中学英语语法分类复习-名词性从句 2页

十五.名词性从句名词性从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连词有：A.连词：that,whether,if（这三个词都不作从句的成分，同时，that无含义，而whether和if都表“是否”）B.疑问代词：who,whom,whose,what,whichC.疑问副词：when,where,why,how（一）主语从句在复合句中充当主语的从句。1.that引导主语从句that引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词，既无词义也不作成分，只起单纯的连接作用，且通常不可以省。为了强调that引导的主语从句而置之于句首时，that不可省。①Thatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscarwasobvious.②Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.③Thathewillcomeiscertain.④Thathewouldtaketheriskistrue.⑤Thatheshouldhavemarriedherisn"tsurprising.★通常，that引导主语从句时用it做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时that有时可省。例如：①Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.②Itmadeusveryhappythatshewaschosen.③Itiscertainthathewillcome.④Itistruethathewouldtaketherisk.⑤Itisn"tsurprising(that)heshouldhavemarriedher.★如果以that从句为主语的句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词it结构。例如：①Isitcertainthathewillcome?②Isittruethathewouldtaketherisk?▲it做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构：(1)It+be+形容词+that-从句①Itislikelythathewillcome.②Itisstrangethatshehasevertrustedhim.③Itisimportantthathe（should)attendthemeeting.④Itisbestthathe(should)go.此句型在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时，that从句中的谓语动词也常用（should）+v原形。Itisstrangethatnooneshouldhaveobjectedtotheplan.(2)It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethatthewhaleisnotafish...It"sapitythatheshouldhavemassedthetrain.(3)It+be+-ed分词+that从句Itissaidthatheisafamouswriter.Itisreportedthattherewillbeastormthisafternoon.▲在表示建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中，that从句中的谓语动词常用（should）do。（参见虚拟语气部分）Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should）beheldthisafternoon.Itisdemandedthathe(should)leaveatonce.(4)It+seem/happen/appear等不及物动词+that从句。（look不接that从句，它接tobe结构或形容词）Itseemsthatheiswrong.Itappearsthattheyareinurgentneedofhelp.Helooks(tobe)surprised/happy/sad.2.whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，只起连接作用，不充当任何成分。(置于句首时必须用whether引导，置于句尾时，间或可用if。)Whetherhewillwinthegameisnotclear.Whetherhewillcomeisuncertain.Whethershecomesornotdoesn"tconcernme.Itisnotclearwhether/ifhewillcome.Itwasuncertainwhetherhewouldcome.3.连词代词what,who,which,whose等引导的主语从句。这些连接代词作用相当于代词，在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。Whatweneedismoretime.Whowasresponsiblefortheaccidentisnotyetclear.Whosebookitisnotimportant.Whichschoolyouwanttogomattersmuch.4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导的主语从句。这些连接副词相当于副词，在从句中充当状语。Whyhedidthisisnotknown.Whenhewillcomeisstillunknown.Itisnotknownwhyhedidthis.Howhesucceededisunknowntous.Whereweshouldholdthemeetingneedstobediscussed.注意wh-引导的主语从句也常用it作形式主语。5.也可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等词引导主语从句，表示“无论什么”、“无论谁”、“无论何时”、“无论在（到）哪里”等。Whoevertoldyoutogiveupsmokingwasquiteright.Whateverhegaveyoushouldbehandedin.Whoevertoldyouthatwaslying.Whoevercomesiswelcome.（二）表语从句在复合句中充当表语。1.that在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成分，通常不省。1)表示事实、真理等的实际内容。Thefactisthatheislying.Theoddsarethathewillnotdoit.2）表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.Thetroubleisthatweareshortofmoney.2.whether引导表语从句（不可用if)HisfirstquestionwaswhetherHolmeshadarrivedyet.Thequestioniswhetherpeoplewillbuyit.3.连接代词引导的表语从句。ThisiswhatIwant.Thequestioniswhocanbechosentobemanagerofthecompany.Myquestioniswhichofthemisbetter.4.连接副词引导的表语从句。Theproblemseemedhowwecouldmakehimunderstandit.Thequestioniswhereweshouldgo.5.asif,asthough引导的表语从句（常用虚拟语气）Helooksasifhewereangry.Itlooksasifit"sgoingtorain.(三)宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语。1.that引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成分，常省略。★that不引导介词的宾语从句，至于exceptthat,inthat,savethat,butthat等是复合从属连词。Iknow（that）youhavemethim.Let"ssupposethatonedaythishappenstoyou.在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人）。例如：Itoldhim（that）hewaswrong.在少数动词如：think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine,calculate,fancy,reckon,besupposed,seem,appear,feelasif,lookasif,looklike等后面的从句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上,这叫否定前置/否定转移。(hope“希望”,guess“认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。Ihopenot.“我希望不是那样的”，是Ihopeso.的否定式。