高三英语语法大全 73页

高三英语语法复习（一）名词一，可数名词1.集合名词(1)people,cattle,police,folk,personnel（人员）（作主语谓语动词用复数）(2)class,government,committee,enemy,crowd,family,crew,group,team,public,audience,staff,couple,troop,association,party,union,band（帮，伙）（强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调成员时用复数）(3)mankind,man(人类),humanity(作主语谓语动词用单数)2.个体名词(1)复数的构成A：一般在名词后加sB:以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词的后加es，但stomach－stomachsC:以-f或-fe结尾的名词：a:leaf,life,thief,wolf,knife,half,shelf,loaf,self,wife－vesb:proof,roof,belief,chief,gulf,safe,reef,cliff,cuff（袖口）,brief－sc:handkerchief,scarf－s/vesD:以辅音字母加y结尾，把y改成i+es；以元音字母加y结尾，直接加sE:以o结尾的名词一般加s但以下单词加es:Echo,negro,potato,tobacco,hero,tomato但Zero,volcano,mosquito,tornado,motto可加s或es.F:不规则变化：Foot－feetgoose－geesemouse－micechild－childrenOx－oxenmedium－mediaanalysis－analyseswoman－womenMan－mentooth－teethphenomenon－phenomenaCriterion－criteria（标准）bacterium－bacteria（细菌）Axis－aces（轴心）German－GermansG:单复数同形：Deer,fish,specie,works,means,series,sheep,bison,Swiss,Chinese（1）复合名词的复数A:有中心词的在中心词后加复数B:无中心词的在最后一个单词后加复数C:含有woman和man的两个都变复数D:含有sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts等构成的复合名词不可省去”s”asportscar赛车acustomsofficer海关官员armsproduction武器生产aclothesshop服装店（2）下列词组中常用复数A：成双成对的名词compasses,pants,shorts,trousers,glasses,cross-roads,jeans,socks,gloves,shoes,scissors,tweezers（镊子）B:以－ing结尾的名词Belongings,earnings,doings,findings,surroundings73 （4）有些词组中名词常以复数形式出现be/makefriendswith与…友好takepains下功夫makepreparationsfor为…做准备makearrangements做安排giverespectsto向…致攻、敬意giveregardsto向…问候shakehandswith与…握手bestwishestaketurns轮流asfollows如下inrags衣襟褴褛changebuses/trains换车singthepraisesof赞颂　inhighspirits情结高昂（5）有些学科名词虽然以－s结尾，但是单数mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,economics二、不可数名词1.不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，它一般只有单数，其数量常用量词来表示。apieceofpaperablockofstoneabowlofriceacupofteaasliceofmeataflashoflightningaburstoflaughterabottleofbeeraarticleofclothing2.不可数名词也有复数形式，或加a/an(1)表示种类(2)表示份数(3)表示具体事物3.下列名词加复数意义产生变化air空气－airs傲气arm－arms武器cloth－clothespain(疼痛）－pains(努力)paper－papers（文件）work－works（著作）water－waters(水域)sand－sands(沙滩)spirit(精神)－spirits(兴致)manner－mannershair－hairsgood－goodsgreen－greensiron－irons（脚镣手铐）time－timescustom－customs(海关)brain－brains(智慧)look－looks(外表)damage－damages(赔偿费)force－forces(军队)wood－woodscompass－compasses(圆规)green－greens(青菜)三、专有名词单个的专有名词一般不加冠词，而由多上普通名词构成的专有名词常常要加the四、名词的所有格1.of一般与无生命的名词连用表同位关系themonthofSeptember表整体与部分关系someofthestudents表动宾关系loveofourcountry,studyofaglobe表所属关系thegateofourschool2.‘s常常与有生命的名词连用myfather’spictures‘s也可与无生命的名词（时间，距离，国家，天体）连用（1）所有格’s的构成形式：theteachers’officeJones’scarTom’sfather（2）双重所有格：表很多中的其中之一，或感情色彩afriendofmyfather’sthecarofMary’s（3）直接接所有格表示某某家、教堂或与某一职业相关的场所73 I’llgotoMary’stomorrow.StPaul’s（1）mymother’sandmyfather’shouse与mymotherandmyfather’shouse一、名词作定语：用单数表示时间、地点、原料ashoeshopatablelampafternoontea当定语是有生命的名词时则用所有格形式children’shospital,men’sclothingshop练习1.TheWhitesare____.A.myfatherandmymother’sfriendsB.myfather’sandmymotherfriendsC.myfather’sandmymother’sfriendsD.myfatherandmymotherfriends2.Itwilltakeme____togettoShanghai.A.twodaystimeB.twoday’stimeC.twodaytimeD.twodays’time3.Wehadworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto____.A.faceB.realityC.practiceD.deed4.Myfather’s____isgrey,butmymotherhasafewgrey____.A.hair,hairB.hairs,hairsC.hairs,hairD.hair,hairs5.Hegainedhis____byprinting____offamouswriters.A.wealth,workB.wealths,worksC.wealths,workD.wealth,works6.Here’smycard.Let’skeepin____.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship7.Hedroppedthe____andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup8.The____ofthebuildingsarecoveredwithlotsof____.A.roofs,leavesB.rooves,leafsC.roof,leafD.roofs,leafs9.Hearingthenewsthatthywouldgoouting,everyoneintheclasswas____.A.inhighspiritB.inhighspiritsC.onhighspiritD.onhighspirits10.Wewillneverlose____whateverdifficultieswemeet.A.heartsB.aheartC.ourheartD.heart11.What____!Wheredidyougetthem?A.abigfishB.bigfishC.apieceoffishD.apieceofbigfish12.Isaw____runningaboutatthefootofthemountain.A.cattleB.twocattleC.muchcattleD.aheadofcattle13.－Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.－It’snot____healwaysgetsthefirstplaveinanyexamination.A.questionB.doubtC.problemD.wonder14.－Where’syourbrother?－At____.A.MrGreen’sB.GreensC.TheMrGreensD.theGreens15.Mr.Smithhastwo____,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A.brother-in-lawB.brother-in-lawsC.brothers-in-lawsD.brothers-in-lawKeys:ADCDDADABDBDDAD73 冠词冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，也没有词义，通常放在名词之前帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词分为定冠词和不定冠词。一、不定冠词：不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a放在辅音音素开头的词前，an放在元音音素（而不是元音字母）开头的词前。如：aone-eyedcamel，aEuropeanfriend，auniversitystudent，ausefulanimal；anhour，anhonestboy，anX-ray等。1．不定冠词泛指人或物。如：HaveyougotanEmailaddress?Iworkasateacher.2.不定冠词用于首次提到的人或物。如：Longlongago,therewasamountainhere.Anoldcockissittinginatalltree.3.不定冠词用在单数普通名词前泛指一类人或事物。如：Achildneedslove.Ahorseisausefultool.4.不定冠词用于表示时间，速度，价格等意义的名词之前，表示单位，有“每一”之意，相当于every。如：Heworkstenhoursaday.Thisclothis10yuanametre.5.不定冠词表示数量，用在可数名词前，有“一”之意，相当于“one”。如：Romewasnotbuiltinaday.Danielhasabrotherandtwosisters6.不定冠词用在某些抽象名词或描写自然现象的名词前，表示一阵、一场、一种、一例、一次、一份等。如：It’sagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.Ashowercame.7.不定冠词用在so(as、too、how)加形容词之后。如：Heissogoodaboythatheislikedbyall.It’stoodifficultabookforyoutoread.8.不定冠词用于说明事物的同一性质、特征、程度和大小，有“相同”之意，相当于“thesame”。如：Theyareallofasize.Wearenearlyofanage.9.不定冠词用于人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识，或表示与某名人有类似性质的人或事物。如：AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout.HewishestobecomeaNewton.10.不定冠词用于某些固定词组中。如：afew,alittle,alongtime,manya,asarule(通常)，inahurry,inaword,inashortwhile,onceuponatime,It’sapitythat…等二、定冠词：73 定冠词the与this和that同源，有这个和那个的意思。可和一个名词连用表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，以区别于同类中其它的人或事物。1．定冠词表示特定的，或上文已提到的人或事物。如：Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?2.定冠词表示世界上独一无二的东西。如：theworld,thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth,theuniverse,theatmosphere,thePacificOcean等。3.定冠词用在可数名词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如：Thedogisausefulanimal.Thecomputerisawonderfulmachine.4.定冠词用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人或事物”。如：thepoor,therich,theyouth,theold,theblind,thedeaf,theliving,thedead,thesick,thewounded,themiddle-aged,thenew等。5.定冠词用在形容词和副词最高级前。如：Whosingsthebestinyourclass?Mondayismybusiestday.6.定冠词用在序数词前。如：Heisthelastonetoleave.Itisthebiggestclassroominourschool.7.定冠词用在姓氏的复数前表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如：TheSmithsareattable.TheGreenshaveopenedaboutique.8.定冠词用在某些专有名词前。如：theUnitedStates,theUnion,thePeople’sRepublicofChina,theTitanic,theCommunistPartyofChina,theUnitedKingdom等。9．定冠词用在表示西洋乐器（而不是中国乐器）的名词前。如：playthepiano,playtheguitar,playtheviolin等。10．定冠词用在方向名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯用语中。如：inthewest(east,south,north),ontheright(left),inthe(morning,afternoon,evening),inthedaytime,inthemiddleof,intheend,ontheotherhand,bytheway等。11．定冠词用在地理名称前及江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、山脉、运河、岛屿等。如：theChangjiangRiver,thePacific(Ocean),theTian-shanMountain,theRedSea,theAlps,thePhilippines,theEnglishChannel等。（注意：但以Mout开头的山和一些湖不加定冠词。如：MoutOMei,MoutTai等）12．定冠词用在逢十的复数数词前，表示世纪的某个年代。如：Inthe1870’s,whenMarxwasalreadyinhisfifties,hefounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.13.定冠词用在有些国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族全体人员，这类形容词一般以sh、ch、ese结尾。如：theEnglish,theChinese,theScotch等。14．定冠词用在某些建筑物、报纸、会议前。如:theGreatWall,thePeaceHotel,theCapitalTheatre,thePeople’sDaily,73 the11thPartyCongress等。15．定冠词用在以festival组成的节日前(但以day组成的节日前不加定冠词)。如：theSpringFestival,theMid-autumnFestival,theLaternFestival,NationalDay,MayDay,ChristmasDay,NewYear’sDay等。16.定冠词用在发明物的单数名词前。如：Whoinventedthetelephone?ThecompasswasinventedinChinafourthousandyearsago.17．定冠词用在下列固定句式中：wound／bite／beat／pat／take等+sb+介词+the+部位表示伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位。三、不使用冠词（也可叫零冠词）：1．在复数可数名词前表示一类人或事物，一般不使用冠词。如：Horsesareusefulanimals.Dogsarehumanbeings’friends.2.在某些表示人名、地名、国名、节日、季节、月份、星期等专有名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Tom,Hangzhou,China,NationalDay,Autumn,March,Wednesday等3.在抽象名词和物质名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：love,business,life,air,snow,tea,death等。4.在表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Tombecamemonitorofourclass.Hewasappointedambassador.5.在一日三餐的名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Whatdowehaveforsupper?Iwillhavelunchwithmymothertoday.6.在一些体育名词前，如球类、棋类、游戏等名称前，一般不使用冠词。如：Helikesplayingfootball.Ilikeridingandfishing.7.在与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前。一般不使用冠词。如：bybike,bybus,bytrain,byship,bysea,byland,byair(plane)等。8.在表示学科、疾病、颜色和感官名词前，一般不使用冠词。如：Economicsisdifferentfrompolitics.Grandpadiedofcancertenyearsago.9．在某些杂志、大学、街名、广场及公园前，一般不使用冠词。如：TsinghuaUniversity,WangFuChingStreet,BeiHaiPark等。10．在以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时，一般不使用冠词。如：fatherandson,husbandandwife,dayandnight,sunandmoon,penandink,masterandservant等。11．在某些固定词组前一般不使用冠词。如：attable,inprison,gotowork,facetoface,handinhand,intime,atnight,onearth,onfoot等。特别要注意：(1)用定冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：thesecondstudent(第二个学生)--asecondstudent(又一个学生)；themostinterestingbook(最有趣的书)--amostinterestingbook(一本非常有趣的书)；theworld(世界)--abetterworld(一个更好的世界)；73 playthepiano(弹钢琴)一buyapiano(买一台钢琴)。(2)用零冠词与不定冠词的区别，如：MrLi(李先生)--aMrLi(一个自称姓李的先生)；havelunch(吃中餐)--havearichlunch(吃一顿丰盛的中餐)；wind(风)一astrongwind(一阵大风)；playbasketball(打篮球)--buyabasketball(买一个篮球)；NewYork(纽约)一aNewYorkinChina(在中国的纽约)；havewordswithsb(与某人争吵)--haveawordwithsb(与某人谈话)；help(帮助)--ahelp(帮手)。success(成功)-asuccess(成功的人或事)experience(经验)-anexperience(一次经历)(3)用零冠词与定冠词的区别，如：Shanghai(上海)--theShanghaiyouseetoday(你今天所见的上海)；history(历史)--thehistoryofQingDynasty(清朝历史)；inbed(躺在床上)--onthebed(在床上)；inhospital(住院)--inthehospital(在医院)；infrontof(在……前面)--inthefrontof(在……前部)；atmost=atthemost(至多)；atleast=attheleast(至少)。练习1.Johnis_______universitystudent.A.someB.anyC.aD.an2.Wearegoingtolearn_________nextweek.A.LessonTwelveB.LessonTwelfthC.TwelfthLessonD.theLessonTwelfth3.There"s_____dictionaryon_____deskbyyourside.A,a;theB.a;aC.the;aD.the;the4.Summerin_____southofFrancearefor_____mostpartdryandsunny.A./;aB.the;/C./;/D.the;the5.Abullethitthesoldierandhewaswoundedin_____leg.A.aBoneC.theD.his6.Thecakesaredelicious.He"dliketohave_____thirdonebecause_____secondoneisrathertoosmall.A.a;aB.the;theC.a;theD.the;a7.Thesignreads"Incaseof_____fire,breaktheglassandpush_____redbutton.A./;aB./;theC.the;theD.a;a8.Iearn10dollars_____houras_____supermarketcashieronSaturdays.A.a;anB.the;aC.an;aD.an;the9.Itisnotrarein_____thatpeoplein_____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s;theirB.the90s;/C.90s;.D.the90s;their10.Childrenusuallygoto_______schoolat_______ageofsix.A./:theB.a;anC.a;/D.the;the11.__________Himalayasis_________highestmountainin_______world.A./;the;/B.The;the;theC.A;a;aD./;/;/73 12.Theyeachhave_______book.Lihua’sisabout______writer.Wanglin’sison_________science.A.a;a;/B.the;/;theC./;the;/D.a/the/a13.Theywerehaving________supperthen.Itwas______deliciousone.A.a;theB./;/C./;aD.a;a14.AlexanderBrahamBellinvented_________telephonein1876.A,/B.aC.theD.one15.Iwanttohave______wordwithJack,2buthewasn’tat______home.A.the;aB.the;theC.a;/D.a;a16.Hediditin______________.A.soashorttimeB.asoshorttimeC.soshortatimeD.timesoshort17.Hisfatherdiedin_______springof1976.A./B.theC.ａD.an18.__________elephantis_______usefulanimaltohumanbeings.A.An;anB.A;aC.The;anD.An;a19.Ofallthestars_______sunis__________nearesttous.A.the;/B.an;theC.the;theD.an;a20.Suchbookspoison_______mindsof_______young.A,the;theB.the;aC,/;theD./;/21.Tomlikesplaying______basketballwhilehissisterlikesplaying_____piano.A./;/B.the;theC./;theD.the;/22.Ifyougoby_______train,youcanhaveacomfortablejourney,butmakesureyouget______fastone.A.the;theB./;aC.the;aD,/;/23.Iknew________JohnLennon,butnot______famousone.A./;aB.a;theC./;theD.the;a24.AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson________rideto_______CapitalAirport.A.the;aB.a;theC./;aD./;the25.Hefounditdifficulttomake_______livinginthosedays.A.aB.anC.theD./Keys:CAADC/CBCDA/BACCC/CBDCA/CBBBA73 高三英语语法复习（二）动词（上）动词的时态与语态动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。做题时要注意题干中给出的时间状语和谓语动词的时态，连接词and,but,although等所引出的句子关系以及准确地把握句子的隐含的意义。一一般现在时1)表示经常性习惯性动作，表示现在的状态，特征和真理。EveryfouryearsathletesfromallovertheworldtakepartintheOlympicGames.2）表示已经预先计划安排的肯定将要发生的动作，句中带有表将来时间的状语。动词有come,go,start,begin,leave，stop,return,openclose等。Thetrainleavesatthreethisafternoon.3）在时间，条件，方式，让步状语条件中，表示将来的动作。Ifyouhaveanyproblem,pleasedon’thesitatetaskyourteacher.4）在某些表达法中，表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。Theregoesthebell!二一般过去时1）表示过去发生的和现在没有联系的动作或状态。---HashegraduatedfromNanjingUniversity?----Yes.HestudiedEnglishforfouryears.2）表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。Theyusedtogivethanksfortheirharvestsandforlife.3）从过去某一时间考虑，已经预先计划或安排的肯定将要发生的动作。Theyhadlittletimethateveningastheystartedthenextday.4）在时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。