英语音标语音知识汇总.docx 7页

关于语音的几个概念1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a,e,i,o,u,2)音标：词的语音形式。3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap"ple,stu"dent,tea"cher,un"der"stand5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。7)开音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音+enamebikehomedue;b)辅音+元音he,go,hi8)闭音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;b)元音+辅音it9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。2.元音：(20)1）单元音（12）(1)前元音（4）[i:]sea,he,see,piece,ceiling[i]sit,build,miss,myth[e]bed,desk,head,[æ]bad,land,bank,stamp(2)中元音（2）[ə:]girl,work,serve,nurse[ə]ago,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday(3)后元音（6）[a:]car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt[ʌ]cup,come,blood,rough[ɔ:]door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught[ɔ]hot,want[u:]good,who,blue,soup,[u]look,put,women,could2）双元音（8）(1)开合元音（5）[ai]bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye[au]house,town[ei]cake,they,play,eight,great,[əu]phone,cold,boat,soul,grow[ɔi]boy,oil(2)集中元音（3）[iə]dear,idea,deer,here,fierce,[εə]pear,care,there,fair[uə]tour,poor,3.容易混淆的元音 1)[e][æ]bedbad;men,man;pen,pan;lendland2)[i:][ei]realrail;greet,great;mean,main;readraid3)[e][ai]betbite;redwrite;saidside,head,hide4)[au][ɔ:]househorse;loudlord;southsauce;nownor;countcorn;cloudclause5)[au][əu]foundfond;gowngone;downdon4.辅音（28）1)清辅音（11）[p]pen,[t]tell,[k]cold,sky,quick,school,back,accept,[f]five,cough,laugh[s]sit,miss,science,case,scarf[θ]think,[ʃ]sure,she,social,nation[tʃ]child,teach,catch[tr]tree[ts]boats[h]hot,who,hour2)浊辅音（17）[b][d][g][v][z][ð][ʒ][dʒ][dr][dz] [m][n] [ŋ][r][l] [w][j] [b]bed,comb[d]day,played,wanted[g]big,go,guess,language[v]voice,[z]zoo,close,[ð]this,bathe[ʒ]pleasure,[dʒ]joke,bridge,[dz]goods[dr]dream[m]man[n]nine,knife,autumn[ŋ]pink,young[r]read,write,[l]land,world[w]wall,what,answer[j]yes5.容易混淆的辅音1)[v][w]vetwet;vestwest;vinewine;verywell2)[s][θ]sinkthink;sortthought;missmyth;massmath3)[z][ð]closingclothing;breezebreathe;baysbathes4)[n][ŋ]thinthing;sinsing;banbangwinwing;ranrang 6.读音规则1)重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)2)非重读音节[ə]banana,student,today,after,[i]orange,secret,evening,very,Monday7.特殊读音1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：notatall,halfanhour,Iloveyouandall.afterall2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：goodgirl,goodstudent,goodjob,expression,school,extreme3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例如：Wouldyoudoit?Iamgladtomeetyou.Can"tyouseeit?lastyear,thisyear,8.重音1)单词重音A)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter,sorryb)有a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a"bout,be"lieve,ad"dress,de"cide,re"port,con"demn,res"pect,com"pare,in"form,dis"cuss,im"press,mis"take,en"force,pre"pare,em"ploy,per"mit,es"cape,pro"duce,ex"claim,trans"latec)有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。"record,re"cord;"insult,in"sult;"conduct,con"duct;"presentpre"sent;"content,con"tentd)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词，有两个重音。"