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时态时态是为谓语动词的一种形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语时态通过动词形式的变化来实现。在时间上，英语的时态分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行。将这些时间和动作组合在一起，共构成了16种时态。以动词do为例，英语16种不同时态列表如下：动作时间一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时do/does现在进行时be(am,is,are)doing现在完成时have/hasdone现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoing过去一般过去时did过去进行时was/weredoing过去完成时haddone过去完成进行时hadbeendoing将来一般将来时will/shalldo将来进行时will/shallbedoing将来完成时will/shallhavedone将来完成进行时will/shallhavebeendoing过去将来一般过去将来进行时woulddo过去将来进行时wouldbedoing过去将来完成时wouldhavedone过去将来完成进行时wouldhavebeendoing第一节一般现在时一、定义：一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作。常用的时间状语有：usually,often,sometimes,everymorning,always,regularly,nowandthen,occasionally,seldom,onSundays,atpresent等。二、基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①am／is／are＋not；②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don"t，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。三、基本用法1、经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday。例如：Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家。2、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动。3、表示格言或警句。例如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：Idon‘twantsomuch.我不要那么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。四、特殊用法1.表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：IlearnedthatlighttravelsfasterthansoundwhenIwasinprimaryschool.2.在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,until,after,before,assoonas,once,themoment/theminute,theday;条件：if,unless,provided.Ifheacceptsthejob,hewillgetmoremoneysoon.3.makesure(certain),seetoit,mind,care,matter＋宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Solongasheworkshard,Idon’tmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment. 只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。4.在themore…themore…(越……越……)句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。 Theharderyoustudy,thebetterresultsyouwillget.小节自测题1.IfBill________toNanjing,Iwillgotothestationtopickhimup.AreturnBreturnsCwillreturnDisreturning2.Theplane_______at9o’clock,butthereisafrostnow,soI’mafraidthatwehavetowaituntilagoodweather.AtakesoffBwilltakeoffCistakingoffDtakeoff3.Unlessit____finetomorrow,we’llputoffoursportsmeeting.AwillbeBisCisbeingDbe4.Theflowers______verygood,anddoyouknowitsname?AtasteBistastingCaretastingDtastes5.WhenIstudiedinaprimaryschool,myteachertoldusthatlight______farmorequicklythansound.AwastravellingBtravelsCtravelledDistravelling6.Ifshedoesn’ttellhimthetruthnow,hewillsimplykeeponaskingheruntilshe________.AdoesBhasdoneCwilldoDwoulddoKey:BABABA第二节现在进行时
一、定义：现在时行时表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。常用时间状语有：now,atthemoment,thesedays,nowadays,atpresent等。二、基本用法：1、表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你。2、习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）3、表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。It‘sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。4、与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意。Mydictionary___,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill___it.A.haslost,don‘tfindB.ismissing,don‘tfindC.haslost,haven‘tfoundD.ismissing,haven‘tfound.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。三、动词在以下情况下不用于现在进行时的情况1、表示事实状态的动词，如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如：Ihavetwobrothers.我有两兄弟。Thishousebelongstomysister.这房子是我姐的。2、表示心理状态的动词，如know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。例如：Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的帮助。Helovesherverymuch.他爱她很深。3、瞬间动词，如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如：Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的劝告。4、系动词，如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。例如：Youseemalittletired.你看上去有点累。第三节一般过去时一、定义：一般过去时表示过去某一时刻要段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态（包括习惯性动作）。常用的时间
状语有：yesterday,lastweek,…ago,…later,in1980,during1980s等。二、基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①was／were＋not；②在行为动词前加didn"t，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①was或were放在句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。三、基本用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如：Wheredidyougojustnow?刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth到……时间了该……了。例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。Itistimethatsb.didsth.时间已迟了早该……了，例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。would（had）rathersb.didsth.表示‘宁愿某人做某事‘。例如：I‘dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧。4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比较：Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）四、特殊用法用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1、动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?您还要些什么吗？Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下。2、情态动词could,would。例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行车，能借用一些吗？usedto+do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：Motherusednottobesoforgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarfusedtotakeawalk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。