歇后语的认知机制研究外延内涵传承视角 65页

ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritance歇后语的认知机制研究：外延内涵传承视角DissertationSubmittedtotheGraduateSchoolofHenanUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofMasterofArtsByHaoXiaoyanSupervisor：AssociateProf．LiShujingApril，2014 Acknowledgements1wouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisorProfessorLiShujing，forshegivesmeinsightfulsuggestions，valuableguidanceandstimulatingencouragement，whichplayanimportantroleintheaccomplishmentofthisthesis．Besides，1wouldliketovoicemyearnestgratitudetoProfessorXuShenghuan，ProfessorZhangKeding，ProfessorNiuBaoyi，ProfessorLiuChendan，ProfessorXuYouzhi，ProfessorJiangLing，andProfessorYangChaojun，fromwhomIhavelearntalotduringmypostgraduatestudiesLastbutnottheleast，Ialsoappreciatemygoodfriendsfortheirhelpingettingthedataneededinmyresearchandthediscussionswiththemwhichthrowlightonthisthesis．Then1wanttooffermythankstomydearfatherwhoencouragesmeallthetime． 关于学位论文独创声明和学术诚信承诺本人向河南大学提出硕士学位申请。本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师的指导下独立完成的，对所研究的课题有新的见解。据我所知，除文中特别加以说明、标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包括其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包括其他人为获得任何教育、科研机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同事对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。在此本人郑重承诺：所呈交的学位论文不存在舞弊作伪行为，文责自负。学位申请人(学位论文作者)签名：2014#年月2‘日关于学位论文著作权使用授权书本人经河南大学审核批准授予硕士学位。作为学位论丈的作者，本人完全了解并同意河南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的要求，即河南大学有权向国家图书馆、科研信息机构、数据收集机构和本校图书馆等提供学位论文(纸质文本和电子文本)以供公众检索、查阅。本人授权河南大学出于宣扬、展览学校学术发展和进行学术交流等目的，可以采取影印、缩印、扫描和拷贝等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文(纸质文本和电子文本)。(涉及保密内容的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)学位获得者(学位论文作者)签名：201年年年月≥6日学位论文指导教师签名：20l AbstractChineseXieHouyus(henceforth，XHYs)isonekindoftheChinesetraditionalfolklanguageswhichareproducedbythelaboringpeopleintheirsocialpracticeandexperience．XHYsareusedbroadlybothinpeople’Sdailycommunicationandintheliteraryworks．Theiruniqueformsandcontentsarebecomingmoreandmoreperfectwiththedevelopmentofthesociety．Andtheycarryprofoundculturalelements，uniqueethniccharacteristics，andspecialcustoms，whichmakeXHYsthelivefossilofChineseculturebypeople．What’Smore，XHYshaveattractedlotsofscholars’attentionandinteresttostudy,fortheirbriefform，vividimage，richmeaningsandtherhetoricaleffectssuchashumor,sarcasmandSOon．However,mostoftheresearchesaredescriptivestudy,likestudyingtheorigin，definition，classificationandtherhetoricaleffectsatfirst．Withtheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics，scholarshaveturnedtotheexplanatorystudiestoexplorethegenerationandconstrualmechanismswiththerelevancetheory,conceptualintegrationtheoryandautonomy-dependencyperspectiveandSOon．ButthesetheorieshaveweaknessinrevealingtheessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs．Inordertodealwithit，basedonthedatacollectedfromthediaionaryofXHYsandadoptingthequalitativemethod，thisthesisattemptstoexplorethegenerationandtheconstrualmechanismsofXHYsandtheessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsfromtheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritancewhichisputforwardbyXuShenghuan．Itinvolvessomeimportantconcepts，suchasthestereotypicalrelation，twodimensionsofproximity／similarity,typehierarchystructure，denotationandconnotation．Throughtheanalysis，severalfindingsaredrawnasfollows：(1)Asakindofsubstitutionutterance，XHYs’realmeaningsareconcealedinthe concretecontexts．Buttheysharetheproximity／similarityrelationshipintermsofthedenotationorconnotation，accordingtowhichwecanestablishthecorrespondingtypehierarchystructures．Andinrum，thetypehierarchystructurescanshowthedenotation／connotationinheritanceamongthem．(2)Generallyspeaking，XHYsarecomposedbytwoparts，theformerpartsandthelatterparts，whethertheybeingmetaphoricalX／-IYswithouthomophonesormetaphoricalXHYswithhomophones．Thetwopartscanalsoestablishthetypehierarchystructure，whichcanshowthedenotation／connotationinheritancebetweenthetwoparts．Thus，theessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsisthedenotation／connotationinheritance．(3)IntheactualusageofXHYs，therelationshipamongthecontexts’meaning，theformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYsrepresentstheirdenotation／connotationinheritance．Keywords：XHYs；denotation／connotationinheritance；generationandconstrualmechanisms； 摘要歇后语是我国广大劳动人民在社会生活实践中发明创造出来的民间传统语言之一。它不仅广泛用于人们的日常交际，还用于各种文学作品中。它在长期的历史发展变化中从形式到内容都日臻完善，不仅是广大劳动人民的智慧结晶，而且积淀了深厚的文化特色，承载着独特的民族特色、特殊的风俗和文化，堪称“中华文化的活化石”。歇后语形式独特简短，形象生动，寓意丰富，具有诙谐幽默、讽刺等特点，吸引了众多学者的研究兴趣，但是大多是描写性研究，如研究其起源，定义，类型，修辞效果等。随着认知语言学的兴起和发展，学者们开始转入解释性研究，探讨其生成理解机制，1：L77口运用关联理论、概念整合理论和自主．依存等。但这些在揭示歇后语前后两部分的实质关系上仍有欠缺。鉴于这个问题，在以歇后语词典中语料的基础上，本文尝试运用徐盛桓教授提出的外延内涵传承视角，采用定性分析的方法来阐释歇后语的生成和解读机制。在外延内涵传承视角中包括几个重要的概念，如常规关系，相邻／相似维度，类层级结构，外延，内涵和传承。经过分析可以得到以下几点发现：(1)歇后语作为一种替代话语，其真正要表达的意义隐藏在具体的话语中，但是两者在外延或者内涵上存在着相邻相似关系，根据这种相邻相似关系可以构建相应的类层级结构，反过来又可以体现出他们在外延内涵上某种程度的传承。(2)歇后语本身一般由两部分组成，不论是不带有谐音的喻义型歇后语还是带有谐音的喻义型歇后语，这两部分之间建立的类层级结构同样体现了它们之间外延内涵的传承。因此，歇后语中前后两部分关系的实质是其在外延内涵上的传承。(3)在歇后语的实际运用中，语境义，歇后语前半部分的意义以及后半部分的意义之间是它们的外延内涵的传承。关键词：歇后语；外延内涵传承；生成解读机制； ContentsAcknowledgementsAbstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．I摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯IIIChapterOneIntroduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．11．1TheObjectoftheStudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11．2ResearchQuestions⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．41．3MethodologyandDataCollection⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．41．4OrganizationoftheThesis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．4ChapterTwoLiteratureReview⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯72．1Introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．72．2DescriptiveStudiesonXHYs．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．．．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯．．72．2．1OriginandDefinition．⋯．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯72．2．2ClassificationsofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．92．2．3RhetoricalFunctionsofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．122．3ExplanatoryStudiesonXHYs⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．．．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．132．4Summary．⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．．．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．14ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯⋯．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯⋯．．．．173．1Introduction．．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯⋯．】173．2TypeHierarchyStructure．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．173．2．1TaxonomicLogic．⋯⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．．．⋯．．．．．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯⋯．173．2．2StereotypicalRelation．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．183．2．3TwoDimensionsofProximityandSimilarity．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．⋯．⋯．．．．．．．⋯．．．．20V 3．2．4TypeHierarchyStructure⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯213．3Denotation／ConnotationInheritance⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯．．263．4Summary⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯29ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYs⋯⋯．．⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯314．1Introduction⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．314．2NewClassificationofXHYsAdoptedinthisThesis⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．314．3TheRdatiomhipbetweentheFormerPartsandtheLatterPartsinXHYs．⋯⋯．⋯．．⋯⋯．⋯⋯．．334．4CognitiveMechanismofXHYs⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．364．4．1MetaphoricalXHYswithoutHomophones⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯374．4．2MetaphoricalXHYswithHomophones⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯434．5CognitiveContext⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．474．6Summary⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．49ChapterFiveConclusion⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．．．．⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯515．1MajorFindings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯515．2Implications⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．515．3Limitations⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．52Bibliography⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．．53攻读学位期间发表的学术论文⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯．57VI ChapterOneIntroductionOneIntroduction1．1The0bjectoftheStudyBeingoneoftheChinesetraditionalfolklanguageforms，ChineseXiehouyus(henceforth，XHYs)arefamiliartoalltheChineseaswellasverypopularamongthepeople．SincetheywerecreatedbyChinesepeopleintheirsocialpracticeandexperience，XHYsaretruereflectionsoftheculture，traditions，customsaswellasthoughtsofChinesepeople．Therefore，theyareheavilyculture—loadedandreckonedasthelivefossilsoftheChineseculture．Andwiththecharacteristicsoftheconciseform，vividimage，humorous，ironicorsarcasticeffectsandrichimplications，XHYsarenotonlywidelyusedbyChinesepeopleintheirdailycommunication，butalsofrequentlyappearinliteraryworksforalonghistory．Thefollowingaresomeexamples：(1)苦瓜泡进黄连汤——苦得说不成；(bittergourdisputintothesoupofcoptischinensis—difficulttodescribethebitterness)；(2)黄连拌苦瓜——苦上加苦；(mixbittergourdwithcoptischinensis—addmorebittemesstothebitterness)；(3)秃子头上的虱子——明摆着；(theliceontheheadofabaldman—obvioustosee)；(4)坐在飞机上打电话——空谈；(makephonecallssittingontheplane—talkingintheair(implying“emptytalk”))；(5)张飞吃豆芽——小菜一碟；(ZhangFeieatsbeansprouts—apieceofcake)；(6)啄木鸟找食——全凭嘴； ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritance-____________--_-________________-_-●_●_________-___——-——-________________--—_-_-______________—-—--___________________●●___-_●____-_________________-●—-●_--●———————————————————————————————————————————(thewoodpeckerseeksforfood—dependwhollyonthemouth)；(7)野猪拱红薯——全靠一张嘴；(wildboarpushesthesweetpotato—dependwhollyonthemouth)；(8)和尚的脑袋——没发(法)；(theheadofthemonk—hairless(methodless))；(9)打破沙锅——璺(问)到底；(breaktheearthenwarepot—flawsattheboaomofthepot(askingallthetimetogetthetruth))；(10)小葱拌豆腐——一青(清)二白；(mixspringonionwithtofu—thecolorofitisgreenandwhite)；(11)张飞穿针——粗中有细；(ZhangFeithreadsaneedle—carefulnessconcealedintheboldness)；(12)张飞穿针——大眼瞪小眼；(ZhangFeithreadsaneedle—bigeyesstaresatthesmallhole)；Fromtheexamplesabove，wecanseethat，generally,anXHYconsistsoftwoparts．