ShetoldmethatshewouldnotleaveuntilIcameback.5）在一个句子中依自然顺序来叙述一系列过去动作时，全用一般过去时.Themanstoodup,putonhishatandwentaway.三一般将来时1will(第一人称可用shall)1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow,nextday,inafewdays等表示将来时间的状语连用。Anewteacherwillcometomorrow.2）表示将来经常发生的动作。WeshallgoboatingonSundays.3）表示说话时的临时决定。---You’veleftthelighton.----Oh,soIhave.I’llgoandturnitoff.73 注意：条件状语从句中的will表示“决心，意愿”，此时will是情态动词表意愿。Ifyouwon’tlistentous,justdoasyouplease.2“beto+动词原形”1）表示约定，计划或按职责，义务要求即将发生的动作。ThesportsmeetistotakeplaceonSundaymorning.2）表示命令，禁止或可能性。Youaretostandhere.Doyouunderstand?3“begoingto+动词原形”1）常用于表示已经决定或安排要做的事。Heisgoingtobeadoctorwhenhegrowsup.2）表示某种迹象表明要发生的事。You’regoingtobefat,soyou’dbetterstopeatingchocolate.4“beabout+动词原形”表示“不久就要…”不能与表示将来的时间状语连用但常与when连用。Hewasabouttoleavewhenheheardastrangesound.5某些动词如go,come,stay,leave,start.begin等的一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。Westartatsixandarriveatthestationatseven.6某些动词的现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。Ourheadmasterisgivingareportthisafternoon注意：说话之前已经考虑过的用begoingto,说话时考虑到的用willA:Haveyoupostedtheletterforme?B:Sorry,Iwasgoingtodoityesterday.Buttherewasanunexpectedguest.A:Itdoesn’tmatter.Iwillpostitmyself.begoingto和beto都可用于表示按计划，安排即将发生的动作，即人们意志所能控制的动作。而非人们主观所能安排的将来，只能用begoingto表示。It’sgoingtorain.四过去将来时1表示从过去某一时间来看将来发生的动作或将要存在的状态。常用在主句的谓语为过去时态的宾从中。ThestudentssaidtheywouldgotovisittheGreatWallthenextweek.2“were(was)+todo”表示过去将来时间的安排，如果安排取消没有实现，用”were(was)tohavedone”表示。Weweretohaveleftatsixlastnight.3表示过去习惯动作。Peoplewouldgettogethertocelebratetheirharvest.五现在进行时1表示说话时正在进行而未完成的动作或状态Idon’treallyworkhere;I’mhelpinguntilthenewsecretarycomes.2表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行Sheisreadingabookthisweek.3有时可表示即将发的动作,常有一个表示将来的时间。如come,stay,leave,start，begin,arrive,return,fly,drive,do,have等动词。Theyarecomingbackhereinafewminutes.73 4与always,continually,constantly,never,constantly等频度状语连用，表示某种带有感情色彩的现阶段经常发生的动作。Youareconstantlyfindingfaultwithme.5不用进行时态1）有些表示感觉，如see,smell,taste.feel,hear等。Theappletastesgood.2）表示心理感情的词。如know,understand,love,like,hate,desire,wish,want等。Idon’tunderstandthissentence.6现在进行时和一般现在时的主要区别：前者着眼点在描述动作；后者着眼点在说明事理，陈述情况。Sheisreadingthenewspaper.Shereadsthenewspaperseveryday.六过去进行时1表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。有时间或上下文来表示ShewastelephoningafriendwhenIcamein.2表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。ShirleywaswritingaboutChinalastyearbutIdon’tknowwhethershehasfinished.3表示从过去某一时间的角度看将来要发生的动作，用于某些动作。（见现在进行时）Theywereleavingafewdayslater.4与always等频度副词连用，表示感情色彩Asaboy,JohnBairdwasalwaysmakingthings.5两个动作同时进行，主从句都用进行时。HewasreadingthenewspaperwhileIwasstudying.注意：1过去进行时常表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，强调在这一过程中进行的动作或展开的情景；而一般过去时则表示过去发生某一件事。Hedrewapictureyesterdayafternoon.Hewasdrawingapictureyesterdayafternoon.七现在完成时1表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。--I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.--Oh,notatall.I’vebeenhereonlyafewminutes.2表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，而且还可能持续下去的动作状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。Today,thisweek,lately,duringthelasttwoweeks,since等.Thecountrylifehewasusedtohaschangedgreatlysince1992.3表示在说话之前发生过的动作，这种动作也许发生过一次，也许发生过多次，成为一种经验。Yearsagowedidn’tknowthis,butrecentsciencehasshownthatpeoplewhodon’tsleepwellsoongetill4在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时代替将来完成时IshallgoassoonasIhavefinishedmylesson.5在Itis(willbe)thefirst(second,third…)+that分句结构中，that分句动词用现在完成时,that可省73 Don’tforget,itwillbethefirsttimeI‘vespokeninpublic.注意：1）现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，不能和表示过去的时间连用。一般过去时则只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系，和过去的时间连用。Hehasgivenupsmoking,butayearagohesmoked100cigarettesaweek.2）现在完成时的谓语动词如果是瞬间动词的肯定式，不能与表示一段时间的for短语及since短语（或从句）连用。Ithasbeenamonthsincehelefthome.3）如果现在完成时的谓语动词是瞬间动词的否定式，可以和表示一段时间的for连用。Ihaven’tseenyouforafewdays.八过去完成时1表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。TheyhadleftbeforeIreturned.2表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallycame3由before,after,assoonas等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接发生，由于这些连词本身已经说明两个动作的先后关系，主从句均可用一般过去时，从句也可用过去完成时。Helefttheroomafterhe(had)turnedoffhelight4过去完成时也用与hardly…when..,nosooner…than(刚……就……)等一些固定句型中。Hehadnosoonergonetosleepthanthetelephonerangoncemore.5动词hope,think,expect,intend,mean,suppose,want等可用过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望，打算或意图Ihadhopedtobeabletotakemyseatinallthisnoisewithoutbeingfound.6在Itwasthefirst(second,third…)+that分句结构中，分句动词用过去完成时,that可省Itwasthefirsttimehehadeverspokentomeinsuchatune.九现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“++现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。---I’mreallytiredout.---SoamI.Wehavebeenhavingdiscussionfornearlytwohours.十将来进行时将来进行时由”shall/will+现在分词”构成。1表示在将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。Atthistimetomorrowwe‘llbeflyingovertheAtlantic.2表示在将来某段时刻正在进行的动作。Areyougoingtobestudyingthistimenextweek?3表示即将或按计划在未来将要发生的动作。ThepeopleofBeijing,andofthewholecountry,willbepreparingtolighttheOlympictorchtowelcomeathletesandsportsfansfromallovertheworld.动词的被动语态被动语态：当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被语态。做题是要仔细观察动词和其前的名词或代词的关系。一被动语态的用法：73 1强调动作的承受者Morepatients’havebeentreatedinhospitalthisyearthanlastyear.2不知道动作的执行者或没必要说明动作的执行者.Newfunctionsarebeingaddedtothephone.3为了强调动作的执行者用by修饰。Saningduiwasfirstdiscoveredbyfarmers.二被动语态的构成：被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”，助动词be需和主语的人称和数一致。如1一般现在时：Youarerequiredtodothis.2一般过去时：Itwas2hours‘waitbythetimetheannouncementwasmade,sayingmyflightwascanceled.3一般将来时：Newbuildingandsportsvenueswillbebuiltforthe2008BeijingOlympicGames.4过去将来时：Hesaidthatthetreeswouldbeplantedsoon.5现在进行时：Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodeartharebeingwashedaway6过去进行时：Thenewtoolwasbeingmade.7现在完成时：MorepeoplehavebeentreatedinhospitalthisyearthanatanytimesincethestartofthehealthService.8过去完成时：--IsawDaveintheliftthismorning.--Really?Hehadn’tbeenseenaroundhereforalongtime.三被动语态的几种类型1带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。Weweredeeplymovedbyhisspeech.2有两个宾语的动词如give,send,take,teach,show,tell,pay,offer,hand,pass,promise等borrow等，变为被动语态时，两个宾语都可变为主语。当把表物的宾语变为主语，留在原位的表人的宾语前要加for或to.Iwasgivenaticketfortheconcert(byhim).Aticketfortheconcertwasgiventome(byme)3有复合宾语的动词变为被动时，只能将宾语变为主语，宾补留在原处。1）宾补是形容词，名词，副词，过去分词，现在分词或介词。Heisconsideredhonest.2）宾补是省”to”不定式，变被动时要加上”to”如feelfind,see,hear,watch,observe,notice,make,have,help等Hewasnoticedtocrossthestreet.4短语动词变为被动时，动词后面的介词或副词不要漏掉。Thechildrenwillbetakengoodcareof.注意：动词短语“动词+名词+介词”结构变被动时可把其中的名词作主语。如catchsightof,keepaneyeon,makeuseof,payattentionto,takenoticeof,takecareof等。Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.5带情态动词的被动结构，由情态动词+be+动词的过去分词构成Inthissense,badthingscanbeturnedintogoodthings.6汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。73 Itis/wassaid/hoped/believed/considered/thought/known….thatAtfirstitwasthoughtthattheskillstomakecopperandbronzeobjectsspreadtoBritainthroughwarandarmedconflict.四不用被动的情形1谓语是及物动词have,own,holdsuit,enter,lack,benefit,reach,leave,hold,suit,fit等。Theroomcanhold50people.2谓语动词上不可拆的短语动词takeplace,loseheart,belongto,consistof等。May4thMovementtookplacein1919.3宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词抽象名词等。TheChinesepeoplearehavingahappylife.五被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态表示的是动作，句中的主语是动作的对象，可用by介词引导的短语；系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，没有介词by所引导的短语。Iwasfrightenedbyhisghoststory.Iwasfrightenedofsnakes.注意：getdone结构强调结果，和bedone同样有不同时态，构成疑问时要借助于助动词。Ourhouseisgettingpainted.Howdidhegetlostinthefrog?六主动语态表被动意义1某些动词表示主语本身的性质，且主语应该是事物。如sell,read,feelwrite,wear,wash,open,clean,measure,lock,run,begin等.Thepenwriteswellandsellswell.2不定式的主动形式表被动。1）作定语用的不定式逻辑主语是句中的主语或宾语时。否则还是用被动。“Doyouhaveanyhomeworktodo?”askedthemother.“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?“askedtheservant.2)在”be+adj+不定式”结构中。如easy,comfortable，dangerous,difficult,hard,heavy,important等。Thechairisverycomfortabletositon.3)不定式tolet,toseek,toblame等。Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.3表示状态特征的连系动词。如look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等Goodmedicinetastesbitter.4某些动词用其主动形式代被动。如want,need,require等Theclassroomwantscleaning.5形容词worth后直接加动名词时。Thenovelisworthreading.练习1Scientiststhinkthatthecontinents__alwayswherethey__today.Aaren’t;areBaren’t;wereCweren’t;areDweren’t;were2Thediscussion___alivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.AwascomingBhadcomeChascomeDcame73 3–-Ifthetraffichadn’tbeensoheavy,Icouldhavebeenbackby6o’clock.---Whatapity!Tina__heretoseeyou.AisBwasCcouldDhasbeen4She__herhairstyleinherhometownbeforeshecametoChongqingforabetterjob.AwouldchangeBhaschangedCchangedDwaschanging5---DidyoutellJuliaabouttheresult?---oh,no,Iforgot.I___hernow.AwillbecallingB---Areyoustillbusy?----Yes,I___mywork,anditwon’ttakelong.AjustfinishBamjustfinishingChavejustfinishedDamjustgoingtofinish6Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou__advertisementsshowinghappyfamilies.AwilloftenseeBoftenseeCareoftenseeingDhaveoftenseen7---Areyoustillbusy?----Yes,I___mywork,anditwon’ttakelong.AjustfinishBamjustfinishingChavejustfinishedDamjustgoingtofinish8Becauseheshop__,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.AhascloseddownBcloseddownCisclosingdownDhadcloseddown9Themanagerhadfallenasleepwherehe____,withoutundressing.AwaslayingBwaslyingChadlaidDhadlied10–Itookapictureofyoujustnow.--Really?I__withattention.Adidn’tlookBwasn’tlookingCamnotlookingDhaven’tlooked11Thecar__atthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainataboutnineo’clocktonight.AwentBisCgoesDwillbegoing12BythetimeJanegetshome,heraunt__forLondontoattendameeting.AwillleaveBleavesCwillhaveleftDleft13Thecoffeeiswonderful!Itdoesn’ttastelikeanythingI__before.AwashavingBhaveChaveeverhadDhadeverhad14They__ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwe__itasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.Ahadbeenworking;arestillworking.Bhadworked;werestillworkingChavebeenworking;haveworkedDhaveworking;arestillworking15--Howmuchofthelessondidyouunderstand?--Notabit.IwishI__AcouldworkBworkedChadworkedDwork16WhenMarkopenedthedoor,hesawawomanstandingthere.He__hebefore.AneversawBhadneverseen73 CneverseesDhasneverseen17Nowthatsheisoutofajob.Lucy_goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.AhadconsideredBhasbeenconsideringCconsideredDisgoingtoconsider18Accordingtheartdealer,thepainting___togoforatleastamilliondollars.AisexpectedBexpectsCexpectedDisexpecting19---Whydidyouleavethatposition?---I___abetterpositionatIBM.AofferBofferedCamofferedDwasoffered20–Howmuchcanyoupaymeforthejob?--You__2000yuan.AwillpayBarepayingCwillbepaidDarepaid21Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodearth__eachyear.AiswashingawayBisbeingwashedawayCarewashingawayDarebeingwashedaway22---Thedinnerwasdelicious.---Iagree.Iamsofull----That’stoobad.Butsomedessert___.AhasorderedBwillbeorderedChasbeenorderedDwasgoingtobeordered23–GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?---No,I__.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?AwasnotinvitedBhavenotbeeninvitedChadn’tbeeninvitedDdidn’tinviteKeys:CDBCBABCBBDCCACBBADCDCC73 高三英语语法复习（三）动词（下）情态动词1.can1．表示“能力”.Icanswim.Thelittleboycan’tspeak.Canyoudriveacar?2．陈述句中表示“客观可能性”ItisusuallyhotinsummerinNanchang,butitcanbecoolsometimes.Advertisingcanbehelpful.3．疑问句和否定句中表示主观推测，“可能”/“不可能”Canhebeathomeonholiday?Itcan’tbeMr.Lee.HehasgonetoBeijingonbusiness.4．表示“请求和允许”---CanIkeepthebookforamonth?---Yes,youcan.Youcangoouttoplayafteryouhavefinishedyourhomework.5．表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。主要用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Howcanyoubesocareless!Canthisbetrue?Thiscan’tbedonebyLinda.2.could1．表示“能力”；还可以用was/wereableto，都表示过去的一般能力，但要表示已经成功完成某事时，只可用was/wereableto。HecouldspeakEnglishverywell.IamsorryIwasn’tabletohelpyouyesterday.2．疑问句和否定句中表示主观推测，“可能”/“不可能”。用在过去时态中，口气比can更加不肯定；用在现在时间比can更婉转。Couldherememberme?Hecouldn’tbeoverfiftyyearsold.3．表示“请求和允许”。主要用于疑问句，可表示委婉客气的提出问题，答语应用can。---CouldIuseyourbike?---Yes,youcan./No,I’mafraidnot.4．可以用could(can)+havedone73 结构的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。在此结构中，用或没有时间上的差别，都表示说话人的更加“不肯定”语气。其肯定形式could(can)+havedone表示“本来可以做而实际上未能做某事”。Cantheyhavewonthegame?Whoyousawatthemeetingcouldn’thavebeenMr.Green.Hewaswatchingthegamewithmeatthattime.Youcouldhavedonebetter.Butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.1.may1．表示请求、允许、许可，注意答语。Youmaygonow.---MayIopenthewindow?---Certainly./Yes,please.或---No,youmustn’t./Pleasedon’t.2．表示主观推测“可能性”，不可用于疑问句。Hemaynotrealizehismistake.3．用于祈使句中表示祝愿。Mayyousucceed!2.might1．表示请求、允许、许可。Hetoldusthatwemightdropinatanytime.2．表示主观推测“可能性”，不可用于疑问句。Hemightcatchacold.3．可以用might(may)+havedone结构表示对过去事情的推测，认为某事在过去可能发生，might语气更加婉转或不肯定，意为“可能做过”Hemight(may)havestayedathomethatday.Youmight(may)havehadmuchtroubleindoingthat.3.must1．在肯定句中表示说话人的主观看法“必须”。在疑问句中询问对方意志，注意答语。---MustIhandinmyhomeworknow?---Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.Wemustobeythetrafficrules.2．在肯定句中表示主观推测“可能性”，语气比may肯定得多。Ihave10eggsinall.IrememberIhaveeaten9.Theremustbeoneeggleft.3．