初中英语语法全攻略 41页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:10:52 发布

初中英语语法全攻略

  • 41页
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lesson9代词(二)内容提要代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。反身代词一、反身代词有myself,ourselves,yourselves,himself,herself,themselves,itself。主语与宾语为同一人或物时,要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词),反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用1)All[A]thescouts(童子军)gottheirselves[B]readyforthe[C]longcampingtripbyspendingtheirweekendsliving[D]intheopen.2)Various[A]animalshaveshellsthatkeepthemselves[B]fromgrowingbeyond[C]acertain[D]size.3)BenjaminBanneker’saptitude[A]inmathematics[B]andknowledgeofastronomyenabledhimself[C]topredictthesolar[D]eclipseof1789.4)Thepresidentannouncedthathehimself[A]wouldactupon[B]theevidenceaspresented[C]tohimself[D]bythecongressionalcommittee.5)Garrett[A]MorgandiedinCleveland,Ohio,thecitythat[A]hadawardedhimself[B]agoldmedalforhisdevotion[C]topublic[D]safety.6)Plantsridthem[A]ofexcesswaterthrough[B]transpiration,theevaporationofextra[C]moisturefromtheir[D]leaves.7)WhenJonathanwent[A]toSpainwithhis[B]sister,heboughta[C]leathercoatforherandanotherforhim[D].二、例题解析1)B错。改为themselves。2)B错。B处明显指代animals,而它前面的主语that却指代shells,也就是说“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主语与宾语不是同一物,故不能用反身代词,应改为宾格them。3)C错。本句的主语为aptitude,而非BenjaminBanneker(在这里它作aptitude的定语),而C处的代词却指上文提到的人名“BenjaminBanneker”,由于主语与宾语并非指同一人,故不能用反身代词,应改用宾格him。4)D错。改为tohim。动词“presented”的(逻辑)主语是“evidence”,而不是A处的“he,”所以D“himself”处与C处“presented”的主语“evidence”不一致,所以不能用反身代词。5)B错。改为him。同上。6)A错。此处的them指主语plants,rid是及物动词,由于主语与宾语指同一物,故应使用反身代词themselves。 7)D错。改为forhimself。lesson10代词(三)内容提要代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。不定代词一、“every”(每一个)只作为定语使用,即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语,它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。everyone相当于名词,它不可修饰其他名词,只作主语或宾语1)Every[A]knowsthathospitalsareinstitutionswherethesickaretreated,buthowmany[B]realizethattheywereonce[C]homesfortheindigentandthefriendless[D]?2)Everyone[A]childintheUnitedStatesmust[B]receive[C]someformofeducationalinstruction[D].例题解析1)A错。every不可单独充当句子成分,应在其后加上person或改为everyone。2)A错。改为Every,修饰child。二、“much”和“many”分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词,可作为代词(如muchof)和形容词使用3)Foodseasoningplaysanimportant[A]roleinthecooking[B]customsofmuch[C]culturesin[D]theworld.4)Thegeneralsalestaxhasbeen[A]amajorsourceofincomeforstategovernments,much[B]ofwhichderivemorethanhalf[C]oftheirbudgetsfrom[D]it.5)Datareceivedfrom[A]twospacecraftindicatethatthereismanyevidence[B]thathugethunderstormsarenowoccurring[C]aroundtheequator[D]oftheplanetSaturn.例题解析3)C错。应改为ofmany,因为被修饰词cultures为可数名词,故其修饰语应用many,而much要修饰不可数名词。4)B错。应改用many,因此处所指代的是可数名词governments(复数),many在本句中为代词,作非限定性定语从句的主语。5)B错。应改为much evidence,因为evidence(证据,迹象)为不可数名词,故应用much来修饰。三、“some”和“any”是表示不定数量的代词,相当于汉语的“一些”,作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,其中some(包括它的合成词something,someone,somebody)多用于肯定句,而any(包括它的合成词anything,anyone,anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中,其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的“任何”;形容词修饰something,someone,somebody,anything,anyone,anybody,nothing,nobody时,形容词要放在这些词的后边6)Historians[A]haveneverreachedsomegeneral[B]agreementabout[C]theprecisecausesofthe[D]CivilWarintheUnitedStates.例题解析6)B错。应为anygeneral,因为本句为否定句(否定副词never),应该用any,此处表示“(没有达成过)任何共识”。四、“another”和“other”分别表示“另外的一个”(an+other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思,可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语,其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词,后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词,二者不能相互混淆7)Lizardslack[A]thebuiltinbodytemperaturecontrol[B]manyanother[C]creaturespossess[D].8)Somebacteriumareextremely[A]harmful,butanothers[B]areregularly[C]usedinproducingcheeses,crackers,andmanyotherfoods[D].9)Like[A]mostanother[B]artforms,theGreektragedyhad[C]itsoriginsinreligious[D]observances.例题解析7)C错。应改用other来修饰可数复数名词creatures。本句是一个省略了关系代词that(或which)的定语从句,control为名词作主句中及物动词(谓语)lack的宾语,同时又受其后面定语从句的修饰。8)B错。改为others。9)B错。改为other。五、one与other“one”作为代词代替前面提到的人或物,它前边加the;“other”作代词修饰复数名词。“one…another”表示“一个…另一个”的意思,或表示多个(三者以上)之中的“另一个”,“又一个”;“one…theother”表示两者之中剩下的“另一个,又一个”10)I’dliketo[A]buyacoatsimilar[B]toone[C]youarewearing[D].11)Though[A]ArtTatumwastotallyblindinoneeyeandhadonlyslight[B]visioninanother[C],hebecame[D]aninternationallyrenownedjazzmusician.例题解析10)C错。改为totheone。 11)C错。应用theother,因为此处表示两者之中的另一个,ArtTatum为人的名字,他只有两只眼睛,故提到“另一只”时应用theother。六、“few”和“little”两者分别为“many”和“much”的反义词,表示“少,很少”的意思,有否定含义,即等于“几乎没有”,如若表示肯定的含义,则应在little和few前加不定冠词“a”,即变为“afew”和“alittle”12)Becausetheyaregenerally[A]takensimplytoobtainarecognizable[B]andrelativelyclear[C]image,mostnonprefessionalphotographsdemandfew[D]equipment.例题解析12)D错。应改用little,因为equipment为不可数名词,故其修饰语应用little,few后面只接可数复数名词。七、“agreatdeal(of)”(大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语13)ofgiftgiving,barter,buyingandsellinggoesonamongtheNarvjos.[A]Agreatdeal[B]Agreatmany[C]Muchgreater[D]Many例题解析13)A为正确答案。空白后为不可数名词“giftgiving,barter,buying”,“[B]Agreatamny”和“[D]Many”修饰可数名词,而“[C]Muchgreater”本身是形容词,空档后不应有“of”,所以填“[A]Agreatdealof”。八、“nothingbut”表示“只不过,就是,只有”Heisnothingbutasinger.他只不过是个唱歌的。Nothingbutamiraclecansaveus.只有奇迹才能救我们。九、“anythingbut”表示“根本不,并不”Sheisanythingbutbeautiful.她并不美。Johnisanythingbutaliar.约翰决不是个骗子。十、“somethingof”表示“略有”Hehasseensomethingoflife.他略有阅历。I’msomethingofacook.我略懂烹饪。(试比较)Heisnotmuchofascholar.他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。十一、“noneotherthan”表示“就是”ThenewarrivalwasnoneotherthanthePresident.刚到的那人就是总统本人。我们要注意noneotherthan与otherthan的区别,后者表示“与……不同”Idonotwishhimotherthanheis.我不希望他改变现状。 Thetruthisquiteotherthanwhatwethink.事实与我们所想的不一样。十二、“none”有时可作副词,表示“一点也不”Wedidtheworknonetoowell.我们活干得一点也不好。十三、nowhere可用以成语:benowhere一无所得,一事无成;getnowhere一事无成,nowherenear离……很远。十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词,或有其他的含义Heisallattention,andsheisalleyes.他十分留意,她也注意力集中。Everybodywhoisanybody(somebody)atallwillbeatthedance.[句中的“anybody(somebody)”在此当“大人物,重要人物”讲。]lesson12代词(五)内容提要代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。关系代词关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as。它们用来引导定语从句。它们既代表所修饰词,又在从句中担任一定的成分。一、who和whom代表人,who在从句作主语而whom在从句中作(动词或介词的)宾语1)Humanbeingsaresocial[A]animalswhom[B]usuallyprefernottoliveinphysical[C]orpsychologicalisolation[D].二、whose表示“某人的”,在从句中作定语2)TherewasateapotfashionedlikeaChinaduckoutofopenmouththeteawassupposedtocome.[A]which[B]its[C]that[D]whose三、that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物或前边整个句子所表述的情况;that在从句中作主语、宾语和表语;which在从句中作主语或宾语3)Thefirstdollsay“mama”wasinventedin1830.[A]thatitcould[B]could[C]itcould[D]thatcould四、代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all,anything,much等4)Probablyhehadcomedownintheworldandthissamplingwasallwaslefthimfromthetimewhenhecouldaffordtocomeandselecthisfavoritepudding.[A]what [B]that[C]which[D]who5)AlthoughJeffersonlivedmorethan200yearsago,thereismuchwecanlearnfromhimtoday.[A]as[B]when[C]who[D]that五、在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who,whom代表人,用which代表事物6)AfterawhileIrecognizedhimas"BigJim,"usedtositbehindmeinmathsclassinhighschool.