TheformerpartofanXHYisanallusiveexpressionwhichdescribessomephenomenonorimagevividlyandleadstotheinterpretationofthelatterpart，andthelatterpartistheexplanationtotheformerpartaswellasconveystheimplicationofthewholeXHY．Buthowarethetwopartsrelatedtoeachother?WhythelatterpartsCanexplaintheformerparts?WhatistheinnerandessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs?What’Smore，wecanalsoseethatthedifferentformerpartsCanhavethesameorsimilarlatterparts，likeexample(1)and(2)．ThatistosaythesameimplicationCanbeexpressedbydifferentexpressions．Besides，thesameexpressionmayhavedifferentimplications，likeexample(11)and(12)．AndthesameXHYmayhavedifferentimplicationsindifferentcontexts，suchas2 ChapterOneIntroduction小葱拌豆腐——一青(清)二白inexample(13)and(14)and张飞穿针——大眼瞪小眼inexample(15)and(16)．ThisthesiswilldiscussallthesequestionsindetailsinFour．(13)他当副业队长，每天大把的票子从他手里过，多会儿都是型!蓥挂亘鹰!二澶三白，从来没出过错。(聂海《靠山堡》六)(14)大家要抓紧时间，发言要41薹挂垦鹰二二渣三自，别连汤带水的。(肖驰《决战之前》一0章)(15)会上，他大谈了一通新信息，说外面的农民如何如何地富起来，有买单车手表的，有买电视机的，甚至有买汽车的，有坐飞机旅游的⋯⋯说得大家堂玉窒钍：太腿瞪小眼，不断的‘啧啧’地赞叹着。(张绍庭《八老爷与金铃子》)(16)几句话，把个马连福说的韭玉窒钍!太8艮瞳型!腿，后脊梁背苏苏地冒凉气。(浩然《艳阳天》一二章)XHYs，asalanguageformexclusivelypossessedbyChinese，aresocharmingintheactualusagethattheyhaveattractedmanyscholars’attentionandtheyhavedonelotsofresearchesfromdifferentperspectives．Atfirst，mostoftheresearchesplacedgreatemphasisonstudyingtheorigin，definition，classification，rhetoricaleffects，andtherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts，etc．whichbelongedtothedescriptivestudies．Withthedevelopmentofthecognitivelinguistics，thescholarshaveturnedtotheexplanatorystudiesandtrytofindtheinternalcognitivemechanismofXHYswithdifferentcognitivetheories，suchastherelevancetheory,conceptualintegrationtheoryandtheautonomy-dependencytheory,etc．Althoughtheseresearchesmakesensetosomeextent，theyarenottotallypersuasiveandtheyarealittleweakinexplainingthetruerelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts，whichisofgreatimportanceinunderstandingXHYs．Thus，thisthesiswilltrytoadopttheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritanceputforwardbyXuShenghuantodigitdeeper． ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritance1．2ResearchQuestionsThisthesisisanattempttoprobeintothecognitivemechanismofXHYsandanswerthefollowingquestions：(1)HowaretheformerpansrelatedtothelatterpartsinXHYs?What’Stheiressentialrelationship?(2)WhatarethegenerationandconstrualmechanismsofXHYs?Inthefollowingchapters，thethesiswillanSWerthesequestionsonebyoneatlength．1．3MethodologyandDataCollectionIntermsofthemethodologyusedinthisthesis，aqualitativemethodisappliedonthebasisofaconsiderabledatacollectedfromdifferentsources．ThedatausedinthisthesismainlycomefromthedictionariesofXHYs．Inadditiontothedictionaries，thedataarealsofromtheinternetaswellaslotsofliteraryworks1．4OrganizationoftheThesisThisthesiscanbedividedintofivechapters：ChapterOneisabriefintroductiontothewholestudy．Itpointsouttheobjectofthestudy,putsforwardstheresearchquestions，showsthemethodologyanddatasourcesusedinthisthesis，andexhibitsthearrangementofthethesisChapterTwoisabouttheliteraturereviewoftheresearchesonXHYsfromdescriptiveaswellasexploratorystudiesandpointsouttheproblemsunsolved．ChapterThreeillustratesthetheoreticalframeworkindetail．Inthischapter,theauthorexemplifiesXuShenghuan’Sdenotation／connotationinheritanceperspectiveandtherelatedconcepts，likethetypehierarchystructure，stereotypicalrelationaswellasthetwodimensionsofproximityandsimilarity,etc．Alltheselayatheoreticalfoundationfor4 ChapterOneIntroductionexploringthecognitivemechanismandtheessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpansinXHYs．FourpointsoutthenewclassificationofXHYsadoptedinthisthesis，talksaboutthepreviousopinionsontherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs，andanalyzesthegenerationaswellastheconstrualmechanismsofXHYswithinthedenotation／connotationinheritanceperspectiveanddiscoverstheessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerparsandthelatterpans．Fiveistheconclusionofthisthesis．Itwillsummarizethefindingsofthisresearch，andsomevitalimplications．Becauseofthelimitedresearchlevelaswellaslimitedknowledgestructure，thisthesisdefinitelyhaslimitations，whichwillalsobepointedoutinthischapter． ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInhe—tance—————●_____________--_____________●"●__-________--__-__________-●-—●--_____________-___________-__-_---_____________-_———-———————————————————————————————— ChapterTwoLiteratureReview2．1IntroductionChapterTwoLiteratureReviewAsoneofthemostfascinatingandinterestinglinguisticphenomena，XHYs，createdbythelaboringpeopleintheirsocialpracticeaswellasexperience，arepopularamongtheChinesepeopleandplayanimportantrolebothinthedailycommunicationandintheliteratureworks．What’Smore，ithasprovokedtheinterestsoflinguistsandrhetoricians．AlargeamountofscholarshavedonevariousresearchesonXHYs，fromthedescriptivestudiestotheexplanatorystudies．Mostoftheearlystudiesbelongtothedescriptivestudies，includingtheorigin，defimtion，classification，rhetoricaleffects．Thenwiththedevelopmentofthecognitivelinguistics，scholarshaveturnedtotheexplanatorystudiestoexploreitsinnermechanismfromdifferentperspectives，suchastherelevancetheory,conceptualintegrationtheoryaswellastheautonomy-dependency．Inthischapter,theauthorwilldiscusstheseindetailsandraisethequestionstheyhaven’tsolved．2．2DescriptiveStudiesonXHYs2．2．1OriginandDefinitionAsfortheoriginofXHYs．noconsensushasbeengainedupnow,butitisnottosaythatitsoriginistraceless．Generallyspeaking，thereareseveralpopularopinionsonitsorigin．OneopinionholdsthatXHYsappearedearlyintheperiodofpre-Qin，accordingtothebooknamedStrategiesoftheWarringStates(《战国策》)．(陈红军，2011：17)庄辛至。襄王日：“寡人不能用先生之言，今事至于此，为之奈何?”庄辛对日：“臣闻鄙语日：‘见兔而顾犬，未为晚也；亡羊而补牢，未为迟也。’臣闻昔汤、武以百里昌，7 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritance桀、纣以天下亡。今出国虽小，绝长续短，尤以数千里，岂能特百里斋哉?”(温端政，2000)“见兔而顾犬，未为晚也；亡羊而补牢，未为迟也”isregardedastheearliestXHYandithasbeenusedbypeopleuntilnow．Thesecondschoolclaimsthattheterm“Xiehou’’couldbetracedbackintheTangDynasty,inthebookcalledBookofTang-BiographyofZhengqing(《旧唐书·郑綮列传》)，accordingtoMaGuofanandGaoGedong．“綮善为诗，多侮剧刺时，故落格调，时号郑五歇后体。”Ithasbeennamedas‘‘ZhengwuXiehouti’’(郑五歇后体)，whichwasastyleofpoemsandwasquitepopularinTangDynasty．Thiswasthefirsttimethatthenameof“Xiehou’’appeareddocumentarily．AnotherideawasfirstputforwardinQingDynastybyZhaiHao，whoclaimsthatbothhomophonicandnon-homophonicXHYsarethedevelopmentoffeng-ren．shi．ti(风人诗体)，forbothfeng。‘ren。‘shi·-tiandXHYssharequitesimilarcharacteristicsinthattheformerpartisintroductionandthelatterpartisexplanation．Furthermore，punsarewidelyusedinbothofthem．Therefore，thefollowersofthisschoolsuchasWenDuanzhengstatesthatXHYsareidiomswithrelativelyfixedstructureandcolloquialflavorwhichincludestwoparts：theformerisintroductionandthelatterisexplanation，namely“yinzhuyu”(引注语)．Besides，HuangHuajieholdsthatXHYsisonekindofChineseproverbs．HeclaimsthatXHYsarespecialdevelopmentofself-explanationproverbs．AndMaoDun(1954)thinksXHYsaretheevolvementoftheSO-called“original’’or“standard”XHYs．AndhedividesthedevelopmentofXHYsintothreestages．Firstly,the“original’’or“standard’’XHYswhichreferstothoseoriginatingfromidioms，sentencesofpoemsorotherwell．knownphrasesinclassicalworksandhidingoromittingoneormoreChinesecharactersfromthem，suchas“牛头马(面)”and“杨柳细(腰)”．Speakingof“杨柳细”actuallymeans‘‘腰”．Secondly,thecomparativelycomplicatedroundaboutXHY,suchas“乡下人不认识桂圆——外黄(行)” ChapterTwoLiteratureReview(villagepeoplecannotrecognizethelongan—yellowoutside(nonprofessional))．Atlast，themostcomplicatedXHYs，like“泥菩萨过河——自身难保”(theclayidolfordstheriver—hardlyabletosaveoneself)．EventhoughdiscrepancyexistsonopinionsabouttheoriginofXHYs，thescholarsdoreachanagreementthatXHYscomefromthefolkandareCreatedbytheordinarypeopleduringtheirsocialpractice，laborandexperience．ItcannotbedeniedthatXHYsarecrystallizationsofthepeople’Scollectivewisdom．AsforthedefinitionofXHYs，inAChinese—EnglishDictionary(1978)，XHYsaredefinedas“atwo-partallegoricalsaying，ofwhichtheformerpart，alwaysstated，isdescriptive，whilethelatterpart，sometimesstated，carriesthemessage”．AndthePracticalChineseLinguisticsDictionarycompiledbyGeBenyiandothersdefinesXHYsasakindoffixedsentencewithspecialstructureandhumorousexpression(an媛媛，2005：3)．AccordingtoWenDuanzheng，XHYs，initsnature，isadialecticalunitcomposedbytwointerdependentparts．Theformerpartsareintroductionswhosepurposeistointroducethelatterparts，andthelatterpartsareexplanationstotheformerparts．(温端政，1980：138)Inadditiontothese，thereareotherideasaboutthedefinitionofXHYs．Thisthesiswillnotlistthemonebyonebecauseofthelimitedspaceofit．ThoughthereisnotadefinitedefinitionofXHYs，wehaveapopularlyacceptedrecognitionofthem：generallyspeaking，XHYsconsistoftwoparts，eventhoughpeoplemayomitthelatterpartsofXHYsintheutterancesometimes；thetwopartsofXHYsareclosedrelated；andtheuseofXHYsCancauserichmeaningsandhumorous，sarcasticorironyeffectswithvividimams．2．2．2ClassificationsofXHYsForsuchalongtimeofthestudyofXHYs，theclassificationofXHYsisacontroversial9 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceissueandthereisnotaconsensusamongthescholarsuntilnow．Differentscholarshavedifferentclassificationsaccordingtodifferentcriteria．EventhoughtheseclassificationsmayhaveweaknessesandcannotcoveralltheXHYs，theyalsomakesensetosomedegree．Thefollowingwaysofclassificationarecomparativelymoreinfluentialandwidelyaccepted．Atpresent，themostinfluentialandacceptableclassificationistodivideXHYsintometaphoricaltypesandhomophonictypeswhichisproposedbyMaGuofanandGaoDedong(马国凡&高歌东，1979)andagreedbyWangQin．AsfarasthemetaphoricalXHYsareconcemed，theformerpartsaremetaphorsandthelatterpartsaretheexplanationstotheformerparts．AndthehomophonicXHYsrefertothosewhichemployhomophonesornearhomophonestoachievepunsenses．WangQin，thefollowerofthisschool，furtherclassifiesthemetaphoricalXHYsintotwosubtypes：metaphoricalXHYswithoriginalmeaningandmetaphoricalXHYswithmetaphoricalmeaning．(王勤，1980)Butthiskindofclassificationisnotall‘coveredandthereexistsoverlapsbetweenthetwotypes．Obviously,themetaphoricalXHYsmayalsocontainsomehomophonicXHYs．Conversely,thehomophonicXHYsmayalsoincludesomethathavemetaphors．What’Smore，togetthepunysensesinthehomophonicXHYsintheirusage，itisunavoidabletocarrythemetaphoricalmeanings．