect，hakkadialect，YuedialectandMindialect．TheXiangdialectisalsocalledXiangChineseorHunandialect．ItismainlydistributedinXiangRiverinHunanprovinceandZiJiangvalley．Xiangdialectiscomplex；therearenewandoldXiangdialects．NewXiangdialectisprincipallyinthenorthandthecenterofHunan，suchasChangsha,Zhuzhou，Yiyang，etc．，ChangshadialectasarepresentativeofthenewXiangdialect．andoldXiangdialectiswidelyspokeninthecenterofHunan，thesoutheastofYuanRiver,thewestofXiangRiverandZiJiangvalley(suchasXiangxiang，Shuangfeng，Shaoyang，Wugang，etc．，Xiangxiangdialectasthemainrepresentative．)NewXiangxiangdialectwaslargelyinfluencedbymandarindialectandGandialect；onlyoldXiangdialectrelativelyretainedtheancientcharacteristicsofXiangdialect．Xiangxiangdialect，asthekingofHunandialect，hastoomuchresearchvalue．XiangdialectwasevolvedbyChulanguage．AfterthecollapseofChu，50 Chapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbs————————————————___————●——●_——_h●●●_______--___-●-—^-_●—_______-_______________-_____________-—__H●_●_-●____-__-_______________________一ChuesemostlymigratestothesouthofHunanarea，theirlanguagewasgraduallydevelopedintotoday’SXiangdialect．ThehistoryofXiangdialectisvisiblebylatergenerations．Becausethe“barrier’’ofYangtzeRiverandChuesehasalwaysbeencontendedagainsttheYellowRiverregime，SOtheirdialectisnoteasytobeassimilatedorreplaced，italsokeepsmanycharacteristicsofancientChinese．Asweknow,experienceisabasisformetaphoricalmappingfromsourcedomaintotargetdomain．TheexperiencehasitsownstructurewhichcalledImageSchema．Theyemergethroughoutsensor—motoractivity．Imageschemacoversawiderangeofexperientialstructuresthatarepervasiveinexperiences，andcallbemetaphoricallyelaboratedtoprovideforourunderstandingofmoreabstractdomains(Johnson，1987；Lakoff,1987)．TheconceptofimageschemawasintroducedintocognitivelinguisticsbyJohnsonandLakoffbasedOilTalmy’Sresearches．Thetheoryisregardedasoneofthecentralconceptualpillarsofempiricaltheorynow．Theimageschemaishighlyabstractedandcanbewidelyusedinformingspatialdomainandabstractdomain．Wecanconceptualthewordmeaningsfromtheconceptualoriginandtelltheminordifferencesamongsemanticitemswithimageschema．Johnson’SdefinitionofimageschemainhisbookTheBodyintheMindisthemostfamousone．Johnsonproposedthatanimageschemaisarecurringdynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperiences．Inhisdefinition，“experience”canbeunderstoodinaveryrich，broadsense．Here，factorssuchasbasicperceptual，motor-program，emotional，historical，socialandlinguisticdimensionsshouldbeincludedaccordingtoJohnson．Lateron，hemadefurtherexplanationtohisdefinition．“Humanbodilymovement，manipulationofobjects，andperceptualinteractionsinvolverecurringpattemswithoutwhichourexperiencewouldbechaoticandincomprehensible．Icallthesepattemsas“imageschemata”，becausetheyfunctionprimarilyasabstractstructuresofimages．’’Imageschemaisanimportantformofconceptualstructureinthecognitivesemanticsliterature，sinceitisproposedasprimitivelevelofcognitivestructureandprovidedalinkbetweenbodilyexperienceandhighercognitivedomainssuchaslanguage．