beusedto+doing：对……已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It‘s69568442.A.didn‘tB.couldn‘tC.don‘tD.can‘t答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。第四节一般将来时一、定义：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某段时间内经常的动作与状态。常用的时间状语有：tomorrow,nextweek,fromnowon,inthefuture,in+时间段等。二、基本结构：①am／is／are／goingto＋do；②will／shall＋do 否定形式：①am／is／are＋not＋goingto＋do；②will／shall＋not＋do 一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will／shall提到句首三、基本用法：1、shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？我先读哪一段呢？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七点回家好吗？2、begoingto+不定式，表示将来。①主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？②计划，安排要发生的事。例如：Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。这出戏下月开播。③有迹象要发生的事。例如：Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3、be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4、beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去北京。注意：①beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you‘dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.②beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）I‘mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）四、特殊用法1、下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开。Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2、以here,there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了。3、在时间或条件句中。例如：WhenBillcomes（不是willcome）,askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后，让他等我。I‘llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里，就写信给你。4、在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中。例如：Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：I‘mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你会在这儿呆到下周吗？第五节现在完成时一、定义：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有：already,yet,before,just,ever,lately,recently,never,twice,for+时间段，since等。二、基本结构：have／has＋done 否定形式：have／has＋not＋done 一般疑问句：have／has放于句首三、基本用法1、
一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2、一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。3、现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性①的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Whydidyougetupsoearly?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）Whohasn‘thandedinhispaper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在团内的状态可延续）HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,last,week,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.四、特殊用法1、Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市。Thisisthefirsttime（that）I‘veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2、Thisis+形容词最高级+that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时。例如：ThisisthebestfilmthatI‘ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。①---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。②---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it‘sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。注意：①非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（对）Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.②Since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度
。例如：Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我从出生起就住在这儿了。③并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.（我现在已不在这里工作。）Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.（现在我仍在这里工作。）④用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。（对）TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.（错）Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.四、特殊用法Since的用法：1、since+过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix）。例如：Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起，我一直在这儿。2、since+一段时间+ago。例如：Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3、since+从句。例如：Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后，变化可大了。Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincewewerehere.我们走后，变化可大了。4）Itis+一段时间+since从句。例如：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.我考上研究生有两年了。注释：延续性动词和瞬间性动词：延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果）I‘veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）小节自测题1.Whilepeoplemayrefertotelevisionforup-to-datenews,itisunlikelythattelevision_______thenewspapercompletely.AreplacedBhavereplacedCreplaceDwillreplace2.--Whenistheconcertsupposedtostart?--It______.AisaboutstartBhasbeenabouttostartCisabouttostartDhasabouttostart
3.Pleasehurryup.You_____belate.AaretoBareabouttoCaregoingtoDarebeingto4.Anewpowerstation______there.AwillbegoingtobuildBisgoingtobebuiltCwillbegonetobuildDisgonetobebuilt5.Thetrain_____ateighttonight.AwillbestartedBwillbestartedCshallbestartedDstarts6.She_____inthefeetonherwayhomefromwork.AgothurtBishurtChurtsDhurting7.Mywifewouldratherthey_______aboutthematteranymore.Adon’ttalkBwon’ttalkCdidn’ttalkDarenottalking8.ThisisoneofthemostdiligentstudentsthatI________.AeverhaveknownBhaveeverknownCknowDknew9.I’mgladthatPeterdecidedtocometothepartybecausewe______himforseveralyears.Ahaven’tseenBhavedon’tseeCdidn’tseenDhadn’tseen10.Thisisthefifthtimehe_______youinaweek.ArangBhasrungCringsDhadrung11.It______alongtimesincewmetlast.AhasbeenBwillbeCwasDhadbeen.12.Don’tdisturbhim.He_______totheweatherforecast.AlistenBisbeinglistenedCislisteningDhaslistened13.Myteacher______________.AhasforevercriticizedmeBforevercriticizesmeCwasforevercriticizingmeDisforevercriticizingme14.ThefoodthatCathyiscookinginthekitchen______delicious.AissmellingBsmellsChassmelledDwillsmellKey:DCCBDACBABACDB第六节过去进行时一、定义：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。二、基本结构：