Thus，thiskindofclassificationisnotaccurateandpartialtosomeextent．WenDuanzhengisoneofthescholarswhoquestiontheclassificationaboveandheholdsthattherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYsisintroductionandexplanation．Thus，heclassifiesXHYsintofivetypesonthebasisofthewayshowthelatterpartsexplaintheformerparts．Theyaredescriptive，explanatory,judging，exclamatoryandrhetoricalquestioning．(温端政，2000)Butitisnoteasytodrawclearlinesamongthesefivetypes，becauseinfact，asweallknow,XHYsarehighlycontext．dependentutterances．Forinstance，二脚蹬上天——高升了(thefeetascendtothesky—promotiontoa ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewhighel"place)．HowCalltheexactmeaningorfunctionof“高升了”bedeterminedwithouttakingtheconcretecontextintoaccount?Itisdifficulttodeterminewhetheritbelongstothedescriptive，explanatory,judging，exclamatoryorrhetoricalquestioning．Thus，thiskindofclassificationisalsoinevitablyproblematictosomedegree．Besides，TanYongxiangholdsthatXHYsCanbedividedintometaphoricalgroupandcomprehendinggroup．(谭永祥，1984：108)HeclaimsthatmetaphoricalXHYsprovidemetaphorsintheformerpartswhilethelatterpartspresenttheirmetaphoricalmeanings．Comprehendinggrouprefertothosethatconveymeaningsthroughthesharedbackgroundknowledge．Andeachofthemhastwosubtypes．MetaphoricalXHYsincludehalf-metaphoricalandfull-metaphoricalXHYs；comprehendingonesconsistofliteralandderivativeXHYs．Justaswhathasstatedintheclassificationabove，itiShardtodrawclearlinebetweenthemaswell．Andisitenoughtounderstandthemetaphoricalgroupswithoutthesharedbackgroundknowledge?TheanSWerisobviouslynot．Thus，thiskindofclassificationiSnotscientificandtenableaswell．WangQin(2006：358—359)dividesXHYsintometaphoricalonesandpunny-metaphoricalones．AndmetaphoricalXHYsconsistoftwosubtypes：onereferstothosewhoselatterpartsexpresstheoriginalmeaningsandtheotherreferstothosewhoselatterpartsexpressderivativemeanings．PunnymetaphoricalXHYsarealsocomposedoftwosubtypes．WangholdsthathisclassificationinessenceiscomposedofmetaphoricalXHYsandpunnyXHYs．AndheputsthosewhichcontainpolysemesinthelatterpartsintothemetaphoricalonesinsteadofpunnyXHYs．Inadditiontotherelativelypopularclassificationsabove，therearesomeotherclassificationsthatmakesensetoacertaindegree．Forinstance，WenXitianclassifiesXHYsintoelegantgroup，populargroupandvulgargroupaccordingtothestylesandcolors．WangXipengdividesXHYsintofourtypesonthebasisofthemannerofcompositionsofthelatter ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceparts，namely,thespeaker’Srealintention．111eyareXHYswiththelatterpartsasadverbials，XHYswiththelatterpartsassetphrasesoridioms，XHYswiththelatterpansastheanswerstotheformerpartsandXHYswiththelatterpartscontainingpuns．(温端政&周荐，2000：129)Butowingtothelackofconstantcriterion，theseclassificationsarenotpersuasive．Tosumup，withvariousstandards，wehavenotobtmnedthemostconvincingandsatisfactoryclassificationofXHYs．Inthisthesis，fortheconvenienceofanalyzingthedatafromtheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritance，theauthorwillattempttopresentatentativeclassificationwhichwillbeexpoundedinChapterFoun2．2．3RhetoricalFunctionsofXHYsLotsofscholarsregardXHYsasthefigurativeexpressions，amongwhichhumorandsarcasmarethemostprominentandremarkablerhetoricalfunctions．AndWenDuanzhengholdsthatthevisualizationofthelatterpartsisthoughttobethefundamentalrhetoricaleffectofXHYs．(温端政，2000)Andthiseffectmainlyresultsfromthevividandrichimagesaswellasallusionsoftheformerparts．Let’Stakethefollowingexampleforillustration：(1)几句话，把个马连福说得篮飞窒钍==太腿瞳型!腿，后脊梁背苏苏的冒凉气。(《艳阳天》第一卷第十二章)Whenpeopleseethissentence，he／shemaymakefulluseofhis／herencyclopedicknowledge．PeoplewhoknowthefamousChinesenovelTheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsmustknowthecharacterZhangFeiwhoiscrude，braveandstronganddistinguishedfromothersbyhisextremelybigeyes．Andaccordingtoourexperience，tothreadaneedlewithasmallholerequiresskills，carefulnessandpatience．Therefore，peoplecanimaginehowridiculousandinterestingitmustbethatZhangFeiwithhisextremelybigeyesstaresattheneedlewithasmallhole，havingnoideaaboutwhatandhowtodo．Itisthepre-storedknowledgeabouthistoricalfiguresthathelpspeopletoactivatetherelevantinformation ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewwhichcanbecombinedwiththeconcretecontextstoachievetheintendedmeaningsofthespeakersandhumorousaswellassarcasticeffects．Evidently,italsoshowsthatthevisualizationprovidedbytheformerpartscanmakegreatcontributiontoexpresstheintendedmeaningsmoreeffectivelyandvividly．Generallyspeaking，thehumorousorsarcasticeffectscreatedbyXHYsareinthreeways．Firstly,anovelimaginationispresentedintheformerpartwhichmayconfusepeople，andthengiveanappropriateexplanationinthelatterpart．Asuddenunderstandingmaybeobtmnedthroughtheintegrationofthetwoparts，suchas“刀尖上翻跟头——玩命”(turningsomersaultsonknives—playingwithone’Slifel．Secondly,theeffectsCanbeachievedbymeansofvividimagesoriginatingfrompeople’Sliferatherthananyfascination．Forinstance，“孙猴子的脸——说变就变”(thefaceofthemonkeyking—unpredictablechange)．Thirdly,besidesthetwotied．upparts，punsareusedtoleadpeopletofurthercomprehension．Forexample，“狗坐轿子——不识抬举”(adogsittinginasedanchair—unabletoappreciateafavor)．InChinese，thedogisnotanelegantfigure，SOhumorandironyorsarcasmareachievedbythepictureof“adogsittinginasedanchair”，implyingunabletoappreciateothers’kindnessorfavor．Owingtothehumorous，sarcasticeffects，vividimagesandrichmeaningsofXHYs，whichisaneffectivetooltocreaterelaxingatmosphereandnarrowthepsychologicaldistance，XnYsarepopularlyusedbypeopleintheirdailycommunicationaswellastheliteratureworks．2．3ExplanatoryStudiesOilXHYsWiththedevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics，moreandmorescholarshaveturnedtotheexplanatorystudyandtrytofindtheinternalcognitivemechanismofXHYs．Forexample，XuHuianalyzesitwiththerelevancetheory．Hethinksthatpeopletrytoseektheoptimal ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancerelevancethroughthemaximumrelevanceinordertounderstandtheXHYs．(徐辉，2007：130-132)Thisperspectivemakessensetosomeextent．ButitjustpointsoutthatthereissomerelevancerelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpansinXHYs，whichisSOvagueandobscure．Soitdoesnotexplainclearlywhatkindofrelevancerelationshipitis．ZhangJingstudiesitfromtheperspectiveofconceptualintegrationtheoryandpointsoutthatpeoplecanestablishthein—putspacesaccordingtotheformerpansandintegratethemtogetthemeaningofthelatterparts．(张静&徐学萍，2007：114．115)ThisisSOgeneralthatpeopleCan’tunderstandwhattointegrateandhowtointegrate．Besides，italsodoesnotpointouttheessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs．JiangXiangyongcombinestherelevancetheoryandtheconceptualintegrationtheorytogethertostudythemechanismofXHYs．Heemphasizesthatitisnecessarytocomplementthecontextinformationanddothepragmaticinference，andintegratetheexplidtandimplicitinformation．(蒋向勇，2009：144-147)AndHeAijingstudiesXHYsfromtheperspectiveoftheautonomy-dependencytheory．Thistheoryclaimsthattherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsisautonomy-dependency．(何爱晶，2008：131．134)Butitdoesnotexplainthereasonsforwhichtheyhavethiskindofrelationship．Therefore，itiscleartoseethatthesestudiesdopointoutthatthereexistsacertainrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts，butnotallofthemrevealtheessenceoftherelationshipbetweenthetwoparts．Therefore，thisthesiswilltrytoexploretheessenceofitfromthenewanddifferentperspectiveofthedenotation／connotationinheritance，whichwillbeillustratedatlengthinChapterFour2．4SummaryInthischapter,thisthesishasreviewedthepreviousstudiesonXHYsfromdescriptiveperspectiveandexplanatoryperspective．Thedescriptivestudiesjustdescribetheorigin， ChapterTwoLiteratureRenewdefinition，classificationsandtherhetoricalfunaions．EventhoughthesestudiesjustsimplydescribeXHYsfromtheextemalaspects，theyalsolayagoodfoundationforthelatterstudies．TheexplanatorystudiestrytoexploretheinnercognitivemechanismofXHYswithdifferentcognitivetheories．EventhoughtheyCanmakesensetosomeextent，theyhaveweaknessesrespectively．Thus，thisthesisattemptstoprovideanewperspectivetostudythegenerationaswellastheconstrualmechanismsofXHYswiththedenotation／connotationinheritanceperspectiveputforwardbyXuShenghuan，whichwillbeillustratedindetailsinthefollowingchapters． ACognitiveMechanismstudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritance16 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkThreeTheoreticalFramework3．1IntroductionBeforeanalyzingtheinnercognitivemechanismofXHYs，thisthesiswillfirstintroduceandelaboratethetheoryweuseindetailstosupportthewholethesis．TheperspectiveusedinthisthesisistheDenotation／ConnotationInheritancewhichisputforwardbyXuShenghuan．Anditsmaincontents，likethetaxonomiclogic，whichisitslogicalfoundation，thestereotypicalrelation，whichisthefoundationoftaxonomyaswellasofgreatimportanceinsupplementingthesemanticmissingandinterpretingtheimplicatureofutterance，twodimensionsofproximityandsimilarity,whicharetheembodimentsofstereotypicalrelations，andthetypehierarchystructurewillbediscussedfirstinthischapter．Thenthethesiswillexemplifyhowthedenotation／connotationinheritsatlength．3．2TrpeHierarchyStructure3．2．1TaxonomicLogicTaxonomiclogicisthelogicfoundationofthedenotation／connotationinheritanceaswellasthepreconditionofit．Thedenotation／connotationinheritancealwayshappensintheframeworkoftaxonomiclogic．Theessenceofthedenotation／connotationinheritanceismakinguseofthetaxonomyinthedifferenthierarchiestoinheritthedenotation／connotation．Thus，inordertoknowhowthedenotation／connotationinheritancehappens，weshouldknowwhatthetaxonomiciSfirst．Taxonomiclogicisthecomerstoneoftheclassiclogic．Therearenumerousdifferentthingsintheworld．Inordertorecognize，understandandevenmasterthesethings，itisreally ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancenecessarytocategorizethem．Categorizationisthetoolforthehuman’Scognition，whichisusedbypeopletorecognizethings．Learningandmakinguseofcategorizationisthemostbasicandthemostpopularcognitiveform．(徐盛桓，2008)Logic，whichregardsthemodesofthinkingandtheirlawsasitsmainresearchobjects，naturallywillmakeageneralizationaboutthecognitiveprocessofhowpeopleclassifythingsandtherelatedlaws．Thenthetaxonomiclogiccameup．(金岳霖，1985)ButhowCanpeoplecategorizeSOmanythingsinthisworldandwhatisthestandardoftheclassification?StereotypicalrelationCallanswerthesequestions．3．2．