初三英语语法总复习教案 10页

初三英语总复习一、名词：1、名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。2、名词的分类：专有名词：China,Mike,English,theGreatWall…普通名词：可数名词(有单、复数之分,在可数名词单数之前要用a/an)table,life,tomato…不可数名词（无复数形式）food,duty,news,knowledge…3、可数名词复数的构成：⑴一般情况是在名词后加-s⑵以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加-es⑶以辅音字母+y结尾的，要变y为i再加-es，如：city--family–以元音字母(Aa,Ee,Ii,Oo,Uu)+y结尾的，加-s,如：boy--⑷以f/fe结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es，如：half--self--shelf--leaf--knife--wife--life--⑸以o结尾的，只有tomato和potato是加-es，其余的都加-s，如：photo--radio--kilo--zero--zoo--⑹特殊情况：man--woman--policeman--Englishman--Frenchman--但：German--child--foot--tooth--⑺单、复同形：Chinese--Japanese--sheep--⑻形式上是单数，实际上表复数概念：people，police如：Thepeople/policeareworkinghard.⑼有两种形式的：fish作“鱼”时，可数，其复数是fish或fishes作“鱼肉”时，不可数。⑽复合名词的复数形式：manplayer--menplayers，womandoctor--womendoctors，appletree--appletrees4、不可数名词：无复数形式，不能与a/an或数词连用，必须用acupof…,apieceof…,apairof…,some,much,somuch,toomuch,little,alittle,alotof,lotsof…等表数量。如：muchwork,alittlemoney,twobagsofrice…注：一条裤子apairoftrousersis…Thetrousersare…一双袜子/鞋子apairofsocks/shoesis…Mynewshoesare…一副眼镜apairofglassesis…数杯橘子汁glassesoforanges数张纸piecesofpaper如果这些短语中需要用形容词，形容词应该放在冠词后。afullbottleofmilktenbigpiecesofpaper如果…of短语后的名词为可数名词时，必须用复数。abagofbooksabasketofapplesaboxofpens5、名词的所有格：⑴单数名词的所有格：①加’sthestudent’sbook②以s结尾的单词,加’James’book⑵复数名词的所有格：①以s结尾的,加’thestudents’booksafewyears’timetwentyminutes’walk②不以结尾的,加’schildren’sdollsmen’sshoes⑶以and连接的：①共同拥有，共同一个’sLilyandLucy’sfatheris②分别拥有，每个名词后加’sLiLei’sandJim’sfathers⑷无生命名词的所有格：①表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加’s或s’anhour’swalk,tenminutes’talk,China’scapital,(in)today’snewspaperworld’spopulation②用of短语。（语序与汉语不一致）apictureofmyfamily,theclassroomofourschool,teachersofClass1⑸双重所有格：afriendofmybrother’sanewphotoofmineanoldfriendofKate’ssomeflowersofhers thenameofhercat⑹表“在……办公室”“在……店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去：atthedoctor’sinUncleWang’sintheteachers’二、代词：⑴人称代词、物主代词、反身代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单、复一样单数复数人称主格Iweyouhe/she/itthey代词宾格meusyouhim/her/itthem物主形容词性物主代词myouryourhis/her/itstheir代词名词性物主代词mineoursyourshis/hers/itstheirs反身myselfourselvesyourselfhimselfthemselves代词yourselvesherself/itself注：1）主格作主语，放在句首。如果主语是几个并列代词时，You最前，I最后（你在前，我在后）。如：You,heandIare…但在表抱歉的句子中，I放在前，如：Sorry,IandLiLeibroketheglasses.2）宾格作宾语，放在动词、介词后。放在动、副短语的之间。如：Theseareyourthings.Pleaseputthemaway.3）形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。4）名词性物主代词后不能加名词，但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。如：mybook=minehisbook=hisherbook=hers5）反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。如：SheteachesherselfEnglish.ShelearnsEnglishbyherself.于句末加强语气，“亲自”。如：You’llseeityourself.于主语后作同位语。如：Hehimselfdidit.于固定短语中。如：enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime=playhappilybealone=allbyoneselfteachoneselfsth.=learnsth.(all)byoneselfleavesb.byoneselfhelponeselftosth.