did/was/were 否定形式：did/was/were＋not＋do 一般疑问句：did/was/were放于句首三、基本用法1、表示过去某一时刻，或某一阶段正在进行的动作。通常和表示过去的时间状语连用。Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayat7:00p.m.?(过去某一时刻)From1983to1988,hewasteachingEnglishatYale(耶鲁大学)。（过去某一阶段）2、表示过去的习惯性，经常性动作。但是这种习惯性动作具有过去某一阶段的暂时性。如：Inthosedays,Tomusedtogetupat9:00,butthatweek,hewasgettingupat5:00everyday.3、过去进行时经常和always,constantly,forever,continually等频度副词连用，表示说话人对某种行为的厌烦等不满情绪。Hewasalwaysplayingtricksonme.他老是捉弄我！四、特殊用法1、表示过去将来时间里按计划安排即将发生的动作。即表示过去将来。如：Theywereleavingafewdayslater.2、用在时间，条件等从句中，用过去进行时表示过去将来正在进行的动作。如：Hetoldmetowakehimupifhewassleeping.IwillletyouknowwhenMaryisarriving.3、表示委婉语气。这种用法和过去进行时基本一样。表示委婉，礼貌的程度最深。Ihope/hoped/amhoping/washopingthatyoucouldlendmesomemoney.其中,iwashoping的委婉程度第一。4、过去进行时用于虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来的主观臆想，与事实相反的情况。如：Shewishesthatshewerecomingwithustomorrow.（对将来的虚拟）她希望明天和我们一起来。Iwishthattheywerenottalkingsoloudly.(对现在的虚拟)注意：当一般过去时和过去进行时同时出现在句中，通常是表示短暂动作的动词用一般过去时，而表示较长时间的动作用过去进行时。如：IbrokeaglasswhileIwascookinginthekitchen.Thestudentswerestilllaughingwhentheteachercameintheclassroom.第七节过去完成时一、定义：表示过去某个时刻之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去
二、基本构成：had+过去分词，常用的时间状语有：before,after,once,until,bytheendof+过去时间。三、基本用法1、在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：Shesaid（that）shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。2、状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。3、表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本…，未能…。例如：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn‘t.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如：HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.A.hadwritten,leftB，werewriting,hasleftC.hadwritten,hadleftD.werewriting,hadleft答案D.把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于……这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意：hadhardly…when还没等……就……。例如：IhadhardlyopenedthedoorwhenIhehitme.我刚打开门，他就打了我。hadnosooner…than刚……就……。例如：Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。四、不用过去完成时的情况1、两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：Whenshesawthemouse，shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2、两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3、叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.第八节将来完成时一、定义：表示到将来某时将已经发生的动作。常用的时间状语有：by+将来时间。二、基本构成：willhavedone三、基本用法1、状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。2、动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了。小节自测题1.____mybreakfastwhenarobberbrokeintomyhome.AhadBhadbeenhavingChavebeencomingDwashaving2.Myboss_______trouble,soIwasfedupwithhim.AwasconstantlymakingBwereconstantlymakingCweremakingconstantlyDwasconstantlymade3.IregretthatIdivorcedhim.I______stupid.AamjustBhadjustbeenCwasjustbeingDwouldjustbe4.Hediscoveredthathisluggage________stolen.AhadbeenBhasbeenCwasDwouldbe5.She______cleanouttheroomlastweek,butshewastoobusyatthattime.AintendedtoBwasintendedtoChadintendedtoDhasintendedto6.Nosooner_______thanitbegantorain.AdidhereturnBhadhereturnedChedidreturnDhehadreturned.7.Whennoonarrives,_______atleasttenbirds.AwemayshootBwemighthaveshotCitisourexpectationtoshootDitisestimatedthatwe’llhaveshot
8.BythetimeyougettoNewYork,I_______forLondon.AwouldbeleavingBamleavingChavealreadyleftDshallhaveleftKey：DBCACBDD第九节现在完成进行时一、定义：现在完成进行时表示一个动作始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。例如：Ihavebeenlookingformylostbookforthreedays,butIstillhaven’tfoundit.我一直在找我丢的那本书，找了三天任然没找到。HehasbeenlearningEnglishfor6years.（强调从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学）二、基本构成：“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成三、基本用法：1、表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在，还要继续下去。例如：I"vebeenreadingthisbookfortwohours,butIhaven"tfinishedit.这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。比较：I"vereadthisbook.我已读完这本书了。2、强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。例如：Shehasalwaysbeenworkinglikethat.她一贯是这样工作的。Ithasrainingfor3days.(强调说话者抱怨的感情色彩)3、现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。We"vebeenseeingquitealotofeachotherrecently.最近我们经常见面。四、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别1、现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：We’vebeenlivingherefortenyears.十年来我们一直住在这儿。We’velivedherefortenyears.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。2、在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：Thestudentshavebeenpreparingfortheexam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。Thestudentshavepreparedfortheexam.（已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。3、有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如：have,exist,like,hate,hear,know,sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：They"veknowneachothersince1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。