2Stereoty7picalRelationTheoccurrenceofcategorization，eitherfromtheperspectiveofclassiccategorytheoryorfromtheperspectiveofthetypicalcategorytheory,isestablishedonthebasisofpeople’Srecognitionofstereotypicalrelation．Categorizationisjustthelogicalgeneralizationofthings’conceptualsystembymeansofstereotypicalrelationthinkingmode．Beforemakingaclearunderstandingonstereotypicalrdation，itisofgreatnecessitytoknowthemeaningoftheword“stereotype”．OxfordAdvancedLearner§English—ChineseDictionary(the6伯edition，2004，1728)givesthemostcommonlyuseddefinitionofthisword．Thatis“afixedideaorimagethatmanypeoplehaveofaparticulartypeofpersonorthing，butwhichisoftentrueinreality"’．Forinstance，hethinksthathismotherisnotagoodmotherbecausehismotherdoesnotfitthestereotypeofamotherwhospendsmostofhertimeonherchildren．Thenotionof‘‘stereotypicalrelation’’hasnewanddifferentsenseswhenitisusedinthelinguisticfield．StereotypicalrelationisfirstlyputforwardbyLevinson．InhisNeo-GriceanTheoryofConversationalImplicature，Levinsoncomesupwiththreeprinciples，i．e．Q—principle，I-principle，andM—principle，whicharethereinterpretationofthemaximsof ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkGrice．AndinI-principle，stereotypicalrelationisputforwardasoneimportantconcept．Fromthenon，manyscholarsathomeandabroadhavedonemanyresearchesonstereotypicalrelation．AndXuShenghuanisoneofthem．Heconsidersthatspeakingfromtheperspectiveofontology,stereotypicalrelationisakindofnaturalrelationshipbetweenthings．Everythingintheworldexistsinacertainspace，time，conditionandsurroundings．Italsohasitsownexternalform，internalstructure，functionsandeffects．What’Smore，italsopossessesitsownprocessofoccurrence，developmentaswellasending．Andalltheseprocessesarerelated、析theachother,chooseacertainformandmanifesttheirownqualitiesaswellasfeatures．Meanwhile，thingsalsointeractwiththeirsurroundings，whichleadstotheestablishmentoftherelationsamongdifferentthings．Aftertheserelationsarerecognizedorenvisionedbypeople，theywillbefixedascognitiveachievementseitherintheknowledgeformorinthesocialideologyform．Therefore，relationsbetweenonethingandanother,orbetweensomeformofonethingandsometime，space，shape，quality,function，changeandSOoncanbeconsideredasconstantandconventionalrelationandbecomethebasiccontentofsomestereotypicalrelation．(徐盛桓，2007)Besides，XuShenghuanhasdoneresearchesonstereotypicalrelationfromtheperspectiveoftheinferenceofimplicationandtheoriginofinference．Andhisbasicopinionsareasfollowing：fromtheperspectiveofontology,stereotypicalrelationisakindofnaturalrelationshipbetweenthings，whichisusedbythelanguageexpressions；fromtheangleofdiscourseinterpreting，especiallytheimplicatureinference，itrefersto“stereotype”．AnditembodiesasimplicatureortheconcretecontentofimplicitexpressionwithinthediscourseanditCansupplementtheexplicitexpressioninordertomakethediscourseunderstoodrelativelycomplete；fromtheperspectiveofepistemology,itisconsideredastheexistingformandspreadingmediaofthecognitivemeansforpeopletorecognizetheworldthroughrelation；fromtheperspectiveofmethodology,asawaytorecognizetheworld，stereotypical ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancerelationisathinkingmethodformedafterintrospectingtheconcretemethodsofrecognizingtheworldandthenbecomesaconsciousoranunconsciousperspective，schema，framework，andmodeltorecognizethings．(徐盛桓，2002)3．2．3TwoDimensionsofProximityandSimilarityInrecentyears，theresearchesonstereotypicalrelationhavebecomedeeperanddeeperandhavegivenanewgeneralizationofstereotypicalrelationfrommoreabstractlevel．Andthescholarsthinkthatstereotypicalrelationdistributesassmallsetsofknowledgeintheknowledgestructureofpeople’Smind．AnditCandistributeintomulti-levelsubsystemswhicharelinkedtogetherverticallyandhorizontallybyproximityandsimilarity．Thatistosay,inanabstractlevel，[proximity+】and[similarity+]aretwodimensionstoobservestereotypicalrelation．Thereasonsforthisgeneralizationareasfollows：ontheonehand，itissurethattherelationshipbetweenthingsCanbemanifestedfromthetwodimensions：[proximity+]and[similarity+]．AndtherelationshipsbetweenallthethingsCanbeeasilyrecognizedfromthedifferentdegreesof[proximity+]and[similarity+]．Ontheotherhand，[proximity+]and[similarity+]havegreatinfluenceonpeople’Spsychologicalcharacteristicswhentheyaredetectingtheentitiesoutsidetheworld．Generallyspeaking，thisistosay,thingswhichareproximateorsimilarhavethetendencytobeconstruedasawhole．(徐盛桓，2006)Proximityrefersto‘‘individualelementswithasmalldistancebetweenthemwillbeperceivedasbeingsomehowrelatedtoeachother"’(Ungerer＆Schimid，2008)．AndinAnIntroductiontoCognitiveLingu括tics，itisdescribedlikethis：inthecognition，elementswhichareclosetoeachotherinthedistanceCanbeconsideredasaunit．Proximityconsistsoftimeproximity,spaceproximity,cause-effectproximityandpart—wholeproximityandSOforth．Forinstance，therearemanylinesofseatsintheclassroom，line(i)一line(ii)一line(iii)⋯，andallthelinesintheclassroomareinproximityrelationinspace．Similarityrefersthat20 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkindividualelementsthataresimilartendtoberecognizedasonecommonsegment．Thatistosay,peopletendtoregardthethingswithsimilarityasaunit．Andsimilarityconsistsofsoundsimilarity,imagesimilarity,andmeaningsimilarityandSOon．Taketransportation．Transportationcontainscar,train，bus，bike，plain，ship⋯andallofthemareinsimilarityrelationbecauseoftheirsamefunction．Inadditiontothebasisofphysicalfeatures，proximityandsimilarityneedpsychologicalimageandidentificationatthesametime．Andtheprocessofidentifyingproximityandsimilarityisacognitivemethodtorecognizetheworldbymeansofrelation．Incognitivelinguistics，torecognizetheworldbymeansofrelationreferstomastertherelationalityoftheworld：twoentitiesholdingthestereotypicalrelationcanbeeachother’Srelationalentities，andtheexistenceofonerelationalentityalwaysinherentlyimpliestheexistenceofanotherentity,whichcanconnectthingsintoanunderstandable，explainableandpredictablenetwork．(Croft＆Cruse，2004：67)And[proximity士】and[similarity士】aretheembodimentsofstereotypicalrelations，SOinconclusion，twoentitiesholdingproximityand／orsimilarityrelationarerelationalentitiestoeachother．Thus，inacertaincontext，mentioningXmaymeansy．Thatistosay,xappearsinanutterance，andifxisusedtobeproximate／similartoYinatraceablecontext(1inguisticornonlinguistic，factualorconceptual)，thenitispossiblethat：Xderivesy．Forexample，“fox”hasthecharacteristicof‘"beingcunning"’，SOwhensomeonesays“Heisafox”，hemaymeanheiscunning．3．2．4TypeHierarchyStructureTheMentalModelTheoryholdsthatwheneverpeoplerecognizesomething，theywouldalwayssupposethatitexistsinsomelocationinthenetworkoftheworld，whichisconnectedtogetherbythestereotypicalrelationamongthings．Andtheseconnectionsamongthingsmaketheworldasupernetworkwithtypesaswellashierarchies．Thatisthetypehierarchy ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancestructure，whichisthefoundationforpeopletorecognizethetypesofthings．Thestudyoftypehierarchystructuredevelopsfromthestudyofartificialintelligenceincomputerscience．Itholdsthattypehierarchystructureisanimportantformforhumanbeingstostoreknowledgeanditestablishesthespaceof[similarity土]and／or[proximity+]bycategorizingandlistingtheentitiesinthedomainofinterest．Everyentityinthespaceisconsideredtobelongtothesametypebecauseofbearingthesamecharacteristicswithitssuper—category．(徐盛桓，2008)Accordingtothis，wecancomeupwithsuchanassumptionthateverythingintheworldisanentitybelongingtoacertaintypeofacertainhierarchyinthesystemofthings．Thewholeworldcanbeseenasonetypehierarchystructureinwhichstereotypicalrelationservesasatie．Andfromwhatthisthesishastalkedabove，weknowthatthestereotypicalrelationcanbeabstractedasthetwodimensionsof[similarity士]and[proximity士]．Therefore，thetypehierarchystructurecanbealsoconsideredasbeingsetupbytheproximityandsimilarity．Thatistosay,peopleCanrecognizeandcategorizeentitiesbytherelationsof[similarity士]and／or[proximity士]betweenthings．Forinstance，supposethatentityElbelongstoacertaincategoryEAinthetypehierarchy(e)(abbreviatedasTyH(e))andentitiesE2，E3，E4⋯havedifferentdegreesofsimilaritywithElincharacteristics，featuresorfunctions．Andasthesayinggoes‘‘Birdsofafeatherflocktogether’，E1．E2，E3，E4⋯areproximatetoeachother．Therefore，wecanseethatsimilarityguaranteesproximityandproximityguaranteesmoresimilaritiesinturn．XuShenghuanalsopointsoutthateveryentityintheworldCanfinditsownlocationinacertaincategorywiththetypehierarchystructure．(徐盛桓，2008)Thus，whenanalyzinganentityinonetypehierarchystructure，oneshouldjudgefromitslocationinthetypehierarchystructure．ThefollowingfigureCanofferaclearandbriefdescriptionoftypehierarchystructure．22 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkTyH(x)TyH(e)TyH(f)TyH(g)Figure3-1TypeHierarchyStructureofTyn(x)InFigure3-1，wecanseethatentitieslikeEl，E2andE3⋯sharesomesimilaritieswiththeirsuper-categoryEAandtheyareproximatetoeachotherinthetypehierarchystructure．Inotherwords，theyformtherelationof【similarity士]and[proximity+]．TheycanbetakenasawholeandasthesubcategoriesofEAwithreferencetohumanbeing’Scognition．Fromthisfigure，wecanalsoseethatsupercategoriesandsubcategoriesarerelative．Onecertainsupercategoryisthesupercategoryofitsentitieswhichconstituteit，whilethiscategorycanperformasanentityandconstituteanothersupercategoryatthesametime．Thenformercategorybecomesthesubcategoryofthisnewsupercategory．Forinstance，infigure3-1，EAiSthesupercategoryofentitiesE1，E2andE3⋯anditisalsoanentityofitssupercategoryTyH(e)．ThentogetherwithE8，Ec⋯，itconstitutesthesupercategoryTyH(e)andEAbecomesasubcategoryofTyH(e)．Similarly,TyH(e)isthesupercategoryofEA，EB，andEc⋯．Atthesametime，togetherwithTyH(f)，TyH(g)⋯，itformsthesupercategoryTyH(x)andTyH(e)becomesasubcategoryofTyH(x)．Bythesamereasoning，wewillgetmoreandmoresupertypehierarchiesandsubtypehierarchies．Theoretically,entities，categoriesandhierarchieshavenolimits，SOitwillformasuperhierarchystructure．JustasXuShenghuanclaimsthattypehierarchystructureisallopensystemwhichcanbeenlarged A—C—ognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancebasedonpeople’Sever-growingknowledgeandexperience．Besides，thisfigurecanalsoshowthatthecategoriesintheupperhierarchiesareusuallymoreabstractthantheircorrespondingsubcategories．Becausethefeaturesoftherelativehigherlevelcategoryareabstractedfromthecommonfeaturesofitsentitieswhichconstituteit．SuchasEA，asasupercategoryofE1，E2，E3⋯，abstractsitsfeaturesfromE1，E2，E3⋯．Let’StakeaconcreteexampleinFigure3-2．