[A]which[B]who[C]he[D]that7)Ihaveoftenwonderedwhethersomepeople,hadnointentionofmakingapurchase,wouldtakeadvantageofthisprivilegeofhavingasamplepuddingswithoutbuyingthem.[A]whom[B]who[C]which[D]what8)Thismeansweshallhavetocarryourownwater,willaddevengreaterweighttothesaucer."[A]that[B]although[C]why[D]which六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分,而不是一个名词9)OnecansuggestthatstudentsshouldspendtwoorthreeyearsinanEnglish-speakingcountry,amountstowashingone"shandsofEnglishcomplexstructures.[A]whom[B]which[C]when[D]that七、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或atwhichAttitudestowardsdaydreamingarechanginginmuchthesamewaythat(inwhich)attitudestowardsnightdreaminghavechanged.人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。Ilikethemusicfortheveryreasonthat(forwhich)hedislikesit. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。Wearrivedthedaythat(onwhich)theyleft.刚好我们到的那天他们走了。八、有时as也可用作关系代词Samsetouttoimproveefficiencyattheshirtfactorybut,aswefindoutlaterinthisunit,histurnedoutnotquiteashehadexpected.九、例题解析1)B错。改为who。2)D为正确答案。3)D为正确答案。4)B为正确答案。5)D为正确答案。6)B为正确答案。7)B为正确答案。8)D为正确答案。9)B为正确答案lesson13代词(六)内容提要代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。连接代词:是用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,连接代词有what,who,whom,whose,which。一、what可引导名词性从句,作主语和表语。“what”兼具先行词和关系代词的性质,what=thething(things)that1)Continuetobeyouarebeforeyoufindanexercelentjob![A]who[B]that[C]what[D]which2)wouldbeafairlylongspeechinaplayisoftenpresentedasarecitative(宣叙部)inopera.[A]That[B]There[C]It[D]What二、代词who(m),which和what可以和ever构成复合代词(whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever),它们起强调作用,都兼具先行词和关系词的作用。表示“所有,一切”意。whoever和whomever作为复合代词,前边有介词,如果单纯作介词的宾语用whomever;如果介词后边的复合代词引导从句,则用whoever3)itisyouhaveheard,you"dbetteraskhimaboutitinperson.[A]Whatever [B]However[C]That[D]Although4)Thegovernmentwillsellpublichousestoprovidesenoughamountofmoneyforthegovernmentfurtherinvestment.[A]whoever[B]those[C]people[D]who三、有时这些复合代词还可以引起状语5)thesizeornatureofabusiness,itsmaingoalistoearnaprofit.[A]Whatever[B]Of[C]Whereas[D]Because四、例题解析1)C为正确答案。2)D为正确答案。3)A为正确答案。4)A为正确答案。5)A为正确答案。lesson14情态动词(一)内容提要情态动词有can(能),may(可以),must(必须),haveto(不得不),oughtto(应该),dare(敢),usedto(过去经常),hadbetter(最好),wouldrather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接动词原形。在否定句中,can,may,must和dare后边加not;haveto和oughtto分别在have和ought后加not;usedto的否定式可用usednotto,也可用didn"tuseto,但后者用得较多;hadbetter和wouldrather的否定式分别是hadbetternot和wouldrathernot。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。肯定句和否定句中的情态动词一、情态动词的现在式在肯定句中的比较1.can表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根据客观条件能做某种动作的“可能性”1)Mildformsofexecrisecansomeofthelossofflexibilitythataccompaniesaging.[A]stop[B]tostop[C]stopping[D]bestopped但表示人体力或智力的具体动作时须用beableto Hewasabletodothatwithoutanyhelp.他不需要任何帮助就能完成这项工作。2.may表示“允许,可以”,相当于beallowedto2)Ifthereissocialorpoliticalchangeinaregion[A]whereastandardlanguage[B]isspoken,localvarieties[C]ofthelanguagemaydeveloping[D].may或might可和aswell连用,表示“建议”,译为“还是……的为好”Youmayaswellkeepacertaindistancefromthatmadman.你们还是离那疯子远点为好。Youmightaswellgohomenow.你还是现在回家为好。3.must表示“必须”或“应当”、“一定”3)Theformationofsnowmustbeoccurring[A]slowly[B],incalmair,andatatemperaturenear[C]thefreezingpoint[D].4.haveto加动词原形,表示“不得不”,“必须”,它比must更强调客观Tomhadtoworkintothedeepnighteverydaytoearnaliving.汤姆为了生计每天都得工作到深夜。5.should表示“劝告”,“建议”或“义务”时,译作“应当”,或表示“预测”和“可能”Heshouldtakecareofhisparentsastheyareoldenoughnottoliveonthemselves.由于父母亲老了,不能自理,他应当照顾他们。Heshouldbetherenow.他可能到了。shouldhavedone在虚拟语气中表示“责备或后悔”6.ought,只有一种形式,即ought后必须加to,然后跟接动词原形表示“有义务”或“必要”做某事,译为“应当,应该”4)Thetraditionalgoalofscienceistodiscoverhowthingsare,nothowtheyought.[A]to[B]tobe[C]be[D]havebeen5)Youarequiteright;Iaminferringinmycomments[A]thatMcGrawhadnotoughtto[B]havebroken[C]intheroomwithouthispermission[D].7.dare可以用作情态动词,后面跟不带to的动词不定式,这主要用于否定句中,它本身可有现在时第三人称单数,词尾加s,它还可以有ING分词形式(daring)和过去式及ED分词形式(dared)6)AlthoughOrientalideasofwoman’ssubordinationtomanprevailedinthosedays,shemeetwithmenonanequalbasis.[A]didnotdared[B]darednot[C]darednotto[D]diddarenotto二、情态动词在一般时否定句中的用法can"t(cannot,cannot)表示“不可能”,maynot表示“不可以”,mustn"t(mustnot)表示“一定不要”,“不许可”,needn"t(neednot)表示“不必”,darenot+动词原形 表示“不敢”Hecan"tfinishhisessaybythistime.现在他不可能写完论文。Hemaynotsleepnow.他或许现在没在睡觉。Youmustn"tcriticizeherinthatway.你不应那样批评她。Youneedn"tcometomorrow.你明天没必要来了。Hedarednotmeethisfiancée.他不敢见女朋友。三、例题解析1)正确答案为A。由于情态动词can要求跟动词原形,所以B和C都不对,can后虽然有被动形式,但在意义上和语法上与横线后部分都无法衔接,所以D也错。2)D错。改为develop。may后要求跟动词原形,而developing是现在分词,显然不符合要求,所以应改为develop。3)A错。改用mustoccur,此处叙说的是客观现象,而非强调正在发生的事,故用一般现在时。4)B为正确答案。5)B错。改为oughtnotto。6)B为正确答案。lesson15情态动词(二)内容提要情态动词有can(能),may(可以),must(必须),haveto(不得不),oughtto(应该),dare(敢),usedto(过去经常),hadbetter(最好),wouldrather(宁愿)。在肯定句中它们后边都要接动词原形。在否定句中,can,may,must和dare后边加not;haveto和oughtto分别在have和ought后加not;usedto的否定式可用usednotto,也可用didn"tuseto,但后者用得较多;hadbetter和wouldrather的否定式分别是hadbetternot和wouldrathernot。这些情态动词与现在完成时连用在某种意义上有一定的虚拟性。情态动词与完成时的使用一、must+have+ED分词:用于肯定句,表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测,表示“肯定,一定”1)Itaroundnineo’clockwhenIdrovebackhomebecauseitwasalreadydark.[A]hadtobe[B]musthavebeen[C]wastobe[D]mustbe2)John’sscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass;[A]heshouldstudylastnight[B]heshouldhavestudiedlastnight[C]hemusthavestudiedlastnight[D]hemusthadtostudylastnight3)Aftersearching[A]forevidenceinthehouse,thepoliceconcluded[B]thatthethiefmusthavecomein[C]throughthewindowandstole[D]thesilverwhilethefamilywasasleep. 二、may(might)+have+ED分词:用于肯定句和否定句,表示对已发生事情的不肯定的推测,相当于“可能,大概,”其中might较may语气更弱,把握更小Shemighthavegonetoseeherdoctorlastweek,butIamnotsure.上星期或许她去看医生了,但我不敢肯定。Don’tworry,yourhusbandmaynothavebeenhurtseriously.别急,你丈夫也许伤得不厉害。三、should(oughtto)+have+ED分词:肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生;否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应,”后者为“本不该”Youshouldhaveapologizedtoherfornotsoonreplyingtotheletter.你本应向她道歉,说明为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做)4)Youyesterdayifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.[A]oughttocome[B]oughttobecoming[C]oughttohavecome[D]oughthavecome四、can(not)+have+ED分词Heisanhourlate——Hecanhavebeendelayedbyfog.Ofcourse,that’sapossibility.他迟到了1小时,可能因为大雾而耽搁了。当然这只是可能性问题。Thepoemcannothavebeenwrittenbyhersinceshewasonlyfiveyearsoldthen.这诗不可能是她写的,因为她那时才5岁。五、“could+have+ED分词”有时用于表示过去的时间,说明某事可能或不可能已发生;有时可表示过去本来可以做某事,但却未做Isimplycan’tunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchamistake.我简直不明白他怎么会犯那样的错误。Hewalkedthere,buthecouldhavetakenataxi.他走着去了,可当时完全可以坐出租。“couldn’t+have+ED分词”还表示无论如何也不可能或没有做到Icouldn’thavecalledyou.Iwasn’tnearatelephone.反正我也不可能给你打电话,我附近没有电话。5)“Wedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.”“Heit.”[A]mustn’tattended[B]couldn"thaveattended[C]wouldhavenotattended[D]needn’thaveattended六、needn’t+have+ED分词:表示对过去不必做的事情却做了,可译为“其实不必” 6)Youalltheseparcelsyourself.Theshopwouldhavedeliveredthemifyouhadaskedashopassistant.