⑵指示代词：近指this→复these远指that→复those注：1）打电话时用this代替自己，that代替对方。如：Hello!Thisis….Isthat…speaking?2）that/those可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物。如：Thisstoryismoreinterestingthanthatone.⑶疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词：指人：who(主语)whom(宾语)whose(谁的)指物：whatwho’s(谁是)指人/物：which注：1）ThebagonthedeskisLucy’s.→Whoseisthebagonthedesk?Lucy’sbagisonthedesk.→Whosebagisonthedesk?2）What也可对人的职业、身份提问：Whatdoyoudo?=Whatareyou?Whatdoesshedo?=Whatisshe?3）对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What：Heisthinandtall.→Whatishelike?⑷不定代词：①some用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句，如：Couldyougivemesome…? Wouldyoulikesome…?Whydon’tyougivehimsome…?any用于否定句、疑问句、条件句，如：Ifyouhaveanyquestiontoask,youwillcallme.注：something/somebody/someoneanything/anybody/anyone用法类似。②one…theother…(一个…另一个…)○→○两者中一个…，另一个…one…theothers…(一个…其余的…)○→○○○○多数中的一个…，余下的全部…some…theothers(一些…其余的…)○○→○○○○一些…，余下的全部…some…others(一些…另一些…)○○→○○○○→○○○→一些…，余下的中的一部分…another(另一个，又一个)○→○→○→一个一个地连接，后+名单或few/数字+名复，如：anothercakeanothertwocakes=twomorecakes注：1）theother和other后可加名词2）theothers和others后不加名词3）theother/theothers表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。4）other/others表除去一部分后的另一些，但不是余下的全部。③each强调个体，+名单(谓动：单)两个或两个以上的每一个。eachof+名复(谓动：单)如：Eachwomanhasabook.=Eachofthewomenhasabook,every强调整体，+名单(谓动：单)三个或三个以上的每一个Everyboylikes…但Everyof×注：1)Eachofushasaroom.=Wehavearoomeach.2)eachother两者互相，于动词后，如：helpeachotherunderstandeachothereachother的所有格eachother’s，如：Theyfilledeachother’sstockingswithpresents.P.33)当each放在主语后时，谓动（复），如：Weeachhaveabookonthedesk.4)oneeach每人一个④both两者都→否：neither两者都不+名单Neithersentenceisright.all三者以上全都→否：none三者以上全都不bothof（谓动：复）Bothoftheanswersareright.neitherof（谓动：单）Neitheroftheanswersiswrong.BothAandB（谓动：复）A和B都BothyouandIareteachers.NeitherAnorB（就近一致）A和B都不NeitheryounorIamastudent.注：1）either两个人或物中的任何一个，如：Therearesomeflowersoneithersideoftheriver.=Therearesomeflowersonbothsidesoftheriver.2）either表“也”时，于否定句，:如：Hedoesn’tlikeit.Shedoesn’tlikeit,either.3）EitherAorB（就近一致）或者A…或者B…，不是A…就是B…EithertheyorLilyknowsthegoodnews.4）倒装句中：Shelikesapples,andsodoeshe.Ifyouwon’tgo,neither/norwillI.⑤one代指单数的人或物Theappleisbiggerthanthatone.ones代指复数的人或物Theapplesarebiggerthanthoseones.注：it与oneit代指前面提到过的单数的东西，复数用them。如：Ican’tfindmypen.Haveyouseenitanywhere?指同一样东西。one代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西，复数用ones。如：I’velostmypen.Iwanttobuyanewone.同类不同物。⑥alotof=lotsof=plentyof+名复或不可数名词=many+名复或much+不可数名词用于肯定句用于否、疑句如：Shepickedalotoforanges.→Shedidn’tpickmanyoranges.⑦toomuch与toomanysomuch与somany ⑧some,any,no,every可与one,body,thing构成合成不定代词，1）这些词作主语时看作三单。Nobodyishere.Everyoneinourclasslikes…2）放在形容词之前。somethingimportant,nothingdelicious,somethingnice指人somebodysomeone指物somethinganybodyanyoneanythingeverybodyeveryoneeverythingnobodynoonenothing注：Iseveryoneheretoday?Yes,weare.