在否定句中表示“禁止”。Youmustn’tplayinthestreet.4．可用must+havedone结构表示对过去事情的推测，只能用于肯定句中，“一定干了某事”，而且比may要肯定得多。73 Helooksexcited.Hemusthavegotthegoodnews.1.haveto1．表示客观外界情况使得“必须”、“不得不”，与must相比有更多的时态。Itisraininghard.Wehavetostayathome.Youdon’thavetosavemuchmoney.Yourparentscansupportthemselves.2.need1.作情态动词，表示“需要”，主要用于否定句和疑问句，注意答语。（在肯定句中用must,haveto,oughtto,should等。）Youneedn’twritedownthenewwordsontheblackboard.---NeedhecomeonSundayevening?---Yes,hemust./No,heneedn’t.2.用needn’t+havedone表示过去做了但实际上并不需要做某事。Youneedn’thavewaitedformeforsuchalongtime.3.用didn’tneedtodo表示没有必要做而且实际上也没有做某事。Ididn’tneedtocleanthewindows.Mysisterdidit.4.作为实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。Thedeskneedsrepairing.Thetablesdon’tneedtoberepaired.3.dare1.作情态动词，主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句，表示“敢于”。Hedarenottellthetruth.Dareyougooutaloneonadarkevening?Iamsureyouwillsucceedifyoudaredoit.HowdareyousayI’munfair!Hesaidhedarednotwakehisfather.2.作为实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。Hedarestogooutaloneatnight.Hedidn’tdaretotellhisfather.4.oughtto1.表示“有必要、有义务”做某事；表示“应该”比语气重。无人称或时态变化。Weoughttobestrictwithourstudents.Yououghtn’ttodrinktoomuch.---Oughthetopayattentiontohishandwriting?---Yes,heought(to)./No,heoughtnot(to).2.用oughttohavedone表示过去某事应该做而没有做；oughtnottohavedone表示不该做某事而做了。Ioughttohavecalledyouupthismorningandyouwouldn’thavemissedthetrain.73 Weoughtn’ttohavewastedsomuchtimeinwatchingTVlastnight.Nowwehavesomuchworktodo.1.shall1.用于二、三人称表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。Youshallbegivenabeautifulpresentonyourbirthday.Youshallobeytheorder.Youshallbepunishedsoonerorlater.2.用于第一、第三人称疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见或向对方请示。Shallwebeginourlesson?Shallthenewspapersbehandedin?2.should1．表示“劝告”、“建议”、“命令”等。同义词为oughtto。在疑问句中常用should代替oughtto。Weshouldstudyhard.ShouldIopenthewindow?2．有时表示“预测”、“可能”。---Mum,I’monthebusalready.Ishouldbebackhomein10minutes.3．Should+havedone的肯定形式表示过去应当做某事而没有做；否定形式表示过去某事不该发生而发生了。---Iwasaloneathomeyesterday.---Youshouldhavecometomyhouse.---Youshouldn’thavestayedathomealoneyesterday.4．表示推测。Heshouldhavefinishedtheworkbynow.5．用于虚拟语气中。It+be+natural(necessary,strange,important,surprising,insisted,suggested,ordered等)+that…从句结构中一般应使用should+原形动词。Itisnecessarythatweshouldknowhowtooperatethecomputer.3.will1.表示“意志”、“意愿”、“打算”、“决心”等。Iwillneverdothatagain.Hesaid,“Iwon’ttakeuptoomuchroom.”Iwillgoandsendthecoattoyourson.2.表示一种习惯动作或状态，请求，但没有would婉转。Willyoupleasedomeafavor?Willyoucomehereandhavearest?3.表示推测。73 Youwillforgerwhatyouhavepromised.1.will+havedone结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。Hewillhavearrivedbynow.1.would1.表示过去时间的“意志”、“意愿”、“打算”、“决心”等。Histheorywassoadvancedthatfewpeoplewouldacceptit.Theyaskedusifwewoulddothatagain.2.可以用于现在时间第二人称，表示说话人的意志或向对方提出请求、建议等，但语气比will婉转。WouldyoupleasetellmehowIcangettothestation?Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee.3.表示过去或反复发生的动作，比usedto正式，且没有“现在已经没有此习惯”的含义。Everytimehecame,hewouldgivemeapresent.Afterhegotupinthemorninghewouldgotouttotheparkforawalk.2.usedto1.表示过去常常干某事，但现在已经没有此习惯。IusedtohaveacupofcoffeeinthebarwhenIwasintheuniversity.3.hadbetter1.表示客观外界情况使得“不得不”，mayaswell比hadbetter更婉转，意思是“不妨，无妨”。Youhadbettertellherthetruth.Youmayaswellknowthetruth.4.wouldrather1.wouldrather+动词原形，否定词放在rather后。Iwouldratherstayhereandhaveagoodrestthangoskating.Hewouldrathernottellusthetruth.2.wouldrather+havedone表示要是做过某事就好了，表示后悔或遗憾等语气。Iwouldratherhavetakenhisadviceyesterday.3.接从句，句子一般要用虚拟语气。Iwouldratheryouknewthatnow.IwouldratherIhadn’tknownthenews.练习1.---Therewerealreadyfivepeopleinthecarbuttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.---It______acomfortablejourney.A.can’tbeB.shouldn’tbeC.mustn’thavebeenD.couldn’thavebeen73 2.Jonny,you______playwiththeknife,you______hurtyourself.A.won’t;can’tB.mustn’t;mayC.shouldn’t;mustD.can’t;shouldn’t3.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquickbuteveryone_______getout.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto4.---IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork.---Oh,didyou?You_______withBarbara.A.couldhavestayedB.couldsayC.shouldstayD.musthavestayed.5.　Peter___comewithustonight,butheisn"tverysureyet.　A.must　　B.may　C.can　D.will6.----Shallwegoskatingorstayathome?----Which___do?　　　　　A.doyourather　　B.wouldyourather　C.willyourather　D.shouldyourather7.---CouldIborrowyourdictionary?---Yes,ofcourse,you____.　　A.might　B.will　C.can　D.should8.---ShallItellJohnaboutit?　---No,you___.I"vetoldhimalready.　　A.needn"t　　B.wouldn"t　　C.mustn"t　　D.shouldn"t9.---Don"tforgettocometomybirthdaypartytomorrow.---______.A.Idon"t　B.Iwon"t　C.Ican"t　D.Ihaven"t10.Tomoughtnotto___meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.　　A.havetold　B.tell　C.betelling　D.havingtold11.Sinceitisalreadymidnight,we______.A.hadbetterleavingB.oughttohaveleaveC.shouldtakeourleaveD.mightaswellleave12.____youbehappy!A.MayB.CanC.MustD.Would13.Mustwecometomorrow?A.No,youcan"tB.No,youneedn"tC.No,youmustn"tD.No,youmaynot14.You___missthelesson,thoughwe___haveitonThursday.A.mustn"t...needn"tB.needn"t....mustn"tC.mustn"t...mustn"tD.needn"t...needn"t73 15.Tosucceedinadifficulttask,_____.A.oneneedstoworkhardB.toworkhardisneededC.youneedbeahardworkingpersonD.toworkhardiswhatoneneeds16.IncaseI______,Iwouldtryagain.A.willfailB.wouldmissC.shouldfailD.shallmiss17.______openthedoorforyou?A.WouldyoulikethatIB.DoyouwantthatIC.WillID.ShallI18.Hedoesn’thavetoworktomorrow,butyouhavegotto,___you?A.don’tB.haven’tC.haven’tgotD.can’t19.---Why!Icouldn’tgetyouonthephonethismorning.---We____tennisintheyardwhenyouphonedme.A.couldbeplayingB.mustbeplayingC.musthavebeenplayingD.shouldhaveplayed20.----Doyoustillrememberwhenwewenttothegreatwall----Ican’trememberitwell,but____ithavebeensometimeslastmay?A.shouldB.mustC.couldD.would21.Whydidn’tyoutellmetherewasnomeetingtoday?I___alltheway.Herethroughtheheavysnow.A.needn’thavedrivenB.can’thavedrivenC.musthavedrivenD.shouldn’thavedriven22.It’snearlyseveno’clock.Jack______behereatanymoment.A.mustB.needC.shouldD.can23.Hesaidhewouldrathernot_____itrightnow.A.doingB.todoC.doD.tobedoing24.You_____tothemeetingthisafternoonifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo.A.needn’ttocomeB.don’tneedcomeC.don’tneedcomingD.needn’tcome25.You’dbetter______latenexttime.A.don’tB.notbeC.notbeingD.won’tbeKeys:1.D.2.B.3.D.4.A.5.B.6.B.7.C.8.A.9.B.10.A.11.D.12.A.13.B.14.A.15.A.16.C.17.D.18.B.19.C.20.C.21.A.22.C.23.C.24.D.25.B.73 高三英语语法复习（四）数词对数词的掌握在于如何灵活运用，这主要包括具体数字，非具体数字，年代，年龄，时间，分数，百分比的表达形式。通常在听力或在作文中考查。考点归纳一，基数词1基数词表示法13-19都已teen结尾，20—90十位数的整数以ty结尾，十位数与个位数之间用连字号“-”fifteeneighteentwentythirty-onefortyfifty1基数词可作主语，宾语，定语和同位语Fourworkershavefinishedtheirtaskaheadoftime.(主语)Theyusedtolearnhundredsofsongsbyheart.(宾语)Thereare21differentsportsinthe2008ShanghaiSpecialOlympics.（定语）Theythreewenttothezootogether.（同位语）2hundred,thousand,million,billion1)前面有具体的数字时，不能用复数形式，后面也不能跟of短语。如：一百个鸡蛋ahundredeggs，三百万个苹果threemillionapples。2)如果hundred,thousand,million,billion前面有several,some,many,afew等词修饰时，一般用单数形式，如：几千个细胞afewthousandcells：3)但若后跟of短语时，要用其复数形式。如：几百人severalhundredpeople=severalhundredsofpeople还指不确切数字“许多”hundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof。3dozen和score用法1)dozen的用法和hundred,thousand,million,billion的用法相同。如：threedozensocks三打短袜2)score的用法比较特殊，其前面有具体数字时一般不用复数形式，这时起后常和of短语连用，如：60个鸡蛋threescoreofeggs；但有时也可省去of，如：60年threescoreyears3)当表示“许多”，不指确切数字时，可以用dozensof,scoresof,hundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof。4数词表示年龄的用法：1）“attheageof+基数词”表示“在某人多大岁数的时候”。如：我在12岁的时候离开了故乡Ileftmyhometownattheageof12.2）“in+one’s+整10的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”如：他50多岁的时候从事什么职业？Whatdidhedoinhisfifties?5数词也可以表示倍数1)倍数用在形容词或副词的比较级（+than），如：这辆车的速度是那辆车的六倍。Thiscarrunssixtimesfasterthanthatone.2)倍数用在形容词原级比较的第一个as前面。73 我的书是你是书的三倍。Ihavethreetimesasmanybooksasyoudo.3)倍数用在表示度量的名词前。如：地球是月球的49倍大。Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.注意：表示为“倍数++度量词+表示比较对象的名词，还可以表示用语倍数+what引导的从句。如：铁路的长度是十年前的三倍。Thelengthoftherailwayisthreetimeswhatitwastenyearsago.6数词常与名词连用构成复合定语，中间要用连字符，而且只用名词的单数形式。如：四周的假期afour-weekholiday7“every+基数词+时间/距离单位”词，表示“每多少时间/距离”如：每三年everythreeyears8another+基数词+复数名词，基数词+more/other+复数名词表示“又，再”再四个星期anotherfourweeks9基数词可表示编了号的事物203号房间Room203368页Page36842路公共汽车BusNo.42电话：3222511Tel.No.322251二序数词1一般由基数词加“-th”构成。序数词前加the表示顺序.如：第八课theEighthLesson=LessonEight1）在第一到第十中除first,second,third外其余在基数词后加th。记住fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth2)第二十以上十位整数构成法是把基数词词尾-ty中y的改成i再加-eth.如：twenty—twentiethforty—fortieth百千也是加-thhundredththousandth3)“几十几”变为序数词，仅变个位为序数词。如：thirty-four---------thirty-fourth4）序数词的简写形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词结尾的两个字母。如：1st2nd3rd4th10th21st83rd100th2序数词前加a/an表示“又一，再一”再一次西湖旅游asecondtriptotheWestLake3序数词可作主语，宾语，定语，表语第一个是较好的Thefirstisbetter.（主语）在悉尼奥运会上，中国队共获28枚金牌，在所有参赛国中名列第三。InSydneytheChineseteamgot28goldmedalsandrankedthethirdofallthecompetingcountries（宾语）第三组比第二组大Thethirdgroupislargerthanthesecond.（定语）谁是第一个提出这个问题的人？Whowasthefirsttoaskthequestion?（表语）三．分数，百分比1．分子为基数词，分母为序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。如：三分之二twothirds73 类似”三个中的两个”可读成：twointhreetwooutofthree2．百分数由基数词加percent或percent构成，percent没有复数形式。如：百分之九十90percent四．年，日,时刻的表达1年代前用in1）in+基数词“表示“在某一年”。如:在1980年in19802）“in+the+年代+s”表示“在……世纪……年代。如：在20世纪80年代inthe1980s2日期既可用基数词也可用序数词。如：3月5日March5(th)=March(the)fifth=thefifthofMarch日期前用on如：在1月20日onJanuary203时刻表示法通常用介词at1)表整点如：在6点钟atsix2)不到半小时或半小时用past，超过半小时用to如：9:28twenty-eightpastnine10:30halfpastten四点差一刻aquartertofour两点差一分onetotwo3)还可用以下读法如：6:15sixfifteen11:54elevenfifty-four五，加，减，乘，除的表达6+3=9sixplus/addedtothreeis/makes/equalsnine.6-3=3Sixminusthreeis/equals/leavesthree.6x3=18Sixtimesthreeis/equalseighteen6/3=2sixdividedbythreeistwo.六小数的表达小数点前后用基数词，小数点读作point,如：98.57ninety-eightpointfiveseven练习1Chinais__largerthantheUnitedStates.AonesixBonesixthConesixesDonesixths2Therewere__peopleinthehall.AtwoscoresofBscoresofCtwoandscoreDtwoscores3I’vetoldhimofthat__AahundredtimeBhundredtimesChundredoftimesDhundredsoftimes4Hestayedin__lastnight.ARoom306BTheRoom306Cthe306RoomD306throom5–Howlongwillyoustaythere?--____.ATwoandhalfweeksBTwoandahalfweekCTwoweeksandahalfDAhalfandtwoweek6Theteacheraskedustowrite__aboutourhometown.Aasix-hundred–wordcompositionBasixhundredwordscompositionCasixhundredswordscompositionDasixhundredswordcomposition73 7Tenhours__enoughtimetospendwritingthatpaper.AisBareChavebeenDwere8Hebought__boxesofapples.AtwodozenofBtwodozensofCtwodozenDtwodozens9_____ofthearea_____coveredbytrees.AThreefourths;areBThreesfourths;areCThreesfourths;isDThreefourths;is10Theseagullateup___locustsinashortwhile.AtwohundredofBseveralhundredsofCtwohundredsDhundredof11The__paragraphswantrewriting.AonefifthBfirstoneCfirstfourDtwothirds12___peoplehavevisitedthe___stonebridge.ATwomillionsof;500-foot-longBSeveralmillionsof;500-feet-longCTwomillionof;500-feet-longDmillionsof;500-foot-long13---Howmanyeggswouldyoulike,Madame?----Well,Iwant___these.AthreedozenBthreedozenofCthreedozensDthreedozensof14Everyfew___alongtheGreatWalltherearesomewatchtowers.AhundredsmetresBhundredsofmetresChundredmetresDhundredofmetres15In__MarxbegantolearnRussian.Aa1870B1870sCyearof1870Dthe1870’s16.Hedidit___ittookme.Aone-thirdatimeBone-thirdtimeCtheone-thirdtimeDone-thirdthetime17.Manystudentssignedupforthe__raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.A800-metre-longB800-meters-longC800metrelengthD800metreslength18.Whatatable!I’veneverseensuchathingbefore.Itis__itislong.AhalfnoaswideasBwidenotashalfasCnothalfaswideasDaswideadnothalf19.Johnisthetallestboyintheclass,___accordingtohimself.AfivefooteightastallasBastallasfivefooteightCasfivefooteighttallasDastallfivefooteightas20.ItisreportedthattheUnitedStatesuses__energyasthewholeofEurope.AastwiceBtwicemuchCtwicemuchasDtwiceasmuch21.Ataroughestimate,Nigeriais__GreatBritain.AthreetimesthesizeofBthesizethreetimesofCthreetimesasthesizeofDthreetimesthesizeof22.___ofthelandinthatdistrict__coveredwithtreesandgrass.ATwofifth;isBTwofifth;areCTwofifths;isDTwofifths;are73 23.__cavethatJackhasdiscoveredinhislifetimeisneartheAlps.AThehundredBAhundredCThehundredDHundredth24.—WhendidMaryfinallygettothetheatre?----Justbeforetheendof___.AtheactsecondBactsecondCacttwoDtheacttwo25.---What’sthedatetoday?---It’s______AtheJulyfourthBfourthJulyCofJulythefourthDthefourthofJuly26.---Howwideisthetable?----It’s____AthreefeetandonehalffootBthreeandahalffeetCthreeandonehalffeetDthreeandonehalffoot27.Whatdidyoudoduring__oftheweek?AfirstthreedaysBthefirstthreedaysCfirstthirddaysDthefirstday28.Ididn’tgotoherbirthdaypartyyesterdayevening,because__Ichangedmymind.AonasecondthoughtBbysecondthoughtsConsecondthoughtsDonthesecondthoughts29.Jackieboughthalfapoundofteaand__coffee.AonequarterofpoundofBonequarterofapoundCaquarterofapoundofDaquarterofapound30.Asafootballplayer,Johnissecond___none.AtoBinCfromDof31.Everythingisnotingoodorderbut__AatsixesandsevensBbyonesandtwosCbytwosandthreesDatsevensandeights32.Don’tallrushoutatonce,__please.AeachatonetimeBOnebyoneCOneforeachtimeDOneatonetime33.ThePearRiver’sflowintotheseaisonly__tothatoftheYangtze.AthesecondBsecondCasecondDtwo34.Everyyear___foreignvisitorscometoChina.AtensofthousandsofBtenthousandsofCovertenthousandsDthousandsuponthousands35.Thelittleboy’sfatherboughthima___racingbicycleforhisprogressinstudy.Afive-speedsBfive-speededCfive-speedingDfive–speedBBDACAACDBCDBCDDACBDDCCCDBBCCAABBAD73 形容词和副词一、形容词形容词的作用是修饰名词、代词、表示人或事物的性质特点或所处的状态。