organlsmantflowervegetabletreeroselilyjasmine⋯Figure3-2TypeHierarchyStructureof‘‘organism’’InFigure3-2，“rose”，“lily"’，and‘"jasmine’’areproximatemembersof‘‘flower’’category．Theysharethesamefeatureswitheachother．Andthefeaturesof‘‘flower"’areabstractedfromtheconcreteflowers：“rose”，“lily"’，and‘"jasmine"．．．So‘‘flower’’categoryismoreabstractthanitssubcategory：“rose”，‘‘lily”，and‘"jasmine”．“Plant’’ismoreabstractthan“flower”，“vegetable"’and“tree”．“Organism’’ismoreabstractthan“animal’’and“plant”．Sowecanseethatthehigherthecategorylocates，themoreabstracttheyareandonthecontrary,thelowerthecategorylocates，themoreconcretetheyare．Typehierarchystructurecallbeclassifiedintotwokinds：taxonomictypehierarchyandcompositional(part-whole)typehierarchy．(徐盛桓，2008)Taxonomictypehierarchyisanetworkstructurewhichisclassifiedaccordingtothedenotationofentitiesandmadeupby24 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworkentitiesofthesametype．Let’Stake“tree”asanexample．Intermsof“type”，“tree’’categorycanbedividedintopoplar,willowandfruittreeandSOon．(SeeFigure3-3)Astheexamplesof“tree”．theyallrepresentmanycharacteristicsorfeaturesof“tree”．Thatistosay,inthecharacteristicsorfeaturesof“tree”，theysharethesimilarityrelationwitheachotherandpeopleCanespeciallyperceivethesimilaritiesbetweentheminpeople’Scognition．Andtheyformthesupercategory‘‘tree”．Thewholestructureiscalledtaxonomictypehierarchystructure．tree、1Arw；1／"Ydffm1ittrooFigure3-3TaxonomicTypeHierarchyof‘‘tree’’Compositionaltypehierarchyreferstoanetworkclassifiedaccordingtotheconnotationofentitiesandcomposedofthecorrespondingcomponents．Differentfromtaxonomictypehierarchy,whichpaysmoreattentiontothesimilarityrelation，compositionaltypehierarchylaysmoreemphasisontheproximityrelation．Take“tree”．“tree”canbedecomposedinto“branch”，“leaf’，“trunk”andSOforth．Theyareproximatetoeachotheronthebodyofthetree．Soinpeople’Smind，theproximityrelationbetweenthemisespeciallyperceived．Thewholestructureiscompositionaltypehierarchystructure．SeeFigure3-4．treebranchleavestrunk．．．Figure3-4CompositionalTypeHierarchyof‘‘tree’’Theproximity／similarityrelationnotonlyexistsincategoriesalongthehorizontallevel，butalsoexistsbetweenhierarchiesalongtheverticallevel．Moreimportant，the25 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceproximity／similarityrelationinverticalleveljustrepresentsthedenotation／connotationinheritanceofentitiesorlexicalitems，whichwillbediscussedatlengthinthefollowingpart．3．3Denotation／ConnotationInheritanceFromthedetailedexplanationabouttypehierarchystructure，wecanseethatthereexistsproximity／similarityrelationbetweenthesupercategoriesandthesubcategoriesintheverticallevelofthetypehierarchystructure．Thatistosay,akindofinheritanceofthemeaningexistsbetweenthesupercategoriesandthesubcategories，whichiscalledthedenotation／connotationinheritancebyXuShenghuan．Thus，itisnecessarytomakeclearwhataredenotationandconnotationfirst．Andthedenotationandconnotationrefertotheconcept’Sdenotationandconnotation．Thenwhatisconcept?Conceptreferstoanideaoraprinciplethatisconnectedwithsomethingabstract(OxfordAdvancedLeamer’SEnglish—ChineseDictionary,2004，341)．Andeveryconcepthastwoaspects：denotationandconnotation．Informallogic，denotationreferstotherangeofentitieswhichsharethespecialattributesoftheconcept，suchasthedenotationsof“fruit’’canbeallkindsoffruit，likeapple，banana，andorangeandSOon．Connotationreferstoalltheessentialattributesofanentityorthingreflectedbytheconcept．Forexample，theconnotationsof“humanbeings”containvariouskindsoffunctions，propertiesandfeatures，etc．Weallknowthattheconceptiscarriedthroughthelanguageexpressions．Thus，insemantics，denotationisregardedasasetofthingswhichcanbethereferentofthatexpression，whileconnotationisdefinedastheattributesofanentitytherelatedexpressiondenotes．(Saeed，2000：27)Denotationandconnotationareconnectedwitheachother．DenotationCanberecognizedbyconnotation，andconnotationCanbeconcludedfromthedenotations26Inthedenotation／connotationinheritance，exceptfortheconceptsofdenotationand connotation，thereisanotherimportantconceptneedingmakingclearbeforeweexplorethedenotation／connotationinheritance．Thatis“inheritance”．IntheAdvancedLearner刍English．ChineseDictionary，“inherit’’means“toreceivemoney,property,etc．fromsbwhentheydie”，or“tohavequalities，physicalfeatures，etc．thataresimilartothoseofyourparents，grandparents，etc．”，and“inheritance’’refersto“themoney,property,etc．thatyoureceivefromsbwhentheydie；thefactofreceivingsthwhensbdie”，or“sthfromthepastorfromyourfamilythataffectsthewayyoubehave，look，etc．”(AdvancedLearner"sEnglish_ChineseDictionary，908)However,itisdifferentinthetypehierarchystructure．Here，theinheritancemeansthefactofreceivingfeatures，attributes，qualities，etc．fromtherelatedsupercategoriesinthetypehierarchystructure．Fromwhatwehavetalkedintheprevioussection，we’vealreadyknownthatthereexistsproximityorsimilarityrelationbetweenthesupercategoriesandthesubcategories．Thatistosay,thesupercategoriesandthesubcategoriessharesomethingincommon，whichisthedenotationorconnotationoftheentity．Thus，inthetypehierarchystructure，‘‘inherit’’referstothesubcategoriesreceivedenotation／connotationfromthesupercategoriesand“inheritance”meanstheprocessofit．Thatistosay,theattributesofthesupercategorieswillbeinheritedbytherelatedentitiesofthesubcategories．Take“animal”asanexample．Thesupercategory“animal’’Canbeclassifiedinto“aquaticanimal’’and“terrestrialanimal”accordingtowhethertheanimalsliveinthewaterorontheland．Theyarethedenotationsof“animal”andatthesametime，theyalsoinheritthemainattributesfromtheirsupercategory“animal”，likethelivingenvironment，theinnerstructure，andphysiologicalfunctionandSOon．Similarly,alltheentitiesofthesubcategory“aquaticanimal”，suchasfish，shrimpanddolphinetc．and“terrestrialanimal”，likeelephant，lionandarethesubcategoriesaswellasthedenotationsof“aquaticanimal’’and‘‘terrestrialanimal”andtheyinheritthemainattributesfromtheirsupercategories．Inthisway,theinheritanceofdenotation／connotationoccursbetweenthesupercategoriesandtherelated27 subcategoriesintheverticallevelinthetypehierarchystructure．Here，whatweshouldmakeclearisthatthe“inheritance”isametaphoricsaying．justlike“mapping”．Inthelanguageusage，whethertheinheritanceormapping，theydonoth印peninthemathematicalorphysicalprocess．Inheritanceisjustakindofpsychologicalfeelingthathappensinthetypehierarchywhichisinpeople’SmindinacertainlinguisticcontextPeople’Srecognitionaboutentitiesalwayshappensinthetypehierarchystructure，whichdividesintotaxonomictypehierarchyandcompositionaltypehierarchystructure．Generallyspeaking，taxonomictypehierarchyrepresentsthedenotationsofacategorymorewhilecompositionaltypehierarchyembodiestheconnotationsmore．Forinstance，asakindof‘‘tree”，‘‘fruittree’’isthesubcategoryanddenotationof“tree”．Atthesametime．‘‘fruittree’’canalsoserveasasupercategoryforthedifferenttypesof‘‘fruittree”，likeappletree，peachtreeandpeartreeandSOforth，whicharethedenotationsof“fruittree”．Inthiscase．“tree—fruittree—appletree，peachtree，andpeartree⋯”formsataxonomictypehierarchystructurewhichshowsthedenotationinheritance．(SeeFigure3-5)Here，weshouldnoticewhy‘‘fruittree’’canbethedenotationof‘‘tree’’isthatitcontainsthemainattributesof“tree”．Sotheinheritanceofdenotationsandconnotationsofanentityoftenhappenssimultaneously．fruittreeappletreepeachtreepeartreeFigure3-5InheritanceofTree’SDenotationsThecategory“tree”alsohasitsconnotations，likethestructures，biologicalfeaturesandfunctionalproperties．Intermsofitsstructure，‘‘tree”containsbranch，leafandtrunketc．And28 ChapterThreeTheoreticalFrameworktrunkcontainsbark，phloem，andcambiumandSOforth．Then“tree—branch，leaf,trunk—bark，phloem，cambium⋯’’formsacompositionaltypehierarchystructurewhichemphasizeontheconnotationinheritance．(SeeFigure3-6)However,everyconnotationCallincludedifferenttypes，suchasleafcanincludeacicular,linear,andorbicular⋯intermsofitsshape．Soitalsoprovesthatinthetypehierarchystructuretheinheritanceofdenotationandconnotationtakesplaceatthesametime．branchleaftrunkbarkphloemcambiumFigure3-6InheritanceofTree’sConnotationsXuShenghuanputforwardtheperspectiveofthedenotation／connotationinheritanceduringtheresearchesonmetaphorandmetonymy．Andhehaswrittenlotsofpaperstoprovethefeasibilityandthestrongexplanatorypowerofthisperspectivewithlotsofexamples．AndXuShenghuanpointsoutthatthedenotation／connotationinheritancealsohasgreatexplanatorypowertothesubstitutionutterancesuchasmetaphor,metonymy,euphemism，andXHYsandSOon．Inthefollowingchapter,thisthesiswilltestwhetheritCanexplainXHYsornot．3．4SummaryInthischapter,thethesismainlyintroducesandexplainsthetaxonomiclogic，stereotypicalrelation，twodimensionsofproximityandsimilarity,typehierarchystructureandthedenotation／connotationinheritance．Allthesearerelatedwitheachotherclosely．Thetaxonomiclogicisthelogicalfoundationofthedenotation／connotationinheritanceandthe29 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceclassificationofentitiesisestablishedonthebasisofthestereotypicalrelationunderstandingoftheminpeople’Smind．Andthestereotypicalrelationisrepresentedbythetwodimensions：proximityandsimilarity．Anyentityintheworldcailberecognizedinthetypehierarchystructurewhichisestablishedonthebasisoftheproximity／similarityrelationbetweenentities．Andtheproximityandsimilarityrelationsbetweenentitiesinthetypehierarchystructureexistnotonlyinthehorizontallevelbutalsointheverticallevel．Andtheproximity／similarityrelationbetweenentitiesintheverticallevelofthetypehierarchystructurejustshowsthedenotation／connotationinheritancebetweenthem．AlltheselayatheoreticalfoundationfortheanalysisofthecognitivemechanismofXHYsinthefollowingchapter．30 ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYsChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYs4．1IntroduCtionXHYsareverypopularbothinpeople’Sdailycommunicationandintheliteratureworks．AstheproductioncreatedbyChinesepeopleintheirsocialpracticeandexperience，XHYscarrythewisdomofthemassandthecultureofChina．ThusXHYshaveattractedmanyscholars’attentionandinteresttostudyforalongtime．Sodoesthisthesis．ThepreviouschaptershavealreadydiscussedthebriefintroductionofXHYsandthedetailedintroductionofthetheoreticalframeworkthatisusedtosupportthewholeanalysis．Inthischapter,theauthorisgoingtoinvestigatethecognitivemechanismofXHYswithinthetheoreticalframework．Inthefirstchapter,theauthorhaspointedouttheresearchquestionsofthisthesis．TheyaretofindouttherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYsandthegenerationaswellastheconstrualmechanismsofXHYs．