⑨fewlittleafewalittleExx:1.Thesecupsareours.Thoseare__.A.othersB.other’sC.others’D.others’s2.Whydon’tyouget___toread?A.nothingB.somethingC.anythingD.everything3.Eachofthegirls____ahandbag.A.hasB.haveC.doesD.is三、数词和冠词：1、数词：基数词(表数目):1-12单独记，13-19加teen，整十加ty，几十几之间加-，hundred后加and.序数词(表顺序)：基+th→序注：1）基数词变序数词口诀：基变序，有规律，词尾加上th，一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母t和d，(first,second,third)八减t，九去e，f来把ve替，(eighth,ninth,fifth,twelfth)单词ty作结尾，要把y来变ie，(twenty--twentieth)若是遇到几十几，只变末位就可以。(thirty-first)2）分数表达法：基/序，分子大于1时分母+s。1/5--onefifth2/5--twofifths两种表达法：1/2：ahalf或onesecond1/4：aquarter或onefourth3/4：threequarters或threefourths3）对东西的数量提问用Howmany+名复…?如：Thereisonlyabirdinthetree.→Howmanybirdsarethereinthetree?4）对不可数名词的量提问用Howmuch+不可数名词…?如：Thereisalittlemilkinthebottle.→Howmuchmilkisthere5）对人口的数量提问用What…?如：ThepopulationofChinais120,000,000.→WhatisthepopulationofChina?6）对星期和节日提问用Whatday…?如：YesterdaywasWomen’sDay/Friday.→Whatdaywasyesterday?7）对日期提问用Whatis/wasthedate…?如：LastSundaywasMarch3rd.→WhatwasthedatelastSunday?8）hundred,thousand,million,billion在表示具体数时，不用复数，如：threemillion.在表概数时用复数+of短语，如：thousandsof,manythousandsof9）第6课：LessonSix=thesixthlesson405房间：Room40510）A加B是多少：Whatisfourand/plusseven?It’seleven.11）序数词的前面一般必须加the，但以下情况不用：①表“又一”时，如：Therearethreeflowers,butshewantsafourthone.②序数词前有形容词性物主代词时，如：Thisismyfifteenthbirthday.③序数词作表语时，如：Whowasfirstinthehighjump?※Heisalwaysthefirstonetocometotheschool.Iamthesecondonetogetupinmyfamily.特别记忆：one–firsttwo–secondthree–thirdfour–fourteen–fortyfive–fifteen–fifty–fifthnine–nineteen–ninety–ninthtwelve–twelfthtwenty--twentieth2、冠词(a,an,the)冠词放在名词前：aninvention,ausefulinvention①不定冠词a/an：表泛指，用于不限定的可数名词单数前，a用于辅音前，an用于元音前。Thereisa“u”andan“s”intheword“bus”.Heisaneight-year-oldboy.(aneighteen-year-old,aneighty-year-old,aneleven-year-old)②定冠词the：表特指，用于特定的单、复数名词前。theearth③定冠词the的用法：1）特指某人或物：Theshirtonthetableishis?2）说话双方都知道的人或物：Whereisthecoat?--It’sbehindthechair.3）上文提到过的人或物：Ihaveacat,thecatlikesplayingwithballs4）世上独一无二的东西：Theseaisblue.5）用在序数词和形容词最高级前面：thehealthieststudent6）固定短语中：ontheothersideof…atthebusstopthenumberof…7）由普通名词构成的专有名词前：theChangjiangRiver8)用在姓的复数形式前表某一家人：TheGreensarewatchingfootballmatch.9）用在某些形容词前表某一类人：Wushouldhelptheblind.④不用冠词的情况：1）专有名词和不可数名词前不用：America,Australia,porridge…2）名词前已有this,that,my,our,your,his,herits,some,any,whose,no,each,every等词时不用：Thisisourfirstlesson.Everyboyhasaworkbook.3）星期、月份、季节、节日前不用：onSundaymorning,inspring,Teachers’Day,Children’sDayWomen’sDay Mid-AutumnDay1）称呼、学科、三餐、球类运动前不用：aftersupperplayvolleyballMr.Wang(琴类前要用the:playthepiano)2）某些固定短语中不用：athomebybusinbedontimeattimes注：表类别1)a/an+名单Ahouseisausefulanimal.Amooncakeisaroundcake.2)the+名单Thehouseisausefulanimal.3)名复Housesareusefulanimals.四、形容词和副词：形容词①修饰名词，放在名词前。animportantthing②修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后。somethinginterestingtoread③于系动词后，作表语。bebeautifullookhappyfeellonelybecomeangry副词：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。