Idon’thopeso.是对hope的否定：“我不希望如此”。)如：Idon"tthinkitwillbeverycoldtoday.Idon"tthinkyouareright.Idon"tbelievehehasfinishedhiswork.注意 ①并非必须否定转移。若需要强调从句的否定时就不作转移。②不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为否定宾语从句，要根据句意或语境而定。Idon’tthinkdiplomacyisafieldforprivateenterprise.我不认为外交是私人可以经营的领域。Wedidn’tthinkwe’dbethislate.我们没有料到我们会来得这么晚。③当think用在疑问句中，或主句中的谓语动词与状语连用，或主句中的谓语动词被do强调时，不能否定转移。Whydoyouthinkwecan"tchangeyournote?IdobelieveTomnevertellsalie.Theystilldidn’tbelievethatthefoodwouldcome.他们仍然不相信洪水会来临。Ican’tbelievethattheyaremarried.我不能相信他们已结婚了。④否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情况。主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时，或主句动词与情态动词连用，就不能否定转移。此时若主句动词为否定，应考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。Ihadthoughtthathewouldnotcome.⑤当宾语从句中有no,never,hardly,notatall,notabit,not...enough,can’thelpdoing等时不能否定转移。IthinkIcan"thelplaughingifIseeit.Ibelievehenevertellsalie.▲许多带宾语补足语的句子要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于句尾。Wethinkitwrongthathetoldalietoeveryone.Wethoughtitapitythatsheshouldhavemissedthechance.2.whether,if引导宾语从句：表示“是否”可互换，口语中常用if。Heaskedifshewouldcome.注意下列情况下whether不可用if换：1)引导主语从句置于句首时。2)whether后没有单词间隔而直接跟ornot时。Idon"tknowwhetherornothewillcome.3)whether从句作介词宾语时。Theyaretalkingaboutwhetherhewillwinthegame.Everythingdependsonwhetheryouagreewithus.4)whether后接不定式时。Idon"tknowwhethertoattendthemeeting.5)动词discuss,decide的宾语从句时。3.连接代词what，who，whose等引导的宾语从句。Tellmewhatyouwant.Doyouknowwhowillcomeatthemeeting?注意who,whom按照传统语法，从句中who所取代的名词如果是宾语应用宾格whom,但在口语中常用who,如：Doyouknowwhom（who）hewillinvite?①whose,which,what三个词都带有形容词性质。whose表示所有，意为“谁的”；which意为“哪一个”，what意为“什么”。如：Whosebookitisnotimportant.Pleasetellmewhichschoolyouwanttogo.Hedidn"tknowwhattimeitwas.②一般说来，which指的是在一个具体的、较明确的、有限的、较小范围；而what则指较广的或不明确的范围。如：whichfood，说话人一般指眼前的或明确范围的几种“food”；whatfood则指许多“food”，而且说话人心中没有数。Idon"tknowwhich/whatfoodyouwant.如果范围较大或者没有什么范围，最好用“whatfood”4.连接副词when，where，why，how引导的宾语从句。Idon"tknowwhenthemeetingwillbeheld.PleasetellmewhereIcanfindTom.Heexplainedtomewhyhewasabsentfromthemeeting.CanyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?5.可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等引导宾语从句。Pleasewritedownwhateverheissaying.Idon"tknowwhoeverwillcome.I"lldowhateveryouaskmeto.6.表示爱憎情感的动词，如：enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,don’tmind,resent,appreciate（感激）等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如：counton,dependon,relyon,seeto,lookforwardto,befondof,feellike,seeto,等后，即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。Ilikeitwhenshesmilesatme.Iloveitwhenyousing.IhateitifIamspokentoloudlyinpublic.★★除了but,besides,except,in,save,beyond六个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句外，其他介词都不能。inthat是“因为”的意思，其余五个与that搭配都是“除了…”。(四)同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语。1.that引导同位语从句。在下列名词后可用that引导同位语从句answer,belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,news,opinion,plan,suggestion,thought,truth等。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.ThestorygoesthatWilliamkilledhiswife.Healwaysworkshardinspiteofthefactthatheisnotingoodhealth.Suddenlythethoughtcametomethathewouldgoblind.注意①同位语从句引导词that无含义，不充当成分，不可省略。②同位语从句与其说明的名词或代词为同一内容,故可以用is把前边的中心词和从句连接成一个句子。③同位语从句前一般没有逗号。that引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别：that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用，不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，在从句中要作成分，如主语、宾语等。①Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwon.（that引导同位语从句）②Thenewsthat/whichhetoldmewasveryexciting.（that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语）2.在noidea,question,problem等后可用wh-疑问词引导同位语从句，if不引导同位语从句。Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.Ihavenoideawhathesaid.3.辨析:引导名词性从句时what与whatever,who与whoever的区别：what与whatever：Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.(what=thething(s)that/allthat/anythingthat特指)Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.(whatever=anythingthat泛指)Whatcausedtheaccidentwasabrokenbottle.（特指）Whatevercausedtheaccidenthasnotyetbeenfound.（泛指）who与whoever：WhowillgotoBeijingonbusinesshasnotbeendecided.(who表疑问，表示“谁”，“哪一个”)。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.(whoever=anyonewho，表示“无论哪个人”)