Therefore，thisthesiswillfirstdiscussthecontroversialquestion——therelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts．AndthenaccordingtotheclassificationofXHYsadoptedinthisthesis，theauthorwillinvestigatethegenerationaswellastheconstrualmechanismsofXHYsfromtheperspectiveofthedenotation／connotationinheritanceinordertoexploretheessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts．4．2NewClassificationofXHYsAdoptedinthisThesisInTwo，thethesishasdiscussedvariousclassificationsofXHYsonthebasisofdifferentstandards．Theyallmakesensetosomedegree，buttheyalsohaveweaknesses．Inthisthesis，theauthorwilladoptflnewclassificationofXHYstoanalyzethemfromthe perspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritance．Asweallknow,XHYsarehighlycontext-dependent．AndintheactualusageofXHYs，theyaremainlyusedmetaphorically．Forinstance，theXHYof“卤水点豆腐——一物降一物(putbrineintoTofu—everythinghasitsconqueror)”isjustadescriptionofsuchphenomenon．Butwhenitisusedinconcretecontexts，itisalwaysmetaphoricallyused，suchasintheexampleof“他忙把死鹰撕开，把鹰血抹了自己一脸，跑到大笼子钱就喊叫起来。这真是卤丞壶亘鹰：二塑隆二塑。五只猴子见到田齐满脸是血，立时就吓得龟缩到一块了。(刘浩鹏等《洪武剑侠图》六三回)”．Here，fivemonkeysandTianQiwithbloodonhisfacearetakenas“卤水点豆腐”，whichshowsthemetaphoricalusageofthisXHY．AndtheXHYof“年糕落锅——蒸(真)的(putricecakeintothepan—steamed(tobetrue))”intheexampleof“‘他们这是第三次宣布结婚的了，这回不会像前俩次那样，戏台上假做戏吧?’‘这回是《迟开的含笑花》1，’．EventhoughthereisahomophoneinthelatterpartinthisXHY,wecanalsoseethemetaphoricaluseofthisXHY．ThedifferenceinXHYsiswhetheritmakesuseofhomophoneornot．Thus，theauthorclassifiesXHYsintotwotypes：metaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonesandmetaphoricalXHYswithhomophones．MetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonesrefertothosewhoseformerpartsareusedmetaphoricallyandwhichdonotcontainanyhomophoneseitherintheformerpartsorinthelatterparts，suchas“张飞吃豆芽——小菜一碟”，“一张纸画个鼻子——好大的脸”(drawinganoseonapieceofpaper—howbigafaceitis)，“一个人拜把子——你算老几”(makefriendswithoneself—whothehellareyou)andSOon，whilemetaphoricalXHYswithhomophonesrefertothoseformerpartsareusedmetaphoricallyandwhichmakeuseofhomophonesornearhomophoneseitherintheformerpartsorinthelatterparts，forexample，32 ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYs‘‘孑L夫子的书包——尽是书(输)”(thebagoftheConfucius—fullofbooks(failure))，“十月的桑叶——没人采(睬)”(thefoliummoriinOctober—nobodytocollect(nobodytopayattentionto))，“打破沙锅——璺(问)到底”andSOforth．4．3TheRelationshipbetweentheFormerPartsandtheLatterPartsinⅪⅣsAsweallknow,XHYsareimportantpartsinChineselexicalitems．Inadditiontothestrongnationalelementsandtherichlifeflavor，XHYshavetheirownuniquestructure．Ingeneral，oneXHYiscomposedbytwoparts：theformerpartandthelatterpartwhicharelinkedbyahyphen．Suchas瞎子打瞌睡——真假难分(theblinddoze—difficulttoidentifythetruth)，张飞吃豆芽——小菜一碟(ZhangFeieatsbeansprouts—apeaceofcake)，两个哑巴见面——没说的(twodumbpersonsmeet—nowordstosay)⋯ButintherealusageofXHYs，hyphenCanbereplacedbycomma，like“我有一个中用的儿子在县信用社当主任，掌握着钱财大权，让他想办法解决三万二万的，还不是韭玉哇重苤!型!苤二韭。(《三会老丈人》王进发)”．Andinsomecases，thelatterpartisomittedandislefttobeguessedandunderstoodbythelistener．Forexample，“蒋介石在伪国大宣布：‘决心保卫临汾。’但是一兵一卒也没有多给梁培璜，只是派给他仅有的几架B29飞机不断轰炸我军阵地。因为，他自己也是遢董篚过堑。(《临汾旅》)”．However,whateverformtheyappear,itCannotbedeniedthatXHYsconsistoftwopartsandthereexistsacertainrelationshipbetweenthetwoparts．AstotherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs，differentscholarshavedifferentopinions．Generallyspeaking，therearethreepopularones．Theyareasfollows：33 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceFirstly,metaphor——explanationopinionwhichholdsthattheformerpartisthemetaphorandthelatterpartistheexplanationtotheformerpart．AndtherepresentativeisChenWangdao．Thisopiniononcewaspopular．Butthisisjustapplicabletothosethatthemetaphorintheformerpartisobvioustorecognize，anditCannotincludealltheXHYs．Aslexicalitems，itisdifficulttoregardtherelationshipbetweentheformerpartandthelatterpartismetaphor—explanation，suchas“芝麻开花——节节高”(belikesesameflowers—shootinguphigherandhigher)．IfthisXHYof“芝麻开花——节节高”isviewedwithoutanycontext，thelatterpartofitisjustabriefdescriptionoftheformerpart．Thereisnotanymetaphorata11．Buttheycangetthiskindofrelationshiponlyincertaincontext，forinstancetheXHYof“芝麻开花——节节高”intheexampleof“俺烧香磕头十几年，不就是道念咱家的日子像芝麻开花一样节节高么!(肖驰《决战之前》一六章)”．Here，asweallknow,whenthesesameblooms，itwillgohigher．Sointhecontextofthisexample，theauthortakesthelifeasthesesamebloomswhichcanbebetterandhigher．AnotherexampleistheXI-IYof“十五个吊桶打水——七上八下(fifteenbucketsfetchwaterfromthesamewell—anunsettledstateofmind)”．“七上八下”isalsoasimpledescriptionofthesituationof“十五个吊桶打水”，whichcannotshowanyusageofmetaphorata11．Butwhenitisusedinthecontextof“康有富此时心中备受煎熬，简直像±五仝虽捶扛丕!主上』∑王，拿不定主意。(马烽等《吕梁英雄传》三二回)”．Themetaphorappears．Inthiscontext，thetenoris“康有富此时心中备受煎熬”andthevehicleis“十五个吊桶打水”，and“七上八下”istheexplanationtothevehicle，whichmeanstheunsettledstateofthemind．Therefore，thisopinionofmetaphor—explanationisnotvalid．Secondly,fiddleopinionwhichclaimsthattheformerpartisjustlikethefiddleandthelatterpartisliketheanswertotheriddle．ThescholarsofthisschoolregardXHYsasonekind ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYsoffiddle．Thisopinionmakessensetosomeextent，like“一二三四五六八九十——缺七(妻)”，“二一添作五——一半”，“大米的弟弟——小米”，etc．．ButsuchXHYswhicharecreatedaccordingtothefiddlejustoccupyasmallportioninXHYs，SOwecannotusethisopiniontogeneralizealltheXHYs．What’Smore，thelatterpartsortheanswersofthefiddledonotappearintheactualusageoffiddlesandneedpeopletoguesstheanswerswhilethelatterpartsofXHYsoftenappearintheactualusage．Besides，theanswersoffiddlesshouldbepersuadingandCanwithstandthelogicalreasoning．ButinlotsofXHYs，thelatterpartsaretheexplanationsresultingfromexperience，long—timecultureorevenbrainstormatthattime，SOtheremaybenotlogicalreasoningbetweenthem，like“和尚打伞——无法(发)无天(themonkholdsanumbrella．1awlessness(hairless))”and“猴子学走路——假惺惺(假猩猩)(themonkeyimitateswalking—hypocritically(fakeorangutan))”．Inaddition，inthefiddle，theriddlesandtheanswersarecorrespondingrespectivelywhileinXHYstherearemanyXHYsthatthesameformerparthasdifferentlatterparts，like“属老鼠的——胆不如米粒大／记吃不记打(asamouseinChinesezodiac—thecourageisassmallasagrainofrice／justremembereatingforgettingthebeating)”andthosethatdifferentformerpartscanhavethesamelatterpart，like“张飞穿针——大眼瞪小眼／粗中有细／有劲无处使”(ZhangFeithreadsaneedle——bigeyesstareatthesmallhole／carefulnessconcealedbehindtheboldness／unawarenessofhowtopushthestrength)．Inaddition，XHYsandfiddlesjusthavesomecommoninthecreationstyle，butaredifferentinotheraspects，likethecreationaim，compositionandgenreandSOforth．Thus，thisfiddleopinionisnotcomprehensiveandnotcorrect．Thirdly,introduction—explanationopinionwhichclaimsthattheformerpartisjustanintroductionandthelatterpartistheexplanationtoit．Andthemainfunctionoftheformerpartistointroducethelatterpart．TherepresentativeofthisschoolisWenDuanzheng．This35 seemstomakesensetosomedegree．However,itisjustsuitablefortheXHYsthemselveswithoutanycontext．XHYsusedinacertaincontextmaysharesomesimilaritieswiththeentitiesinthecontext，whichleadstosomechangesinthemeaning．Forinstance，theXHYof“苦瓜泡进黄连汤——苦得说不成(bittergourdisputintothesoupofcoptischinensis—difficulttodescribethebitterness)’’whichliterallysimplydescribesthebittertasteofsomethingmayhaveadifferentmeaningindifferentcontext．Itcanbeusedtodescribethebitternessoflifeasinthecontextof“记不清哪一朝哪一代了，反正那时节群雄割据，天下大乱，河西一带更是疯狼跑进了羊群里，乱得没法儿收拾。三天他称王，两天你称帝，老百姓的日子像萱巫泡进黄连汤=二萱堡道丕盛了。(陈钰《河西地蹦子》)”．Thisalsocanbeseenintheexample(15)and(16)intheChapterOne．What’Smore，itholdsthattherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsisintroduction—explanation，butitdoesnotexplainwhythelatterpartscanbetheexplanationstotheformerparts．Therefore，itdoesnotpointouttheessentialandinnerrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts．Thus，thisopinionisalsoincorrectandnotvalidInconsiderationofSOmanydifferencesintheopinionsabouttherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs，thefollowingsectionwillexploreitduringtheprocessofinvestigatingthegenerationandconstrualmechanismsofXHYsfromtheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritance．4．4CognitiveMechanismofXHYsInChapterTwo，thethesishasshowedthatlotsofscholarshavedonemanyresearchesonXHYs，includingdescriptiveresearchesandexplanatoryresearches．Withthedevelopmentofcognitivelinguistics，scholarshaveturnedtostudyXHYswithcognitivetheories，liketherelevancetheory,conceptualintegrationtheoryandautonomy-dependencyandSOon，inordertoexploretheinnercognitivemechanism．Eventhoughtheycanmakesensetosomeextent，36 ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYstheyhavelimitationsaswell．Somedonotrevealtheessentialcognitivemechanismandtheessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts，andsometheoriesmaybealittledifficultforthemasstounderstand．JustasXuShenghuanpointsoutthatthetheoreticalframeworksestablishedshouldmakefulluseofthethingsthatarefamiliartothemass，especiallytothosewithoutanylinguisticbackground．Onlyinthisway,thetheoreticalframeworkscanbeeasyforthemasstounderstand，whichcandofavortothespreadingoftheknowledge．Andthedenotation／connotationinheritanceperspectiveisjustoneofsuchtheoreticalframeworks，foritiscomposedbythreepopularandeasy-understandingconcepts，i．e．denotation，connotationandinheritanceXuShenghuan’Sdenotation／connotationinheritanceperspectiveaimstoprovideaneasyandpracticaltheoreticalframeworktoexploretheessentialmechanismofthesubstitutionutterance，suchasmetaphors，metonymy,XHYsandeuphemismsandSOforth．Thisthesiswillfocusontheapplicationoftheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationtoXHYsandseewhetherithasgreatexplanatorypoweronXHYs．Inthefollowingpart，withthenewclassificationofXHYsadoptedinthisthesis，thethesiswillanalyzetheircognitivemechanism，includingthegenerationmechanismaswellastheconstrualmechanism，throughwhichwecanexploretheessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs．4．4．1MetaphoricalXHYswithoutHomophonesMetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonerefertothosewhoseformerpartsareusedmetaphoricallyandwhichdonotcontainhomophones．Fromthisdefinition，wecanseethattheformerpartsinXHYsCanmakefulluseofconcrete，familiarorvividthingstocreateexcellentmetaphorsandthelatterpartsprovideexplanationstothesemetaphors．Sowecansaythattheformerpartsarevehicleswhilethelatterpartsarethemetaphoricalmeanings．