[A]didn’tneedtocarry[B]needn’thavecarried[C]needn’tcarry[D]didn’tneedcarry七、usedto表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在否定陈述句中,一般用didn"tuseto,也可用usednotto;在疑问句中用“Did…useto”。usedto还可never,often,always等连用。注意usedto与beusedto的不同,后者表示beaccustomedto“习惯于某种状态”,而且跟接名词或ING形式,而usedto后接动词原形,试比较Heusedtodrink.表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。Heisusedtowine(Heisusedtodrinkingwine)ateachmeal.表示“他现在已养成习惯,每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。”八、hadbetter表示“最好……”,后接动词原形,其否定式为hadbetternot+动词原形Youhadbetternotfollowhisbehavior.你最好不要学他。九、wouldrather意思是“宁愿”,表示选择。它有两种用法,一是在肯定句中后边直接跟动词原形,其否定句是在wouldrather后加not,即wouldrathernot+动词原形;二是它后边可以跟接从句,该从句的谓语动词用一般过去式表示虚拟语气。由于wouldrather表示选择,它后边可跟接thanShewouldrathersleepthantalkrubbish.她宁愿睡不愿闲聊。7)“Didyoucriticizehimforhismistakes?”——“Yes,butit.”[A]I’drathernotdo[B]I’drathernotdoing[C]I’drathernothavedone[D]I’drathernotdid[注]wouldrather和hadrather都表示“宁愿”,在用法上也没有区别。但如果说wouldrather与hadrather完全一样(LongmanDictionaryofComtemporaryEnglish如是说),这一说法有争议。其实hadrather在现代标准英语中几乎已经不用了。这对我们考试来说是比较重要的,因为一般考题作为标准英语是不用hadrather的。十、例题解析1)B为正确答案。2)C为正确答案。3)D错。改为stolen。这里C处和D处是并列的谓语,D处相当于musthavestolen。4)C为正确答案。5)B为正确答案。6)B为正确答案。7)C为正确答案。lesson16动词不定式(一)内容提要 动词不定式是一种非限定性动词,由to+动词原形构成,但它还是属于动词,所以它本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语,还可用在复合结构中,而且有完成式、进行式、完成进行式和否定形式。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。动词不定式的特殊情况也要掌握。第一节动词不定式的构成与形式一、动词不定式的概念:动词不定式指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语1)、宾语2)、表语3)、定语4)和状语5)1)educationistheprincipalwayofgainingstatusinaculturethatgenerallystressesachievement,skillfulness,andupwardmobility.[A]Toacquire[B]Acquire[C]Acquires[D]Haveacquired2)Weareplanningfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduate.[A]registering[B]register[C]toregister[D]registered3)Themosturgentproblemnowwearefacingistolearntheneededmaterialsforthematriculationofpostgraduate.[A]makeoureveryeffort[B]tomakeoureveryeffort[C]tooureveryeffort[D]madeourefforts4)—WhereshouldIsendmyapplication?—ThePersonnelOfficeistheplaceitto.[A]sends[B]besended[C]tobesended[D]tosend5)fromothers,oneshouldtakehispromise.[A]Togetconfidence[B]Togettingconfidence[C]Togetconfidences[D]Gettingtotheconfidence说明:以上五句中的斜体是其动词不定式的附属部分。二、动词不定式的构成与形式:动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性 动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语[2)和4)中的斜体部分]和状语[5)中的斜体部分]。虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语。考研题中,语法中所考动词不定式部分包括检测考生是否掌握动词不定式与其逻辑主语之间的一致,其中主要包括它们之间主动和被动的关系以及它们在时间上的一致,同时动词不定式还有其否定形式。所有这些涉及到动词不定式的各种形式。现以动词make为例,其形式如下: 主动形式被动形式一般式(not)tomake(not)tobemade完成式(not)tohavemade(not)tohavebeenmade进行式(not)tobemaking 完成进行式(not)tohavebeenmaking    6)Some[A]typesofnaphtha(石油脑)areemployedtodissolving[B]rubber[C]andtothinpaintsand[D]varnish.7)TheStatueofLibertywasoriginally[A]proposed[B]in1865tocommemoration[C]thealliance[D]ofFrancewiththeAmericancoloniesduringtheAmericanRevolution.8)Thepurpose[A]ofinductivelogic[B]istoinferring[C]generallawsfromparticularoccurrences[D].三、例题解析1)A为正确答案。2)C为正确答案。3)B为正确答案。4)D为正确答案。5)A为正确答案。6)B错。改用动词原形“dissolve”,不定式符号“to”后只能出现动词原形。7)C错。改为“commemorate”。8)C错。改为“toinfer”,注意句子的主语为“purpose”(目的)。lesson17动词不定式(二)第二节动词不定式的用法一、不定式结构作主语1.不定式前置1)Derive[A]mineralresourcesfrom[B]sedimentaryrock[C]isa[D]majormodernindustrialactivity.2)inthematriculationforpostgraduateinashorttimeisrealyahardnut.[A]Tomakehighscores[B]Tomakelowgoal[C]Tothehighscores[D]Makethelowgoals 2.上述形式一般情况不多见,作为考试的规范英语,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词“it”作形式主语(形式主语“it”不能由“that”或“this”等其他代词代替),而将不定式放到后面Itisreallyahardnuttogethighscoresinthematriculationforpostgraduateinashorttime.3)Johnadmittedthatit"salwaysdifficult.[A]forhimbeingontime[B]beingontimeforhim[C]forhimtobeontime[D]ontimeforhim4)Itisdifficultforme[A]tobeconcentrating[B]whilesomeone[C]isusing[D]avacuumcleaner.3.不定式后置的情况不仅限于动词是系动词,也适用于其他动词Ittookusagreatdealofeffortstofinishthattask.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago.4.不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以在特定的上下文中能看出,也可以通过带“for+名词短语”辨出Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringtheperiodofgeneralreview(总复习).Itisnotdifficultforthosewhostudymathswelltopasstheexam.5.在某些形容词(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表语时,不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语Itisverykindofyoutohelpme./Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything.间或也可用for+theretobe表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)。It"sagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.二、不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式;另一种是“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式”1.动词+带to的不定式结构只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,ask,believe,care,claim,decide,decline(拒绝),demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,fail,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,mean(想要),offer(表示愿意做…),pretend,promise,refuse,seek(试图),swear,undertake,wish(想要)等。5)Werefusethatthereareinsufficientfundsinthegreatvaults(银行保管库)ofthisnation.[A]tobelieve[B]tobebelived[C]beliving[D]havebelived6)Thegreenturtlehasbeenknownover2,000milestoreturntoa nestingsite.[A]inthenavigating[B]thenavigation[C]tonavigate[D]navigation7)Forthe[A]firsttimeVenusianscientistsmanagedlanding[B]asatelliteontheplanetEarth,andithasbeensending[C]backsignalsaswellas[D]photographseversince.8)ThedayispastwhenChineseuniversitiesandcollegestogivehighschooldiplomastoallwhositthroughfouryearsofinstruction,regardlessofwhetheranyvisibleresultscanbediscerned.[A]afforded[B]affording[C]toafford[D]canafford从上例我们可以看出afford一般与can和can"t或could和couldn"t连用。2.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式这类动词常见的有:advise,decide,discuss,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,regard,remember,see,settle,teach,tell,think(=consider),understand,wonder等。这些疑问代(副)词有what,when,where,which,how,whether等,但不包括why,如:???????????????????????????Hedoesnotknowhowtogothere???????????????????whentospeakbeforestrangers.???????????????????who(m)tovisit.???????????????????whichonetochoose.??Youcandecidewhethertogoforwardorstayhere.?????????????????whentoseeadoctor.??Iwillshowyouwhattodo.??????????????????wheretogo.??????????????????howtodealwithit.其中,1)和2)中不定式的逻辑主语仍是句子的主语,分别为He和You;而3)中不定式的逻辑主语则不是句子的主语I,而是宾语you。9)Thedirectorofthisorganizationmustknow.[A]tomanagemoney,sellhisproductandbeabletosatisfystockholders[B]managingmoney,selling,andbeabletosatisfythestockholders[C]howtomanagemoney,sellhisproduct,andsatisfythestockholders[D]moneymanagement,sellingandbeingabletosatisfythestockholders10)Totellyouthetruth,Ireallydon’tknowhowdealwithamanlikehim.[A]canI[B]well[C]to[D]much 3.有时,不定式跟作主语时一样,可由it来代替,而把不定式放到后面去Hemakesitaruletotakeawalkbeforebreakfast.Ithinkitinterestingtoplayfootballwhileitissnowinghard.Wefinditdifficulttogeteverythingreadybeforethetimeyourequire.Shecosidersitimportanttomakefriendswiththem.Idon"tthinkitnecessarytoarguewiththemonthisproblem.4.有时THERE和TOBE连用表示“有”或“存在(某情况)”等Itisimpossiblefortheretobeanymore.Wouldyouliketheretobeameetingtodiscusstheproblem?Iexpecttheretobenoargumentaboutthis?有时在个别的介词后可用“疑问词+不定式结构”作其宾语Hehashisowndecisionofhowtodoit.三、不定式作表语1.