小节自测题1.—I’msureAndrewwillwinthefirstprizeinthefinal.—Ithinkso.He________foritformonths.A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.hadbeenpreparingD.hasbeenpreparing2.Bythetimeherealizeshe_________intoatrap,it’llbetoolateforhimtodoanythingaboutit.A.walksB.walkedC.haswalkedD.hadwalked3.Sofarthisyearwe_______afallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.A.sawB.seeC.hadseenD.haveseen4.CathyistakingnotesofthegrammaticalrulesinclassatSunshineSchool,whereshe______Englishforayear.A.studiesB.studiedC.isstudyingD.hasbeenstudying5.Danny_________hardforlongtorealizehisdreamandnowheispopular.A.worksB.isworkingC.hasworkedD.hadworked6.—Ihavegotaheadache.—Nowonder.You_________infrontofthatcomputertoolong.A.workB.areworkingC.havebeenworkingD.worked7.Theunemploymentrateinthisdistrict_______from6%to5%inthepasttwoyears.A.hasfallenB.hadfallenC.isfallingD.wasfalling8.Nowthatsheisoutofjob,Lucy___goingbacktoschool，butshehasn’tdecidedyet.A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider9.—______you______himaroundthemuseumyet?—Yes.Wehadagreattimethere.A.Have;shownB.Do;showC.Had;shownD.Did;show10.—Hi,Tracy，youlookpale.—Iamtired.I_______thelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepaintedKey：C.1-5DCDDC6-10CABAC第十节易混时态的区别一、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别1、现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I’mreadingastorynow.我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情)
Ireadstoriesinmysparetime.我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为)2、现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表示动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如：Whatareyoudoingthesedays?这几天你在干什么？TheyarelearningEnglishinthesummerholiday.他们暑假在学英语。TheyreadEnglisheveryday.他们每天读英语。TheyplayvolleyballeverySunday.他们每周星期天都打排球。3、表示短促动作的动词(如jump,knock,beat,pick,skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如：Thegirlsarejumpingoverthere.女孩子们在那边跳。Hisheartisbeatingfast.他的心脏跳得很快。4、某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope,wonder,want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如：I’mwonderingwhetheryoucanhelpusnow.我不知道你现在能否帮我们一下。I’mhopingthatyouwillsucceed.希望你能成功。二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别1、过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如：Hewaswritinghiscompositionlastnight.他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)Hewrotehiscompositionlastnight.他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)2、表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be,like,love,hate,fear,own,hear,see,know,want,notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：Ihateditwhenamanspokewithhismouthfulloffood.我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。3、一般过去时与always,constantly,forever,continually等连用，表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作；而过去进行时与always,constantly,forever,continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情色彩。如：Healwaysgotupatsix.他过去总是6点起床。Hewasalwaysthinkingofhiswork.他总是一心想着工作。4、有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：Ithoughtthathewouldagreewithus.我认为他会同意我们的观点。Iwasthinkingofpersuadinghimtofollowmyadvice.我想要说服他接受我们的建议三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时强调动作的结果对现在的影响，属于现在时的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间，属于过去时的范畴。因此，过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用，而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用。如：Ireadthebooktwoweeksago.我两周前读了这本书。Ihavereadthebookfortwoweeks.这本书我读了两周了。
四、现在完成时与现在进行时现在完成时强调动作持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去，或动作刚结束；而现在进行时只强调目前的状态。如：Theyhavetalkedforabouttwohours.他们谈了大约两个小时。(强调动作的持续)Theyaretalking.他们在谈话。(强调目前的状态)五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别1、过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即：过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在状态。如：Hestudiedtheretwoyearsago.他在那儿学习了两年。(离现在两年)Hesaidhehadstudiedtheretwoyearsago.他说他在那儿学习了两年。(离他说话时两年)2、表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and,then,but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。如：Hesaidhewenttheshopandboughtsomefood.他说他去商店买了一些食品。时态综合练习（一）1.Thattreelookedasifit_______foralongtime.Ahasn’twateredBdidn’twaterChadn’tbeenwateredDwasn’twatered2.EversincePicassso’spaintingwentonexhibition,there______largecrowdsatthemuseumeveryday.AisBhasbeenChavebeenDarebeing3.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely_______asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.AhavefoundBwillbefindingCwillhavefoundDarefinding4.Bytheendoftheyear,allbuttwopeople__________.AhaveleftBwillleaveCwillbeleavingDwillhaveleft5.TheBrowns______here,butnotanymore.AwereusedtolivingBhadlivedCusedtoliveDhadbeenliving6.It’sreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofthemachinesinthefactory____byabout10%.AwillhaverisenBhasrisenCwillberisingDhasbeenrising7.Beforethefirstnon-stopflightmadein1949,it_____necessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling.AwouldbeBhasbeenChadbeenDwouldhavebeen8.Thosewhohaveappliedforthisjob______intheoffice.AwerebeinginterviewedBareinterviewedCareinterviewedDtobeinterviewed9.John_____now,forthelightinhisroomisstillon.