1、形容词的作用和位置（1）作定语。①多个形容词的顺序排列：限定词、描绘性形容词、大小、形状、年龄、颜色、国籍、材料、动名词。aheavyblackChinesesteelumbrella如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，看与被修饰词的关系密切的靠近名词，如果重要性差不多，音节少的放前。asmallbutbeautifulroom②一般形容词作定语放在名词前面，但是如果修饰something,everything,nothing等不定代词和指示代词those时则放在后面。③present，alike,alive,alone,,else,left放在被修饰名词的后面（2）作表语。与系动词be,grow,become,turn,go,get,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,remain,stay,smell,taste,sound,lie,stand等连用。①单独作表语。Thesouptastesgood.②和介词搭配作表语。He’sgoodatmaths.③和不定式连用。I’mgladtohearthenews.Thebookiseasytoread.Sheisafraidforhersontogoswimmingalone.Itiskindofyoutosayso.④接that从句.I’mafraidthatIcan’tcome.(3)作宾补。Wefoundhimdead.(4)作状语，表示伴随、原因、结果等。Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.(5)the+adj.指一类人或物，也可以指一抽象概念可以相当于名词，在句中可充当主语。therich,thebeautiful2、复合形容词atwo-hourtripathree-year-oldboyafour-storeyedbuildingafull-timejobakind-heartedmanagood-lookingmananewly-bornbabyadark-bluecoataEnglish-speakingcountryaman-madesatelliteaworld-famouswriter3、以ly结尾形容词friendlylonelyuglyweeklydaily4、既可作形容词也可作副词的词earlylatefasthighdeepwidehardmostloud二、副词1、副词的分类时间副词now,usually,often,always地点副词here,there,home,everywhere方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly程度副词very,much,still,almost疑问副词what,when,why,where关系副词when,where,why连接副词how,whether,when等。2、副词的位置。（1）时间地点副词一般放句尾，如同时出现则后时间先地点，但是也可以把时间副词放句首。Imethimintheparkyesterday.YesterdayImethiminthepark.73 ever,never,already,always,often,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarecely等副词通常放在行为动词之前，放在情态动词，助动词和be动词之后(2)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（除enough）Heisverycareful.(3)方式副词修饰不及物动词时放其后;修饰及物动词时可放其前也可放在该动词所带宾语之后。Heworkshard.HespeaksEnglshfluently.(4)副词修饰名词时放其后;修饰介词短语时放其前(well,right,just,only,soon);修饰整个句子时放句首。Thepersonthereislookingforyou.Thereisthehouse,rightinfrontofyou.Luskily,hewasn’thurtintheaccident.3、副词的作用(1)表语。Timeisup.Classisover.(2)定语。Thepersonthereislookingforyou.(3)状语。Herunsveryfast.(4)补语。Letthedogout.三、考点。1、形容词和副词的原级的相关用法。①enough:Ihaveenoughtime.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool..②Generally/frankly/trulyspeaking,highlydeveloped,increasinglycold③as+adj.+（名词）+as+数词asfaras,aslongas,asearlyasmanyas,asmuchasThequakekilledasmanyas200people.④倍数表达法Theroadisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Theroadisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.Theroadistwicelongerthanthatone.⑤thesame…as…too…to…⑥so+adj./adv.+that…such+n.+that…so+adj./adv.+astodosomany/much/few/little+名词sucha+单数n.nosuch+无冠词的名词.⑦so/too/as+adj.+a+单数名词It’stoohotaday.⑧can"t…too/enough/moreYoucan’tbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad,Ican’tthankyoumaore.⑨wideawake,soundasleep⑩this/that+adj./adv.2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。（1）①单音节和少数er,ow结尾longer/longest,cleverer/cleverest,slower/slowest②nicer/nicest,heavier/heaviest,bigger/biggest③双音节多音节词，通过加后缀形成的形容词和副词moreslowly/mostslowly④better/best,more/most,less/least,farther/farthestfurther/furthest,worse/worst,elder/eldest（2）比较级相关用法①Theearthisbiggerthanthemoon②比较级前用much,alot,agreatdeal,far,,abit,alittle,enen,still,yet修饰,73 否定句和疑问句中也可以用any修饰；byfar放比较级后面或者用byfar+the+比较级Heismuchtallerthanme.HeistallerbyfarthanTom.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwoboys.③less+原级+thanHeislessrichthanhisbrother.④a+比较级和the+比较级+(ofthetwo)的区别Whichisthelargercountry,ChinaorJapan?Thecoatistoobig.Canyoushowmeasmallerone?⑤not和no连接比较级的区别。SheisnottallerthanKate.SheisnotallerthanKate.⑥比较级+and+比较级,moreandmore+原级colderandcolder,moreandmorepopular⑦The+比较级…,the+比较级…⑧形容词的比较级+than+anyother+单数名词形容词的比较级+than+anyoftheother+复数名词ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina.ShanghaiislargerthananyoftheothercitiesinChina.⑨more/less+原级+than+原级Sheismoreshythannervous.(3)最高级相关用法①the+最高级+of/among/in②oneof+最高级+复数名词③序数词+最高级④最高级前可以用下列词修饰：byfar,almost,nearly,bynomeans,notquite,nothinglike⑤amost+原级和themost+原级的区别Itisamostbeautifulcity,butnotthemostbeautifulcity.⑥最高级前通常加定冠词the,但是以下几种情况不加。Sheismyyoungestsister.Ilikeapplesbest.Mostpeoplelikemusic.Iammostgratefultoyou.⑦Itcouldn’tbeanybetter.⑧形容词最高级前通常要有定冠词the修饰，副词最高级前通常省略the.(4)容易混淆的词①alone/lonelyalive/living/live/lovely/lively②high/highlyfull/fullyclose/closelywide/widelydeep/deeplyhard/hardlymost/mostlylate/lately/latestnear/nearly③possible/probable/likely④pleasing/pleasant/pleased⑤sometime/sometime/sometimes/sometimes⑥nolonger/nomorenot…anylonger/anymore⑦muchtoo/toomuch⑧Howfar/Howsoon/Howoften/Howlong⑨quite/rather/very/fairly⑩quiet/still/silent练习1.Thestudentsare____youngpeoplebetween16and20.73 A.mostB.mostlyC.almostD.atmost2.Shetoldus___storythatweallforgotaboutthetime.A.suchamovingB.soamovingC.soamovingD.asomoving3.Areyoufeeling____?A.anywellB.anybetterC.quitegoodD.quitebetter4.Iftherewerenoexams,weshouldhave____school.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime5.Tomisgoingcampingwith____boys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittleD.littleothertwo6.Canyoubelievethatin____arichcountrythereshouldbe____manypoorpeople?A.such,suchB.such,soC.so,soD.so,such7.Hehaswrittensomeshortstories,butheis____knownforhisplays.A.thebestB.moreC.betterD.themost8.____totakethecoursewilllearnalot.A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbravestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave9.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis____itisascience.A.anartmuchasB.muchanartasC.asanartmuchasD.asmuchanartas10.Lastnightwemetwith____rainathestation.A.aquiteheavyB.tooheavyaC.suchheavyaD.asoheavy11.Theappletastes____andsells____.A.good,goodB.well,wellC.good,wellD.well,good12.Whentheyheardthebadnews,theyalllooked____atmeandfelt____.A.sad,sadB.sadly,sadlyC.sad,sadlyD.sadly,sad13.Thisisa____clock.A.aniceSwisslittleB.nicelittleSwissC.littleniceSwissD.Swissnicelittle14.Shespent____timestudying.A.muchsoB.somuchC.suchmuchD.suchmany15.Heis____tocometohelpus.A.possibleB.probableC.likelyD.possibility16.Ourneighbourhas____ours.A.asabighouseasB.asbigahouseasC.thesamebighouseasD.ahousethesamebigas17.AsIknow,thereis____carinthisneighborhood.A.nosuchB.noaC.notsuchD.nosucha18.Thehouserentisexpensive.I’vegotabouthalfthespaceIhadathomeandI’mpaying____.A.asthteetimesmuchB.asmuchthreetimesC.muchasthreetimesD.threetimesasmuch19.----I’mvery____withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.----Mm,itdoeshavea____smell.73 A.pleasant,pleasedB.pleased,pleasedC.pleasnant,pleasantD.pleased,pleasant20.Shearrivedatthestation,___.A.worriedandhappilyB.tiredlyandhungrilyC.tiredbuthappyD.tiredandhunger21.Ofthetwostudents,Janeis____one,Ithinkyoucanfindhereasily.A.tallestB.thetallerC.tallerD.thetallest22.Onethousanddollarsisalotofmoney,butit’s____thanweneed.A.farmoreB.verymuchC.farlessD.verylittle23.Ifthedoctorhadnotbeenhereyesterday,____babieswouldhavedied.A.theallpoorlittleB.allthepoorlittleC.thepooralllittleD.allthelittlepoor24.Pleasekeep____foramoment.Andletmetakeaphoto.A.calmB.stillC.silentD.quiet25.Ithinkyouwillbecomeafamoussinger____.A.sometimesB.sometimesC.sometimeD.sometime26.How___canyoufinishthedrawing?A.oftenB.soonC.longD.rapid27.Hedoesn’tsing____astheotherboysinhisclass.A.sowellasB.asgoodlikeC.aswellkikeD.sogoodas28.Thesedayslotsofpeopleareworking____toget____fortheirliving.A.hardenough,enoughmoneyB.enoughhard,moneyenoughC.enoughhardly,moneyenoughD.hardlyenough,enoughmoney29.----Ididn’tdowellinthewxam.Howaboutyou?----Idid____you.A.notbetterthanB.aswellasC.noworsethanD.nobetterthan30.____wonderfulmusicitis!A.WhatB.HowaC.WhataD.HowKeys:BABDCBCCDBCDBBCBADDCBCBBCBAADA高三英语语法复习（五）73 主谓一致（s-单数；pl-复数）1.单词：①表示整体，谓语S；表示个体，谓语PL。army，audience,class,club,committee,company,couple,crew,crowd,enemy,government,group,family，party，population,public,staff，team…eg：Theyoungcoupleishappy.Theyoungcouplearequarrellingwitheachother.②谓语只能用PL。cattle，folk，people，police，（the）youth…③谓语只能用S。scenery，clothing，jewellery…④单复数同形的名词依据他们的修饰语来确定。aircraft,deer,means,sheep,species,works,series,Chinese,Japanese…eg:Everymeanshasbeentried.Manyworkswereshutdown.⑤一些常用作复数或只有复数的名词.PLclothes,trousers,shorts,scales,goods,arms,surroundings,doings,odds,thanks,woods,savings,remains…但是如果用apairof修饰时根据pair的单复数来定。⑥-ics表示学科,谓语S;但表示性能,活动,现象时,谓语PL.eg:Economicsisastudyofproductionandconsumption.Theeconomicsinthiscountryarestable.⑦apackof,aflockof,aschoolof,aswarmof…有整体/个体之分.Eg:Aflockofsheepwererunningintotheroadandcausingconfusionamongthetraffic.Apackofwolveswasfollowingthemclosely.⑧akindof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,apieceof,abottleof+n.,谓语S.⑨分数或百分数以及mostof,massof,someof,halfof,allof,therestof,themajorityof,lotsof,alotof,plentyof…+n.谓语由该N.来决定.注意:⑴aquantityof,quantitiesof;eg:Aquantityofbooks/waterisonthetable.Quantitiesofbooks/waterareonthetable.⑵alargeamountof,largeamountsof+Uneg:AlargeamountdamagewasdoneIaveryshorttime.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.⑶anumberof,thenumberof,⑷Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.2.the+adj,/doing/done①表示一类人,谓语PL.thepoor,theEnglish(总称)②表示个别人和不可数的事物和抽象概念时,谓语S.eg:Thedeadwasaboutfiftyyearsold.Thebeautifulistheidealoflife.Theworst,thelatest,theunknown,theevil,thebeautiful…3.就前一致:aswellas,alongwith,togetherwith,but,with,except,besides,like,including,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,accompaniedby,inadditionto,combinedwitheg:Theteacheraswellasthestudentslikesthispainting.4.就近一致:or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,not…but…,therebe…73 1.表示时间,距离,价格,度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,谓语S.eg:Fiftyyearsisnotalongtime.Twohundredtonsofwaterwereusedlastmonth.(主语有复数含义)2.四则运算PL/S皆可.但是用from,multipliedby,into,divided时,谓语只能用单数.Eg:8from10leaves2.25dividedby5equals5.2into8goes4.5multipliedby8equals40.3.关于and①and连接的两个名词做主语时,指同一个人或通常由两个部分组成的物品时或表示同一概念时,谓语S;eg:Thepoetandsingerhascome.Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.Awatchandchain,adeskandchair,….eg.Thefourthandthelastparagraph__are___wellwritten.Thefourthandlastparagraph__is___wellwritten.②如果一个U名词被两个adj.修饰,指两样东西,谓语PL;如果指同一样东西,谓语S.eg:EnglishandGermangrammararedifferent.Coolandfreshwindisblowingfromthesouth.③用and连接的两个单数名词作主语,若前面有each,every,no等修饰,谓语S.eg:Noteacherandnostudentisadmitted.④both…and…用PL.4.morethanone…或manya+n+谓语S但more+n（pl）+thanone+谓语PL。9．代词作主语：①疑问代词等做主语时，who，what，which谓语可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单复数。eg：Wholivesnextdoor？ItisXiaoLiu.Wholivenextdoor?ItisZhangandLiu.②不定代词等作主语时,有两种情况:⑴all指代人时用PL指代物时用S.eg:Nowallhaschanged.Allarepresent.⑵littele,much,either,neither,each,eitherof…neitherof…eachof…通常用S.(3)such,thesame,some,more,none和名词性物主代词作主语时，谓语S/PL取决于其所指的内容的单复数。eg：Suchisourplan.Sucharehiswords.(4)both,few,many代词作主语时用PL.(5)everything,something,anything,nothing,everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody等作主语用S5.定语从句:①先行词为oneoftheboys,theonlyoneoftheboyseg:Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthathavebeenasked.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotthishonor.②先行词为代词,从句谓语要与代词保持一致.eg:I,whoamwrong,shouldapologizetohim.Eachoneofuswhoarenowlivingistowitnessremarkablescientificdiscoveries.73 1.书名,剧名,报纸名,国名,组织名等作主语,谓语S.eg:TheUniterdNationsisaninternationalorganization.2.山脉,群岛,瀑布等等作主语,谓语PL.eg:ThePhilippineslieonthesoutheastofChina.TheOlympicsareheldeveryfouryears.12．Thedoctor’s,Tom’s作主语用S，theSmiths作主语用PL.13．动词不定式,动名词,主语从句作主语,视个数而定.eg:Whenandwheretogoisunknowntoall.14．由what引导的主语从句,谓语一般用单数;但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数,谓语用PL.eg:Whatweneedittime.Whatweneedarequalifiedteachers.15．主语与肯定主语一致。I,nothe,knowthenews.Mary,perhapsyouisgoingtoBeijingtoattendthemeeting.16．倒装句的谓语动词单复数看后面的主语。Infrontofthehousestandsatree.17.含有kind的词组作主语时看情况定。Thiskindofsnakesisdangerous.Thesekindsofmetalarerare.Menofthiskind.练习1.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary____tiredofthelecture.A.isB.areC.amD.be2.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks____tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered3.Thenumberofpeopleinvited____fifty,butanumberofthem____absentforsomereasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were4.Halfofthefruit____bad.A.areB.hasC.isD.have5.Therich____notalwayshappy.A.isB.areC.has.6.Maryaswellashersisters____ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study7.____eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.Is8.There____apen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk.A.isB.areC.hasD.have9.TheArabianNights____wellknowntotheEnglish.A.isB.areC.wasD.were10.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho____elected.A.areB.haveC.isD.has11.Manyaman____cometohelpus.A.areB.haveC.isD.has12.All____presentandall____goingwell.A.is,isB.are,areC.is,areD.are,is13.Yourtrousers____old,butthispairoftrousers____new.A.is,isB.are,areC.is,areD.are,is14.Oneandahalfbananas____thrownaway.A.isB.areC.hasD.have73 15.Thefollowing____someotherexamples.A.isB.areC.wasD.were16.Thewholeclass____theteacherattentively.A.arelisteningtoB.arelisteningC.islisteningtoD.islistening17.Ihavefinishedalargepartofthebook,therestofwhich____moredifficult.A.isB.areC.wasD.were18.Thattheywerewronginthismatter____nowcleartous.A.isB.areC.wasD.were19.Largeamoutsofwater____.A.isneededB.areneededC.hasneededD.haveneeded20.Aprofessorandwrither____comingtoourschoolnextweek.A.isB.areC.wasD.were21.Applesofthiskind____.A.tastesgoodB.tasteswellC.tastegoodD.tastewell22.Nobirdandnobeast____inthelonelyisland.A.