一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)Toseeistobelieve/Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.2.另一种情况主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture./Theboss"splanistostartbuildingtheskycraperimmediately./WhatIwanttosayistogetridoftheplanforever.11)ThefunctionofLouisSullivan’sarchitecturewasproviding[A]largeuninterruptedfloorareas[B]andtoallowamplelight[C]intotheinterior[D].12)Themostimportant[A]thingisnegociate[B]withthemabout[C]thefutureof[D]theplant.四、不定式作定语1.不定式作定语修饰名词或代词,它只能放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。这时被修饰的名词与不定式之间有逻辑上的主谓关系13)Theflexibilityoffilmallowstheartistunstrainedimaginationtotheanimationofcartooncharacters.[A]tobring[B]bringing[C]isbrought[D]brings14)BillieHoliday’sreputationasagreatjazzbluessingerrestsonherabilityemotionaldepthtohersongs.[A]begiving[B]aregiven[C]beinggiven [D]togive另外,有些词的不定式定语有主谓关系,如除了上述例句以外,还有些词常跟不定式作定语。这些词主要有decision(tomake),(a)need(toeat),opportunity(tospeak),reason(tolearnaforeinglanguage),time(tosth)等。2.动词不定式作定语往往有一层动宾关系,即所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语15)Alicewashaving[A]troubletocontrol[B]thechildrenbecausetherewere[C]somany[D]ofthem.16)TherearesomanyreferencebooksformatriculationofpostgraduateandIhaven"tdecidedwhichbook.[A]tobuy[B]buy[C]tobebuying[D]buying17)Astronautscanbeaffectedbylonelinessfortheyhavetositinthespacecraftforweekswithverylittleandnoone.[A]todo…totalk[B]doing…totalkto[C]todo…totalkto[D]doing…totalk3.因为不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的宾语,所以如果不定式动词是不及物动词,那么就要在动词后加上相应的介词Hehasalotoftriflestodealwith./Ihadgotnoplacetolivein./Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout./thesubjecttoconcentrateon./Hehasastrictteachertolistento./Shehasfourchildrentolookafter./Shehadasickmothertolivewith./Thisistheverypersontosellyourticketto.18)Althoughthelecturehadalreadybeenonforfiveminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachair.[A]tosit[B]fortositon[C]tositon[D]forsitting4.一些表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、打算、能力、意向等意义的名词后面要求接不定式作其定语,如:ability,attempt,effort等19)During[A]the19thcenturyscientistsfound[B]thatwhencertainpartsofthebrainweredamaged[C]menlosttheabilitydoing[D]certainthings.20)Whatisnew,however,isthescientificattemptwhetherotherplanetsbeyondourownhavegivenbirthtoadvancedcivilizations.[A]discover[B]discovers[C]discovering[D]todiscover 21)Surelyherdaughterwouldmakeanevenbiggerefforther?[A]please[B]pleased[C]toplease[D]havingpleased五、不定式作状语注意作状语的动词不定式要与其逻辑主语在意义上和数上的一致。1.表示目的22)itsplanstopromotedisarmaments,thepartyhasdecidedtoestablishacampaignheadquarterswithBenjaminSeamanasitsleader.[A]Although[B]Tocarryout[C]Exceptthat[D]Make23)purelead,theleadoreismined,thensmelted,andfinallyrefined.[A]Obtaining[B]Beingobtained[C]Toobtain[D]Itisobtained24)Whentheymet,Leonardoandhisenemywerefighting.[A]killedeachother[B]killingeachother[C]tobekilledeachother[D]tokilleachother2.表示结果,在这种情况下,不定式的逻辑主语也是全句的主语Hemustbecripplenottowalkbyhimself./Itseemsthattheemployeedidn"tsleepatalltobesosleepyintheearlymorning./WhathaveIdoneforyoutodeservesuchanamountofmoney?还有固定搭配的不定式表示结果:so…asto;such(…)asto…;enoughto…;too…to…;inorderto…等Wehavegotsoplentyoffoodastotreatourguests./Isthatroombigenoughtoseatallofus?/Heistooyoungtofitthatjob.3.表示原因It"sverykindofyoutosayso./Iamprettypleasedtohearthenewsthatyouareelectedasthepresidentoftheclub./I"msorrytointerruptyou./Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea.4.伴随状况在下列表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后边也要接不定式:able(但其同义词“capable”后面要接“of+动名词”),anxious,eager,glad,inclined(倾向于),liable,likely,pleased,ready等。25)Certain[A]mineralsaremagneticandareabletodetected[B]byinstrumentsthatmeasure[C]differencesintheEarth’smagneticfields[D]. 六、在复合结构中的不定式不定式的复合结构是指有些动词带宾语后再带上不定式,作宾语的补足语。前边已提到过,在这种结构中宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。1.有很多这样的动词可以跟宾语及其(或)补足语不定式,如:advise,allow,ask,enable,beg,cause,drive,encourage,expect,forbid,force,hate,get,intend,invite,like,permit,persuade,pretend,remind,say,teach,tell,trust,urge,want,warn等表示“致使”等意义26)Thecompanymanagermayenablethemenwhotendthemachinesalargepanorama(全景)ofpossibilites.[A]tosee[B]see[C]seeing[D]seen27)Didyouintendusthenewmethod?[A]touse[B]using[C]ourhavingused[D]theusingof28)Theteacherencouragedgoodcompositions.[A]uswrite[B]uswriting[C]ustowrite[D]ourwrting2.在某些成语动词如arrangefor,callon,carefor,counton,countupon,dependupon,longfor,preparefor,prevailupon,relyon,votefor,waitfor等后面,也可以跟宾语加不定式的复合结构Wearewaitingforthebustocome./TheyvotedforWangGangtobethemonitor./Don"tcountonmetodothat.3.另外,表示感觉的动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe和have,let,make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式(help后不定式可带to也可不带to)29)Ioftenheardhimthathisfamilywaswelldescended.[A]said[B]say[C]tosay[D]tobesaid30)Wemusthaveapersonthembuildthehouse.[A]see[B]tosee[C]willsee[D]shallsee31)Youwouldbecomeirritated[A]ifyouwatched[B]thecorrespondencetopileup[C]onyourdeskdaybyday[D].4.表示心理状态的动词像consider,declare,find,prove,think,know,believe,discover,feel(=think),imagine,judge,pretend,suppose,understand等词的宾语补足语不定式一般是tobe(或动词的完成时态)32)“You’vebeentakingalotofnicephotographs.”“Thanks.I’mconsideringaprofessionalphotographer.”[A]becoming [B]aboutbecome[C]tobecome[D]overbecoming而且,在consider,declare,find,prove,think等动词后的tobe是可以省去的。如:Sheconsideredmeascholar./Theyfoundhimgulty.七、不定式的完成式、进行式和完成进行式:这三类在考研题中出现的频率很高,要特别注意不定式的这三种形式1.如果不定式所表示的动作与主要谓语所表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生或发生在主要谓语之后,那么用不定式的一般形式HereceivedawarmwelcomefromtheAustraliansandfromhisfamilywhohadflowntheretomeethim.In1967,hearrivedbackinEngland,whereaquarterofamillionpeoplewerewaitingtowelcomehim.Afterall,eightywasaspecialbirthday,anotherdecadelivedorenduredjustasyouchosetolookatit.Nowsuddenlyshebegantosob,holdingherselfinasifweepingwereadisgrace.2.如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前,那么不定式就要用其完成式Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline.33)TheVikingsarebelievedAmerica.[A]tohavediscovered[B]indiscovering[C]todiscover[D]tohavebeendiscovered34)Thestudentsweretoattheauditoriumbefore1:30pm,butthelecturewascancelledatthelastminute.[A]assembled[B]haveassembled[C]assembling[D]beassembled35)Hewastothenewambassador,buthefellill.[A]havingtelephoned[B]havetelephoned[C]hastelephoned[D]telephoning3.不定式进行式表示主要谓语动词所表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在发生Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobedoingmyexperimentinthelab.Whydoyoustandhere?Youaresupposedtobeworkingintheworkshop.4.不定式完成进行式表示其动词所代表的动作,在主要谓语动词所代表的动作之前一直在进行ThestudentsfromtheDepartmentofSociologyaresaidtohavebeeninvestigatingthepossibilityofproducingthenewproduct.Theyarequitehappytohavebeencooperatingharmoniouslywithustillnow.八、不定式的被动形式 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,这个不定式要用被动式,包括它的一般式和完成式36)Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemedblownoffthemountain.[A]tohavebeen[B]tobe[C]thatitwas[D]thatithadbeen37)Fortwelveyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca’snameorhisworks.