高中英语语法系统复习—五动词 13页

高中英语语法系统复习—五动词1）表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2）根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词。例如：　　Wearehavingameeting.　我们正在开会。（have是实义动词。）　　HehasgonetoNewYork.　他已去纽约。（have是助动词。）3）动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词，英语缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：　Shecandanceandsing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）　ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）4）动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词、非限定动词例如：　Shesingsverywell.她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）　ShewantstolearnEnglishwell.她想学好英语。（tolearn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）　说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式、动名词、分词。5）根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如：　TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）　Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries.学生们学会查字典。（lookup是短语动词。）　Theyoungoughttotakecareoftheold.年轻人应照料老人。（takecareof是动词短语。）6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。5.1系动词　系动词亦称联系动词（LinkVerb ），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：　　Hefellillyesterday.　他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）　　Hefellofftheladder.　他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：Heisateacher.　他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.　他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.　此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look。例如：Helookstired.　他看起来很累。Heseems（tobe）verysad.　他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste。例如：　Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.　这种布手感很软。　Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香。　5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。例如：　　Hebecamemadafterthat.　自那之后，他疯了。　　Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.　她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意。例如：　　Therumorprovedfalse.　这谣言证实有假。　　Thesearchproveddifficult.　搜查证实很难。　　Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.　他的计划终于成功了。（turnout表终止性结果） 5.2助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：　　Hedoesn"tlikeEnglish.　他不喜欢英语。（doesn"t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：　a.表示时态。例如：　　　Heissinging.　他在唱歌。　　　Hehasgotmarried.　他已结婚。　b.表示语态。例如：　　　HewassenttoEngland.　他被派往英国。　c.构成疑问句。例如：　　　Doyoulikecollegelife?　你喜欢大学生活吗？　　　DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?　你来这儿之前学过英语吗？　d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：　　　Idon"tlikehim.　我不喜欢他。　e.加强语气。例如：　　　Docometothepartytomorrowevening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。　　　Hedidknowthat.　他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助动词有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would等。5.3助动词be的用法1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：Theyarehavingameeting.　他们正在开会。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要。2）　be+过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..　窗户是汤姆打碎的。Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.　世界各地都教英语。3）be+动词不定式，可表示下列内容：　a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如： 　　HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..　他下周要去纽约。　　Wearetoteachthefreshmen.　我们要教新生。　　说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。　b.表示命令。例如：　　Youaretoexplainthis.　对此你要做出解释。　　Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.　要他今天下午来办公室。　c.　征求意见。例如：　　HowamItoanswerhim?　我该怎样答复他？　　Whoistogothere?　谁该去那儿呢？　d.表示相约、商定。例如：　　Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.　我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。5.4助动词have的用法1）have+过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：　　HehasleftforLondon.　他已去了伦敦。　　Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.　上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。　　