Maybeheknowsthegoodnews.1、形容词、副词比较等级的构成：①单音节、双音节词：1）一般情况+er,est：quick-quicker-quickesthealthy-2）以结尾的+r,st：nice-nicer-nicestfine-finer-finest3）以辅音字母+y的，变y为i+er,est：healthy-healthier-healthiest4）双写，再+er,est的：big,red,fat,thin,hot,wet,sad②多音节词和部分双音节词，在单词前+more,most：slowly-moreslowly-mostslowlyquickly-morequickly-mostquicklytired-moretired-mosttiredoften–oftener/moreoften–oftenest/mostoften③不规则变化：good/well–better–bestlittle–less–leastbad/badly/ill–worse–worstmany/much–more–mostfar–farther–farthestold–older–oldest年龄大小-further–furthest-elder–eldest家庭成员的长幼2、比较级句型：（两者相比，用than表达）A比B…A…+比较级thanBA比B…得多A…+much+比较级thanB(much+比较级:…得多)如：①Thecakeisbiggerthanthatone.Thecakeismoredeliciousthanthatone.②Igetupearlierthanmyfathereveryday.③Theseproblemsaremucheasierthanthoseones.Theseproblemsismuchmoreimportantthanthoseones.注：1）比较级前可加much,alittle,even,still等，如：Sheisevenslowerthanbefore.Shefelteven/muchworse.2）比较级+and+比较级（越来越…），如：Daysgetlongerandlongerinsummer.Ourcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.1）the+比较级…,the+比较级…（越…越…），如：Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.Themorehereadsthebook,thebetterheunderstandit.2）the+比较级ofthetwo（两者中较…的），如：Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.=Heistallerthantheotherone.3、最高级句型：（三者以上，用of短语或in短语表达）A是…中最…的：A…+（the）+最高级+of/in短语注：1)in表场所或范围，如：inourclass,intheirfactory…of与名复、代词或表具体数量的词连用，如：ofus,ofall,ofthethree…2)形容词最高级前必须加the,而副词最高级前则可不加。如：Annistheyoungestinherfamily.Tomdoeseverythingmostcarefullyofthefive.4、同级比较：（用as…as或notas/so…as句型）①A与B一样…A…+as+形、副原形+as②A与B不一样…/A不如B…A…+as+形、副原形+as5、同义句转换：①变成否定句：如：A比B高。=B没有A高。AistallerthanB.=Bisn’ttallerthanA. ①变成反义词：(A与B交换位置)如：A比B高。=B比A矮。AistallerthanB.=BisshorterthanA.②将more+形、副原形与less+形、副原形互换：（A与B交换位置）如：AismoreinterestingthanB.=BislessinterestingthanA.③比较级与最高级的互换：A是…中最…。=A比其他任何一个都…如：Chineseisthemostusefulsubject.=Chineseismoreusefulthananyothersubject.(thananyother+名单)=Chineseismoreusefulthantheothersubjects.(thantheother+名复)=Chineseismoreusefulthantheothers.(theothers=theother+名复)Hejumpshighestinourclass.=Hejumpshigherthananyotherstudentinourclass.=Hejumpshigherthantheotherstudentsinourclass.=Hejumpshigherthantheothersinourclass.注：1)ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercityinChina.ShanghaiisbiggerthananycityintheUSA.2)Tomstudiesharderthananyotherstudentinhisclass.Thefatherworksharderthananyworkerinthefactory.④A和B都…=A与B一样…如：AandBarebothveryimportant.=AisasimportantasB.5、形容词、副词的反义词：6、形容词、副词的互换：①一般情况在词尾+ly,如：quick-quicklyslow-slowlycareful-carefully②以y结尾的，变y为i+ly,如：happy-happilyeasy-easily③以e结尾的：polite-politelysafe-safely但：true-trulypossible-possibly④特殊的：good-well⑤形、副同形的：early,fast,straight,hard…⑥频度副词always,sometimes,often,usually,never等放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，实义动词之前。⑦程度副词very,so,too,quite,rather后+形、副原形，enough用于名前形、副后。