Atthesametime，imageschemasaremoreabstractthanordinaryvisual M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologymentalimagesandconsistofdynamicspatialpatternsthatunderliethespatialrelationsandmovement，thatistosay,Imageschemahasinherentspatialstructureandcanserveastheembodiedbasisformanyabstract，metaphoricalconcepts，becausetheyaredirectlyandrepeatedlyexperiencedasaresultofthenatureofourbodiesanditsmodeoffunctioninginourenvironment．AccordingtoLakoff,thesignificanceofimageschemasinourabstractthinkingis‘‘Imageschemaprovidesparticularlyimportantevidencefortheclaimthatabstractreasonisamatteroftwothings：(a)reasonbasedonbodilyexperience，and(b)metaphoricalprojectionsfromconcretetoabstractdomains”．InWomen,FireandDangerousThings，Lakoff(1987：267—275)discussesthepossibilitythatmanyareasofexperiencearemetaphoricallystructuredbymeansofarathersmallnumberofimageschema．’’TheImage—Schematicstructurereferstothoseourdailybodilyexperience，whichwillariserepeatedandwillbearelativelysimpleaswellasavariousspatialdirectionrelation．Imagereferstopeopleintheircognitiveprocesseschoosedifferentviewpointsandassociationmodesaswellastheemphasistoformasubjectivepsychologicalimpression．Whiletheschemareferstotheabstractsignofsubjectiveexperienceandtheformingofthebasicallycognitiveparadigminpeople’Scontactingwithcognitivedomains．TheImage—schematicshowsthecognitivestructureofpeoplehowtointeractwithexternalspace．Theexperienceandknowledgeofhumanbeingcanformametaphorpatternintheseabstractrelationandorganizationstructureoftheconcreteimage．Thebasisofthemetaphor’Sexpressionandcomprehensionistoseizetheiconicityofobject，intheneedforlookingforthecommonbetweennoumenonandmetaphor,withthehopeofhelpingpeopletogetcompletelystructureofobjectsaswellmasteringitscognitivemeaninginlanguage．LangackerhasdiscussedtheinternalstructureoftheImage—schematic．HeconsidersthatatypicalsignofImage-schematichastwoormoreasymmetryrelationship，onecalledTrajector，it"sthemostimportantpartofstructure．Othersareknownaslandmarks，whichprovideareferenceforUStodefinethekinetoplast．Lakoffdefinesimageschemaas“relativelysimplestructuresthatconstantlyrecurinoureverydaybodilyexperience：CONTAINERS，PATHS，LINKS，FORCES，52 Chapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsBALANCE，andinvariousorientationsandrelations：UP—DOWN，FRONT-BACK，PART-WHOLE，CENTER-PERIPHERY,etc．’’Lakoffdescribesimageschemaintothreeproperties：thebodilyexperiencewhichgivesrisetotheschema，thestructuralelementsspecifiedbytheschema，andthebasiclogicityields．Image—schematicstructureownsgestaltstructure，whichisthecontinuumofpeople’Slifeexperienceandcognitiveexperience。Forexample：(53)Wapianzi坊“daotangli，xiangdoumaoxiangyixia．瓦片子丢到塘里，响都有响一下。(54)Shitouyeyoufanshenzhuan．石头也有翻身转。Themeaningoftheexample(53)is“Itisuselesstodosomething”，“wapianzi”isakindofbuildingmaterial，whichusuallyusedinsuburbandistrict．Asweallknow,ifyouthrowastoneintothepool，youcanfindwaterwaveinthep001．What’Smore，youCanhearthesoundofwater．However,Xingxiangpeopleusethissentencetoindicatethatpeoplereapnothingalthoughhepayalotofefforts．