[A]tomention;tobepublished[B]tobementioned;topublish[C]beingmentioned;beingpublished[D]tobementioned;tobepublished38)Thereis,itseems[A],no[B]limittothesatisfactiontobefinding[C]inthepursuitofknowledge[D].九、不定式的否定形式:否定形式是在不定式的标志to前边加not39)thatnewinformationtoanyoneelsebutthesergeant.[A]Theyaskedhimnottogive[B]Theyaskedhimtodon’tgive[C]Theyaskedhimnogive[D]Theyaskedhimtonogive40)Pleaserememberlightsoninthefuture.[A]don’tleave[B]nottoleave[C]notleaving[D]don’ttoleave41)Theteachertold[A]thestudentstodon’t[B]discuss[C]thetakehomeexamwitheachother[D].十、介词except和but(作“只有……,只能……”讲时)跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)Heseldomgoesbackhomeexcepttoaskformoneyfromhisparents.HedidnothingthereexceptwatchTVforthewholenight.(不带to的不定式)Ihadnochoicebuttostayinbed.LastnightIdidnothingbutpreparemylessons.42)Lotsofemptybottleswerefoundundertheoldman’sbed.Hemusthavedonenothingbut.[A]drink[B]todrink[C]drinking[D]drunk43)Whenthestreetsarefullof[A]melting[B]snow,youcannothelpbutgetting[C]yourshoeswet[D].十一、例题解析1)A错。改为Toderive。2)A为正确答案。3)C为正确答案。 4)B错。改为toconcentrate。5)A为正确答案。6)C为正确答案。“tobeknown”后通常接不定式,与此类似的尚有“tobesaid”等。7)B错。改为toland。因为manage后只能跟带to的不定式作宾语。8)D为正确答案。9)C为正确答案。因为know须接带特殊疑问词的动词不定式。10)C为正确答案。11)A错。改为toprovide,根据平行原则,A处和“toallow…”是并列的表语,故A处也应用不定式。12)B错。改为tonegociate。13)A对。不定式短语“tobring…characters”充当宾语“theartist”的定语。“allowsb.todosth.”是固定搭配,还有类似的其他动词。这句话的意思是:在动画片摄制过程中,影片的灵活性能使艺术家充分施展其想象力。14)D为正确答案。名词“ability”(能力)后要接不定式,表示哪一方面的能力。15)B错。改为“controlling”,此处的“tocontrol”与“trouble”并没有这层关系。16)A为正确答案。17)C为正确答案。18)C为正确答案。19)D错。改为todo。20)D为正确答案。21)C为正确答案。22)B为正确答案。23)C为正确答案。24)D为正确答案。25)B错。改为“bedetected”。26)A为正确答案。27)A为正确答案。28)C为正确答案。29)B为正确答案。30)A为正确答案。31)C错。改为pileup。32)C为正确答案。33)A为正确答案。34)B为正确答案。35)B为正确答案。36)A为正确答案。37)D为正确答案。38)C错。本句不定式所表示的动作“发现”(find)逻辑上的主语为“满足”(satisfaction),而“满足”只能被“发现”,故C应改为ED分词“found”,“tobefound”为不定式被动态。39)A为正确答案。40)B为正确答案。41)B错。改为notto。42)A为正确答案。 43)C错。改为get。如果去掉C前的“but”,本句应为:Whenthestreetsarefullofmeltingsnow,youcannothelpgettingyourshoeswet.lesson18--ING分词内容提要-ING分词也是动词的非限定性形式,由动词原形+-ING构成,在句中可以直接作主语,也可用形式主语it来代替,而把-ING分词放到后边;可以作表语;作宾语时对动词有一定的要求,有的动词只能跟接-ING分词,有的动词则既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ING分词,而且-ING分词还可作介词的宾语;在作宾语补足语时对动词也有一定的要求;作状语时,-ING分词要与其逻辑主语呼应,否则就要用独立结构;-ING分词作定语时相当于一个定语从句。跟动词不定式一样,-ING分词也有它的完成时态、被动语态和否定形式;最后我们还要了解-ING分词的逻辑主语问题。第一节-ING分词的形式-ING分词是指由动词原形+-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式,具体形式如下 主动形式被动形式一般时doing  beingdone  完成时havingdone  havingbeendone  就其语法功能而言,它可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。第二节-ING分词的用法一、作主语1.一般形式1)thematriculationforpostgraduateisprobablytheturningpointofmylife.[A]Takingthepartof[B]Takingpartin[C]Totakethepartof[D]Totakethenoticein2)ateacherisbeingpresentatthecreation,whentheclaybeginstobreathe.[A]As[B]Tobe[C]Is[D]Being3)bytransformingtheblametoothersisoftencalledscapegoating.[A]Eliminateproblems[B]Theeliminatedproblems[C]Eliminatingproblems[D]Problemsareeliminated2.有时可以用it做形式主语 It"swasteoftimearguingwiththegossipaboutit.It"sinterestinghavingtraveledtoBeidaihethisyear.[说明:从这句中我们可以看出,这种结构通常适用于名词和形容词。但不适用于像possible,important,essential,necessary等表示性质的形容词,这些词后面一般要跟动词不定式。我们不能说It"squitenecessarytakingpartinthenegociation.应改作It"squitenecessarytotakepartinthenegociation.]It"sgloriousgettinginvolvedinworkingouttheplan.4)Itis[A]possibledeterminingthat[B]Frenchexplorersreachedthejuctureof[C]theKansasandMissouririvers[D]intheseventeenthcentury.二、作表语的-ING分词Seeingisbelieving.Hisaimsarelearningtwoforeignlanguagesandapplyingthetheoryhehaslearnedtopractice.三、-ING分词作动词宾语1.一类是动词或短语后边跟宾语的非限定性动词只能是-ING分词,如:acknowledge,admit(坦白,承认),advise,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,can"thelp,consider,contemplate(深思),delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape(躲过,避开),excuse,fancy,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keepon,justify,mean(意味着,等于),mind(在乎),miss,postpone,practise,prohibit,putoff,quit,recall,regret,resist,resume,risk(冒险干…),suggest,threaten。5)Bytakingthebackwayheescaped.[A]tobeseen[B]havebeenseen[C]seeing[D]beingseen6)IcamelateandmissedJackwinning.[A]tosee[B]seeing[C]see[D]seen7)“Iseeourbosscomingdownthehall.”“Thenwe’dbetterquitandgetdowntobusiness.”[A]talking[B]totalk[C]fromtalking[D]havingtalk8)Theyoungdoctorfirst[A]practisedtouse[B]theneedleson[C]hisown[D]wrist.9)Someexpertshaveadvocatedtobring[A]thatcountryinto[B]thetalks,torevivetheintermittentdialogue[C]thatbegan[D]afterthe1967MiddleEastWar.2.另一类动词后边作宾语的非限定性动词可以是-ING分词的动名词,也可以是动词不定式,如:attempt,begin,can"tbear,cease,continue,deserve,endure,forget,goon,hate,intend,like,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,stop,try等。(动词后接-ING和不定式时在用法上的区别在下一章讲)10)“What’swrongwithHenry?”“Heneeds.”[A]cheerup [B]tobecheerup[C]cheeringup[D]tocheeredup11)Anysuchnewswouldstarther.[A]toworry[B]worrying[C]worry[D]worried3.-ING分词作宾语还有下一结构,即用it代表-ING分词,而把-ING分词短语放到句子的后边去Iconsideritworthwhilespendingtenthousandyuanonthefurniture./Marryfountitmarvelloushavingajourneywithhim.四、-ING结构作介词的宾语几乎所有介词,不管是单个介词还是介词词组,不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否,都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以,-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语,主要有以下搭配关系1.动词+介词+-ING12)Scientistsmeasurethehardness[A]ofamaterial[B]bycomparatively[C]withatableoftenwell-known[D]metals.13)Hermotherdidnot[A]approveofhertogo[B]tothepartywithoutdressing[C]formally[D].14)Althoughmanywomen’scolleges[A]havebeencoeducational[B],otheruniversitiesremaincommittedtokeep[C]theirfacilitiesseparate[D].15)Weinsistonyouleave[A]theplacebefore[B]anyfurther[C]disturbancestakeplace[D].2.名词(形容词,不及物动词)+介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的“to”为介词:(be)contraryto(与…相反),object(objection)to(反对),withaviewto(为…起见),(be)opposedto(反对),incontrastto(与…成对比),beusedto(习惯于),beexposedto,bededicatedto(致力于),resortto(诉诸于),asto(关于),beaccustomedto(习惯于),bedevotedto(献身于),becommittedto(委身于),reactto(对…反应),withregardto(关于),lookforwardto(期待),contributeto(贡献),oweto由于,归功于等16)Ihavenoobjectiontheeveningwiththem.[A]tospend[B]tospending[C]tohavespent[D]tohavetospend17)Whydoyouobjecttothedirection?[A]following[B]follow[C]havefollow[D]havebeenfollowed18)Mr.Brownoftenwore[A]aheavycoat[B]becausehewasnotusedtolive[C]insucha[D]coldclimate.19)Livywasthe[A]onlygreathistorianofthetime[B],andhedevotedhisattentiontogive[C]theworldsplendid[D]pictures.3.动词+副词+介词+-INGIlookforwardtohercomingsoon.4.形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)+介词+-ING Iamproudofhavingsuchason.HeisgreatlyhonoredofshakinghandswiththePresident.It"simpossibleforhimfinishingthetaskinsuchashorttime.Heisinterestedinplayingtabletennis.5.表示征询意见的“Howabout…?”,“What…about?”Howaboutgoingthere?Whatabouthavingaconcert?20)Howabouttothemoviestonight?[A]going[B]ifgo[C]togo[D]ifwego6.前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法Thetwochildrenarebusydoingtheirhomework.Mr.Smithhasdifficultyfulfillingthetask.Thereisnousegoingoverthelessonsbeforethenightofexam.Hehasspentalotoftimepreparingtheexamforthepostgraduate.XiaoLilostnotimecatchingupwithhisclassmates.Thereisnopointarguingwithhim.五、-ING结构作宾语补足语1.