2）have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：　IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。　3）have+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：　EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年。　5.5助动词do的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：　DoyouwanttopasstheCET?　你想通过大学英语测试吗？　DidyoustudyGerman?　你们学过德语吗？2）do+not构成否定句。例如：　Idonotwanttobecriticized.　我不想挨批评。　Hedoesn"tliketostudy.　他不想学习。 　Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.　过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：　Don"tgothere.　不要去那里。　Don"tbesoabsent-minded.　不要这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：　Docometomybirthdayparty.　一定来参加我的生日宴会。　Ididgothere.　我确实去那儿了。　Idomissyou.　我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：　NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.　我从未听说过这样的事情。　OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等。6）用作代动词。例如：　----DoyoulikeBeijing?　--你喜欢北京吗？　----Yes,Ido.　--是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替likeBeijing.）　Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn"the?他知道如何开车，对吧？5.6助动词shall和will的用法　shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：　　　IshallstudyharderatEnglish.　我将更加努力地学习英语。　　　HewillgotoShanghai.　　他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:　Heshallcome.　他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）　Hewillcome.　他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。） 5.7助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：　ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。　比较："WhatshallIdonextweek?"Iasked."我下周干什么？"我问道。　可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：　　Hesaidhewouldcome.　他说他要来。比较："Iwillgo,"hesaid.他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了Hesaidhewouldcome。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。5.8短语动词　　动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：　　Turnofftheradio.　把收音机关上。（turnoff是短语动词）　　短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：1）动词+副词，如：blackout；2）动词+介词，如：lookinto；3）动词+副词+介词，如：lookforwardto。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。5.9非谓语动词　　在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。1）不定式时态\语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone2）动名词 时态\语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone3）分词时态\语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式：not+不定式，　not+动名词，　not+现在分词5.10助动词练习1.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we______afootballmatch.A.haveB.willhaveC.hasD.shallhas2.Whenhewasatschool,he______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.A.willriseB.shallriseC.shouldriseD.wouldrise3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.A.hasmadeB.havemadeC.hadmadeD.havingmade4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.A.don’t/hadB.didn’t/haveC.didn’t/hadD.don’t/have5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertime?A.Do/havecomeB.Did/willhavecomeC.Does/willcomeD.Do/willhavecome6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.A.wasrunningB.wasrunningC.wererunningD.isrunning7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.A.has/wasaskedB.have/wereaskedC.had/isaskedD.had/wasasked8.“______yougivemearoomforthenight?”Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.A.ShouldB.CanC.MightD.May9.Therearenineofthem,so______getintothecaratthesametime.A.theymaynotatallB.alltheymaynotC.theycan’tallD.alltheycan’t 10.“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“He______it.”A.mustn’tattendB.cannothaveattendedC.wouldhavenotattendedD.needn’thaveattended11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don’tyou?”