Theliteralmeaningofexample(54)is“Weshouldnotlookdownuponordinarypeople”．Alittlestonecanalsobeusedtomendaroad．WiththebuildingofthoseImage-Schematicstructure，theimplicitphilosophyofproverbcanbeactivatedinparticularcontext．4．2．3SoeialEnvironmentGestaltpsychologyisanintegrationmechanism．Gestaltpsychologyisthebasisofmodemperceptiontheoryin1930s，theGestaltpsychologyinGermanyusedourmentalactivityasaorganizedentirety,consideringthattheprocessofperceptionhasitsownfunctionaboutorganizingandinterpreting．Theseviewpointsaredifferentfromatomismtendencyofthepsychologicaltheorythatusedtobelieve，emphasizingthatthewholethingisunequaltoitssumoftheparts．Cognitivelinguisticspraisehi曲lytoGestaltpsychology，italsobelievethatlocalperceptionwillbeeventuallyreflectedinGestaltperception，asitismoreeasilytoperceivethewholeratherthanparts．ThemainorganizingprinciplesfromGestaltpsychologyforcognitionareaare：1．principleofsimilarity；2．principleofproximity；3．principleofgoodcontinuation；4．principleofprominence．53 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technologyo×o×oFig．4．1PrincipleofsimilarityFig．4．1isaprincipleofsimilarity．Itmeansthatpeoplealwaysregardsomesimilarthingsasagroup．Althoughallofthemaremutuallyclose，weusuallymakethesamesymbolsasagroup．TheseprinciplescanbefoundintheseXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，forexample：(55)Zhenjinbupahuolian，shuzhengbupayingxie．真金不怕火炼，树正不怕影斜。(56)Luoshiweiding,kuyemaoyong．落石为定，哭也有用。(57)Sanrenyitiaoxin，huanglubianchengjin．三人一条心，黄土变成金。Theliteralmeaningoftheproverbexample(55)is“Fireisthetestofgold”，whichissimilartoChineseproverbs“Truegoldfearsnofire”，suggestingthat“Thepersonwhoaregoodmindedandstrong—willedfearnotest．Itreflecttheprincipleofsimilarity,inotherwords，theyallhavecomparedandassociatedthingsthatwithanalogousformorconcepttoexpresssomekindsofconcept．Thereareotheranalogousproverbslike‘‘Strikewhiletheironishot”，“Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow”，ect．．Theliteralmeaningofexample(56)is“Itisnousetocryafterspiltmilk”，whichissimilartotheChineseproverbs‘‘Waterpouredonthegroundcannotberecovered”or“Whatisdonecannotbeundone”，suggestingthatthingsCannever54 Chapter4TheAnalysisofMetaphorsonXiangxiangDialecticalProverbsberecoveredoncebecomeaforegoneconclusion，whichhasreflectedtheprincipleofgoodcontinuationinGestaltpsychology．Things’transitionfromphenomenontoresult，itscausalitycomesfromthecognitivejudgmentofGestaltpsychology．Theotheranalogousproverblike“Constantdroppingwearsawayastone”，“Wherethereissmoke，thereisfire”，ect．．Theliteralmeaningofexample(57)is“AnythingispossibleifallthemembersofthegroupCanmaintainunity．whichhavereflectedtheprincipleofprominenceofGestaltpsychology．Peopleprefertofocustheirattentiononthepartstheyareeasytoobserveduringcognitiveprocesses．Thecorrespondingproverbslike：“Thepotcalledthekettleblack”，“Diamondcutdiamond”，ect．，whichmirrorstocognitionareawithsomesignificantfeatureofcognitivesource，whicharethereactionofintegrationmechanisminGestaltpsychologyofcognitiveprocesses．