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,give,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,smell,watch等词的宾语可以用-ING作宾语补语21)“Wherearethechildren?”“Isawintheyard.”[A]themtoplay[B]themplayed[C]themplaying[D]tothemplaying22)ImustsayIdon’tliketohearyoulikethat.[A]talking[B]totalk[C]havetotalk[D]talked2.表示“致使”等意义的动词,如catch,have,get,keep,leave,setIamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingformesolong.Whatyouhavetoldleftmethinkingthatyouexperiencedmuchwhenyouwereyoung.3.其他动词宾语的补语23)Theaverageage[A]oftheMediterranean[B]olivetreesgrow[C]todayistwohundredyears[D].六、-ING结构作状语-ING结构作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意-ING与其逻辑主语在时态、意义上的统一1.表示时间和伴随一般放在句首,有时可放在句中Comingintotheroom,Ifoundhimsobbing.(=WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundhimsobbing.)在这里coming这一-ING分词动作发生时,紧接着(几乎是同时)发生了谓语动作,有“一……就”的意思。 Pullinghisbodyinthecar,hedroveaway.(=Afterhepulledhisbodyinthecar,hedroveaway.)24)Thosenaughtyboyswerecaughtflowersinthegardenagain.[A]tosteal[B]stealing[C]havingstolen[D]stolen25)Danielwalkedupanddown[A]ashelistened,handsbehind[B]hisback,nowandthen[C]asked[D]aquestion.2.表示方式Beingaclevergirl,shewassenttocollegebyherfather.(此例不可改成:Beingaclevergirl,herfathersenthertocollege.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是“herfather”,而只能是“she”。)如果-ING分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,-ING分词前可以加when,while等连词,可放在句首或句末:Whenarrivinghome,hefoundthedooropened./Helistenedtothemusicradiowhilereading.26),Tonyjumpedintotheriverandsavedthedrowningman.[A]Goodswimerasheis[B]Hecanswimverywell[C]Beingthathewasagoodswimmer[D]Beingagoodswimmer27)thekindofmanhewas,hedidnotpaymuchattentiontoitatfirst.[A]Tobe[B]Being[C]Havingbeen[D]Thoughtobe28)Wasadancer[A]andbluessingerbefore[B]theageofeight[C],FlorenceMillsmadeher[D]vaudevilledebut(轻歌舞首演)in1910.3.表示原因NothavinghadanyletterfromTom,Marrywasworried.(=MarrywasworriedbecauseshedidnothaveanyletterfromTom.)Havinggotaheadache,Ididn"tcometotheconcert.(=BecauseIgotaheadache,Ididn"tcometotheconcert.)29)Mostofthepeople,,couldnotgotosleepthatnightaftertheparty.beingsoexcited[A]beingsoexcited[B]besoexcited[C]beingsoexciting[D]besoexciting30)Havingthehighestmarksinhisclass,.[A]thecollegeofferedhimascholarship[B]hewasofferedascholarshipbythecollege[C]ascholarshipwasofferedhimbythecollege[D]acollegescholarshipwasofferedtohim4.表示条件:一般放在句首Knowinganythingaboutit,Iwilltellyouall.(=IfIknowanythingaboutit,Iwilltellyouall.)Workingdiligently,youwillpasstheentranceexam.(=Ifyouworkdiligently,youwillpasstheentranceexam.) 5.表示让步:表示让步的-ING分词常常由although/though,evenif/though,unless等连词引入,一般放在句首Havinggreatdiffcultiesinthecourseofworking,theyfinishedthetaskaheadoftime.Buyingalotofreferencebooksfortheexam,hefailedinitbecauseofthelearningmethod.Althoughrepeatinghiswordsmanytimes,theteachercouldnotmakehisstudentsunderstandtheconcretconceptofphilosophy.Evenifcomingbytaxi,Iwillarriveinatleast45minutes.6.表示结果:置于句末,前面要加so,thereby,thus,hence等表示结果的副词Heworkeddayandnight,makinghimselfnearsighted.Notmakingwhathemeantmisunderstood,headjustedhistonestounderlinehismeaning.Theworkersworked14hoursaday,thusproducingproductsthreetimesastheydidlastmonth.Hewishedtotravelallovertheworld,therebystudyingcustomsofothercountries.31)Thebuswasheldupbythetrafficjam,.[A]thuscausingthedelay[B]sothatcausedthedelay[C]tocausethedelay[D]causedthedelay七、-ING分词作定语-ING分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)32)JacobLawrenceexecutedmanycyclesofpaintingssignificantsocialthemes.[A]expressed[B]expressing[C]express[D]expressionof33)ThenameNebraskacomesfromtheOtoIndianword“nebrathka”,flatwater.[A]tomean[B]meaning[C]itmeans[D]bymeanig34)TheproductionoftinoreintheUnitedStatesisrelativelyinsignificant,lessthanonehundredtonsannually.[A]amountingto[B]intheamount[C]amountstoit[D]totheamountof八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式1.如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作,(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生,这时要用-ING的一般形式35)Revolutionmeanstheproductiveforces.[A]toliberate[B]tohaveliberated[C]liberating[D]havingbeenliberated36)Itisasimplematter[A]tohavefound[B]thedensityofagas[C]fromitsformula[D].2.但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生,就要用“(not)having+-ED分词”表示完成时37)bythejourney,hewenttobedimmediatelyafterhecamebackhome.[A]Beingexhausted[B]Tohaveexhausted[C]Havingexhausted[D]Having beenexhausted38)withanaccedent,hearrivedatthestationtenminuteslate.[A]Havingmet[B]Tohavemet[C]Meeting[D]Havingbeenmet3.当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式,包括其一般形式“(not)being+-ED分词和完成形式“(not)havingbeen+-ED分词”39)Solids,liquids,andgasesatrestallhaveatendencytoresistinmotion.[A]setting[B]toset[C]beingset[D]tobeset40)Uponquestioning[A]hedeniedhavingkilled[B]theoldwomanwith[C]thehome-made[D]gun.4.-ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边41)ofthechangeinthemeetingtime,Mikearrivedlate.[A]Nothavingnotified[B]Notnotifying[C]Nottonotify[D]Nothavingbeennotified42)Iregrethardatschool.[A]nottohaveworked[B]nothavingworked[C]nothaveworked[D]havingnotworked九、-ING分词的逻辑主语1.-ING分词除了具有动词的特点以外,它还有名词的特点,即可以加物主代词(如my,your,his等)和名词的属格(如WangQing"s等)来表示其逻辑主语(这时-ING的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致)43)IsuggestonanexcursionthisSunday.[A]wearegoing[B]togo[C]usgoing[D]ourgoing44)onaclearday,farfromthecitycrowds,themountainsgivehimasenseofinfinitepeace.[A]Ifwalking[B]Whilewalking[C]Walking[D]Whenoneiswalking45)Marta[A]beingchosen[B]asthemostoutstanding[C]studentonhercampusmadeherparents[D]veryhappy.2.还有一种-ING分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的情况,这时直接可用“-ING分词的主语+-ING”来表示,这样的-ING分词短语可由介词引导。这种结构叫独立结构46)Anewtechnique,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20percent.[A]tohavebeenworkedout[B]havingworkedout[C]workingout[D]havingbeenworkedout47)Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork,wedeclinedtheoffer.[A]notbeingfinished[B]nothavingfinished [C]hadnotbeenfinished[D]wasnotfinished3.如果逻辑主语已和句子主语一致,那么其逻辑主语就可省略(在使用这种用法时要注意:-ING分词所表示的动作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主语所发出的,也就是说-ING分词的逻辑主语[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主语。试比较下列句子)Gettingintotheroom,Ismelledaterriblesmell.(getting是I的动作)Gettingintotheroom,itgiveaterriblesmell.(错误)Walkingthroughtheforest,wefoundmanystrangeanimals.(walking是we发出的)Walkingthroughtheforest,alotofanimalsarethere.(错误)Lookingoutofthewindowofourhotelroom,wesawzigzagmountains.(Looking的使动者是we)Lookingoutofthewindowofourhotelroom,therewerezigzagmountians.(错误)48)Neverattemptingtobealiterarystylist,inhernovels.[A]sheconsideredtheplotthemostimportantelement[B]themostimportantelementconsideredtobetheplot[C]consideringtheplotthemostimportantelement[D]theplotwasconsideredtobethemostimportantelement49)withthenewmethod,thematerialdoesnotbreakupeasily.[A]Tohavetreated[B]Havingtreated[C]Beingtreated[D]Havingbeentreated50)Attemptingtoreachhishomebeforethestorm,.[A]thebicycleofJohnbrokedown[B]ithappenedthatJohn’sbikebrokedown[C]thestormcaughtJohn[D]Johnhadanaccidentonhisbicycle4.-ING分词的主语可以与做主语的名词或代词(即代词的主格)一致,放在-ING前边,与-ING分词构成逻辑上的“主谓”关系。但是,-ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时,也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,叫做独立结构。