⑧副词home,here,there之前不能加the,如：thewaytothehospital,onone’swayhomegettothefactory,getthere⑨also,too与eitherso与neither/nor⑩already,yet与ever五、介词：1）表时间的介词：in表某年、月、星期、季节：in2002,inJanuary,inaweek,inautumn固定短语：inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,intheend…on表某一天或某一天的某部分：onWomen’sDay,onAugust,3rd,onMondaymorning,onthefifthday,onacoldeveningontheeveningofSeptember,22nd…固定短语：ontime…sth.is/areonthebedat表某一时刻：atseveno’clock,atthattime,固定短语：atfirst,atlast,atnight,atnoon,attheendof…for表时间段：fortwomonths,foramoment,foralongtime…before在…之前：beforebreakfast,beforewashing,beforetwelveo’clockafter在…之后：afterlunch,afterrunning,thedayaftertomorrow,aftereightfrom…to…从…到…fromTuesdaytoSaturday,frommorningtoevening,fromninetoelevenbetween…and…在…之间betweennineandelevenpast表超过某时刻（半小时前）：halfpastfive,twenty-threepasttento表时间到某时刻差多少：twelvetotwelve,thirteentonine2）表方位的介词：in在…内，在大地方：inthegag,inbed,inBeijing,inatown…on在…上（面上、线上、点上）：ontheearth,ontheleft,onthehill,onafarm, onone’swaytoschool…in□在…范围内on两地相邻to□□两地不相邻※※Taiwanis_____thesoutheastofChina,andit’s_____theeastofFujian.※※Sichuanis____thenorthofYunnan.at在…小地方：atthebusstop,atthefootofthehill,attheschoolgate,attheendoftheroad,standatthestartingline/atthesideoftheroadbeside在…旁边：besidethehousenear在…附近：nearthewindow,neartosb.=nexttosb.behind在…后面：behindthechair,behindmeunder在…下面：underthetableoutside在…外部：（反：inside）outsidetheschoolgate,insidetheparkinto指进入…go/comeintotheroom,sendupintothesky,runintotheforestup向上：putupthemap,lookupthestartsdown向下，顺着…下去：dodownthestreetinfrontof在…前面：infrontme,(abigtree)infrontofmyhouseinthefrontof在…前部：(thebus-driver)inthefrontofthebus,(theteachers)inthefrontoftheclassroomonthetree在树上（本身长在树上的东西）inthetree在树上（外来物飞、落到树上）onthewall在墙上（贴在墙上）inthewall在墙上（镶嵌在墙上）Therearetwodoorsinthewallofourclassroom.across横过，横跨，从点上、面上过，通常指过街、河、桥、马路。动词+across=crossgoacrossthestreet/river/bridge/roadthrough穿过，从物体内部穿过，通常指穿过森林，光、空气等透过窗、门洞。Gothroughtheforest.Thelight/Thecoldairgoesthroughthedoor.Thesunshinedoesthroughthewindow.between两者之间，通常构成between…and…：betweenChengduandChongqingShesitsbetweenJimandme.among三者以上的之间：Weliveamongtheair.Hebuiltahouseamongthetrees.LeiFengalwayslivesamongus.on在…上，两物体接触。Putyoureraseronyourdesk.over在…的垂直上方：Thereisabridgeovertheriver.above在…上方：Theplanewasflyingabovetheclouds.3）表方式和其他的介词：by表方式，后直接+交通工具。bybus,byplane,byspaceship,bysatellite…=in/on+冠词或代词+交通工具。ona/thebus,ontheboat,inhiscar…inHecansingthenewsonginEnglish.with①表伴随，在一起，拥有等：withhisfamily,withaboxunderhisarm,withthesewords,aboywiththenameofBill,withone’shelp…②表手段或方法：Thepictureisdrawnwithapen.=inpenIcanfinishthehardworkeasilywithyourhelp.without无，没有，with的反义词：withoutone’shelpIcouldn’tfinishmyhomeworkwithoutyourhelp.=Icouldn’tfinishmyhomeworkifyoudidn’thelpme.Wecan’tlivewithoutairorwater.=wecan’tliveifthereisnoairorwater.about与onThereisastoryaboutthepoorgirl.IhaveanewbookonEnglishstudy.on表方式，通过。Whenmyfatherwasyoung,healwayslearnedEnglishontheradio.TheinterestingplaysareonChannelOne.Exercises:1.Thelittleboyiswriting_____apencil.2.Lucycansingthesong______Japanese. 