Metaphoristheproductofcognitivethinking；itreflectsthetranslationfromsurfaceexperiencetothecognition．Withtheincreasinglycloseoflanguageinhumanlife，thereissomethingchanginginoriginalwordsandexpressiongradually．Inmetaphoricalstructure，vocabulariesofconcretethingsareusedtoexpresstheabstractconcepttogaininterdisciplinarycognitivemeaningfordifferentobjects．Theywillbeusedtounderstand，judge，andexpresstheexperienceandemotionofpeopleintheobjectiveworld．Proverbisnotonlyoneformoflanguage，butalsooneofthethinkingmodesthatcanrecognizemetaphor，whichplaysanimportantpartinextendingtheconceptofabstractobjects．Proverb，metaphorandthedevelopmentandimprovementofcognitivemechanismscausethelanguagesymbolstogenerateanewmeetingpointindifferentareasofexperience，inadditiontothecommonfeaturesbetweenthingsthatCanbemulti-dimensionalreflected，andthendevelopthemorecreativelythinkingandexpressingability．55 坚：垒：里墅!堕壁竺璺!堕望旦堡!型堕竺!壁堡旦!!垒：!!!!竺!竺型ConclusionSincemetaphorwasstudiedintermsofitscognitivefunctionmorethanitsrhetoricalfunction，Layoff’Sconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)hasbeenwidelyacceptedandbecomeaninfluentialandindispensablethemeinthestudyofcognitivelinguistics，Conceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)hasbeeninexistencefornearly30yearsandisstillbeingdeveloped．CognitivelinguisticsprovidesUSwithanewperspectiveforlanguagestudy．ThispaperconcentratesonanalyzingthesemanticmotivationbehindXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsinlinewiththeoriesofcognitivelinguistics，thatis，cognitivemetaphor．Proverbsarethedistillationo．fapeople’Scultureandtheyembodydifferentpeople’Srespectivetastes．Theybelongtolanguagephenomenonandtheyarealsoaculturalphenomenon．XiangxiangdialectisthelastbranchoftheAncientChulanguage，andthevalueofthepreservationandstudyofXiangxiangdialectscannotbereflectedinthemoment，whileitsvalueliesingenerationsandevenafterafewhundredofyears．ThispaperprovidesanewperspectiveofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsresearchfromthecognitivemetaphor,notonlypresentingpeople’Slivingconditionsandlanguageenvironmentatthattime，butalsoenrichingthesemanticsystem，helpingjudgethebasicvocabularyofthedialectandexploringthelocalgeographicalandculturalpsychology．Thetheoreticalresearchesonmetaphorcognitionandtheapplicationoftheoryaremadebydomesticandoverseasscholars，aswellasdomesticdialectstudiesofmetaphor．Onthebasisofanalyzingandcomparingthepreviousstudies，itcombinestheexamplesofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbstopointoutthelimitationsofpreviousstudies．BymakingacontrastbetweenXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandotherlocaldialecticalproverbs，itgivesabriefreviewontheanalysisofsentencestructureandrhetoricalcharacteristicsunderthelinguisticfeatures，theagriculturalcivilization，cateringcultureandlifeskillsofculturalcharacteristicsinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．Itprovidesthepaperwithrealcorpusbyusingunique56 ConclusioncharacteristicsofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．AccordingtothecognitivemetaphorelucidationofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs，thepaperanalyzestheeffectsand．thefunctionsofcognitivemetaphorinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsatthethirdpartofthepaper．Themetaphoristheorganizationtoolsofexperience，andexperiencevarieswithdifferenttimeandplaces．Therefore，thispaperiswrittentoprovethatthemetaphorinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbshassomemarksofagesanddistinctiveregionalcharacteristics．What’smore，cognitivemechanismssuchasiconicity,categorization，image-schematicstructureandgestaltpsychologyareflexiblyusedinXiangxiangdialecticalproverbs．MetaphorCanbeeasilyfoundinhumanlanguage；itnotonlyhasinfluenceonhumanthinkingandaction，butalsomakesimprovementstohumancognitionandabilitywiththeenrichingofconceptsystem．Insum，althoughXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsandotherdialecticalproverbsbothrelyonthecognitivemechanisms，thecompletionofunderstandingofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsshouldrecurtoXiangxiang’Suniquenaturalandgeographicalenvironment，humanisticandsocialenvironment,especiallytheuniquecharacteristicofpronunciation．Onlywimhelpandunderstandingofuniquedialecticalpronunciation，CanthereadergettheinternalmeaningofXiangxiangdialecticalproverbsaccurately．57 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Acknowledgements1wouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis．1willdirectmyheartfeltappreciationstomysupervisorProf．ChenJiansheng，wholedmeintolinguisticsandhasgivenmeencouragementsandconstructivesuggestionsallthroughmywriting．Withouthisvaluableadvicetowardmypaperandhelpfulguidetowardmyattitudeindoingresearch1wouldnothavefinishedthepresentpaperandattendthedissertationdebate．Iamdeeplygratefulforhisunfailingpatienceandcontinuousencouragementalltheseyears．Hehashelpedmetolearnhowtobedisciplinedandpersistent．Heisnotonlyamentorofresearch，butalsoamentoroflife．Then，1wouldliketoextendmygratitudetomanyotherteacherswhohavetaughtmeduringthreeyears，whoseacademicattitudesandmannersofteachinghavebeenbeneficialtomeinmystudyandwillguidemeinmyfuturework．Mythanksalsogotomyfriendswhohavebeenanunfailingsourceofencouragementandsupport．Finally,1wouldliketoexpressmyutmostgratitudetomyparentswhogavemelifeandbroughtmeup．Withoutthem，1wouldnothavemadeupmymindtostudy,norhavebeenabletofindthecouragetocompletethisjoumey．63 —M．A—．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&TechnologyAppendixA(攻读学位期间发表论文目录)[1]李丽．湖南湘乡方言谚语的隐喻认知阐释[J】．湘南学院学报，2013(1)：89．92． AppendixB(中文长摘要)随着我国语言学研究的发展，认知领域出现了蓬勃发展的局面。隐喻已经成了认知语言学研究的一个重要组成部分。而隐喻学的研究则一直只受到修辞学家们的关注，直到90年代才成为认知科学的重要话题，本文结合认知语言学进行相关的探讨。湖南湘乡方言是目前保存最完整、最古老的古语之一，属古楚语，其古老又难懂，是湘语的活化石。笔者检索了中国期刊网子目录“中国语言文学”1999_2011年的文章，以“方言隐喻”为关键词快速检索，结果表明历年之中只有28条论文信息，这说明方言与隐喻研究的相对落后现状。从上述信息可以看出，将方言与修辞联系起来进行研究的人较少，另外因为长期以来学术界对方言的探讨绝大多数都停留在语言修辞层面，而把隐喻认知理论应用于方言研究的分析更是少之又少。而文中从隐喻认知的角度对湘乡方言‘谚语进行解读。人类对隐喻性质的认识历经了一个漫长的过程。在西方，早在2000多年前亚里士多德就对隐喻进行了比较多的研究，在其著作《修辞学》和《诗学》中他对隐喻的生成方式和修辞功能做了诸多阐述。并确立了其后两千年西方修辞学界隐喻研究的基本线索。他把隐喻定义为“将属于另一事物的名称用来指这一事物”。