在很多情况下它都相当于各种形式的状语,表示一种伴随的动作或情况51)Weather,we’llgosightseeing.[A]permitted[B]ispermitted[C]permitting[D]ispermitting52)Therearefourfactoriesinourinstitute,.[A]eachtohaveover100workers[B]eachhavingover100worders[C]whichthereareover100workers[D]witheachthathasover100workers53)Wewentto[A]theWorldPark,XiaoWangact[B]asguidefor[C]hehadbeenthereseveraltimes[D]. 十、习惯用法1.Thereisno+-ING分词,表示“不可能”Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.(无法和他相处。)2.It(There)isnouse(good)+-ING分词,表示“无用”=Itisofnouse(good)to+V:There(It)isnouseadvisinghimtogiveupsmoking.(劝他戒烟是徒劳的。)3.bebusy(worth)+-ING分词(忙于)Heisbusymappingouthisplansforthenextsemester.4.feellike+-ING分词(想)Idon’tfeellikeeatingjustnow.(我现在不想吃。)5.Whatdoyousayto+-ING分词?(…怎么样?)Whatdoyousaytojoiningusfordinner?(和我们一起进餐,你看怎么样?)6.spend+时间+(in)+-ING分词Janespentseveraldays(in)preparingforthefinalexams.(简花了好几天时间准备期末考试。)7.????????difficulty????????trouble??have+?aproblem??????????+(in)+-ING分词????????agood(hard)time??????????fun(快乐)54)Thestudenthad[A]difficultytowrite[B]ashortparagraph[C]correctly[D].55)Iimaginethat[A]Icouldgotothetheateragainandhavejustasgoodatime[B]nottryto[C]thinkofanopeningsentence[D].十一、例题解析1)B为正确答案。2)D为正确答案。3)C为正确答案。4)B错。改为todetermine,关于动词不定式与-ING分词的区别请参见第七章“小结”。5)D为正确答案。6)B为正确答案。7)A为正确答案。8)B错。改为using。9)A错。改为bringing。10)C为正确答案。11)B为正确答案。“start+不定式”与“start+-ING”有所不同,前者表示具体动作,后者表示一般性动作或状态。12)C错。改为comparing。13)B错。改为hergoing。14)C错。改为tokeeping。becommittedto+名词或-ING分词,意为“同意承担,答应(干某事或支持某事)。”15)A错。改为yourleaving。 16)B为正确答案。17)A为正确答案。18)C错。改为toliving。19)C错。改为giving。20)A为正确答案。21)C为正确答案。22)A为正确答案。23)C错。改成“growing”。本句中先后出现了两个动词,“grow”和“is”,这显然不合语法。将“grow”变为“growing”后便构成了-ING短语,修饰“trees”。[参见第六章]24)B为正确答案。stealing表示正在进行。25)D错。改为asking。26)D为正确答案。27)B为正确答案。28)A错。改成“Beingadancer”。29)A为正确答案。30)B为正确答案。31)A为正确答案。32)B为正确答案。本句空白处缺能起定语作用的词,用来修饰前面的名词paintings。33)B为正确答案。本句空白后面的成分为-ING短语,相当于“whichmeans…”。C表面上正确,但英语中没有连接词连接的两个分句是不能成立的,但我们可以说“whichmeans”,用“which”指代“Nebrathka”。但这样就变成非限定性定语从句了。34)A为正确答案。本句相当于一个非限定性定语从句(whichamountsto…),amount(总计)-不及物动词,故没有-ED分词。35)C为正确答案。36)B错。改为tofind。37)D为正确答案。38)A为正确答案。39)C为正确答案。40)A错。Uponbeingquestioned。41)D为正确答案。42)B为正确答案。43)D为正确答案。44)D为正确答案。45)A错。改为Marta’s。46)D为正确答案。47)A为正确答案。48)A为正确答案。49)D为正确答案。50)D为正确答案。51)C为正确答案。52)B为正确答案。53)B错。改为acting。54)B错。改为writing。55)C错。改为tryingto。 lesson19--ed分词(一)内容提要-ED分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。第一节-ED分词的用法一、-ED分词作表语Theglassisbroken./Hewasamused./Sheseemedquitedisappointed./Heisgreatlydiscouragedbyherrefusalofinvitinghertotheparty./Thewindowremainslocked.已经形容词化了的-ED分词大都作表语,常见的有:accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicated,confused,crowded,deserted,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,dressed,drunk,exhausted,excited,experienced,fadded,fascinated,frightened,hurt,inexperienced,interested,known,learned,lost,married,pleased,puzzled,qualified,satisfied,surprised,tired,unprepared,unqualified,unkown,upset,worried,wounded等。二、作定语的-ED分词-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句1)Commercialbanksmakemostoftheirincomefrominterestonloansandinvestmentsinstocksandbonds.[A]earn[B]earned[C]toearn[D]wasearned2)Onhisreturnfromhiscollege,hefoundthehouse.[A]deserting[B]deserted[C]desert[D]tobedeserted3)Theage[A]ofageologicalsamplecanbeestimated[B]fromtheratioofradioactivetononradioactivecarbonpresent[C]intheobjectisexamined[D].三、用作状语的-ED分词这样的-ED分词通常来自及物动词。-ED分词用作状语时,跟-ING分词作状语擶一栧,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间,条件,原因,伴随状况等。%ED分词结构作状语前边往往可亥加wHen,while,if,asif,thouGh。这䗦,我们可以抈-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句ﴌ即省去了“主语和be的勘化形式”。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑฻语必须与主句的主语一致。1.表示时间 4)InauguratedasecofdtimeonMarch4(1901,focusedondomesticrathebthanforeignpolicIes.[A]WilliamMcKinley’snewtermlookedforwardtoand[B]thenewtermlookedforwardtoWilliamMcKinleyand[C]lookingforwardtoanewtermwasWilliamMcKinley[D]WilliamMcKinleylookedforwardtoanewterm2.表示条件5)underamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesixpointedshape.[A]Seen[B]Sees[C]Seeing[D]Tosee6)tosteel,chromium(铬)increasesthemetal’shardness.[A]Added[B]Inaddition[C]Adding[D]Adds7)enoughfoodandwater,theycouldhavebeatentheenemy.[A]Beinggiven[B]Given[C]Give[D]Togive3.表示原因8)Encouragedbyhismother,.[A]artwasstudiedinFlorencebyJohnSingerSargent[B]FlorencewaswhereJohnSingerSargentstudiedart[C]thestudyofartinFlorencebyJohnSingerSargent[D]JohnSingerSargentstudiedartinFlorence.9)bythedecision,thelawyerquicklyleftthecourtroom.[A]Angering[B]Havingangered[C]Beingangry[D]Angered10)Writteningreathaste,.[A]Jimmadealotofmistakesinthereport[B]thereareplentyoferrorsinthereport[C]wefoundseveralmistakesinhisreport[D]thebooksisfulloferrors.4.表示伴随状况:-ED分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时,没有适当的分句可替换11)wasnotincorporatedasacityuntilalmosttwocenturieslater,in1834.[A]SettlingBrooklyn,theDutch[B]TheDutchsettledBrooklyn[C]BrooklynwassettledbytheDutch[D]SettledbytheDutch,Brooklyn12)Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelytotheoutsideworld.[A]beinglost[B]havinglost[C]losing[D]lost5.表示让步13)FrancisPrestonBlair,Jr.,borninKentucky,livedandpracticedlawinMissouri.[A]was [B]hewas[C]although[D]whohewas6.表示结果14)inallpartsofthestate,pinesarethemostcommontreesinGeorgia.[A]Found[B]Findingthem[C]Tofindthem[D]Theyarefound7.表示目的15)Theyshouldbekeptherethismatter.[A]informingabout[B]beinformed[C]beinformedof[D]informedof8.表示背景和衬托16)Knownforhercaricatures(漫画)oftheUnitedStatessociety,.[A]PeggyBrownwroteandillustratedbooksforchildren[B]thewritingandillustratingofbooksforchildrenbyPeggyBrown[C]children’sbookswerewrittenandillustratedbyPeggyBrown[D]PeggyBrown’swritingandillustratingofchildren’sbooks17)WellknownasasplendidpianistinBoston,.[A]weallarepleasedtohearMr.Anderson’sconcerto(小协奏曲)[B]aconcertowascomposedbyMr.Anderson[C]Mr.Andersoncomposedaconcerto[D]Mr.Anderson’sconcertowascomposed四、-ED分词在复合结构中Don’tgetyourschedulechanged;staywithusinthisclass.Peterhadhisgasandelectricityturnedonwhenhemovedintohisnewapartmentlastmonth.Hekepthismouthshutandstayedwherehewas.(他闭口不言,呆在原地不动。)Theyaretalkingabouttheexperimentmadeinthenewlab.五、独立结构如果-ED分词短语与-ING短语带有与句子主语不同的主语,即本短语自己本身带有主语,这就构成了独立结构(也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构),这种结构也可作状语表示时间,原因等。有时在独立结构前还可加介词with或without。Hereyesfilledwithtears,shedidnotnoticehiscoming.18)This,wewentouttoplay.[A]wasdone[B]did[C]wasdong[D]done19)allhisfollowersdead,thecommanderwastakenbyhisenemy.[A]For[B]As[C]Becauseof[D]With 六、例题解析1)B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子,在没有连词的情况下,不能填充A和D;根据题意,“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”,有被动之意,所以选B。2)B为正确答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遗弃,没人住”,是被动的意义,而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式,一般表示将来或具体动作,所以D也不对。3)D错。应去掉多余的“is”,使-ED分词“examined”作后置定语修饰“object”。C处并没有错。“present”是形容词,它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的“theratio…carbon”。4)D为正确答案。这句话前半句的-ED分词相当于一个时间状语从句“Whenhewasinauguratedasecondtime…”,主句的主语应当是人,所以A和D为可能选项,但A中的lookforwardto后应跟名词,那么只有D为正确选项。5)A为正确答案。本句的意思是“在显微镜下看,雪花……”,显然这里的看是“被观察”之义。