“No,officer.I______.Thiscarcan’tdomorethan80.”A.didn’tneedtobeB.maynothavebeenC.couldn’thavebeenD.needn’thavebeen12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepolice.A.mightB.succeededtoC.wouldD.wasableto13.Ifthey______,ourplanwillfallflat.A.areco-operatingB.hadnotco-operatedC.won’tco-operateD.didn’tco-operate14.Ihoped______myletter.A.hertoanswerB.thatshewouldanswerC.thatsheanswersD.heranswering15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.A.prefersB.likestoC.hadbetterD.wouldrather16.______toseeafilmwithustoday?A.DidyoulikeB.WouldyoulikeC.WillyoulikeD.Haveyouliked17.I’msorry,butIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.A.mustdoB.hadtodoC.oughttohavedoneD.havetodo18.“Timeisrunningout,______?”A.hadn’twebettergotstartB.hadn’twebettergetstartC.hadn’twebettergetstartedD.hadn’twebetternotstarted19.Noone______thattohisface.A.daressayB.daressayingC.daresayD.daretosayhestudentsintheclassroom______nottomakesomuchnoise.A.needB.oughtC.mustD.dare21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.A.oughttocomeB.oughttobecomingC.oughthavecomeD.oughttohavecome22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.A.tobefedB.tofeedC.tobeingfedD.tohavebeenfed23.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They______thetrain.” A.canhavemissedB.couldmissC.mayhavemissedD.mightmiss24.“Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.”“He______havebeenanoutstandingstudent.”A.mustB.couldC.shouldD.might25.You______theexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.A.needn’thavetakenB.didn’tneedtotakeC.needn’ttakeD.mustn’ttake26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.A.shouldbefinishedtypingB.mustbefinishedtypingC.musthavefinishedtypingD.shouldhavebeenfinishedtyping27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather______anastronaut.A.becomeB.tobecomeC.becomingD.became28.Whenwereachedthestation,thetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowe______.A.needednottohurryB.needn’thavehurriedC.neednottohavehurriedD.didn’tneedtohurry29.Sinceyourroommateisvisitingherfamilythisweekend,_____youliketohavedinnerwithustonight?A.willB.won’tC.wouldn’tD.do30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddone______adisastrouseffectonhiscareer.A.mighthaveB.couldbeC.havebeenD.shallbe31.He______hardlysayanythingmore,sinceyouknowaboutit.A.don’tneedtoB.needn’tC.needsD.need32.You______thelookonhisfacewhenhewontheprize.A.wouldhaveseenB.shouldhaveseenC.mustseeD.canbeseeing33.Somepeoplethinkthestockmarketwillcrash,but______.A.IwonderifithappensB.IdoubtifitwillhappenC.Iamafraiditwouldn’thappenD.Idoubtifitdoeshappen34.“WhateverhashappenedtoGeorge?”“Idon’tknow.He______lost.”A.canhavegotB.mayhavegotC.mightgetD.couldget35.Hehasnoideawhatthebookisabout.He______readthebook.A.couldn’tB.couldn’thaveC.mightn’thaveD.shouldn’thave 36.NewstudiesshowthattwoofSaturn’srings______longerthanthe4.5billionyearssincethebirthoftheSolarSystem.A.couldhavelastedB.shouldhavelastedC.wouldhavelastedD.mustbelasting37.Takethetelescopewithyouincaseyou______itinyourexpedition.AwillneedB.wouldneedC.shouldneedD.couldneed38.Needhecomeatonce?Yes,he______.A.mustB.mustnotC.needD.may39.Pleaseanswerthephone.It______bebyyourfather.Ifitis,wouldyoutellthatIwanttoseehim?A.willB.shouldC.wouldD.could40.We’llnevergiveinwhateverthey______sayordo.A.mayB.willC.shallD.should41.Withallthisworkonhand,he______tothecinemalastnight.A.mustn’tgoB.wouldn’tgoC.oughtn’tgoD.shouldn’thavegone42.Everyone______thecakebecausetherewasn’tevenasmallpieceleft.A.mustlikeB.musthavelikedC.musthavebeenlikingD.hadliked43.IwishtorecollectwhereImether,______?A.wouldIB.mayIC.maynotID.canI44.I______thinkhewill______daretherisk.A.not/..B.do/notC.../notD.don’t/..45.Ifreadingistoaccomplishanythingmorethanpassingtime,it______beactive.A.maynotB.mustC.mightD.isnot46.You______yourseatstodayifyouwanttogotothegame.A.hadbettertoreserveB.hadbetterreserveC.hadtobetterreserveD.hadtoreservebetter47.I______theoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.A.wouldrathernothaveB.wouldnotratherhadC.ratherwouldnothaveD.rathernotwouldhave48.Manyscientists______theirowneyesandearsthanthetheoriesoftheancients.A.wouldrathertobelieveB.wouldratherbelieve C.ratherwouldbelieveD.willratherbelieve49.TotravelfromEnglandtoScotlandyou______apassport.A.haven’tgotB.mustn’thaveC.needn’tD.don’tneed50.Oneofthestatements______tobeuntrue.A.isturnedoutB.hasturnedoutC.havebeenturnedoutD.haveturnedout51.Idon’tknowwhetheritwillrainornot,butifit______rain,Ishallstayathome.A.willB.didC.doesD.shall52.