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  • 2022-06-17 15:09:18 发布

高考英语语法-非谓语动词

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非谓语动词一、概述:在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(theInfinitive);动名词(theGerund);现在分词(thePresentParticiple);过去分词(thePastParticiple)。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点:1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden.2)都可以被状语修饰:Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell.3)都有主动与被动,“体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.(谓语动词被动语态)Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.(动名词的被动式)Wehavewrittenthecomposition.(谓语动词的完成时)Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.(现在分词的完成式)4)都可以有逻辑主语Theystartedtheworkatonce.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)WeareLeaguemembers.(谓语动词的主语)WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswelldone.(现在分词的逻辑主语)2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点:1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。二、非谓语动词种类:(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1、不定式的形式:主动被动 一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone否定式:not+(to)do1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如:I’mgladtomeetyou.Heseemstoknowalot.Weplantopayavisit.Hewantstobeanartist.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.Heispleasedtohavemethisfriend.(二)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式:主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定式:not+动名词1)一般式:Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。2)被动式:Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3)完成式:Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影。4)完成被动式:HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 5)否定式:not+动名词Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.我后悔没听他的劝告。(三)现在分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式:主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定式:not+现在分词1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasket-ball.做完作业,他开始打蓝球。2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.正在被讨论的问题很重要。Havingbeentoldmanytimes,thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。三、非谓语动词句法功能主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√现在分词√√√√过去分词√√√√1、不定式的句法功能:1)作主语:Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.Toloseheartmeansfailure.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式:Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart. 常用不定式做主语的句型有:(1)It’sdifficult(important,possible,necessary)forsb.todo(2)It’skind(good,friendly,polite,careless,rude,cruel,clever,foolish,brave)ofsb.todo.2)作表语:Herjobistocleanthehall./Heappearstohavecaughtacold.3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.动词不定式也可充当介词but,except的宾语,(前有do,后无to)如:Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.动词不定式有时可与疑问词连用,如:HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.有些动词(吾看三室两厅一感觉)五看:lookat,see,watch,notice,observe三使:make,have,let一感觉:feel,后有动词不定式作宾语补足语,不定式应省略to,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to,如:Isawhimcrosstheroad./Hewasseentocrosstheroad.5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:A)主谓关系:(被修饰名词是不定式的逻辑主语:)Heisthefirsttogethere.B)动宾关系:(被修饰名词是不定式的逻辑宾语:) Ihaveameetingtoattend.注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:Hehasnoplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.如果不定式的动作由句子主语发出,用主动式;如果动作不是有主语发出,用被动式:Doyouhaveanythingtotype?Doyouhaveanythingtobetyped?C)说明所修饰名词的内容:Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.6)作状语:A)表目的:Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:wrong:Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.right:Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.wrong:TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.right:TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.B)表结果:(重要考点)Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调:Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.C)表原因:Theywereverysadtohearthenews.D)表程度:It’stoodarkforustoseeanything.Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.7)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。(重要考点) Ifyoudon’twanttodoit,youdon’tneedto.8)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.2、动名词的句法功能:1)作主语:Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。Collectingstampsisinteresting.集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。It’snousequarrelling.争吵是没用的。常用动名词做主语的句型有:It’snogood(use,fun)doing.It’s(a)wasteoftimedoing.It’sworthwhiledoing.2)作表语:Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。3)作宾语:Theyhaven’tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),bebusy,beworth,feellike,can’tstand,can’thelp,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston,feellike4)作定语:Hecan’twalkwithoutawalkingstick.他没有拐杖不能走路。 Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool.你们学校有游泳池吗?5)作同位语:Thecave,hishiding-placeissecret.那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。3、现在分词的句法功能:1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前,如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。Themanspeakingtotheteacherisourmonitor’sfather.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:inthefollowingyears也可用intheyearsthatfollowed,themanspeaking可改为themanwhoisspeaking.2)现在分词作表语:Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。Thepresentsituationisinspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。3)作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listento,lookat,leave,catch等。例如:Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?Hekeptthecarwaitingatthegate.他让小汽车在门口等着。4)现在分词作状语:A)作时间状语:(While)Workinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。B)作原因状语:BeingaLeaguemember,heisalwayshelpingothers.由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。C)作方式状语,表示伴随:Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.他呆在家里,又擦又洗。 D)作条件状语:(If)Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。E)作结果状语:Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。F)作目的状语:Hewentswimmingtheotherday.几天前他去游泳了。G)作让步状语:Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。(四)过去分词:过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能:1、过去分词作定语:OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Thoseelectedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2、过去分词作表语:Thewindowisbroken.窗户破了。Thewerefrightenedatthesadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:boiledwater(开水)fallenleaves(落叶)newlyarrivedgoods(新到的货)therisensun(升起的太阳)thechangedworld(变了的世界)这类过去分词有:gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。 3、过去分词作宾语补足语:Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。4、过去分词作状语:Praisedbytheneighbours,hebecametheprideofhisparents.受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)Givenmoretime,I’llbeabletodoitbetter.如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)Filledwithhopesandfears,heenteredthecave.心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。非谓语动词用法对比(重要考点)一、不定式与动名词做主语:1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为,不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如:Collectinginformationaboutchildren’shealthishisjob.收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。It’snecessarytodiscusstheproblemwithanexperiencedteacher.与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语:1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。Histeachingaimofthisclassistotrainthestudents’speakingability.他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释,这时主语与表语位置可以互换,动名词常用于口语中。Itsfull-timejobislayingeggs.