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees23.Inourclass____givenanEnglishname.A.weeachwasB.eachofushasC.eachofuswereD.weeachwere24.Nothingbutcars____inthisshop.A.aregoingtosellB.weresoldC.aresoldD.issold25.Twentymiles____alongwaytocover.A.wereB.areC.seemtobeD.isKeys:BACCBCCAACDDDABAAABACBDDD高三英语语法复习（六）倒装句73 提醒：近年高考对倒装句的考查主要是通过否定意义的连词或副词开头的句型进行的。既考查完全倒装结构，又考查部分倒装句式。一、全部倒装全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。该结构常用一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1.here,there,now,thenthus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run等。如：Theregoesthebell.Thencametheheadteacher.2.表示运动方向的副词如in,out,up,down,away等开头的句子，或句首状语为表示地点的介词及词组，常常引起全部倒装。如Outrushedamousefromtheroom.注意：上述结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。如：Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.二、部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词放到主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does,did,并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…,notonly…butalso,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than等。如：Neverishelateforschool.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.(主句倒装，从句不倒装)Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsocriticizedthestudent.(notonly部分倒装，butalso部分不倒装)2.so,neither,nor等引起的部分倒装。表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装。如：Ifyouwon’tgo,neitherwillI.TomcanspeakeFrench.SocanJack.注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以肯定，表示“的确如此”时，不用倒装句。TomaskedmetogotoplaywithhimandsoIdid.3.only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句等作状语放句首时，要部分倒装。如：OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.注意：如果句子是主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。如：Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.73 4.as,though引导的倒装句as,though引导的让步状语从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。注意：句首名词不能带任何冠词；句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如：Childasheis,heknowsalot.Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.让步状语从句中，有though,alough时，后面的主句不能有but，但是though和yet可以连用。5.其他情况。so…that句型中的so位于句首时，要倒装。如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.在某些表示祝愿的句型中。如：Mayyouallbehappy.在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。如：WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.练习1._______aMDwalkmanonthedesk.A.TherewasB.ithasC.itisD.Thereis2.Here______you.A.isaticketforB.hasaticketC.isaticketofD.hasaticketof3.Out______,withastickinhishand.A.didherushB.rushedheC.herushedD.hedidrush4.In______andclassbegan.A.cametheteacherB.iscomingtheteacherC.theteachercameD.theteacheriscoming5.Little______abouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.A.doeshecareB.didhecameC.hecareD.hecared6.Nosooner______thanitbegantorainheavily.A.thegamebeganB.hasthegamebegunC.didthegamebeginD.hadthegamebegun73 7.---Idon’tthinkIcanwalkanyfurther.---______.Let’sstophereforarest.A.NeitheramIB.NeithercanIC.Idon’tthinksoD.Ithinkso8.Onlybypracticingafewhourseveryday______beabletomasterthelanguage.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou9.______canyouexpecttogetapayrise.A.WithhardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD.Nowthatheworkshard10.______,hedoesn’tstudywell.A.AsheiscleverB.HeisascleverC.CleverasheisD.Ascleverheis11.______,heknowsmuch.A.YoungheisB.YoungasheisC.AsyoungheisD.Youngasishe12.______,hecan’teducatehischild.A.TeacherasheisB.TeacherisheC.AteacherasheisD.Isheateacher13.Socarelessly______thathealmostkilledhimself.A.hedrivesB.hedroveC.doeshedriveD.didhedrive14.______inrecentyearsthatithasalmostbecomearule.A.SooftenforthistohappenB.SooftenthishashappenedC.SooftenisthishappenedD.Sooftenhasthishappened15.Theoldcouplehavebeenmarriedfor10yearsandneveronce______witheachother.A.theyhadquarreledB.theyhavequarreledC.havetheyquarreledD.hadtheyquarreled16.Onlyinthisway______tomakeimprovementintheoperatingsystems.A.youcanhopeB.youdidhopeC.canyouhopeD.didyouhope17.______canyouexpecttogetapayrise.A.WithhardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD.Nowthatheworkshard18.______Snacksanddrinks,buttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.A.NotonlytheybroughtB.NotonlydidtheybringC.NotonlybroughttheyD.Notonlytheydidbring19.Sofast______itisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.A.lighttravelB.lighttravelsthat73 C.doeslighttravelthatD.lightdoestravelthat20.Onnoaccount______outofthereading-room.A.maythesemagazinestakeB.maythesemagazinesbetakenC.thesemagazinesmaytakeD.thesemagazinesmaytake21.Seldom______herfeelings.A.sheshowedB.didheshowC.didsheshowedD.hassheshowing22.______,shehasseemmuchoftheworld.A.YoungassheisB.AssheisyoungC.YoungsheisD.Thoughyoungassheis23.______likethatagain,hewouldbepunished.A.ActshouldbeB.ActheshouldC.ShouldheactD.Wereheact24.Little______whattroubleshewasgoingtoleave.A.didsheknowB.sheknewC.doessheknowD.willsheknow25.Scarcely______outofthehouse______Iheardashoutwithin.A.Ihadstepped;thenB.didIstep;thanC.haveIstepped;whenD.hadIstepped;when1.D.2.A.3.C.4.A.5.B.6.D.7.B.8.D.9.C.10.C.11.B.12.A.13.D.14.D.15.C.16.C.17.C.18.B.19.C.20.B.21.B.22.A.23.C.24.A.25.D.It的用法1.可指代上文提到过的事物或that/this.Canyouseethebuildingwitharedroof?It’steachingbuilding.－What’sthis?－It’sacar.73 注意：it,one,that的区别：It用于指代上文出现的同名同物的事物，one/that则指代同名异物，且one为泛指的单数的事物，而that则指代特指的单数事物或不可数名词。如：Thewatchyouboughtyesterdayisverynice.Ilikeitverymuch,soI’mconsideringbuyingone.Iwantedahouse,especiallyonewithagarden.Nobreadissweeterthanthatweourselvesearn.Theroomismuchlargerthanthatonthesecondfloor.1.可用于替代上文提及的短语或句子Hewantedtopersuadehimbutfounditimpossible.－Heisalwaysadiligentstudent.－Iknowitverywell.2.用于指代时间、距离、天气、环境等3.用于指代不知性别的人或婴儿4.作形式主语常见的句型有：(1)Itis+adj.+(of/forsb)todo…其中adj既可指todo的特征，又可指sb的特征时用of，若只能指todo的特征时用for(2)Itis+n.+(forsb)todo(3)Itisnouse/nogood/useless+doing…(4)Itis+n./adj.+that从句（若adj.为important,necessary,strange,essential等时应用should+V的虚拟语气）。(5)Itseems/appears+that…(6)Itseems+adj.+that(7)Itissaid/reported/believed/supposed/thought/hoped/…that…（itissuggestedthat…从句应用should+V的虚拟语气）5.作形式宾语(1)主语+think/feel/make/find/…+itadj.+(of/forsb)todo…n.+(forsb)todonouse/nogood/useless+doing…n./adj.+that从句（若adj.为important,necessary,strange,essential等时应用should+V的虚拟语气）(2)like/enjoy/love/hate/…+it+从句Ilikeitthateveryonehasahousetolivein.(3)动词+介词+it+从句I’mthinkofitwhetherIshouldlendhimmoney.6.用于强调句型Itis/was+强调部分（主语、宾语、表语、状语）+that/（who若强调部分是人时用）+其它常见的考点为：(1)对主语的强调Itwashewhotoldmethenews.(2)对主语的强调，应注意谓语动词应与被强调的主语在人称和数上的一致。Itisyouwhoareinchargeoftheoperation.ItisIwhoaminchargeoftheoperation.(3)对特殊疑问句的强调Whowasitthattoldyouthenews?(4)在从句中出现对特殊疑问句的强调73 Hewilltoldmewhoitwasthattoldhimthenews.(5)含定语从句的强调句型Itwasintheparkwheretheoldcouplemetforthefirsttimethattheytoldustheirlovestory.1.常见的含it的句型：(1)Itis/willbe+一段时间+before从句（常用一般现在时）Itwas/wouldbe+一段时间+before从句（常用一般过去时）(2)Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句（常用一般过去时）Itwas/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句（常用过去完成时）（注意：若since从句的谓语动词是瞬间动词，翻译时照字面译，若是延续性动词则应译成否定。）ItisthreeyearssinceIcamehere.自从我来这以来有三年了。ItisthreeyearssinceIlivedhere.自从我不住在这以来有三年了。(3)Itis+thefirsttime+that从句（常用现在完成时）Itwas+thefirsttime+that从句（常用过去完成时）(4)Itis(high)time+that从句（用虚拟语气，用一般过去时或(should)+V）forsbtodo…forsth.(5)Ittakes/tooksb.+一段时间/patience/courage/…+todo(6)Itcost/costssb.+sm.todo…(7)Itwasnotuntil…that从句练习16.WhenItrytofind____thatpreventssomanypeoplefromtakingpartintheprogram,itseemstomethattherearetwomaincauses.A.whyitdoesB.whatitdoesC.whatitisD.whyitis17.Itwas____Iwentthere____Ibegantoknowsomethingaboutthematter.A.until,whenB.until,thatC.notuntil,thatD.notwhen,that18.－Hewasnearlydrownedonce.－Whenwas____?－____wasin1998whenhewasinmiddleschool.A.that,ItB.this,ThisC.this,ItD.that,This19.Ilike____intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one20.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade____fromsomewoodwehad.A.itB.oneC.himselfD.another21.Thechairmanthought____necessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.A.thatB.itC.thisD.him22.ThedoctoradvisedVerastronglythatsheshouldtakeaholiday,but____didn’thelp.A.itB.sheC.whichD.he23.____isourbeliefthatimprovementinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger,moreprosperouseconomy.A.AsB.ThatC.ThisD.It24.Catherineboughtapostcardoftheplaceshewasvisiting,addressed____to____andthenposteditatthenearbypostoffice.A.it,herB.it,herselfC.herself,herD.herself,herself73 25.－Doyoulike____here?－Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.theseC.thatD.it26.－Whoismakingsomuchnoiseinthegarden?－____thechildren.A.ItisB.TheyareC.ThatisD.Thereare27.Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave____.A.itB.thoseC.themD.one28.____isthesunthatgivesofflightandheat,____makes____possibleforplantstogrow.A.It,that,usB.This,that,itC.It,which,itD.That,which,us29.－Whatdoyouthinkofthefurnitureonexhibition?－Well,great!ButIdon’tthinkmuchof____youbought.A.theoneB.itC.thatD.which30.I’velearned____,nomatterwhathappensandhowbad____seemstoday,lifegoesonanditwillbebettertomorrow.A.that,itB.it,thatC.it,itD.that,thatKeys：CCACBBADBDADCCA高三英语语法复习（七）虚拟语气英语中语气有三种：陈述语气、虚拟语气和祈使语气。73 虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。一、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句和主句中1．表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去时（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。如：IfIwereaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.Ifshehadtime,sheshouldgowithyou.2．表示与过去的事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would/should/might/could+不定式的完成时”。如：Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceededinthecompetition.IfIhadknownhertelephonenumber,Iwouldhavecalledher.3．表示与将来事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should(wereto)+动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would/should/couldmight+动词原形。如；Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thefootballmatchwouldbeputoff.IfIsawhimtomorrow，Iwouldpassyournotetohim.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,Imightgetlost.4．混合条件句：当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：Iftheyhadworkedhard,theywouldbeverytired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)Ifshehadn’ttrainedsohard,shewouldn’tbeabletorunfast.(同上)附：以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：条件状语从句主句与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去时(be用were)would/should/could/might+动词原形与将来事实相反一般过去时或should(wereto)+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形5．省略if的条件状语从句：如果条件状语从句含有系动词were或助动词should或had，有时候在使用时可省略if,从句则可换成下列形式，即“were/had/should+主语”。如：WereIaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.=IfIwereaboy,Iwouldjointhearmy.Hadhetakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceeded.=Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldhavesucceeded.Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved..=Ifitshouldrain,thecropswouldbesaved.二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中1．虚拟语气在某些动词的宾语从句中的运用。（1）wish“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时（be动词的过去式用were）；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时或“could(should)+不定式的完成时”。如：Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.IwishIhadknowntheanswer.IwishIcouldflylikeabird.（2）在表示建议、要求、命令等一类的动词如suggest、advise、propose、demand、73 require、insist、request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形或是动词原形。如：Shesuggested(that)we(should)leavehereatonce.Thedoctororderedsheshouldbeoperatedon.Heinsistedthatyou(should)beseatedthere.注意：①当suggest不表示“建议”而是表示“暗示”“认为”“可能”“使人联想起”时，宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。如：Herexpressionsuggestedthatshewasangry.②当insist不表示“坚持让某人做某事”时，宾语从句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。如;Heinsistedthathewerebetter.(insist此处表示“坚持说，坚持认为”)2．虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advice、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request、requirement等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”。如：Hissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoShanghaiiswonderful.Myideaisthatthey(should)pay100dollars.Hisorderisthatthecloth(should)bewovenrightnow.3．虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。(1)Itisnecessarythat……的句型中。在这类句型中，这些做表语的形容词或名词表示情绪、观点。这时，主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气“（should）+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等含义。这一类形容词或名词有：necessary,important,natural,strange,surprising,apity，nowonder,ashame等。如：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.Itwasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)thatyoushouldbesocareless.(2)Itisordered/suggestedthat……的句型中。在这一类句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气“（should）+动词原形”的结构。这一类的动词有：suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist、request、command、order等。