37 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceHowever,whatarethetenors?Howdothetenors，vehiclesandthemetaphoricalmeaningconnectwitheachother?Whatistheinnerandessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts?Andhowdoesthespeakergeneratethisutteranceandhowdoesthelistenerconstrueit?Withthesequestionsinmind，let’Sseethedetailedanalysisofthefollowingexample．(1)记不清哪一朝哪一代了，反正那时节群雄割据，天下大乱，河西一带更是疯狼跑进了羊群里，乱得没法儿收拾。三天他称王，两天你称帝，老百姓的日子像苦瓜泡进了。(陈钰《河西地蹦子》)TheXHYof“苦瓜泡进黄连汤——苦得说不成(bittergourdisputintothesoupofcoptischinensis—difficulttodescribethebitterness)”isusedintheexample(1)．Fromthecognitivecontextof“群雄割据，天下大乱”，wecaninferthatthelifeofthepeoplemustbeverydifficultandhard，andthisisthetenorofthemetaphorusedinthisexampleatthesametime．Inordertoexpresssuchasituationvividlyandconcretelytomakethelistenerscanexperienceitdeeply，thespeakerchooses“苦瓜泡进黄连汤”asthevehicle．Asweallknow,bittergourdisakindofvegetablewhichisfamousforitsbitternessandthecoptischinensisisakindofmedicinewhichiSalsowell．knownforitsbitterness．Sowecanknowhowbitteritwillbewhenthetwobitterthingsareputtogether．Thus，themainpropertyof“苦瓜泡进黄连汤”isthetasteofextremebitterness．Thespeakertransmitstheabstractbitternessofthepeople’Slifeintotheconcretetastefeeling，fortheysharesimilarityintermsofthebittemess．Sothetenorandthevehiclesharethesameproperty,attributeorthesameconnotation——bittemessthroughwhichtheycanbuildtherelationshipofinheritance．What’Smore，thisinheritanceisexpressedbytheexpressionusedinthelatterpart．ThisinheritancerelationshipcanbeillustratedintheFigure4—1．38 ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYsbittergoextremelybiRer(W)thestenerFigure4-1CognitiveMechanismof‘‘苦瓜泡进黄连汤——苦得说不出’’FromFigure4-1．Wecanseethatthecognitivemechanismof“苦瓜泡进黄连汤——苦得说不出”formsatypehierarchystructureof“extremelybitter”andtheupperpartisthegenerationprocessofthisXHYfromthespeaker’Sanglewhilethelowerpartistheconstrualprocessfromthelistener’Sangle．Fromthespeaker’Sperspective，his／herintentionofthisutteranceistoexpresstheideaof“bitterness”．andthespeakerusestheexpression“苦得说不／出(difficulttodescribe)(Z)”toexpresssuchconnotation．What’Smove，asweallknow,theconnotationofsuch‘‘bitterness’’includesemotionalfeelingaboutlifeandphysicalfeelingabouttaste．Fromthetypehierarchystructure，wecanseethattheyareproximateinlocation，whichguaranteesthesimilaritybetweenthem，i．e．thebittemess．Thatistosay,theysharethesameattribute—bitterness．Asforthebiaemessoftaste，thereexistmanybitterthingsintheworld，suchasbittergourdandcoptischinensis⋯Accordingtothecommonsense，peoplecanimagineandfeelhowbitteritwillbeifweputbittergourdandcoptischinensistogether．Asthesubcategoriesofthebitterthingsintheworldintermsofthetaste，theyallsharethe39 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancesameattribute，thatis，thebitterness．Sothisconceptorattributeofbitternesscanbeinherited．Andthespeakerselectsittoexpresshis／herideaabout“theextremebitterness”．Throughthisprocess，wecarlseethatthepropertyorattributeofbitternessisinheritedalongthistypehierarchystructure．ThisisabouthowthisXHYgenerates．Fromtheperspectiveofthelistener,whenhe／sheseesthemixtureofbiRergourdandcoptischinensis，his／herfirstreactionmustbeitstasteofextremebitternessamongallitsattributes，likethefunctionandform．Thisattributeof‘"bittemess’’isalsoinheritedthroughalltheprocess．Thisisjustthedenotation／connotationinheritanceoftheXHYof“苦瓜泡进黄连汤——苦得说不出”asalexicalitem．Butwhenitisputintothecognitivecontextoftheexample(1)，itaanbeinferredthatthespeakerwantstoexpresshis／herideaaboutthebitternessoflife，whichisthetenonAndtheformerpartof“苦瓜泡进黄连汤”isusedasthevehicle．Thenhowdoesthetenorrelatetothevehicle?Thisisaboutthemetaphor’Sdenotation／connotationinheritance，whichhasbeendiscussedbyXuShenghuanindetailsinhispapernamed“Whythemetaphorispossible’’publishedintheyearof2008intheForeignLanguageEducation．Thus，thisthesiswilljustdiscussthisprocessbriefly．SeeFigure4-2．emotionalfeelingaboutlifehappextremebitterness(w)difficulttostandPeople’SlifeintheSOcialenvironmentoffragmentationofacountrybyrivalingwarlords(X)physicalfeelingabouttasteittersweetsourbittergourdisputintothesoupofcoptischinensis(Y)Figure4-2Denotation／ConnotationInheritanceofMetaphor ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYsFromFigure4-2，wecanseethattheemotionalfeelingaboutlifehasmanydenotations，suchasbeinghappy,difficult，orbitter,etc．Andthephysicalfeelingabouttastealsohaslotsofdenotations，likebeingsweet，SOUl"orbitterandSOon．Accordingtothecognitivecontextoftheexample(1)，wecaninferthatthetenorispeople’Slifeinthesocialenvironmentoffragmentationofacountrybyrivalingwarlordsandthevehicleisputtingbittergourdintothesoupofcoptischinensis．ThebitterfeelingaboutlifemaybefullofallkindsofdifficultieswhicharedifficultforpeopletofacewhilethebitterfeelingabouttasteCanmakepeoplefeeldifficulttoswallow．Sotheysharethesameattributeorproperty,i．e．difficulttostand，whichreflectstheinheritanceofthisattributeandmakesthembelongtothesametypeof‘‘difficulttostand”．Andhere，whattheyaredifficulttostandistheextremebitterness．Therefore，thespeakercanusethebittemessoftastetomaketheabstractfeelingaboutthebitterlifemoreconcreteandperceivable．Fromalltheanalysis，itisobviousthatdenotation／connotationinheritanceexistsbothbetweenthetenorandthevehicleandbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYsandthisinheritanceappearalongthewholeprocessThenwecanseethatthereexiststenor(X)，whichisconcealedintheconcretecontexts，vehicle(Y)，andtheexpression(Z)whichcontainsthemetaphoricalconnotation(w)inthemetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonesandtherearethreephases：oneisthedenotation／connotationinheritancebetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts，andanotheristhedenotation／connotationbetweenthetenorandthevehicle，inthegenerationmechanismofthemetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophones：a．Determinetheconnotation(W)tobeexpressedandselectsomedenotationtopassWtotheappropriateplaceandchooseanexpression(Z)toexpressandcarryw；b．ChooseavividimagetodescribeZandpasstheconnotationwanduseanexpressionⅣ)toexpresssuchimage；C．TakeYasthevehicleandfindoutthecommonattribute(s)betweenthetenor(X)and ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancethevehicleⅣ)toestablishthesimilar／proximaterelationshiptoinherittheconnotationW．TheconstrualmechanismofthemetaphoricalXHYsalsoincludesthreephases：a．Identifythemainattributesoftheformerpartsandfindouttheinheritedconnotation(w)betweentheformerpartsandthelatterpans；b．Accordingtothecognitivecontext，findoutthetenor(X)andthevehiclem，andexplorethecommonattribute(s)(w)betweenthem；C．Establishthedenotation／connotationinheritanceamongthetenoLvehicleandthelatterpartsinXHYstoinfertheactualimplicationsofXHYs．Let’SseewhethertheseareapplicabletoothermetaphoricalXHYsornot．Forinstance：(2)我有一个中用的儿子在县信用社当主任，掌握着钱财大权，让他想办法解决三万二万的，还不是毖]堕星茎!型!苤二磋。(《三会老丈人》王进发)Thegenerationmechanismof“张飞吃豆芽——小菜一碟(ZhangFeieatsbeansprouts—apieceofcake)”isasfollows：first，theconnotation(w)thatthespeakerwantstoexpressisdescribingitisveryeasytofinishsomething，whichiscontainedintheidiomorexpression“小菜一碟”(Z)．Thenthespeakerselectsthevividimageof“张飞吃豆芽”(Y)toexpressandpasssuchconnotation彤forpeoplewhoknowthefamousworknamedRomanceoftheThreeKingdommustknowthecharacter—ZhangFei，whoiswell—knownforhishugefigureandgreatstrength．Whenadishofbeansproutisgiventohim，itseemsSOtinyandeasyforhimtofinish．Sothetwopartssharethesameattributeofbeingeasytodosomething，whichistheinheritedconnotation．Lastly,thetenorinexample(2)is“collectingmoney，’(X)CollectingmoneyforhissonwhoistheleaderofthatdistrictisaseasyasadishofbeansproutforZhangFei，whichisthesameattributebetweenthemandCanbeinheritedbetweenthem．ThentheXHYof“张飞吃豆芽——小菜一碟”generates．42Theconstrualprocessofitisasfollows：firstofall，whenthespeakerwhoisfamiliar ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYswiththecharacterofZhangFeiseestheexpressionof“张飞吃豆芽”(Y)，his／herfirstreactionmustbethatitisSOeasyforhim，whichistheconnotation(w)ofit．Andtheexpressionof“小菜一碟”(Z)alsocontainstheconnotationofw,whichmakesthembuildtheconnotationinheritance．Secondly,accordingtothecognitivecontextinexample(2)，thespeakercanfindthetenorof“collectingmoney"’(X)aswellasthesameattributebetweenXandYi．e．itiseasyforthemtodoorfinishtheirthingsrespectively,whichisalsotheinheritedconnotationbetweenthem．Atlast，thetenoLthevehicleandthelatterpartcanestablishtheinheritanceofW．Thus，thelistenercanunderstandtheactualimplicationofthisXHYcorrectly．Fromtheanalysisabove，wecanseethatthedenotation／connotationinheritancerelationshipnotonlyexistsbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterparts，butalsobetweenthetenorsconcealedinthecontextandtheformerpartswhicharethevehiclesinthemetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophones．4．4．2MetaphoricalXHYswithHomophonesHomophonicXHYswithhomophonesarethosewhichmakeuseofthehomophonesornearhomophonestoachievepunningsensesinthelatterparts．Thendoestheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritanceapplytosuchkindofXHYs?HowtounderstandthehomophonesinXHYs?Andcanthedenotation／connotationinheritanceexplainthehomophonesinXHYs?Let’Sseethedetailedanalysisofthefollowingexample(3)．(3)你这个人真是扛煎鎏堡里到底，总而言之，有句俗语叫万相归挛，当挛把的五光十色，各种人都有。(《冷眼观》)TheXHYof“打破沙锅——璺(faD多J底(breaktheearthenwarepot—flawsappearingatthebottomoftheearthenwarepot)”inexample(3)means“gettingtotherootofthematter"’．“璺”meanstheflawonthethingsmadeofchinaorglass．Fromthespeaker’Sperspective，in43 A——CognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceordertoexpresshisideaof“gettingtotherootofthematter”，he／shecanchoosedifferentmeans，likeinvestigating，askingordoingexperimentsandSOon．Andasthesubcategoryof“gettingtotherootofthematter"’，allthemeansinherititsmainattributesorpropertiesintermsoftheiraim．ThentheChinesecharacter“问”hasmanydenotationsintermsofthesameorsimilarhomophone，suchas“闻”，“璺”，and“文”etc．Theyallsharethesimilarrelationshipinsound．So“璺”cannotonlyinheritthemainattributesof“问”，butalsohasitsownmeaning，i．e．theflawonthings．Togetdeepanddestroyableflaw,therearelotsofmeans，forinstancebreakingthechina，glassorearthenwarepot⋯Throughsuchaprocess，theXHYof“打破沙锅璺到底”generates．Andthedenotation／connotationinheritanceexiststhroughthewholeprocess．ThisprocessformstheupperpartofthetypehierarchystructureinFigure4—3．Fromtheperspectiveofthelistener,whenhe／shesees“打破沙锅”，his／herfirstreactionisthatitmustbebrokenfromthebottom，SOtheremustbebigflawsatthebottomoftheearthenwarepot．Intermsofhomophone，“问”，“闻”or“文”⋯hasthesimilarrelationshipwith“璺”insound．