它的(指蚁后)的专职工作是产卵。3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征;进行时表示正在进行的动作。Theopeningceremonyofthe29thOlympicGamesisverymoving.(现在分词做表语)Withthehelpoftheteacher,thestudentsarepractisingtheidioms.(现在进行时)4、常用作表语的现在分词有:interesting,amusing,disappointing,missing,puzzling,exciting,inspiring,following等。现在分词表示进行与主动。Thejokeisamusing.这笑话很逗人。 Theproblemispuzzling.这个问题令人不解。5、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。Thevillageissurroundedbyhighmountains.(过去分词做表语)TheenemywassurroundedbytheRedArmy.(被动语态)Heiswelleducated.(过去分词做表语)Hehasbeeneducatedinthiscollegeforthreeyears.(被动语态)常用在句中做表语的过去分词有:used,closed,covered,interested,followed,satisfied,surrounded,done,lost,decided,prepared,saved,shut,won,completed,crowded,dressed,wasted,broken,married,unexpected等。6、注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同:interest(使…感兴趣),surprise(使…吃惊),frighten(使…害怕),excite(使…兴奋),tire(使…疲劳),please(使…满意),puzzle(使…迷惑不解),satisfy(使…满意),amuse(使…娱乐),disappoint(使…失望),inspire(使…欢欣鼓舞),worry(使…忧虑)它们的现在分词常修饰物(有时修饰人),表示主动,过去分词常修饰人,表示被动(包括某人的look、expression、voice等)。例如:Climbingistiring.爬山很累人。Theyareverytired.他们很疲劳Afterhearingtheexcitingnews,hegaveaspeechinanexcitedvoice.三、不定式与动名词做宾语:1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语:want,wish,hope,expect,ask,pretend,care,decide,happen,long,offer,refuse,fail,plan,prepare,order,cause,afford,beg,manage,agree,promise等。2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语:enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,appreciate,bebusy,beworth,feellike,can’tstand,can’thelp,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston等。3、在forget,remember,stop,regret,try,mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同,不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作,而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,常用一般式doing代替完成式havingdone.Heforgottotellmetoposttheletter.(他忘了叫我发信。) Ishallneverforgetfindingthatrarestamponanordinaryenvelope.我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票。Remembertowritetouswhenyougetthere.到那里,记得给我们写信。Idon’tremembermeetinghim.我不记得见过他。IregrettotellyouthatIcan’tgotoyourbirth-dayparty.我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。Theyregrettedagreeingtotheplan.他们后悔同意这个计划。Hetriedtopretendtoshareinthepleasurewithhisfriend.他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐。Shetriedreadinganovel,butthatcouldn’tmakeherforgethersorrow.她试着看看小说,但也不能使她忘记伤心事。Ididn’tmeantohurtyou.我没有企图伤害你。Afriendindeedmeanshelpingothersfornothinginreturn.真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人。4、动名词作need,want,require,beworth的宾语时,用主动式代替被动式。Thewashing-machineneedsrepairing.(=needstoberepaired)这台洗衣机需要修理。Thepointwantsreferringto.这一点要提到。ThisEnglishnovelisworthreading.=ThisEnglishnovelisworthytoberead.这本英文小说值得一读。ThesituationinRussianrequiredstudying.俄国形式需要研究。四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语:1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语:ask,tell,beg,allow,want,like,hate,force,invite,persuade,advise,order,cause,encourage,waitfor,callon,permit,forbidThedoctoradvisedhimtostayinbedforanotherfewdays.医生嘱咐他再卧床休息几天。Wewishhimtoremainandacceptthepost.我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。(注意hope后不跟不定式做宾补。)2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to”的不定式,这些动词有:吾看三室两厅一感觉。例如:Wenoticedhimenterthehouse.我们留意到他进了那所房子。Thebossmadethemworktwelvehoursaday.老板让他们一天干12小时工作。注意当make、have不做“迫使、让”讲,而做“制造、有”解时,跟带有to的不定式做状语。Mothermadeacaketocelebratehisbirthday.妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。 Hehadameetingtoattend.他有个会要开。3、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,make,set,have,leave,keep,find等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补,要看分词与宾语的关系。例:Weheardhimsingingthesongwhenwecamein.当我们进来的时候,听见他正唱那首歌。