3.Heusuallycomestoschool____bus.4.Hecametoschoolwithhisfriend_____abus.5.Mr.Whitegoestowork_____hisowncar.6.Wearecomingback_____afewhours.7.Myparentsaregoingback_____nineo’clock.8.Theforeignersvisitedourschool______themorningofMay20th,2000.9.Whatdoyouoftendo_____Sundayevening?10.Thelifttakeshimup/down_____thetwelfthfloor.11.Jimlives_____thefifteenfloor.12.Sheisill_____bed.13.Whoseclothesarethese____thebed.14.Whatdoyouthink____thefilm?---Verygood.15.Whatdoyoulike_____China?----Thepeopleandthefood.六、连词：1、并列连词：and表并列。but但是，表转折。or否则so因此，那么2、从属连词：that,if,whether,who,whom,whose,what,whatcolour,when,while,where,which,why,how,howold,howmany,howmuch,howlong,howsoon,howoften,before,after,until,till,assoonas,if,because,so,though,since七、动词：1、动词的种类：1）连系动词：be,look,sound,smell,feel,become,get,turn,go2）情态动词：can/could,may/might,must,need,haveto,shall,will3）助动词：do,does一般现在时中did一般过去时中shall,will一般将来时中should,would过去将来时中have,has现在完成时中had过去完成时中4）行为/实义动词：run,jump,sing,watch,speak…注：1）连系动词+形容词作表语。如：Howhappyhefeels!Howhappilyhelives!形容词系动词副词动词2）情态动词后+动词原形，如：Youmustgotoschooltomorrow.can(could)表能力：能，会Icanhelpmyparentswithhousework.表请求，允许：可以Can/CouldIaskyouaquestion?---Yes,ofcourseyoucan.当表示允许某人做某事时，用can回答。CouldIborrowyourbike?---Yes,youcan.could是can的过去式，也可表示语气比can更委婉。如：Whenhewasfiveyearsold,hecouldswimwell.=Whenhewasattheageoffive,hecouldswimwell.Couldyouhelpmecarrytheheavebox?----Certainly.Canyou…?---Yes,Ican./No,Ican’t.can与beableto：在表能力时，can的过去时态为could。要表其他时态时，用beableto，即：can=am/is/areableto+动原could=was/wereableto+动原Wecanseeitclearly.=Weareabletoseeitclearly.Shecoulddoansmalloperation.=Shewasabletodoansmalloperation.将来时中：Theyaregoingtobeabletofinishthebuildinginayear.=Theywillbeabletofinishthebuildinginayear.may(might)表可能性：可能，也许Hemayberight.=Maybeheisright.Hemayknowit.=Maybeheknowsit.表许可：可以MayIgonow?---Yes,ofcourse.MayI…?---Yes,ofcourse./No,youmustn’t./No,youcan’t.must表义务、命令：必须，应当，务必。（由主观原因决定） 如：Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.表猜测：一定是，否定句中用can’t。ThatmustbeLingFeng.---Thatcan’tbeLingFeng.Theroadiswet,itmustrainjustnow.mustn’t表禁止，不允许：不准，不可以Youmustn’tpickflowersinthepark.MustI…?---Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.（不必）haveto不得不，由客观原因决定如：Motherisill,Ihavetostayathomeandlookafterher.shall(should)应当，要WeshouldspeakEnglishinEnglishclass.表征求意见，……好吗？Shallwe/Igoshoppingnow?will(would)愿意，要Iwilldomybesttohelpyou.表征求意见，……好吗？Willyoupleaseopenthedoor?Wouldyousweepthefloor?need需要Ineedsomehelp.YouneedreadthestoryinChinese.---Youneedn’treadthestoryinChinese.---NeedIreadthestoryinChinese?need作实义动词时，用needtodosth.表示。Sheneedstowatertheyoungtreeseveryday.---Shedoesn’tneedtowatertheyoungtreeseveryday.---Doessheneedtowatertheyoungtreeseveryday?3）助动词：①变否、疑句时加上的：do,does,did如：Idomyhomeworkatnight.→Idon’tdomyhomeworkatnight.→Doyoudoyourhomeworkatnight?Hedoesitwell.→Hedoesn’tdoitwell.→Doeshedoitwell?TheytaughtusEnglish.→Theydidn’tteachusEnglish.→DidtheyteachusEnglish?②句中本来就有的：shall,willhave,hashad如：Ishallhaveameetingtonight.→Ishan’thaveameetingtonight.→Willyouhaveameetingtonight?Hewillbuyawoollensweater,→Hewon’tbuyawoolensweater.