如：Itisorderedthatthecloth(should)bewovenrightnow.注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim.三、虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用1．在asif/asthough引导的状语从句中的用法：从句中的谓语动词用过去时（be动词的过去式用were）或过去完成时表示虚拟语气。如：Helooksasifhewereill.Helookedasifhewereill.Hespokeasthoughhehadknownit.注意：（1）asif从句的虚拟语气动词的时态不受主句动词的支配。（2）asif从句中表达的意思时真实的要用陈述语气。如：2．在Itis(high)time(that)…从句中的用法：从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should+动词原形，表示“(现在)该……”，但此时should不可省略。如：It’stimethatIpickedupmydaughter.It’shightimeweshouldplanttreesthere.3．在ifonly句型中的用法：句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或过去完成时，表示“要是……该有多好啊！”如：IfonlyIwereabird.IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.73 4．wouldrather的从句后面用过去时表将来。如：Iwouldratheryoutoldmethetruth.5．表示祝愿或诅咒的祈使句。如：Mayyousucceed!Godblessyou!练习1．Youarelate．Ifyouafewminutesearlier,youhim．A．came；wouldmeetB．hadcome；wouldhavemetC．come；willmeetD．hadcome；wouldmeet2．Ienjoyedthemovieverymuch．IwishIthebookfromwhichitwasmade．A．havereadB．hadreadC．shouldhavereadD．amreading3．Ican’tstandhim．Healwaystalksasthoughheeverything·A．knewB．knowsC．hasknowD．hadknown4．Hewasbusyyesterday，otherwisehetothemeeting．A．wouldcomeB．wouldhavebeenC．couldhavebeenD．wouldbe5．Whatwouldyoudoifthewar__________?A.isbrokenB.willbreakoutC.weretobreakoutD.wouldbreakout6．thefog，weshouldhavereachedourschoo1．A．BecauseofB．InspiteofC．IncaseofD．Butfor7．Thetwostrangerstalkedasiftheyfriendsforyears．A．shouldbeB．hadbeenC．havebeenD．were8．_______,Iwouldtakeanumbrellawithme.A.HadIbeenyouB.IwereyouC.WereIyouD.Ihadbeenyou9．Histiredfacesuggestedthathereallytiredafterthe1ongwalk．A．hadbeenB．wasC．beD．shouldbe10．0urchairmanhasn’tcomeyet．Ifheontime，wewouldhavetoputoffthemeeting．A．shouldcomeB．wouldcomeC．shouldn’tcomeD．doesn’tcome11.Itisrequiredthatyou____atsix..A.willarriveB.arriveC.arrivedD.wouldarrive12．hereyesterday，hewouldattendthelecturewithustoday．A．HadhebeenB．IfhewereC．WereheD．Shouldbehe13．TheteacherrequiresRosebyheart15Englishwordseachday．A．1earnB．tolearnC．mustlearnD．1earning14.IfI__you,I___moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was/shallpayB.am/willpayC.wouldbe/wouldpayD.were/wouldpay15.IfonlyI_____howtooperateanelectroniccomputerasyoudo.A.hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knew16.Jane"suncleinsisted____inthishotelanylonger.A.notstayingB.nottostayC.thathenotstayD.stayingnot17.I’dratheryou___rightaway.A.leaveB.leftC.willleaveD.toleave18.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_____quitedifferenttoday.73 A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe19It’shightimethatwe___toschool.A.wouldtoB.wentC.goD.willgo．20.Heinsistedthathereallyverytriedandthathetohavearest．A．was；beallowedB．was；mustbeallowedC．shouldbe；mustbeallowedD．shouldbe；beallowed21.Itisreallystrangethatthegirl___soearly.A.hasbeenmarriedB.hasmarriedC.bemarriedD.wouldmarry22.Ididn’tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe__________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome23.Theteacheragreedtotheadvicethatthestudents___twoweekstopreparefortheexam.A.giveB.shouldgiveC.begivenD.wouldbegiven 24.Ifwehadnotmissedthebus，welunchathomenow．A．wouldhavehadB．wouldhaveC．mustbehavingD．wouldbehaving25.TheJadeEmperororderedthattheMonkeyKing_____rightaway.A.wouldbearrestedB.mustbearrestedC.bearrestedD.hadtobearrestedKeys:l-5BBABC6-10DBCBC11-15BABDD16-20CBDBA21-25CDCDC）高三英语语法复习（八）名词性从句提醒：近年高考对名词性从句的考查不仅是从语法角度，而且更加注重前后逻辑关系。73 一、主语从句1.一个从句在连词的引导下，在主句中作主语，叫主语从句。如：Thatyouareleavingisapity,isn’tit?Whenwe’llgooutdependontheweather.2.为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。如：Itisapitythatwecan’tgo.Itisreported/said/well-known/announced/believed/certain/admiredthat…二、表语从句在句子中充当表语的句子叫表语从句。可接表语从句的连系动词有be,seem,appear.become,turn,get等。注意连词that不能省略，另外要注意asif,asthough,because,why等也可以引导表语从句。如：Thereasonisthathegotillthatday.Thatiswhyhegotangrywithme.三、宾语从句从句在句中充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句。在宾语从句中，语序要注意是陈述句语序；主句与宾语从句之间时态要相互照应。在考试中常考查1.that的省略；2.否定转移；3.虚拟语气的应用；4.含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句。四、同位语从句1.从句在句子中充当同位语的句子叫同位语从句。能接同位语的名词常见的有belief,fact,idea,doubt,news,conclusion,reason,opinion,possibility,promise,cause,explanantion等。2.注意区别由that引导的同位语从句和定语从句。I’veheardthenewsthathetoldyoutheotherday.(定语从句)I’veheardthenewsthathevisitedourfactory.(同位语从句)练习1._______hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.A.WhoB.TheoneC.AnyoneD.whoever2.______madetheschoolproudwas______morethat90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversity.A.What;becauseB.What;thatC.That;whatD.That;because3.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisis______Idisagree.A.whyB.whereC.whatD.how4.---Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterday’sgame?---Oh,that’s______.A.whatmakesmefeelexcitedB.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutitD.whenIfeelexcited73 5.Manypeoplehavediscovered______profitableaswellasfun______hobbiescanbe.A.it;thatB.them;thatC.it;whenD.them;when6.Thelearnedmanwondered______electricitywasinsomewaylikelightningduringathunderstom.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.how7.Everythingdependson______theywillsupportyou.A.ifB.whichC.whetherD.that8.Ilike______intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one9.Theplan______anewhospitalwillbebuilttherewill______outsoon.A.where;becarriedB.that;becarriedC.where;carryD.whether;becarrying10.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise______hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether11.WhatIaskedhimis______thestoryhappened.A.whenandwhatB.whatandwhereC.whichandwhereD.whenandwhere12.Iremembertheday______Ifirstcametothecollege.A.onwhichB.inwhichC.whichD.that13.Itistheyoungman______lookedfor______caughtthemurderer.A.that;whoB.that;theyC.they;thatD.they;which14.ThissummerheisgoingtoLondon,______thereisgoingtobeanartexhibitionandsomefamousartists______him.A.where;thatinterestsB.there;whointerestC.where;thatinterestD.which;thatinterests15.Wheneverhewaslate,______wassooftenfound,hewasletinwithoutbeingscolded.A.itB.thatC.whoD.which16.Myquestionis______weshouldofferourhelptosuchalazypeole,______don’ttrytheirbest.A.if,theyB.whether,whoC.why,theyD.when,who17.We’llknowthenews______MarygotfromTom.A.whenB.whereC./D.whom18.Fathermadeapromise______Ipassedtheexaminationhewouldbuymeabicycle.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.thatif19.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella.______Igotwetthrough.A.It’sthereasonB.That’swhyC.There’swhyD.It’show20.Iremember______thisusedtobeaquietvillage.A.whenB.howC.whereD.what21.Thereason______shegavefornotbeingpresentwas______theheavyrainpreventedhercoming.A./;becauseB.why;because73 C./;thatD.why;whether22.______Iwasfreethatevening.A.IthappenedtoB.IthappenedthatC.ThathappenedD.Itwashappenedthat23.______peoplelfirstappearedontheearth.A.NobodyissurethatB.ThatnobodyissurethatC.NobodyissurewhenD.Thatnobodyissurewhen24.______wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what25.Thereasonhehasbeensuchasuccess______henevergivesup.A.iswhatB.isthatC.isbecauseD.isKey:1.D.2.B.3.B.4.A.5.A.6.A.7.C.8.C.9.B.10.B.11.D.12.A.13.C.14.C.15.D.16.B.17.C.18.D.19.B.20.A.21.C.22.B.23.C.24.A.25.B.高三英语语法复习（九）定语从句定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名次或代词即现行词。定语从句通常出现在现行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。73 关系代词有：which、that、who、whom、whose关系副词有：when、where、why定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用，同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定语（whose）、和状语，在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略，在非限制性定从中不可省。一、由which、that引导的定从，在从句中作主语、宾语，指物Thebuildingwhich/thatstandsneartheriverisourschool.Ilostthebook(which/that)yougaveme.二、由who、whom、that、whose在从句中主语、宾语、定语Thisisthemanwho/thathelpedme.Idon’tknowtheman(who/whom/that)youtalkedwith.Nobodywantsthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.theroofofwhichhasfallenin.ofwhichtheroofhasfallenin.三、使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1.关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during…)+whichwhere=in(at,on…)+whichwhy=forwhichIwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2.当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that;缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3.when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。四、只用that的情形1.先行词是不定代词all,(a)little,few,much,none,everything,something,anything,nothing,等Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.2.先行词被all,any,no,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid3.先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.4.先行词被序数词修饰时ThefirstEnglishnovel(that)IreadwasATaleofTwoCities.ThistrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.Thisistheverybook(that)I’vebeenlookingfor.73 6.先行词既有人又有物时Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?7.当特殊疑问词由who或which引导时，为避免重复，常用that代替who或whichWhoisthemanthatisstandingbythedoor?Whichisthedictionary(that)youboughtyesterday?8.当先行词在主句中做表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe..五、“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只用which或whom，关系代词不能省略ThisisthehouseinwhichShakespeareusedtolive.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tsinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.RecentlyIboughtanancientvase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.2.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.3.介词+which/whom+不定式结构inwhichtolive.Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.tolivein.4.在一些固定搭配中（lookfor，takecareof…）,介词不可以提前ThisisthepenwhichI’mlookingfor.六、关系代词as，which引导定语从句时的区别1.As与which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子，有时可以互换，但是，当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as,不能用which。Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.2.当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：beknown,besaid,bereported.beannounced等。如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。Shehasbeenabsentagain,asisexpected.Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.3.as常用在as(it)seemslikely,as{it}oftenhappens,as(it)waspointedout,as(it)wassaidearlier,asIremember(it),asIunderstand(it),as(it)appears等结构中。Jackhaswonthefirstprize,asitoftenhappen.(像往常一样)Asispointedout,thisisgrammarproblem.4.当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用whichBettyalwaystellsalie,whichherparentsfindstrange.七、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致1.oneof+复数名词+关系代词+复数动词TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingsthathavedrawlotsofvisitors.2.the(only)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词TheGreatWallistheonly(one)ofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthe73 moon.注意：nottheonlyoneof...=onlyoneof…Tomisn’ttheonlyoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.3.as/which引导非限制性定从，修饰主句内容时，且作主语，从句的谓语动词用单数GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.Hehaspassedthecollageentranceexamination,whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.八、几种较为复杂的定语从句1．way后面的定.语从句Thewaythat/which/×heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.Thewaythat/inwhich/×heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.1.time若表示“次数”用that,若表示“一段时间”用when或at/during+whichThisisthesecondtimethatthePresidenthasvisitedthecountry.Thiswasatatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,notelephonesornoTVsets.3.such+名词+as…像…一样的，像…之类thesame+名词+as…和…同样的Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.（定从）Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.（结果状从）但先行词被thesame修饰时，that也可引导定从，但意义有所不同。ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.(指同样或同类的)ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.（指同一个）练习1.Ihavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.whoofD.ofwhom2.Women______drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose______don’t.A.who;不填B.不填;whoC.who;whoD.不填;不填3.We’rejusttoreachapoint______bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.which4.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome______Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where5.York,__________lastyear,isaniceoldcity.A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisitedC.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited6.Wearelivinginanagemanythingsaredoneoncomputer.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when7._________Iexplainedonthephone,yourrequestwillbeconsideredatthenextmeeting.A.WhenB.AfterC.AsD.Since8.Ifashophaschairs_____womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.73 A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where9.Ihavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.ofwhomD.whoof10.Hersisterhasbecomealawyer,shewantedtobe.A．whoB.thatC.whatD.which11.Manypeoplewhohadseenthefilmwereafraidtogototheforestwhentheyrememberedthescenes______peoplewereeatenbythetiger.A.inwhichB.bywhichC.whichD.that12.---Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?---Right,justtheone______youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what13.Thecountrylifehewasusedto_______greatlysince1992.A.changeB.haschangedC.changingD.havechanged14.Therearealtogetherelevenbooksontheshelf,______fivearemine.A.onwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich15.