Wehaveheardthesongsungtwice.我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。备注:不定式和现在分词都可做“五看两听”的宾语补足语,区别为:不定式表示动作的全过程;现在分词表示动作正在进行。Isawathiefstealawalletfromanoldlady.Isawathiefstealingawalletfromanoldlady.五、非谓语动词做定语:1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后,表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。例如:Hehadnohousetoliveinbutalotofworktodo.他没有房子住却有好多活要干。Ourmonitoristhefirsttoarrive.我们班长是第一个到的。2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别:动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途;现在分词做定语,表示所修饰名词进行的动作。awalkingstick拐杖(动名词做定语,意为astickforwalking)asleepingcar卧铺车厢(动名词做定语,意为acarforsleeping)therisingsun正在升起的太阳(现在分词做定语,意为thesunwhichwasrising)thechangingworld变化中的世界(现在分词做定语,意为theworldwhichischanging)3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别:过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作,现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如:apieceofdisappointingnews使人失望的消息(意同apieceofnewswhichdisappointedus)inthefollowingyears在后来的几年中(意同intheyearsthatfollowed)awelldressedwoman衣着讲究的女士(意同awomanwhoisdressedwell)acarparkedatthegate停在门口的小汽车(意同acarwhichwasparkedatthegate)六、不定式与分词做状语:1、不定式做状语,只表示目的、结果或原因:Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen.他匆忙赶到家中,发现钱被盗了。(结果状语)Tomakehimselfheard,heraisedhisvoice.为了被听清楚,他提高了嗓门。(目的状语)Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress. 看到他的进步,我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式:Seenfromthetopofthehill,thetownisbeautiful.从山上看,这座城市很美。(条件状语)Comingintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry.当走进房间时,他发现父亲生气了。(时间状语)Beingtired,theywentonworking.虽然累了,但他们继续工作。(让步状语)Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,thelittleboybegantocry.由于被大孩子打了鼻子,那个小男孩哭了。(原因状语)Heputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherpleased.他把一个手指放进嘴里,尝了尝,笑了,看起来挺高兴。(伴随状语)3.现在分词和过去分词作状语:当状语放在句首时,现在分词表主动,即:现在分词与其逻辑主语(句子的主语)之间是主动关系(句子主语执行该动作);而过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系(句子主语承受该动作)。Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Isawmanycars.Seenfromthetopofthemountain,acarlookslikeanant.4.分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间必须存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则句子不成立。Wrong:Readingtheletter,hertearsfelldownhercheeks.Right:Whenshereadtheletter,hertearsfelldownhercheeks.Readingtheletter,shecried.Shereadingtheletter,hertearsfelldownhercheeks.5.序数词(包括thelast)一般由不定式修饰Thelasttocomepaysthebill.Heisthefirsttoarrive.6.注意几个句型Sbis/wassaid/thought/reported/believed/expectedtodosth.(据说/认为/报道/相信/期望某人做…) Sbis/wassaid/thought/reported/believed/expectedtohavedonesth.(据说/认为/报道/相信/期望某人已经做过…)Heisexpectedtocomehereontime.Zhangxiangxiangwasreportedtohavewonagoldmedalinthe29thOlympicGames.四、with的复合结构构成:With+宾语+宾补(形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词)作用:作状语Shelayinbed,withherfacepale.Thegirlfellasleep,withthelighton.Hermothersatinanarmchair,withherheaddown.Ican’tgooutwiththeseclothestowash.Hesatnearthestove,withhisbackagainstthedoor.Helefttheroom,withthelightburning.Helayonhisback,withhiseyesclosed.五、独立主格结构名词/代词+being+形容词/副词/介词短语名词/代词+动词不定式/现在分词/过去分词非谓语动词专题训练1.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman___hishandintothepocketofapassenger.A.putB.tobeputtingC.toputD.putting2.Whenyou’relearningtodrive,__agoodteachermakesabigdifference.A.haveB.havingC.andhaveD.andhaving3.Ifeltitagreathonour__tospeaktoyou.A.toaskB.askingC.tobeaskedD.havingasked4.Iwouldlove__tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone5.Beforeyoudecidetoleaveyourjob,__theeffectitwillhaveonyourfamily.A.considerB.consideringC.toconsiderD.considered6.Robertissaid__abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying7.ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows____. A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit8.Anyone__bags,boxes,orwhatever,wasstoppedbythepolice.A.seencarryB.seencarryingC.sawtocarryD.sawcarrying9.MrReedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto__someschoolsforpoorchildren.A.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup10.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto__.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught11.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto__theflower-linedgarden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin12.Totesteggs,__theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey’rebad,iftheysinkthey’regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputting13.“WhereisDavid?”“Heisupstairs__readytogoout.”A.togetB.gettingC.tobegettingD.havinggot14.“Mum,whydoyoualwaysmakemeeataneggeveryday?”“__enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.”A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.tobegetting15.Hewasreadinghisbook,completely__totheworld.A.lostB.losingC.toloseD.tohavelost16.Welookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhere__.A.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfound17.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotdo18.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound__inthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked19.Findinghercarstolen,___.A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelpB.theareawassearchingthoroughlyC.itwaslookedforeverywhereD.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp“Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?”“Thekey__ theproblemistomeetthedemand__bythecustomers.”A.tosolving,makingB.tosolving,madeC.tosolve,makingD.tosolve,made21.“WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?”“__hernewbike.”A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing22.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce__nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun23.Though__money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin24.Tonywasveryunhappyfor__totheparty.A.havingnotbeeninvitedB.nothavinginvitedC.havingnotinvitedD.nothavingbeeninvited25.ThoughIhaveoftenheardthissong__.Ihaveneverheardyou___it.A.beingsung,sangB.sang,singingC.sung,singD.tobesung,tosing26.Heisamanoffewwords,andseldomspeaksuntil__to.A.spokenB.speakingC.speakD.bespoken28.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson____.A.tosendB.forsendingitC.tosendittoD.forsendingitto29.___ontime,thismedicinewillbequiteeffective.A.TakingB.BeingtakenC.TakenD.Havingtaken30.Thefilmstarwalkedtohiscar,__acrowdofjournalists.A.followedbyB.followingbyC.tofollowD.tobefollowedby31.Afterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewenton__howmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplained32.Pleaseexcuseme__yourletterbymistake.A.toopenB.tohaveopenedC.foropeningD.inopening33.Pleaseremember__theplantswhileI’maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwatering34.CertainlyIpostedyourletter—Iremember__it.A.postingB.topostC.tobepostingD.haveposted 35.Stop__metohurryup.Icanonlygosofast.A.totellB.tellingC.tohavetoldD.havingtold36.Remember__offthelightwhen__tobed.A.turning,goingB.toturn,togoC.turning,togoD.toturn,going37.__time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given38.__in1636,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.A.BeingfoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.FoundedD.Founding39.Theladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththe__.A.ollarsremainedB.ollarstoremainC.remainedollarsD.remainingollars40.Thepicture__onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung41.Withalotofdifficultproblems___,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settingC.tosettleD.beingsettled42.