“You’dlikesometea,______?”A.wouldn’tyouB.shouldn’tyouC.hadn’tyouD.didn’tyou53.“Maywetakethebooksout?”A.No,youmaynotB.No,youcannotC.No,youcan’tD.Pleasedon’t54.“Iwouldhavecomesooner,butI______thatyouwerewaiting.”A.didn’tknowB.hasn’tknownC.hadn’tknowD.haven’tknown55.Ifyoudon’twantto,you______togettherewithus.A.mustn’tB.can’tC.don’thaveD.havenot56.IwouldgotovisitthembutI______thinktheyareanxioustoseeme.A.haven’tB.don’tC.doesn’tD.didn’t57.Whateveryoucando,______.A.IcandosoaswellB.IcandothisaswellC.IcandoitaswellD.Icandoaswell58._____-IrealizedtheconsequencesIwouldneverhavecontemplatedgettinginvolved.A.HadB.HaveC.HavingD.Has59.“PerhapssheisworkingforJohn.”“Yes,she______forhim.”A.needhavebeenworkingB.maybeworkingC.oughthavebeenworkingD.oughtbeworking60.“IknowshewasinbecauseIheardherradio,butshedidn’topenthedoor.”“She______thebell.”A.maynotbehearingB.maynothaveheardC.mustnothaveheardD.mustnotbehearing61.“Hewassmoking.”“Thenhe______.” A.oughttohavebeennotsmokingB.oughttohavenotbeensmokingC.oughtnottohavebeensmokingD.oughttonothavebeensmoking62.You______outyesterdaywithoutacoat.Nowonderyoucaughtcold.A.oughtn’thavegoneB.shouldn’thavegoneC.mustn’thavegoneD.can’thavegone63.“Paulwasridingabicyclealongthemotorwaywhenhewashitbythetrailerofalorry.”“He_____abicyclealongthemotorway;bicyclesarenotallowed.”A.shouldn’thavebeenridingB.couldn’thavebeenridingC.oughtn’thavebeenridingD.can’thavebeenriding64.Iamlistening.Butyou______.A.needbelisteningB.shouldbelisteningC.needhavebeenlisteningD.oughtbelistening65.He______withuslastnight.A.wouldhavelikedtogoB.shouldliketobegoingC.shouldbelikedtogoD.wouldliketogo66.I______hisfacewhenheopenedtheletter.A.shouldlikeyoutoseeB.wouldhavelikedyoutobeseenC.shouldlikeyoutohaveseenD.wouldlikeyoutosee67.Yousayyou______doit,butIsayyou______doit.A.oughtnot/couldB.willnot/shallC.couldnot/needD.shallnot/ought68.We______putthemeetingoffforaweek.A.canaswellB.willaswellC.shallaswellD.mayaswell69.______windyourwatcheveryday?A.DoyouneedB.MustyouhavetoC.HaveyoutoD.Doyouhaveto70.______givehimachancetotry?A.Oughtn’ttoweB.Oughtn’twetoC.OughttowenotD.Oughtn’twe71.“Didyoublamehimforhismistakes?”“______”A.I’drathernotdoB.I’dnotratherdoC.I’dbetternotdoD.I’drathernotdoing72.Youhadbetter______yourhaircut.A.hadB.haveC.togetD.tohave73.Mysisterdidn’tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe______thebabyforherfrienduntil9:30. A.musthavelookedafterB.wouldhavetolookafterC.hadtolookafterD.shouldhavelookedafter74.Maryisverylate,she______.A.maymisshertrainB.mayhavemissedhertrainC.mustmisshertrainD.couldmisshertrain75.Nomatterwhatyoumaysay,he______tohisownviews.A.wouldalwaysstickB.willalwaysstickC.shouldalwaysstickD.mustalwaysstickto76.It’swonderfulthatyou______haveachievedsomuchintheseyears.A.mayB.canC.shouldD.would77.Thestudentsaskedwhetherhe______takethebooksoutofthereading-room.A.couldB.mightC.shouldD.would78.He______stillbethinkingaboutthequestionyouraised.A.mayB.mightC.mustD.should79.I’dbegladifyou______givemeanaccountofthefact.A.shallB.shouldC.wouldD.may80.He______accomplishthetaskintime.A.didB.hasC.isD.do答案：1B2D3A4C5D6B7D8B9C10B11C12D13C14B15D16B17B18C19C21D22D23C24A25B26D27A28B29C30A31D32B33B34B35B36A37C38A39D40A41D42B43B44D45B46B47A48B49D50B51C52A53D54A55C56B57D58A59B60B61C62B63A64B65A66C67B68D69D70B71A72B73C74B75B76C77A78B79C80A