B、C、D都表示主动,A为正确选项。6)A为正确答案。(同上)7)B为正确答案。(同上)8)D为正确答案。四个选项中,只有D的主语为“JohnSingerSargent”(人名),而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞),也就是说,只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语。9)D为正确答案。空白处只能用-ED分词才可和后面的“by”短语发生联系,并且其逻辑主语和主句主语一致。10)D为正确答案。本句的意思是“由于(被)写得急,……”,所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语“plentyoferrors”与“written”逻辑上可以呼应,但与“inthegreathaste”不一致。“Writteningreathaste”的逻辑主语还是“thebooks”。所以D正确。11)D为正确答案。从上下文看,空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词(“asacity”),那么A不对;B和C都是一分句,而空档后是谓语部分,它们不作为正确选项。12)D为正确答案。13)C为正确答案。14)A对。本句的主语为pines(松树),这样就排除了B选项,因为-ING分词表主动,而“松树”不可能是“找”(find)这个动作的逻辑主语,即动作发出者。故只有A“found”(被发现)的逻辑主语与“pines”一致,应选A。15)D为正确答案。16)A为正确答案。空档前是-ED分词短语,空档处应是主谓俱全句,排除B和D。从-ED分词短语中(Knownforher…)可知,主句的主语是人而不是物,所以C也不对。17)C为正确答案。(同上)18)D为正确答案。A是不对的,如果we前加上and,才能选A。19)D为正确答案。lesson20--ed分词(二)不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别1.作宾语时,-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作,而不定式则表示某次具体动作,特别是将来的动作 Ilikeplayingfootball.Iwouldliketoplayfootballthisafternoon.1)Theschoolcannottolerateonexams.[A]cheating[B]tocheat[C]becheated[D]beingcheated2)Newsofsuccesskeepsin.[A]pouring[B]topour[C]poured[D]tobepouring3)Long[A]beforethedawn[B]ofrecorded[C]history,humanscelebratedtoharvest[D]theircrops.2.作定语时,-ING表示正在进行的动作,用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成;不定式表示未来发生4)WewereoverjoyedatthenewsofChinaanotherman-madesatellite.[A]havinglaunched[B]tohavelaunched[C]tolaunch[D]launched5)Theapplicantsinterviewing[A]arerequiredto[B]bringallthenecessarypapers[C]twodayslater[D].6)Sorghum(高梁)leaves[A]occasionallycontain[B]enoughhydrocyanicacidkilling[C]livestock(牲畜)[D].3.当谓语动词是进行时的时候,用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语It"sbeginningtosnowyou.  Itstartsraining.  I"mconsideringhowtogo(wheretogo,whattodo).IconsideredemplyingMr.WangbutdecidedthatMr.Chenwasmoresuitedtothejob.4.在remember,forget等词后,如果跟-ING分词,表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前;如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后Iremembertellingherthatlastnight.(“告诉”发生在“记得”之前)Herememberedtotellherthatwhenshecameback.(“记得”发生在“告诉”之前)I"msorryIforgottogiveyouthemessage.(主语动词表示的动作“忘记”发生在不定式表示的动作“给带口信”之前)Why!Ihavesuchabadmemory.Iforgotgivingthemessagelastnight.(-ING分词表示的动作“给带口信”发生在谓语动词表示的动作“忘记”之前)5.stop,goon和leaveoff之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同 Theystopped(talking)towork.[停下(其他动作)来工作]Theystoppedworking.[停下工作(来干其他动作)]Workerswentondiscussingtheproblem.[工人继续讨论这一问题]Workerswentontodiscusstheproblem.[工人们停下来其他事,继续讨论这一问题]Heleftoffwriting.[他停下写作(去干其他事)]Heleftofftowrite.[他停下(其他事)来写作]6.…usedto后跟不定式和-ING分词,后跟不定式有两种情况:一种是usedto是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”;另外一种情况是use的被动词态“beused”后跟不定式;后跟-ING分词的情况有一种,那就是当usedto中的used是形容词时,to后跟名词或-ING分词7)Whenhewasintheplasticplant,hetogetherwiththeworkers.[A]hasworked[B]hadworked[C]hadbeenworked[D]usedtowork8)Youwillsoonthisclimateandthenthechangesintemperaturewillnotaffectyou.[A]getusedto[B]getto[C]getover[D]getonwith9)Mr.Andersonusedtojogging[A]inthecrispmorning[B]airduring[C]thewintermonths[D],butnowhehasstopped.7.一般情况下,for后边跟接theretobe,而of后边则跟接therebeing10)ItisfairlycommoninAfricaforthereanensembleofexpertmusicianssurroundedbyotherswhojoininbyclapping,singing,orsomehowaddingtothetotalityofmusicalsound.[A]tobe[B]being[C]tohavebeen[D]havingbeen8.be+形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语,而不用-INGItisverydifficulttomanagethecompany.二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别虽然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在意义上两者有差别:-ING分词表示主动的意义,而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上,-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。1.作表语时,-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态Thebookisquiteinteresting.Iaminsteredtedinthebookverymuch.TheplayismoreexcitingthananyIhaveeverseen.Thatpieceoflandlaydeserted. 2.作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况11)Inhismovies,W.C.Fieldswasalwaysatwarwiththeworld,.[A]battlingbothpeopleandobjects[B]bothpeopleandobjectswerebattled[C]hewasbattlingbothpeopleandobjects[D]bothpeopleandobjectsthatwerebattled13)Havingbeenservedlunch,.[A]theproblemwasdiscussedbythemembersofthecommittee[B]thecommitteemembersdiscussedtheproblem[C]itwasdiscussedbythecommitteememberstheproblem[D]adiscussionoftheproblemwasmadebythemembersofthecommittee12)forheranthropologicalresearch,MargaretMeadalsowasinvolvedwiththeWorldFederationforMentalHealth.[A]Sheisnotedprimarily[B]Notedprimarily[C]Primarilyisnoted[D]Sheprimarilynoted14)ConsideredoneoftheleadingpoetsinAmericatoday,.[A]anumberofbooksandplayshavealsobeenwrittenbySoniaSanchez[B]SoniaSanchezhasalsowrittenanumberofbooksandplays[C]anumberofSoniaSanchez’sbooksandplayshavebeenwritten[D]therehavebeenanumberofbooksandplayswrittenbySoniaSanchez3.①作定语时,-ING分词表示正在进行的动作,而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态,而-ED分词则没有时间性;③-ING分词表示主动,而-ED分词表示被动15)Theboiled[A]pointofanyliquid[B]isdetermined[C]bythepressure[D]ofthesurroundinggases.16)High-grade[A]written[B]paperisfrequently[C]obtained[D]fromcottonrags.17)Scientists[A]stillcannotfind[B]anyconvinced[C]linkbetweenintelligence[D]andthequantityorqualityofbraincells.4.但少数几个动词的-ED分词,有两种形式而且在意义上有差别,如:bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分,前者只用于“出生”的意义,而后者用于“负担”,“负荷”,“承担”和“传送”之意Iwasbornin1966.Hisborneresponsibilitytothewholeworkersofthefactoryisreallygreat.再如:hang的-ED分词也有两种,一是hung,另一形式是hanged,前者表示“悬挂”,后者表示“吊死,绞死”。strike的-ED分词也有两种:struck和striken,前者有“打击”“冲击”“感动”等义,而striken只用作形容词,表示“受折磨”之意。来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义;来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义:fallenleaves(落叶),afull-blownrose(盛开的玫瑰),escapedprinsoners(逃犯),theexplodedbomb,herdeceasedhusband,theretiredworkers,thevanishedjewels,thenewlyarrivedvisitors,thereturnedstudents,therisen sun.三、例题解析1)A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)2)A为正确答案。(连续的动作。)3)D错。改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。4)A为正确答案。(已完成的动作。)5)C错。改为tobeinterviewed(将要发生的动作)。6)C错。改为tokill(不定或未来动作)。7)D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干……)8)A为正确答案。(习惯于……used是形容词)9)A错。改为jog。(表示过去经常或总是干……)10)A为正确答案。11)A为正确答案。12)B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词“noted”引导的-ED结构,在句中说明主句谓语的背景。13)B为正确答案。14)B为正确答案。-ED分词“considered”的逻辑主语应为人,除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。15)A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思,-ING分词则表示主动、进行,也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如:“boilingwater(waterwhichisboiling.)”意思是“开水”,意即“正在开着的水”,而“boiledwater(waterwhichhasbeenboiled.)”虽也可译为“开水”,但表示“已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。”本句A处应改为boiling,“boilingpoint”意思是“沸点”。16)B错。改用“writing”,“writingpaper”意为“写字的纸,信纸”,-ING分词“writing”表用途。与此类似的还有“swimmingpool”(游泳池),“sleepingcar”(卧铺)。“written”含有完成和被动意味,不合上下文。17)C错。改为“convincing”。“令人信服的联系”应为“convincinglink”,“convincing”含有主动的意味,即“联系”(link)本身具有这种性质,而“convinced”则含有完成或被动的含义,修饰有生命的名词。试比较:asurprisingman(使人惊讶的人),asurprisedman(被惊吓了的人)。欢迎到作者主页http://strawberry.cnpkm.com/去看看,更多惊喜等着你。