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.A．thewayB.inthewaythatC．inthewayD.thewaywhich16.I’lltellyou_____hetoldmelastnight.A.allwhich  B.allwhat  C.thatallD.all17.Who_____hascommonsensewilldosuchathing?A.whichB.who    C.whomD.that18.WearegoingtospendtheSpringfestivalinGuangzhou,_____livemygrandparentsandsomerelatives.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.who19.Heoftenhelpsthestudents_____hethinksarenotquickattheirstudies.A.whomB.who  C.whenD.because20.Thebuses,_____werealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.A.mostofthatB.whichmostC.mostofwhichD.thatmost21.Heisamanofgreatexperience,_____muchcanbelearned.A.whoB.thatC.fromwhichD.fromwhom22.Myglasses,_____Iwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.A.whichB.withwhichC.withoutwhichD.that23.Iworkinabusiness________almosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.A.whereB.whichC.howD.that24.________isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As25.Igavehimawarning,_____heturnedadeafear.A.ofwhichB.forwhichC.tothatD.towhichKeys:DCACBDCDCDACBCADDCBCDCADD高三英语语法复习（十）状语从句状语从句（也称副词性从句）可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步和比较九种意义。一、如何识别状语从句试比较：Itryhard,butIcanneverremembertheirnames.我尽管努力，但总是记不住他们的名字。73 HoweverhardItry,Icanneverremembertheirnames.无论我多么努力，却总是记不住他们的名字。分析：在前一句中，but属并列连词（表转折），表示句子彼此之间具有并列关系；在第二句中，howeverhardItry是一个状从，告诉我们有关canneverremember的某些情况（或者说“修饰”它）。二、时间状语从句1．引导时间状从的连词和词组有：when,while,as(当…时候);assoonas,themoment,directly,instantly,immediately(一…就);until,till(直到…);before;after;since,eversince(自…以来);once;whenever;everytime,eachtime(每次)2．时间状从中，可用一般现在时表一般将来时，用一般过去时表过去将来时，用现在进行时表将来进行时。例：Iwilltellhimwhenhecomesback.注：虽然在时间状从中一般不用将来时，但在名词从句中，when后可用will。例：Thehotelreceptionistwantstoknowwhenwewillbecheckingouttomorrowmorning.旅馆招待员想要知道我们明早什么时候离开。三、地点状语从句引导地点状从的连词：where,wherever(无论何地),everywhere(每…地方),anywhere(无论何处)等。例：ThereareplentyofsheepwhereIlive.Youcan’tcampwhereveryoulikethesedays.如今你不能随意在哪儿宿营。四、原因状语从句这类从句一般回答why?的问题，并可以由以下从属连词引导：because,as,since,now(that)(既然),seeingthat(鉴于)等。because表原因的语气最强，通常回答why引导的问句，一般跟在主句后（为了强调讲话对象可能不知道的原因）例：Jimistryingtofindaplaceofhisownbecausehewantstofeelindependent.吉姆在设法找一个属于他自己的住处，因为他想要自立感。since表稍加分析后推断出的原因，比as正式；as表示对方已经知道的原因。（since和as不回答why引导的问句，且从句一般放句首）例:Sincenooneisagainstit,let’scarryouttheplan.既然没人反对，我们就执行这个计划Ashewasn’treadyintime,wewentwithouthim.由于他未及时准备好，我们没等他就走了。注：for也常引导表原因的分句，但for是并列连词，因此不能放句首；for所提供的理由是一种补充性的说明，且for前常有逗号。例：Thedaysareshort,foritisnowDecember.白天短了，因为已是12月了。五、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词有：inorderthat,sothat(为了);forfear（that）,incase,lest(以免)等。1．inorderthat,sothat引导的目的状从中常用情态动词：现在时态常用may,can或will;过去时态常用could,should或might,有时也用would.Inorderthat更正式，位置可放主句前或主句后；sothat引导的状从只可放主句后。73 例：Ihavearrivedearlysothat/inorderthatImay/can/willgetagoodviewoftheprocession.我到得很早，以便我可/能/会好好看看那行进的队伍。Iarrivedearlysothat∕inorderthatIshould/could/might/wouldgetagoodviewoftheprocession.注：在sothat和inorderthat后的否定式Iarrivedearlysothat/inorderthatImightnotmissanything.(也可用shouldnot或wouldnot，但不能用couldnot)我到得很早，以免错过什么。2．incase当句子表将来时间时，在incase后必须用should,might或现在时。例：I’mtakingaraincoatwithmeincaseIneed(Imight/shouldneed)it.我随身带有雨衣，以备不时之需。3.forfear(that)后常跟might.例：Iboughtthecaratonceforfear(that)hemightchangehismind.我马上买下那辆汽车，以免他变卦。六、结果状语从句引导结果状从的连词：so…that,such…that(如此…以至于);sothat,that(结果)等。例：Hisreactionsaresoquickthatnoonecanmatchhim.他的反应如此敏捷以致无人比得上他。Heissuchamarvelousjokerthatyoucan’thelplaughing.他是一个如此奇妙的诙谐人物，以致弄得你不能不笑。注：目的状语从句和结果状语从句的比较：在目的从句中，我们任何时候都可以用inorderthat来替代sothat,而结果从句中则不可以。例：Wearrivedearlysothat/inorderthatwecouldgetgoodseats.我们到得早，以便找到好位子。（我们是为此目的而早到的）Wearrivedearly,sothatwegotgoodseats.(或：Wearrivedsoearlythatwegotgoodseats.)我们到得早，因此我们找到了好位子。（我们找到好位子是早到的结果。）七、条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的连词或词组有：if,suppose,supposing(that),provided,providing(that),onconditionthat(如果，假若);unless(除非);so(或as)longas(只要);incase(万一)。1．在条件状从中，要用一般时态代替将来时（和时间状从相同）。例：Youwillmissthetrainifyoudon’thurry.Youwouldmissthetrainifyoudidn’thurry.如果你不快点，就会误了火车。注：will表示“愿意”时，是情态动词，可用于条件状从：Ifyouwillgo,pleasetellme.如果你愿意去的话，请告诉我。2.unless在意义上等于if…not,但比if语气更强;if可用于虚拟语气，unless则不用于虚拟语气。例：Youwillfailunlessyoustudyhard.(=Youwillfailifyoudonotstudyhard.)3.suppose和supposing(that)相当于if.4.provided,providingthat,onconditionthat,so(as)longas相当于onlyif.例：Aslongas(=Onlyif)youdon’tloseheart,youwillsucceed.只要你不灰心，你就会成功。5．incase:73 Dotellusincaseyouhaveanytrouble.万一有什么困难，一定告诉我们。八、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词：as(如同);asif(或asthough)(好象).例：TypethisagainasIshowedyouamomentago.把这份材料按我刚才告诉你的那样再打一遍。注：1.as和like都有“好象”的意思，as是连词，后加句子；like是介词，后加名词、代词或名词性短语:Iworkasothersdo(或likeothers).我像别人那样工作。2.asif,asthough两者意义相同，从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气，asif比asthough更常用：Sheactedasif/asthoughsheweremad.她的举动像是疯了一样。asif和asthough有时可引导表语从句。九、让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有：although,though(虽然);evenif(或eventhough)(即使);as,while(尽管);whether…or(不论…还是);whoever,nomatterwho(无论谁);whenever,nomatterwhen(无论何时);however,nomatterhow(无论怎样);whatever,nomatterwhat(无论什么)等。1．Although和though都表示“虽然”，但although比though正式，更多用于句首；二者都可与yet,still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。例：Hedidn’tstopworkingthough/althoughhewasill.他虽然病了，但未停止工作。2.as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序，可用though代替,但比though语气强，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语和动词原形。例：Childasheis,heknownalot.他虽然是个孩子，但懂得很多。3.whatever(或whenever…)和nomatterwhat(或when)二者都引导让步状语从句，但前者有时还可引导名词性从句，后者则不行。例：Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.（状语从句）不管你说什么，我决不相信你的话。I’lleatwhatever(≠nomatterwhat)yougiveme.(宾语从句)你给我什么我就吃什么。4．While有时也可引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首：例：WhileIlikethecolour,Idon’tliketheshape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢不形状。十、比较状语从句这类从句经常回答How?（怎么样）的问题，后面跟着或暗含着inrelationto或comparedwith.(如：Howquickisheinrelationto/comparedwith…?较之于…他有多快？)。比较状从包括：as…as(和…一样);notso/as…as(和…不一样);-erthan(比…更);more…than(比…更多);less…than（比…更少);the…the(越…越)等结构。当句子里两个动词相同，时态也一样时，则第二个动词可省略。例：Heisasquickinansweringashissister(is).Heanswersasquicklyashissister(does).他回答得和他妹妹一样快。Themoreyoupractice,thebetteryouget.你练得越多,效果就越好.Hedidn’tsellhalfas/somanyvideosashethoughthewould.他售出的录像带还不到他设想的一半.练习73 1.____IgettoPairs,I’llcallyouupattheairport.A.SinceB.WhileC.OnceD.Although2._____theheadmastercomes,wewon’tdiscussthisplan.A.UnlessB.IfnotC.ExceptD.Whether3.Billmusthavebeenawayfromtheoffice.____howmanytimesIphonedhim,nobodyansweredit.A.WhateverB.NomatterC.InspiteofD.Though4.IhadbeentoBeijinglong_____youvisitedit.A.beforeB.tillC.afterD.when5._____,heisgoodatdrawing.A.TobeachildB.AchildasheisC.AsachildD.Childasheis6.Don’tbediscouraged_____youhavefallenbehindothers.A.whetherB.asifC.evenifD.however7.Wecangetthereontime_____thecardoesn’tbreakdown.A.whileB.aslongasC.sothatD.evenif8.Thevaseontheleftis_____thantheoneontheright,andnot_____.A.morenicer;soexpensiveB.muchmorebetter;asexpensiveC.nicer;asexpensiveD.better;suchexpensive9.Itwasn’tlong_____hejoinedthejob.A.thatB.beforeC.untilD.and10.Theseplanescanfly_____thantheoldones.A.asfastthreetimesB.threetimesasfastC.threetimesfastD.threetimesfaster11._____hadthebellrung_____thestudentstooktheirseats.A.Hardly;whenB.Nosooner;whenC.Hardly;thanD.Nosooner;then12._____manytimes，buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.ThoughhadbeentoldC.HewastoldD.Havingtold13._____wehavecome,let’sstayandenjoyit.A.ForB.AsC.BecauseD.Since14.You’dbetterdo_____youarerequired.A.likeB.whichC.thatD.as15._____thatnoneofuscouldfollowhim.A.HespokeveryfastB.SofasthespokeC.ToofasthespokeD.Sofastdidhespeak16.I×llstartearly,_____itmaybedark.A.howeverB.whetherC.ifD.though17._____thebabyfellasleep_____theroom.A.After;didthemotherleaveB.Notuntil;didthemotherleaveC.Notuntil;themotherleftD.Soonafter;themotherhadleft18._____thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.AsD.While19.Hecan’thavegoneout,_____thelightisstillon.A.becauseB.sinceC.asD.for73 20.Iwaswalkingalongtheriver_____Iheardacryforhelp.A.whileB.sinceC.whenD.as21.Weshouldn’tdothatdangerousexperiment_____theteacheriswithas.A.ifnotB.ifC.unlessD.aslongas22.Hehas_____littleeducation_____heisunabletofindajob.A.such,thatB.so,andC.so,thatD.such,and23.Thesoldierwaswounded，_____hepushedon.A.forB.andC.soD.yet24.Thefullletterreads_____follows.A.likeB.asC.thatD.which25.Willyougo____ourmotherlandneedsusmostaftergraduation?A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.totheplacewhich26.Thisisarevisionpaper.Whenyoudoit,you’dbettermakeamark_____youhavequestions.A.whereB.theplaceC.asifD.since27.Waterpowerstationarebuilt_____bigwaterfalls.A.wherethereareB.wheretherehaveC.whichhasD.whichare28.IamsureI’llmeetkind－heartedman_____Igo.A.whereB.totheplacewhereC.whereverD.theplace29.Sheissogoodatplayingtable－tennisthatshecanhittheball_____shewantsittogo.A.theplacewhereB.thatC.inwhichD.where30.Itwas_____hismothercamein_____topreparehislessons.A.notuntil,didtheboybeginB.until,thattheboybeganC.until,didtheboybeginD.notuntil,thattheboybeganKeys:1－5CABAD6－10CBCBD11－15ACDDD16－20DBCDC21－25CCDBB26－30AACDD高三英语语法复习（十一）非谓语（上）宾语复合结构(宾语+宾语补足语)一、.固定词汇用法:大量的宾语复合结构存在于固定的词汇用法中。eg:1.wantsb.todosth.2.forcesb.todosth.二、高考常考的宾语复合结构包括：使役动词，感官动词和with结构。1.使役和致使动词:（宾补分为两种情况，即宾语与宾补有主谓关系和宾语与宾补有主系表关系）第一类：宾语与宾补有主谓关系：73 dosth.(一般)（主动）（1）havesb/sthdoingsth.(进行)done(被动)have的特殊用法：①.Wecan’thavethatsortofthinghappeningagain.（听凭，任由）②Ihadmyhaircut.③Ihadmylegbroken.todosth.（2）getsb/sthdoingsth.donedosth.（3）makesb/sthdonedoingsth.（4）leave/keepsb/sthdoneleave和keep的语意区别：eg:①IkepthimwaitingoutsidebecauseIwasbusythen.②---ShallIclosethewindow?---No,itistoohothere.Justleavethewindowopen.（5）setsb/sthdoingsth.(通常用现在分词,不用过去分词。意义：使…陷入某种状态之中)sb.todo=makesb.dosth.（这个结构中只有sb没有sth）eg:①Hesettheclockgoing.②Herwordssetmethinkingdeeply.③Theteacherseteverystudenttowriteanessayof2000words.（6）letsb/sthdobedone第二类：宾语与宾补有主系表关系：adj.使役和致使动词+sb/sthn.Prep-phrase2.感官动词:（感官动词的结构全部一样）see,watch,notice,observe,lookat；hear,listento；feel,find,smelldosth.(一般或结果)感官动词+sb/sthdoingsth.(进行)done(被动)/beingdone（进行）adj.感官动词+sb/sthn.Prep-phrase备注：（1）感官动词/使役动词+sb./sth.+do的结构中,如果该感官动词/使役动词被动变成形式时,do要变成todo.73 （2）感官动词/使役动词+sb./sth.+do的结构中,do所表示的状态不完全一样。Eg:Isawhimplayhereyesterday.(表示看到全过程)Iseehimplayhereeveryday.（经常性动作）Ihavemystudentsdosomehouseworkfortheirparentssometimes.3.with/without结构doingWith/withoutsb/sth.done(被动)/beingdone（进行）with/withoutsthtodo=havingsthtodo练习1.Don’tleavethewater_____whileyoubrushyourteeth.A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun2.Thestudentsaretoldtohavetheirclassroom_____beforeclass.A.cleanB.cleanedC.cleaningD.toclean3.Theteachergotthestudents______allthewordstheydidn’tknow.A.lookedupB.lookinginC.tolookupD.lookat4.HavingreadtheEmperor’sNewClothes,weallfoundit______.A.interestB.interestedC.interestingD.tointerest5.Wefoundmanypeople______inthemeetingroom.A.seatB.seatingC.toseatD.seated6.Don’tleavethework______byothers.A.doingB.doneC.todoD.beingdone7.Ican’twrite,______standingby.A.hisB.himC.withheD.withhim8.Withoutanywork______,theywentouting.A.tobedoneB.todoC.doneD.doing9.I’veheardhim______aboutyouoften.A.spokeB.speakingC.speakD.tospeak10.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise__________.A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon11.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman_______hishandintothepocketofapassenger.A.putB.tobeputtingC.toputD.putting13.Whathesaidsetme______foralongtime.A.tothinkB.thinkingC.thoughtD.think14.Mywalletwasseen______outofmypocketwhenIwasridingbyapasser-by.A.slipB.toslipC.slippingD.slippedKeys:BBCCD/BDBCA/DBB非谓语作定语一、解题步骤：1、确定所处理的成分为定语2、根据答案，选择流程图中起点，即从定语从句的角度作题还是从非谓语的角度作题；3、按照流程图操作二、解题步骤流程图：73 从句(连词,谓语)定语1、确定n----v的主谓关系非谓语2.时间或状态表一及物动词主动被动todo(将来)tobedonetodo(将来)doing（进行及一般）beingdone(进行)done（过去或一般）表二不及物动词主动被动todo(将来)×doing（进行及一般）×done(过去)×理解表格含义：eg:表一.将要建的桥：abridgetobebuilt正在建的桥；abridgebeingbuilt建好了的桥abuiltbridge表二.下星期theweektocome沸水boilingwater开水boiledwater使用流程图解题：1.Thepen____belongstome.A.lainonthetableB.layingonthetableC.thatwasonthetableD.whichisonthetable①确定所缺成分为定语；②先看答案，答案出现了定语从句和非谓语。这道题目就要求选择从从句还是从非谓语角度做题（可任选）；③假设从非谓语角度做题，lie为不及物动词，故用表二。thepen和lie之间存在主动的主谓关系，状态上表进行，所以应用lying。A和B选项明显不对。④从定语从句角度分析（提示：主要盯紧连词和谓语形式），C选项时态错了，故该题选D。三、asurprisinglook;asurprisedlook的问题四、专门用动词不定式作定语的问题1.(1)Heisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.（主语为不定式的逻辑主语）（2）Englishishardtolearn.(主语＋系动词＋adj./n+todo)(2)Shehasaroomtolivein.(have的用法)2.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.73 3.have+the+抽象名词eg:Hehasthekindnesstohelpyou.4.有些名词后常跟不定式作定语Time,way,right,reason,effort,chance,movementeg:Thankyouforgivingmethechancetomakethespeech.5.有些动词和形容词后常跟不定式，这些动词和形容词派生出来的名词后也可用不定式作定语Ability,agreement,anxiety,attept.decision.determination,need,plan,promise,willingness,wish,obligaton,readinessetc.eg:Yourabilitytoanalysetheproblemreallysurprisesus.6.thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thebest,theonlything等常跟动词不定式作定语。eg:(1)Heisalwaysthefirsttoanswerquestion.(2)Itistheonlythingtodo.五、动名词作定语的问题readingroomwashingmachine练习1.