在亚里士多德之后，标志着隐喻研究突破了传统修辞学的范围进入了全新的隐喻认知理论研究阶段的当推1980年Lakoff&Johnson所著的((MetaphorsWeLiveBy》一书的出版，该书开始从认知角度对隐喻进行研究，认知语言学成为新的解释隐喻现象的指向。莱考夫和约翰逊的隐喻认知理论不但在语言学领域，而且在认知科学领域和哲学界都产生了重大的影响。他们提出的将隐喻植根于人类经验中进行研究的理论，为语言学研究和认知科学研究提供了新视角，也宣告了隐喻研究的认知转向。自从美国学者莱考夫和约翰逊发表MetphorsWeLiveBy《我们赖以生存的隐喻》之后，我国许多学者纷纷从认知的角度对隐喻进研究和论述。近年来，隐喻研究作为认知语言的一大热点，国内有较系统的评述。如今，国内外的人们对隐喻展开了大量的研究，近几年来国内的相关论文已达到了好几百篇。传统的隐喻理论只是局限于对隐喻现象本身的研究，没有将隐喻放在人类认知、思维和交65 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technology际活动这一更大的背景之下进行考察，所以不能全面解释隐喻的机制和实质问题，而把隐喻认知和方言联系起来研究更是少之又少。通过对相关统计数据的分析，我们发现从研究趋势上看，国内隐喻研究呈明显上升趋势；从研究内容上看，国内研究主要集中在国外研究成果的介绍与隐喻理论研究两个方面；从研究角度上看，90％的国内研究主要从认知角度开展，说明认知科学已成为隐喻研究的主视角；而且隐喻研究已经开始由单一的英语向其他语种扩展。因此，隐喻研究在我国还刚刚起步，未来的隐喻研究无论从广度上还是深度上都有很大的发展空间。笔者首先例举总结国内外著名学者对隐喻认知所做的理论研究和理论运用研究，以及国内方言隐喻研究。在分析比较前人研究的基础上，结合湘乡方言谚语的实例进行分析。接着，通过湘乡方言谚语和其他地方方言谚语的对比描写，对湘乡方言谚语进行简述，包括语言特色下的句法结构分析和修辞特色，文化特征下的农耕文化、饮食文化和湘乡人的处世文化。从而得出湘乡方言谚语的独特特征，为该论文的撰写提供真实语料。然后，通过对湘乡方言谚语的隐喻认知阐释，分析隐喻认知在湘乡方言谚语中体现的作用和功能。隐喻认知在湘乡方言谚语中充当了经验组织的工具，并为湘乡方言谚语的阐释提供了新视角，提高了其表达的形象性和经济性。湘乡方言谚语句法结构呈现出纷繁复杂的特点。总的来说，单句较少，复句较多；多重复旬较少，一般复句和紧缩复句较多；复句的分句间一般都用意合法，很少用关联词语表达分句间的语义关系。方言是一定区域的人们联系共同的生产活动、生活事物和表达个人的思维感受的必需手段。文化是人类在历史发展过程中所创造的物质文化和精神文化的总和，是指导人们行为活动的符号体系。方言本身就是一种文化现象，又是别的许多文化现象的载体。方言谚语是方言词汇的重要组成部分，是由当地劳动人民创造出来的广泛流传在人们口语中的具有知识性的、结构相对固定的俗语。方言谚语通俗易懂，风格平白朴实，能真实、具体地从生活的各个方面反映该方言区的各种文化特征。本文对湘乡方言谚语中的农耕、饮食、处世等方面的文化特征进行分析阐述。方言谚语是汉语语汇中占有相当重要地位的一种语言形式，是人民群众口头流传的固定语句，它凝结了老百姓的朴素智慧，用简单通俗的话来反映深刻的道理。方言谚语顺Isl悦耳，节奏鲜明， AppendixB(中文长摘要)音韵和谐，易于记诵传承，富有艺术情趣，体现了语言的音乐美。押韵、方言虚词的使用、音节的搭配在湘乡方言谚语中是体现语言音乐美的重要手段。隐喻相互作用论的创始人理查德在1936年就曾指出：“好的语言是一种圆满的实现，它能表达人的感知本身所不能表现的事情。语言是不同领域的交汇点，不仅是认知的表现形式，而且也是它的组成部分。源于日常经验的认知体系构成了语言运用的心理基础”。隐喻利用一种概念来表达另一种概念，需要这两种概念之间的相互关联。这种关联就是客观事物在人的认知领域中的联想。隐喻是经验组织的工具，而经验是因时因地而异的，方言是一种体现地域文化最好的载体。事实上，隐喻词语同样是地域文化个性的体现者。布莱克提出的“交互作用”说认为隐喻的认知体悟不可能用字面义来释义或描述，我们在使用隐喻的时候，头脑中会浮现有两个事物、两种思想，它们在词或词组的作用下相互支持、交互作用而产生出新的意义。隐喻由一个结构相对清晰的源域和一个结构相对模糊的目标域通过相似性把两者连接起来，实质就是将源域的图示结构映射到目标域之上。由此，我们可以概括出其语义认知基本模式，如果用X表示湘乡方言谚语的源域，Y表示其目标域，那么两者之间的关系可以描写成数学式：“y=f(x)”。隐喻不仅是对两个物体已有的相似性进行描述，还可以创造相似性，即隐喻具有产生新的关联性或相似性的能力，它通过类比推理产生新的假设。隐喻这一功能在一些湘乡方言双关性谚语中体现得最为明显。湘乡方言谚语的隐喻是用人们比较熟悉的事物来喻说那些人们不太熟悉或者不好接受的事物或道理，使得原本不太好理解或者比较枯燥无味的说理变得形象生动、贴近生活，更易让人接受。语言的经济原则又常称作语言的经济性或语言的经济规律。歇后语在其应用的时候遵循了语言的经济原则，适当地根据语境“歇”去后半部分不仅增加了表达的经济性，而且“歇”去的部分还可以起到委婉表达或者通过前半句自己悟出当中深刻道理的作用。通过湘乡方言谚语的使用，其不仅节省了交流时间，提高了交际效率，而且还满足了交际双方的省力需求。现代汉语包括共同语和方言，然而朱德熙先生说“研究现代汉语的人往往只研究普通话，不但不关心历史，把方言研究也看成隔行。画地为牢，不愿越雷池半步。这不管对本人说，还是对学术发展来说，都不是好事”。(李如龙《汉语方言学>)。语言是人类最重要的交际工具，同时也是最复杂的社会现象之一。我国67 M．A．ThesisofChangshaUniversityofScience&Technology是以汉语为主要语言的国家，汉语方言分歧现象相当突出。而在同一大方言区内的方言也是各具特色的。谚语是各民族从生产、生活经验中总结概括出来的对客观事物的认知、判断和实践的真理，它通过以固定短句的形式在民间广泛地流传，持久地沿用。湘乡方言谚语是湘乡人民经验与智慧的结晶，与其他地区的谚语一样，用简洁的形式和精练的语言来表达一个深刻的事理，并用于指导人们的社会实践。谚语的本质在于映射，用简单的、直观的映像或情形来理解和经历更为复杂的、抽象的映像或情形。大多数谚语都是隐喻性的隐喻使得谚语更加具体、简洁和委婉。隐喻是经验组织的工具，而经验是因时因地而异的，通过该论文的撰写，论证了隐喻在湘乡方言谚语的体现中带上一些鲜明的时代和地域性特征的烙印。大部分湘乡方言谚语是可分解的，有理据性的。通过分析文章得出结论，虽然湘乡方言谚语的理解同其他谚语的理解一样都依赖于象似性、范畴化、意象图示、完形心理等隐喻认知机制，但是对湘乡方言谚语的理解还要借助湘乡独特的自然、地理、人文和社会环境，尤其是独特的方言发音特点。只有在方言发音的帮助和理解下，读者对湘乡方言谚语所含的语义才能把握准确。关键词：湘乡；方言；谚语；隐喻