out"side,"re"tell,"well-"known,"un"real,"fif"teen,"Chi"nese,"pre-"war,"post-"warB)多音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。"difficult,"communist,"family,e"conomy,oppor"tunity,de"mocracy.b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。"carefully,in"definite,"comfortable,con"ductor,ac"cording,dis"turbance,"complicated,es"tablishment,c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour"teous,cal"ligraphy,edi"torial,his"torian,peri"odic,mathe"matics,ex"perience,suf"ficient,i"dentify,trans"lation,re"ligious,curi"osity,pro"tectived)词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter"tain,emplo"yee,mountai"neer,Japa"nese,ciga"rette2)句子重音A)英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重B)英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。 C)实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词beD)实词不重读的特殊情况a)实词第二次出现Hethinksofthatasachildthinks.b)一个名词被第二个名词修饰Imetherintherailwaystation.c)代替词Whichbookdoyouwant?Thesmallone.d)感叹词中的what和howWhatagooddayitis!Howbeautifulsheis!e)street在专有名词中WangfujingStreet.f)this在这些短语中，thismorning/afternoon/eveningE)虚词重读的特殊情况a)情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Doyoulikeit?Yes,Ido.Areyouadoctor?Yes,Iam.Canyouhelpme?Yes,Ican.Idon"tlikeyou.Heisn"taworker.b)情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。Theymaycomethisevening.Canitbefivealready?Hemustbeintheroom.c)介词在句首和句尾。Inthebox,hefoundaletter.HeisthepersonItalkedwith.d)引导复合句的连词在句首。Ifyouwish,I"llvisityou.Whenhecomes,I"lltellhim.e)反身代词表示强调。Hecouldn"tcomehimself.元音字母a或a+其他字母字母或字母组合音节类型或在词中的位置读音例词a重读开音节[ei]name,face,take,cake,radio,spacea重读闭音节[A]hand,stand,maths,happya在w或wh后[R]what,watch,wash[R:]wateraiay在重读音节中[ei]wait,train,fail,rain,say,way,May,todayal在大多数辅音字母前[R:]ball,wall,small,talk[R:l]also,always在f,m前[a:]half,palm(棕榈树)ar在重读音节中[a:]star,card,partyar在w或wh后[R:]warm,wharf(码头)auaw在重读音节中[R:]autumn,because,draw,sawairare在重读音节中[Z[]chair,hair,pair,hare,careass在重读音节中[a:s]ass,glass,class元音字母e或e+其他字母 字母或字母组合音节类型或在词中的位置读音例词e重读开音节[i:]she,we,these,relay重读闭音节[e]well,get,very,stepea在重读音节中[i:]seat,read,tea,easy[e]bread,head,readyee在重读音节中[i:]tree,week,greener在重读音节中[[:]her,term,verb元音字母i或i+其他字母字母或字母组合音节类型或在词中的位置读音例词i(y)重读开音节[ai]mine,quite,like,side,Friday,my,by,why重读闭音节[i]milk,ship,it,with,window,beginie在重读音节中，辅音字母前[i:]field,piece在重读音节词的末尾[ai]lie,die,tieigh在重读音节中[ai]night,right,highir在重读音节中[[:]first,skirt,girl元音字母o或o+其他字母字母或字母组合音节类型或在词中的位置读音例词o重读开音节[[u]no,go,nose,home重读闭音节[R]not,dog,hot,stop在m,n,v或th前[Q]come,month,love,brother,nothingoa在重读音节中[[u]coat,boat,roadoioy在重读音节中[Ri]noise,join,boy,toyoo在多数情况下[u:]school,too,cool在k前[u]book,look,cookor在重读音节中[R:]sport,horse,forty在w后面[[:]work,worse,workerou在多数情况下[au]round,house,about在ght前[R:]ought(应该) ow在重读音节中[au]cow,now,down,how在重读或非重读音节中[[u]know,grow,show,window,yellow元音字母u或u+其他字母字母或字母组合音节类型或在词中的位置读音例词u重读开音节[ju:]use,duty,excuse重读闭音节[Q]but,us,luckur在重读音节中[[:]nurse,turn,hurt,Thrusday元音字母在非重读音节中大多数读作[[]或[i]字母读音例词a[[]about,American,