AstudiesBisstudyingChasstudiedDhadstudied10.Untilthen,hisfamily______fromhimforsixmonths.Adidn’thearBhasn’tbeenhearingChasn’theardDhadn’theard11.Iwouldgladlylendyouthemoney,butIreally_____haveit.Acouldn’tBdidn’tChaven’tDdon’t12.I’llphoneyouassoonasI_______thenews.A.amgettingBgetCwillgetDshallget13.Sendforadoctorquickly.Theoldman_______.AwilldieBisdyingCdiesDdied14.I______thereforfiveyearswhenthenewleadercame.AhadworkedBworkedCwasworkingDhavebeenworking15.They_______moreenthusiasticabouttheirworksincetheirteacher’sreturn.AareBwereChadbeenDhavebeen16.Ifthehorsewinstomorrow,he______thirtyracesinthepastfiveyears.AwillwinBwouldwinCwillhavewonDhaswon17.Thework______bythetimeyougetthere.AwillhavebeendoneBisdoneChadbeendoneDwouldhavedone18.It’shightime______himaseverelessonforbeinglate.AyougiveByougaveCyou’llgiveDyoushouldgiveKey:CCCDCACABDDBBADCAB时态综合练习（二）1.---Oh,dear.Iforgottheairtickets. ---You______something. A.haveleftB.arealwaysleaving C.areleavingD.alwaysleft2.---I______sobusilyrecentlythatI______notimetohelpyouwithyourmath. ---That’sOK.Icanmanageitbymyself. A.havebeenworking;have B.haveworked;had C.amworking;willhave D.hadbeenworking;hadhad3.Remembertosendmeaphotoofusnexttimeyou______tome.
A.arewritingB.willwrite C.haswrittenD.write4.He______atthemeeting,buthisheartattackpreventedhim. A.willspeakB.isgoingtospeak C.hadtospeakD.wasgoingtospeak5.---Ibegyourpardon,butIdidn’tquitecatchyou. ---Oh,I______myself. A.amtalkingtoB.talkedabout C.havetalkedtoD.wastalkingto6.I______ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincetheNewYear. A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play7.IfirstmetTom10yearsago.He______inaradiofactoryatthattime. A.hadworkedB.hasworked C.wasworkingD.hasbeenworking8.---What______whenIphonedyou? ---I______mywork,andIwantedtogoout. A.haveyoudone;finished B.wereyoudoing;havefinished C.didyoudo;hadjustfinished D.wereyoudoing;hadjustfinished9.---Haveyoufinishedthereport? ---No.I______itallthisweek. A.willdoB.haddone C.havedoneD.havebeendoing10.Icanguessyouwereinahurry.You______yoursweaterinsideout. A.hadwornB.woreC.werewearingD.arewearing11.---We______thatyouwouldfixtheTVsetthisweek. ---I’msorry.I______tofixitthisweek,butI’vebeentoobusy. A.hadexpected;hadintended B.areexpecting;hadintended C.expect;intend D.expected;intend12.---Why?Tom,yourshirtissodirty!