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains____whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen答案与解析1.选D。catchsbdoingsth意为“碰上某人在做某事”或“逮住某做某事”。2.选B。这是一个含when引导时间状语从句的主从复合句,havingagoodteacher在主句中用作主语。3.选C。句中的it为形式主语,不定式tobeaskedtospeaktoyou为真正主语,因“我”与ask为被动关系,故用被动式。 4.选B。like和love后接不定式或动名词均可,但wouldlove/like后只能接不定式,据此可排除选项C、D。表示过去未曾实现的愿望,其后要接不定式完成式,即选B。5.选A,before引导的是时间状语从句,填空句为主句,而此主句为一祈使句,故动词用原形。其中itwillhave…为修饰名词theeffect的宾语从句。6.选A。根据句中的studied可知,他曾到国外留过学,也就是说“留学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作(issaid)之前,故用完成式,即选A。7.选C。dowith与what连用可以表示“处置”、“放置”、“利用”等。如:WhatshallIdowithit?怎样处置它好呢?Whathaveyoudonewithmyumbrella?你把我的雨伞放到哪里去了?Idon’tknowwhattodowiththisstrangeobject.我不知道这怪东西有什么用。8.选B。anyoneseencarryingbags…为anyonewhowasseencarryingbags之略,其中过去分词短语seencarryingbags…用作定语修饰代词anyone。另外,句中的whowasseencarryingbags为seesbdoingsth这一结构的被动式。9.选B。devote…to…的意思是“把……贡献给……”或“致力于……”,其中to是介词,不是不定式符号,若后动词要用动名词。句中的hehad为定语从句,用以修饰all,注意不将hadto视为同一个语义结构。10.选C。leadto意为“导致”,其中的to是介词,不是不定式符号,若后接动词要用动名词。由于逻辑主语thethief与catch为被动关系,故答案选C。11.选D。lookforwardto意为“期盼”,其中to是介词,后接动词要用动名词。注意不能选B,因为payavisit不能带theflower-linedgarden作宾语,假若在payingavisit后加上介词to,则可选B。12.选A。句首的totesteggs为目的状语,填空句为祈使句谓语,故要用动词原形。13.选B。现在分词短语表伴随(fromwww.nmet168.com)。14.选C。togetenoughproteinandnutrition表目的。15.选A。(be)losttosth为习语,意为“不再受某事物的影响”、“将某事物置之度外”。16.选C。因keys与find是被动关系。17.选A。不定式的否定式总是将否定词not置于不定式符号to之前,而不能置于其后,同时结合tellsb(not)todosth这一结构可排除选项C、D。当不定式的动词是前面已出现过的相同的动词时,为避免重复,通常省略该不定式而只保留不定式符号to。18.选B。find后可接现在分词(表示动作在进行)或过去分词(表被动关系)作宾语补足语,但是不接不定式。另外,由于he与smoke是主动关系,故选B。 19.选D。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子主语。比较四个选项,findinghercarstolen的逻辑主语显然是she,而不是apoliceman,thearea,it等,故选D。选B。thekeyto…意为“……的关键”,其中的to是介词,不是不定式符号,若后接动词要用动名词。另一方面,名词demand与make是被动关系(makedemands提出要求),同时根据句中的bythecustomers,可确定答案选B(fromwww.nmet168.com)。21.选C。答句是针对疑问词what的回答,而问句中的疑问词what在句中用作主语,所以答句也应是一个能用作主语的东西,比较四个选项,只有C合适。其完整回答形式为LosinghernewbikemadeMarysoupset.比较,下面一题要填不定式,因为四个选项中只有Tochooseanewchairman能回答疑问词why:“Whywasaspecialmeetingcalled?”“______anewchairman.”A.ChooseB.ChoosingC.TochooseD.Chosen22.选D。由于theresearch与begin是被动关系,故用过去分词begun。Oncebegun可视为onceitisbegun之省略。23.选C。由于hisparents与lackmoney(缺钱)是主动关系,故用现在分词,又因为lack是及物动词,故后接宾语无需用介词,故选C。24.选D。非谓语动词的否定式要将否定词not放在整个非谓语动词之前,据此可排除A、C。另外,由于Tony与invite是被动关系,故选D(fromwww.nmet168.com)。25.C。第一空填sung,因为song与sing是被动关系;第二空填sing,因为you与sing是主动关系。27.选A。untilspokento可视为untilheisspokento之略。28.选C,不定式短语tosenditto用作这语,修饰其前的名词theperson。注意句尾的介词to不能省略,因为被修饰的名词theperson为介词to的逻辑宾语。29.选C。thismedicine与动词take为被动关系,故用过去分词。30.选A。从句意上看,人群跟在明星后面,反过来,明星便是被人群跟着。31.选A。goondoingsth=继续做同一事情,goontodosth=做完某事后续继做某事。32.选C。excusesbfordoingsth意为“原谅某人做了某事”。33.选C。rememberdoingsth=记住曾经做过的事,remembertodosth=记住要做的事。34.选A。rememberdoingsth=记住曾经做过的事,remembertodosth=记住要做的事。35.选B。根据下文的Icanonlygosofast知前文应是叫对方不要老催自己快走。比较:stopdoingsth=停止做某事,stoptodosth=停下正在做的事去干另一事(fromwww.nmet168.com)。 36.选D。一是分清以下两个结构:remembertodosth=记住做某事,rememberdoingsth=记住曾做过某事;二是注意whengoingtobed相当于whenyougotobed。37.选D。由于动词give与其逻辑主语he是动宾关系,故用过去分词,即选D。其中Giventime可视为Ifheisgiventime之略。38.C。由于Harvard(哈佛大学)与found(建立)是被动关系,且因句中有in1636,故选C。注意不能选B,否则前后两句之间缺少必要的连词。39.选D,由于remain为不及物动词,所以包含过去分词remained的A和C不宜选(因为两者均含有被动意味);选项B也不宜选,不定式toremain用作修饰ollars的后置定语,由于彼此之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,故不妥(因为remain不及物)。现在分词remaining的意思是“剩下的”。40.选B。动词hang表示“悬挂”时,可用作及物或不及物动词,此处填hanging或hung均可,但不能填beinghung,因为它表示动作正在进行,而此处表示的是一种悬挂的状态。41.选C。“with+名词+不定式”的意思是“有……要……”。又如:Ican’tgooutwithalltheseclothestowash.要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。WithsuchgoodcardrestocarryouttheParty’spolicywefeelsafe.有这样的好干部执行党的政策,我们感到放心。42.选B。remain作“尚需”解,是连系动词,其后要接不定式作表语。由于see与it(形式主语,指whethertheywillenjoyit)是动宾关系,因此用不定式的被动式。