→Willhebuyawoolensweater?Wehavefoundthelosebook.→Wehaven’tfoundthelostbook.→Haveyoufoundthelostbook.Hehassungseveralsongs.→Hehasn’tsungseveralsongs.→Hashesungseveralsongs?ThetrainhadleftwhenIarrived.→Thetrainhadn’tleftwhenIarrived.→Hadthetrainleftwhenyouarrived?4）变否、疑句时，找出句中的be动词、情态动词、助动词，在它们后+或将它们提前并大写。若没有以上三类词，则加上do,does或did构成否定句和疑问句，并将动词还原。5）肯定句变否、疑句时：some→anysomething→anythingsomebody→anybodyalready→yettoo/also→eitherand→or如：Theyhavealreadyfinishedthework.→Theyhaven’tfinishedtheworkyet.→Havetheyfinishedtheworkyet?ShecanspeakGermanwell,too.→Shecan’tspeakGermanwell,either.Healwaysreadsandwritesinthemorning.→Heneverreadsorwritesinthemorning.1、动词的基本形式：原形三单(一般现在时)现在分词(进行时)过去式(一般过去时)过去分词(完成时)workworksworkingworkedworkedfoundfoundsfoundingfoundedfoundedfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflown注：1）现在分词表进行，用于进行时，分为现在进行时：be(am/is/are)+V-ing过去进行时：be(was/were)+V-ing 2）过去分词表完成，用于完成时，分为现在完成时：have/has+P.P过去完成时：had+P.P1、动词的基本形式的构成：1）三单(一般现在时第三人称单数)的构成：①一般情况+s，如：like-likesplay-playsenjoy-enjoys…②以s,x,sh,ch,o结尾的+es，如：catch-catcheswash-washesdo-doesgo-goes③辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i+es，如：study-studiesfly-flies2）现在分词(V-ing)的构成：①一般情况+ing，如：study-studyingeat-eatingsee-seeing②以不发音的e结尾的，去e+ing，如：come-comingmake-making③重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写辅音字母，再+ing，如：sit-sittinglet-lettingget-gettingforget-forgettingbegin-beginningrun-runningswim-swimmingstop-stoppingdrop-droppingtravel-travellingprefer-preferring④以ie结尾的，变ie为+y，再+ing，如：die-dyingtie-tyinglie-lying3）过去式、过去分词(+ed)的构成：①一般情况+ed，如：help-helpedwant-wantedenjoy-enjoyedplay-plated②词尾有e的，只+d，如：love-lovedlive-livedhate-hated③辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i再+ed，如：carry-carriedfry-friedworry-worried④重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写辅音字母，再+ed，如：stop-stoppeddrop-dropped4）不规则动词的过去式、过去分词：(见书附表)2、动词的时态：1）一般现在时的构成：①be动词的一般现在时：Iam…否：Iamnot…疑：Areyou…?He/She/Itis…He/She/Itisn’t…Ishe/she/it…?We/You/Theyare…We/You/Theyaren’t…Arewe/you/they…?②Therebe句型的一般现在时（某地有某物）：Thereis…+地点否：Thereisn’t…疑：Isthere…?Therearesome…+地点Therearen’tany…Arethereany…?③行为动词的一般现在时（以teach为例）：Iteach…否：Idon’tteach…疑：Doyouteach…?Sheteaches…Shedoesn’tteach…Doessheteach…?2）一般现在时的用法：①现在的事实或状态：HelivesinLondon.MissGaolikessinging.②现在的习惯、反复的动作：Healwayscomestoschoolontime.Jimwritestohisparentstwiceamonth.③格言、事实、真理：Summercomesafterspring.Timeismoney.Theearthgoesroundthesun.④时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来：when/before/afterif主将从现till/until/assoonas如：Wewon’tgoifitrainstomorrow.Wewillgoifitdoesn’traintomorrow.Pleasetellhimtowaitwhenhecomes.Don’tgetoffthebusbeforeitstops.3）一般现在时的时间副词：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceayear,everyday,everytwodays4）一般现在时的重、难点：行为动词的一般现在时在变否、疑句时，须加助动词do(动词是原形时)和does(动词后有s/es时)，加了助动词后动词要还原。一般过去时：1）一般过去时的构成：①be动词的一般过去时：I/He/She/Itwas…否：I/He/She/Itwasn’t…疑：Wasyou/he/she/it…?We/You/Theywere…We./You/Theyweren’t…Werewe/you/they…?