---Mum,I______mystoreroomdownstairs. A.cleanedB.havecleaned C.wascleaningD.havebeencleaning13.Theywon’tbuynewclothesbecausethey______moneytobuyanewhouse. A.saveB.aresavingC.havesavedD.weresaving14.Thetrafficinourcityisalreadygoodandit______evenbetter. A.getsB.gotC.hasgotD.isgetting15.---Iwillcometoattendyourlectureat10:00tomorrow. ---I’msorry,bythenmylecturewillhaveendedandI______myguestsinmyoffice. A.isbeingmetB.willmeet C.willbemeetingD.willhavemet16.---Alicecamebackhomethedaybeforeyesterday. ---Really?Where______? A.hasshebeenB.hadshebeen C.hasshegoneD.hadshegone17.IknowMr.Brown;we______toeachotherataninternationalconference. A.areintroducedB.arebeenintroduced C.wereintroducedD.hadbeenintroduced18.---Wheredoyouthink______he______thecomputer? ---Sorry.Ihavenoidea. A.has;boughtB.不填;bought C.did;buyD.不填;buys19.Don’tbothertolookformydictionary---it______someday. A.turnsupB.hasturnedupC.willturnupD.isgoingtoturnup20.---WhatdoyouthinkofthiskindofTVset,which______inShanghai? ---Well,Idon’tcareaboutsuchthings. A.wasmadeB.ismade C.hasbeenmadeD.hadbeenmade21.---Didhenoticeyouentertheroom? ---Idon’tthinkso.He______totheradiowithhiseyesshut. A.listenedB.waslistening C.haslistenedD.hadlistened22.Theplane______at7:00pm,soIhavetobeattheairportby6:40atthelatest.
A.hasleftB.wouldleaveC.willhaveleftD.leaves23.Thetrain___atthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainatabout nineo’clocktonight. A.wentB.isgoingC.goesD.willbegoing24.IusedtodrinkalotofteabutthesedaysI______coffee. A.preferB.preferredC.hadpreferredD.ampreferring25.Thevegetablesdidn’ttasteverygood.They______toolong. A.hadbeencookedB.werecookedC.havecookedD.cooked26.---Rememberthefirsttimewemet,Jim? ---OfcourseIdo.You______inthelibrary. A.werereadingB.hadreadC.havereadD.read27.IwanttobuythatkindofclothbecauseI______thecloth______well. A.havetold;washes B.havebeentold;washes C.wastold;washed D.havebeentold;iswashed28.---IsTomstillsmoking? ---No.BynextSaturdayhe______forawholemonthwithoutsmokingasinglecigarette. A.willbeB.willhavegoneC.willhavebeenD.hasbeengoing29.---______Bettythismorning? ---Notyet,butsheissuretobeherebeforenoon. A.HaveyouseenB.Willyousee C.DoyouseeD.Didyousee?30.Jimtalkedforabouthalfanhouryesterday.Never______himtalksomuch. A.IheardB.didIhear C.IhadheardD.hadIheard31.---Lookattheblackclouds.It______soon. ---Sure.Ifonlywe______out. A.israining;didn’tcome B.istorain;won’tstart C.willrain;haven’tstarted D.isgoingtorain;hadn’tcome32.He___articlesforourwall-newspaperthesethreeyears,andhe____aboutfortyarticles. A.hasbeenwriting;haswritten
B.hasbeenwriting;wrote C.iswriting;hasbeenwriting D.haswritten;haswritten33.She______totheofficethanshegotdowntowritingthereport. A.hasnosoonergotB.hadhardlygot C.nosoonergotD.hadnosoonergot34.Whenhewasalive,theoldscientistusedtosaythatknowledge______frompracticeandhegainedhisexperiencebydoingalotofpracticalwork. A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.comesD.wouldcome35.---Don’tforgettobringmynewbookstomorrowafternoon. ---No,I______. A.don’tB.doC.won’tD.will36.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI______. A.finishedwhatIwasdoingB.finishedwhatIdid C.wouldfinishwhatIwasdoingD.finishwhatIdid37.Youwon’tknowwhetherthecoatfitsyouuntilyou______iton. A.willtryB.havetriedC.triedD.aretrying38.Mydictionary______.Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill______it. A.haslost;don’tfindB.ismissing;don’tfind C.haslost;haven’tfoundD.ismissing;haven’tfound39.______itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando. A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave40.---HowareyouplanningtotraveltoShanghai? ---I______yet,butI______takingatrain.A.didn’tdecide;amconsideringB.haven’tdecided;considerC.haven’tdecided;amconsideringD.hadn’tdecided;haveconsidered41.---Excuseme,sir.Wouldyoudomeafavour? ---Ofcourse.Whatisit? ---I______ifyoucouldtakemetothestation. A.wouldwonderB.didwonder C.waswonderingD.hadwondered
42.---Gotyourdrivinglicense? ---No.I______toobusytohaveenoughpractice,soIdidn’ttakethedrivingtestlastweek.I’mgoingtonextweek. A.wasB.havebeenC.amD.hadbeen 43.Withthedevelopmentofscience,morenewtechnology______tothefieldofIT. A.hasintroducedB.isbeingintroducedC.isintroducedD.wasintroduced 44.---Who’sthemanoverthere? ---It’sJack. ---Oh?______inItaly. A.Ithinkhe’sB.I’vethoughthe’sbeen C.IthoughthewasD.I’dthoughthe’dbeen 45.---Idroppedinatyourhouseatabouttenlastnight,butyouweren’tin. ---I______regularexercisesattheclub. A.didB.wasdoingC.haddoneD.havebeendoing 46.---Eachofthestudents,workinghardattheirlessons,______thebook. ---SohaveI. A.isreadingB.hasreadC.readingD.reads 47.Thebabyisgenerallyhealthy,buteverynowandthenhe______acold. A.hascaughtB.iscatching C.willcatchD.doescatch 48.Itiswhentheplane______thatyou’dbetterfindoutatthebookingoffice. A.wouldtakeoffB.hadtakenoff C.wastakingoffD.istakingoff 49.---I’msorry,butthere’snosmokingonthisflight. ---Oh,I______that.Sorry,Iwon’tagain. A.don’tknowB.didn’tknow C.won’tknowD.haven’tknown 50.IthoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,buthe______it. A.doesn’tmentionB.hadn’tmentionedC.didn’tmentionD.hasn’tmentionedKey: 1-5BADDD6-10DCDDD11-15ADBDC16-20BCBCB 21-25BDDAA26-30ABBAD31-35DADCC36-40ABDDC 41-45CDBCB46-50BDDBC