Accordingtothecontextinexample(3)，itwantstoexpresstheideaofgettingtotherootofthematter,SOthelistenerwillselect“问”toinheritthesoundattributeof“璺”withitsownattributeofaskingallthetimetogettherootofthematteratthesametime．ThisistheconstrualprocessofthisXHY,whichCanbeshowedclearlyinthelowerpartofthetypehierarchystructureinFigure4-3． ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYs调对事情追根究底(x)thespeakerthelistenerFigure4-3CognitiveMechanismof“打破沙锅——璺(问)到底”Fromthedetailedanalysisofexample(3)，wecanseethatthegenerationmechanismofmetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonesincludesthreephases：a．Determinetheconnotation(x)tobeexpressed，andthenchooseXthatcontainstheconnotation(x)；b．Selectoneelement(Y)thathasthesimilarrelationshipwithXinsoundandCanalsoinherittheconnotation(x)accordingtothesimilar／proximityrelationshipandbymeansofpeople’Sassociativethinking；C．Aslast，thespeakerchoosesoneconcreteandvividimage(Z)toexpressYandZand45 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceYsharesomerelationshipincause-effect，color,feature，orfunctionetc．TheconstrualmechanismofhomophonicXHYsincludesthreephasesaswell：a．RecognizetheliteralmeaningoftheoriginalXHY(Z—Y)；b．Accordingtothecognitivecontext，identifytheone(X)amongSOmanyhomophoneswhichsharesthesimilarsoundwithYandcontainstheconnotation(X)whichthiscontextwantstoexpress．C．Atlast，thelistenercaninferandunderstandtheactualimplicatureoftheXHYsafterthehomophonicprocess．Let’SseewhetherthegenerationandconstrualmechanismsareapplicableforotherhomophonicXHYs．Forinstance：(4)大家要抓紧时间，发言要型!薹挂亘鹰二二(壹2渲三自，别连汤带水的。(肖驰《决战之前》一0章)ThegenerationmechanismoftheXHYof“小葱拌豆腐——一(青)清二白”isasfollows：firstly,thespeakerwantstoexpresshis／herideaorconnotationof‘‘speakingbrieflyandclearly"’(x)．Andtheidiomof“一清二白”(X)hasmanyconnotations，like“beinghonestandupright’’and“clearandbrief"’，amongwhichthereisX．SoXcanbeinherited．Secondly,“一青二白”(Y)and“一清二白”sharethesamesound，whichshowstheirsimilarrelationshipinsound．And“一青二白”caninheritsomeattributeof“一清二白”．HereitreferstoX．Finally,thespeakerchoosesthesimpleandvividexpression“小葱拌豆腐”(Z)toexpressYforthecolorofZCandescribeYvividly．ThentheXHYof“小葱拌豆腐——一(青)清--8”generatesTheconstrualmechanismofitisasfollows：firstly,thelistenerrecognizestheoriginalXHYandhe／sheCanclearlyknowthatthecolorfeatureof“小葱拌豆腐”(z)is“一青二白”(Y)．Secondly,accordingtothecognitivecontextofexample(4)，thelistenercaninferthatthe ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYsconnotationthatthespeakerwantstoexpressis“speakingbrieflyandclearly”(x)．Thenthe1istenercanseekonethatsharethesameorsimilarsoundwithYandcontaintheconnotationXatthesametime．Then“一清二白”comesup．Atlast，thelistenerCanunderstandtheconnotationof“小葱拌豆腐——一(青)清二白”correctly．Fromtheaboveanalysis，wecanseethattheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritanceCanexplainthegenerationaswellastheconstrualmechanismsofthemetaphoricalXHYswithhomophonesandtheessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinthemetaphoricalXHYswithhomophonesisalsothedenotation／connotationinheritance．4．5CognitiveContextFromtheanalysisabove，wecanseethatXHYsarehighlycontext—dependent．AndthecognitivecontextCaninfluenceandevenconstraintheselectionofthedenotation／connotationwhichmaycausethedifferenceintheinheritanceofimplicationsbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsintheactualusageofXHYs．Thishasbeenmentionedinthesectionabove，butitstillwillbeillustratedatlengthinthissection，forthecognitivecontextisnotonlyanimportantfactorwhichwillinfluencetheunderstandingofXHYs，butalsoanessentialconstrainingfactorwhichCanconstrainthedenotation／connotationinheritanceCognitivecontextisthesumofallthenaturalandsocialelementsthatarerelatedtotheunderstandingofacertaincommunicativeactivityinpeople’Sutterance．Thus，wecanseethatthecognitivecontextdoesnotmerelyrefertothecontextintheutterance，whichiscomposedbythewords，phrases，sentencesandotherlexicalitems；italsoincludesoneperson’Scognitivebackground，suchastheknowledgebackground，experience，andencyclopedicknowledgeandSOon．Fromtheexample(13)and(14)inOne，wecanseethatthesameXHYCanhavedifferentimplications，whichisconstrainedbythecognitivecontext．47 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritanceAndfromtheexample(16)and(17)，wecanseethatthesameformerpartcanleadtodifferentlatterparts，whichisalsoinfluencedbythecognitivecontext．Thesearealltherepresentationsofthedifferenceinthedenotation／connotationinheritance．Thenthethesiswillanalyzehowthecognitivecontextinfluencesandconsignstheselectionaswellastheinheritanceofdenotation／connotationthroughthefollowingexamples．(13)他当副业队长，每天大把的票子从他手里过，多会儿都是小葱拌豆腐，一清二直，从来没出过错。(聂海《靠山堡》六)(14)大家要抓紧时间，发言要型!蓥挂垦鹰二二渣三自，别连汤带水的。(肖驰《决战之前》一0章)(16)几句话，把个马连福说的韭飞窒钍!太8艮瞳型!腿，后脊梁背苏苏地冒凉气。(浩然《艳阳天》一二章)(17)“他呀!嘿，能文能武，文章写得很流畅，还会刻写一手好字。’’编辑部主任呵呵笑道：“人们都说他是毖]窒钍=二担虫直纽哩!”(《烽火南天》)Theexample(13)and(14)usethesameXHYof“小葱拌豆腐——一青(清)二白(mixspringonionwithtofu—thecolorofitisgreenandwhite)”，butithasdifferentimplications．Thatistosay,thelatterpartconsistsofdifferentattributesordenotations／connotations，butthecognitivecontextwillconstrainwhichonewillbeselectedastheinheritedattributeordenotation／connotation．ThisXHYmakesuseofhomophoneinthelatterpart．Here，wewillnotillustratehow“一青二白”inheritstheconnotationsorattributesof“一清二白”，forwehaveanalyzeditinthepartofmetaphoricXHYswithhomophones．Andasweallknow,‘‘一清二白”possessesvariousconnotations，suchastoexpresstheideaofapersonbeinghonestandupright，ortobebriefandclearinspeakingorbehaving，etc．Fromthecognitivecontextoftheexample(13)，wecaninferthatthespeakerwantstoexpresstheideaofbeinghonest48 ChapterFourCognitiveMechanismofXHYsandupright，SOthisconnotationof“一清二白”isselectedandinheritedtotheformerpartwhilethecognitivecontextoftheexample(14)indicatesthattheideaexpectedtoidentifyisbebriefandclearinone’Sspeech，whichisoneoftheconnotationsof“一清二白”，thus，thisconnotationisselectedandinheritedtotheformerpart．Intheexample(16)and(17)，theXHYsusedsharethesameformerpartbutaredifferentinthelatterparts．Thisdifferencealsoresultsfromthecognitivecontext．Asweallknow,ZhangFeiisacrude，braveandstrongcharacter,andisdistinguishedfromothersbyhisextremelybigeyes．WecaneasilyfigureoutfromthevividimageofahugefigureasZhangFeithreadinganeedlethatitcanexpresstheideaofsomebody’Scarefulnessconcealedbehindhis／herboldcharacterortheideaofbeingataloss，panicorscaredorsurprised，etc．Fromthecognitivecontextoftheexample(16)，wecaninferthatitwantstopassontheinformationofbeingpanicandataloss，SOituses“大眼瞪／J、眼”whichalsocontainsthisconnotationtoinherit．Andthecognitivecontextoftheexample(17)indicatestheideaofthecarefulnessalongwiththeboldness，thus，itselectsthisexpressionof“粗中有细”toinheritsuchaconnotation．Fromtheanalysisoftheexamplesabove，itisobviousthatthecognitivecontextplaysasignificantroleinconstrainingandselectingtheinheriteddenotation／connotation．Therefore，itisimportantforpeopletotakethecognitivecontextintoconsiderationwhenunderstandingXHYs．4．6SummaryInthischapter,byanalyzingsomeexamplesindetailsfromtheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritance，thisthesisattemptstoexplorethegenerationaswellastheconstrualmechanismsofXHYs，throughwhichitcanalsoinvestigatetheessentialrelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYs．Andbecauseofthehigh49 ACognitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancecontext·dependentofXHYs，thischapteralsopointsouttheimportantroleplayedbythecognitivecontextinselectingtheinheritedattributeorconnotation．50 ChapterFiveConclusion5．1MajorFindingsChapterFiveConclusionThisthesisexploresthegenerationandconstmalmechanismsofXHYsfromtheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritance．Itnotonlyprovidesabrand。newandeasy-understandingperspectivefortheunderstandingofXHYs，butalsothroughalltheanalyses，itCandrawseveralfindingswhichareasfollows：(1)Asakindofsubstitutionutterance，XHYs’realmeaningsareconcealedintheconcretecontexts．Buttheysharetheproximity／similarityrelationshipintermsofthedenotationorconnotation，accordingtowhichwecanestablishthecorrespondingtypehierarchystructures．Andintum，thetypehierarchystructuresCanshowthedenotation／connotationinheritanceamongthem．(2)Generallyspeaking，XHYsarecomposedbytwoparts，theformerpartsandthelatterparts，whethertheyaremetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonesormetaphoricalXHYswithhomophones．Thetwopartscanalsoestablishthetypehierarchystructure，whichCanshowthedenotation／connotationinheritancebetweenthetwoparts．Thus，theessenceoftherelationshipbetweentheformerpartsandthelatterpansisthedenotation／connotationinheritance．(3)IntheactualusageofXHYs，therelationshipamongthecontexts’meaning，theformerpartsandthelatterpartsinXHYsrepresentstheirdenotation／connotationinheritance．5．2ImplicationsFirstofall，theoretically,thisthesisisanapplicationofXuShenghUan’Sperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritance．Itnotonlyprovidesanewperspectiveforunderstanding —A—C——o——gnitiveMechanismStudyofXHYsfromthePerspectiveofDenotation／ConnotationInheritancethegenerationaswellasconstrualmechanismsofXHYs，butalsocomplementsXuShenghuan’Sstudiesonthecognitivemechanismofthesimilarlanguagephenomenon，i．e．substitutionutterance，likemetaphorandmetonymy．Atthesametime，italsoprovesthegreatexplanatorypowerandapplicationprospectoftheperspectiveofdenotation／connotationinheritanceonstudyingthesubstitutionutterance，suchasriddle，euphemism，ironyandcantBesides，practically,withsuchaneasy-understandingperspectivetoexplainthecognitivemechanismofXHYs，people，especiallythosewhohavelittlebackgroundonlinguistics，CanhaveamuchbetteranddeeperrecognitiononXHYs．Thus，ontheonehand，peopleCanknowberethowtouseXHYs；ontheotherhand，theyCanknowwhytheyCanuseXHYs．5．3LimitationsFirstly,duetothelimitedspaceofthisthesis，onlyasmallportionofdatacollectedcanbetakenasexamplesandmerelysomeareanalyzedindetNls．AndthenewclassificationofXHYsadoptedinthisthesismaybesubjectiveandnotscientifictosomedegree．EventhoughitCanoccupythemainportionofXHYs，itdoesnotincludealltheXHYs．Becauseofthelimitedabilityoftheauthor,thisthesisjustanalyzesthemetaphoricalXHYswithouthomophonesandmetaphoricalXI-IYswithhomophones．AsforothertypesofXHYs，likethosecreatedthroughriddles，thisthesisdoesnotillustrate．Besides，constrainedbythecurrentresearchconditions，thisstudyismainlyintrospectiveandthetendencyofsubjectivityisunavoidable．Thisnewmechanismistentativeandleavesabroadspaceforrevisionandimprovement．52 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