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrases______onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known2.TheOlympicGames,______in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.tobefirstplayingD.firstplayed3.Atpresent,Englishisthemainsubject____here.A.tobetaughtB.beingtaughtC.teachingD.tobeteaching4.Snowwasfallingwhentheywentalongamountainpath____tothefront.A.toleadB.ledC.leadingD.beingled5.“Thepicturewriting”____longlongagoishardforustounderstandtoday.A.havingbeendrawnB.beingdrawnC.wasdrawnD.drawn6.HowIregretthedays____indoingtheuselesswork!A.whichwastedB.wastedC.whichwastingD.havingwasted7.Tigers______meat-eatinganimals______meat.A.belongedon;fedonB.belongingto;feedonC.werebelongedto;feedonD.belongingto;feedingon8.Helovestheparties.Heisalwaysthefirst____andthelast____.A.coming,leavingB.tocome,toleaveC.comes,leavesD.come,leave9.Themeeting____thiseveningisofgreatimportance.A.holdingB.heldC.toholdD.tobeheld10.The　　　　　　　　pricewillsaveyouonedollarforeachdozen.　A.reduce　　　B.reducing　　　C.reduced　D.reduces11.Mr.Smith,ofthespeech,startedtoreadanovel.73 A．tired;boringB．tiring;boredC．tired;boredD．tiring;boring12.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,____as3M.A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown13.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmeltKeys:DDBCD/BBBDC/ABB高三英语语法复习（十二）非谓语（中）非谓语作状语一、解题步骤：1、确定成分为状语2、根据答案，选择流程图中起点，即从状语从句的角度答题还是从非谓语的角度答题；3、按照流程图操作73 二、解题步骤流程图：从句(连词,谓语)状语1.动词不定式（目的状语，部分结果状语，原因状语等）非谓语2.分词(其它状语)1.v---句中语的主谓关系2.时间或态分词做状语主动被动一般或进行beingdone(进行)(not)doingdone强调完成havingdone→havingbeendone动动词不定式做状语主动被动所表示的时间或状态TodoTobedone一般或将来Tobedoing/进行TohavedoneTohavebeendone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前Tohavebeendoing/表示动作发生在谓语动作之前并进行着备注：一、动词不定式与分词作结果状语的区别；1．动词不定式与句子无逗号分开；2．出现only,just时一定用动词不定式，逗号可有可无；3．动词不定式的语意通常表示“意料之外的结果”；4．分词作结果状语时，主语往往是前面一整句话的意思。eg:(1)Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makeC.madeD.tomake(2)Hefinallygottothestation______thetrainleave.A.findingB.tofindC.havingfoundD.found二、动词不定式作原因状语时可放在固定词组中记忆，这些词组中往往含有表示感情或性格，品质的形容词，如：bepleasedtodo,beclevertodo等。故操作表格时动词不定式主要做目的和结果状语。原因状语不做考虑。三、使用流程图解题：（使用流程图时要充分利用答案提供的信息）例一、______fromthehill,andthecityisverybeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Tosee答案中出现了谓语A和非谓语B、C、D，这就意味着要审题中是否缺谓语。这是一道学生特容易做错的陷阱题。答案A。例二、______agiftforhermother,hesavedeverycentheearned.A．TobuyB.TobeboughtC.buyingD.bought73 答案出现动词不定式和分词，这就意味着首先要确定是什么状语，该题为目的状语，故用动词不定式。Buy和he之间存在着主动的主谓关系，所以选A。例三、（1）______thecryforhelp,theyrushedoutofthehouse.A.hearingB.havingheardC.BeingheardD.havingbeenheard（2）______thehomework,Johnwasallowedtoplayfootball.A.finishingB.havingfinishedC.beingfinishedD.Havingbeenfinished第一题的答案中只出现分词，故只须考虑分词做状语就行了。hear和they之间存在主动的主谓关系，A和B项都为主动的分词形式，再作时间或状态分析。动作表示紧密连接的，前面的动作用doing的形式。但第二题中，完成家庭作业是出去玩的条件，所以强调完成，故用havingdone的形式例四、______,Iwillnotgoouting.A.rainingB.rainedC.IfitrainedD.Itraining答案中出现状语从句和非谓语，先考虑从句(盯紧连词和谓语时态)，结果rained的时态用错了，应用rains;再考虑分词，首先rain和I之间没有任何的主谓关系，所以前面所学的无法解决这个问题。但一个新的语法结构可解决此题——独立主格结构。故选D。独立主格结构名词/代词主格+1.分词2.不定式3.介词短语4.adj5.adv.6.n.eg:(1).MissGaofallingill,Mr.Wangtookherclassinstead.(n+ving)Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.(n+p.p)(2).Theexamtobeheldtomorrow,Icouldn’tgotothecinematonight.(n+todo)(3).Thechildrencamerunningtowardsus,flowersintheirhands.(n.+prep.phrase)(4).Todlookedatthemillion-poundnote,hiseyes(being)wideopen.(n+adj)(5).Ourlessons(being)over,wewenttoplayfootball.(n.+adv.)(6).Hefoughtagainsttherobber,astickhisonlyweapon.(n.+n.)(7).ItbeingSunday,Ididn’tgotoschool.Therebeingnobuses,theywalkedtothetheatre.(being的逻辑主语是人称代词或there时,being不能省)4、独立成分,一直呈现-ing的形式Judging,speaking,supposing,talkingof,considering,including,eg:Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecareful.5、独立成分,一直呈现to-v形式:Totellyouthetrue,tomakealongstoryshort,tobetrue（当然）,tobeplain,tomakemattersworse.Tobefrankwithyou,toconclude(总之)，tostartwith,tobehonest,nottomention,letalone,eg:Totellthetruth,sheisnothonestinthismatter.6.on/upon+doing/动作性名词Onhisarriving/arrival73 7、（1）If______thesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.A.givingB.giveC.givenD.beinggiven分析:Ifheisgiventhesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.常用的连词：when/while/where/if/once/unless/though/although/evenif/eventhough/as/than(2)Before________,youshouldstayedatthehotel.A.informedB.beinginformedC.isinformedD.havinginformedBefore,after是两个特殊的词；它们要么作连词连接一个完整的从句，要么作介词连接动名词或名词。所以该题答案为B。exercise1._____,J.KRowlingisconsideredtobethebestfictionwriter.A.HavingsoldmillionsofcopiesofherbooksB.BecausemillionsofcopiesofherbooksaresoldC.SoldmillionsofcopiesofherbooksD.Sellingmillionsofcopies2._____totheleft,youwillfindthepathleadingtothehilltop.A.TurnB.TurnedC.TurningD.Havingturned3._____intheheavysnow,hewalkedintoanexpensiveshop.A.HavingcaughtB.TobecaughtC.HavingbeencaughtD.Catching4.______theprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.A.NotcompletingB.NotcompletedC.NothavingcompletedD.Havingnotcompleted5.WhenIwentin,IsawTomlyinginbed,_____indeepthought.A.lostB.losingC.toloseD.beinglost6.____apigontheroad,thebuswasstopped.A.ThedriverseeingB.HavingseeingC.AfterseeingD.Seeing7.Offwestarted,_____remainingbehind.A.heB.hisC.himD.he’s8._______,everythinghaschanged.A.TimegoesonB.TimegoingonC.AstimegoingonD.withtimewenton9.Though______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin10._____outoftheclassroom,myteacherwentin.A.WhilecomingB.WhencomingC.OncomingD.AsIcame11.When_____,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted12.______,thetrainstarted.A.AfterhavinggiventhesignalB.AfterthesignalgivenC.GivingthesignalD.Afterthesignalwasgiven13.______hisface,hemusthavemetsomethingterrible.A.JudgedfromB.JudgedC.JudgingfromD.Judging73 14.______everything,itwasn’tabadholiday.A.ConsideredB.consideringC.ToconsiderD.Havingconsidered15.　　　alittlemoney,Jimmywasabletobuyhismotheralovelynewlamp　A.Tosave　B.SavingC.Saved　D.Havingsaved16.Deeply______,Ithankedheragainandagain.　　　A.beingmoving　B.moved　　　C.moving　　　D.tobemoved17.Havingbeenattackedbyterrorists,________.A.doctorscametotheirrescueB.thetallbuildingcollapsedC.anemergencymeasurewastakenD.warningsweregiventotourists18.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,　　　　thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.　A.havingadded　B.toadd　　　C.adding　　　D.added19.______　thecomposition,Johnhandedittotheteacherandwentoutoftheroom　　A.Writing　B.HavingwrittenC.Written　　　D.Beingwritten20.Atthismomentthebellrang______　theendofclass.　　A.announce　　　B.announcing　C.announced　　　D.toannounce21._______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．Havingslept22.________thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.Given　　　　B.Togive　　　C.Giving　　　　　D.Havinggiven23.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only______thefilmstarshadleft.A．totellB．tobetoldC.tellingD.told24.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget25.Youweresillynot____yourcar.A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglockedKeys：DCCCA/AABCD/ADCBD/BBCBB/AABAB高三英语语法复习（十三）非谓语（下）动名词和动词不定式1.动名词的结构:主动被动Doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone73 2.动名词的否定形式:3.动名词的复合结构:*逻辑主语为有生命时,用所属格或通格:eg:Tom’scoming/hisdoing,Tomcoming/himdoing(不做主语)*逻辑主语为无生命时,只用通格:eg:Heisagainsttheideaofmoneybeingeverything.*逻辑主语为名词复数(有)或一个以上的名词词组时,只用通格:eg:①Itwasquiteunexpectedthestudentsfinishingtheexamsosoon.②Idon’tlikeJackandHenryspeakingillofeachother.③HissisterHelenmarryinglastweekwasagreatevent.4.动名词的功能:主语,宾语,表语,定语Asleepingbus/asleepingboy5.宾语为动名词的动词:avoid,suggest,imagine,mind,appreciate,advise,forbid,allow,permit…6.介词后一般可接动名词为宾语need,require,want＋doing/tobedone,beworth+doing7.可接动词不定式和动名词作宾语的动词:mean,try,regret,consider,remember/forget8.动名词和动词不定式做主语,表语时的区别:①动名词表示笼统概念,而动词不定式表示具体概念;②动词不定式表示将来③固定句型:itisnogood/usedoingsth.9.Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving的问题exercise1.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret______it.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone2.Remember_____thenewspaperwhenyouhavefinishedit.A.puttingbackB.havingputbackC.toputbackD.willputback3.______whathecando.Hemightgetajobtomorrow.Hemightstayoutofworkforweeks.A.Wedidn’tknowB.hedoesn’tknowC.ThereisnoknowingD.itwasknownthat4.Look,oneofyourshoesisbroken.Itneeds______.A.tobefixedB.repairedC.mendingD.tomend5.Imeant______you,butIwassobusy.A.tocallonB.callingonC.tocallatD.callingat6.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto______.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught7.Victorapologizedfor______toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotableB.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingableD.himtobenotable8.Ifathingisworth______,itmustbewell______.A.doing;doneB.todo;doingC.todo,doneD.beingdone;doing73 9.Somepeople’sgreatestpleasureis______.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishingD.beingfish10.Besides______,sheiskindandtender.A.beautifulB.beingbeautifulC.shebeautifulD.isbeautiful11.---Whatcausedthepartytobeputoff?---______theinvitations.A.TomdelayedsendingB.Tom’sdelayingsendingC.TomdelayingtosendD.Tomdelayedtosend12.John’sbadhabitis______withoutthoroughunderstanding.A.readB.beingreadC.tobereadD.reading.13.Toanswercorrectlyismoreimportantthan______.A.aquickfinishB.tofinishquicklyC.finishingquicklyD.youfinishquickly14.Doyouconsideritanygood______again?A.totryB.tryC.tryingD.foryoutotry15.Herwishis______anengineer.A.becomingB.becomeC.tobecomeD.beingcomeKeys：DCCCA/CCAAB/BDBCC动词不定式一、动词不定式的形态：主动被动所表示的时间或状态TodoTobedone一般或将来Tobedoing/进行TohavedoneTohavebeendone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前Tohavebeendoing/表示动作发生在谓语动作之前并进行着二、动词不定式在句中担当的成分：1.It’simportanttoprotectnature.2.Yourtaskistocleantheclassroom.3.Iwanttogohome.4.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.5.Iwenttothecinemainahurryonlytofindthatthefilmhadalreadyfinished.6.Theteachertoldmetocleantheblackboard.三、边练边学，总结动词不定式在担当不同成分时的注意事项：1.主语,表语和宾语:（1）①Ilikewalkingafterdinner.②Iliketowalkafterdinnertoday.(2)Mydreamistobecomeadoctor.(3)Toseeistobelieve.(4)①ItisimportantformetolearnEnglish.②Itiscleverofhimtocomehereearlier.73 (5)Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.(6)①YouaretomeetMr.Smith.②Heistobecomeaverygoodsinger.③YouaretowaithereorIwillnotfindyouwhenIcomeback.(7)Thebookisdue.Youshouldremembertoreturnitintime.(forget,regret,mean…)(8)Allyouneedtodois(to)pressthebuttonandwaitforyourmeal.(9)Ihavenochoicebuttowait.Ihadnothingtodobutwait.(10)Ican’taffordtotakeflyinglessons.专门接动词不定式作宾语的动词：agree,decline,refuse,offer,promise,decide,determine,attempt,intendmanage,fail,ask,hope,want,expect,long,seek,claim,wish,tend,desire,prepare,volunteer,pretend,dare,arrange,appear,beg,demand,fear,happen,hesitate,prefer,threaten…2.定语、状语、宾语补足语见非谓语作定语、状语和宾语补足语。3、常见的动词不定式的特殊用法：(1)Ihavesomeclothestowash.，soIcan’tgotothecinemawithyou.Ihavesomeclothestobewashedbyme.“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?”motherasked.(2)Idon’tknowwhattodo.(3)Thereisnothingformetodo.(4)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(5)Englishisdifficulttolearn.(6)Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,themanagerfeltworriedallthetime练习1.Iwouldlike______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.havinggoneC.goingD.tohavegone2.Robertissaid______abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying.3.---You_______partinthepartyontime.---Sorry,Iwasdelayedbytheaccident.A.aretotakeB.havesupposedtotakeC.weretohavetakenD.supposedtotake4.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains____whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen5.Adoctorcanexpect______atanyhourofthedayornight.A.callingB.tocallC.beingcalledD.tobecalled6.Iambusynow,soIcan’thelp______themachine.A.repairB.tohaverepairedC.repairingD.fixing7.Isitanygood_____overthespoiledmilk.A.cryingB.tocryC.criedD.havetocry73 8.Iregret______youthattheyareunabletocometoyourweddingtomorrow.A.informingB.havinginformedC.tohavebeeninformedD.toinform9.Thestormleft,_____alotofdamagetothisarea.A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcaused10.Weshouldpreventpollution______happily.A.fromlivingB.livingC.tolivingD.tolive11.Inordertoprotectourplanet,______.A.allkindsofpollutionshouldbereducedB.weshouldreduceallkindsofpollutionC.theenvironmentshouldbeprotectedfirstD.it’simportanttoprotectourenvironment12.Hewassofoolish______hiscarunlocked.A.toleaveB.thatleaveC.astoleaveD.forhimtoleave13.---Mum,whydoyougivemesomuchpopcorn?---______theboringtime.A.KillB.KillingC.TokillD.Havingkilled14.---Doyouhaveanythingmore______,sir?---No.Youcanhavearestordosomethingelse.A.typingB.tobetypedC.typedD.totype15.Asshehasneverbeentherebefore,I’llhavesomeone_____hertheway.A.showB.toshowC.showingD.showed16.Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichoffice______.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsent17.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat____inmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects18.Ifindthemanhard______.A.tobepleasedB.pleasingC.pleasedD.toplease19.IhadHelen______thewindow,butshehadthem_____instead.A.toclean;cleanedB.cleaned;cleanedC.cleaning;cleanedD.clean;cleanedDACBD/AADDD/BCCBA/ABDD73