第二章被动语态一、被动语态的构成形式1、被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： ①am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时 例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2）has/havebeendone现在完成时 例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompleted,andwe"rereadytostart. ②am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时 例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere． ③was/weredone一般过去时 例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer. ④hadbeendone过去完成时 例Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing. ⑤was/werebeingdone过去进行时 例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere. ⑥shall/willbedone一般将来时 例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses. ⑦should/wouldbedone过去将来时 例Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier"smotherassoonasitarrived. ⑧shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时（少用） 例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly. 2、被动语态的特殊结构形式 ①带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter. ②有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改为Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday. ③当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette. ④在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding. ⑤有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday. 3、非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing形式及不定式todo也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。 例Idon"tlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。 1、讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。 例Mybikewasstolenlastnight. 2、借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。 例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldaccepttheoffer. 3、为了更好地安排句子。 例Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.（一个主语就够了） 三、Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.”。有： Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…众所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家认为，Itissuggestedthat…据建议。 例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.（＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.） 四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1、英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式
表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例Thiskindofclothwasheswell. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：Thedoorwon"tlock．（指门本身有毛病） Thedoorwon"tbelocked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 2、表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？ 3、系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。 1、在need，want，require,bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 例Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）．这房子需要修理。 2、形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。 例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．） 3、动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 例Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．(todo与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较：I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。) 4、在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.（可看作toworkout省略了forme）. 5、在too…to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 例Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy. 6、在there
be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例Thereisnotimetolose（tobelost）．（用tolose可看成forustolose；用tobelost，谁losttime不明确。） 7、在betodo结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例Whoistoblameforstartingthefire? 六、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 1、如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。 例Theglassisbroken．（系表结构） Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy．（被动语态） 2、如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。 例Thedoorislocked．（系表结构） Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked．（被动语态） 3、被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。 例Themachineisbeingrepaired．七、真题解析1．对谓语动词语态的考查 ①Insomepartsoftheworld,tea___withmilkandsugar. A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served 解析B因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。 ②ThisisTed’sphone.Wemisshimalot.He___tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake. A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling 解析CTed是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。 ③----Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse? ----Notyet,therooms_____.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting 解析A“house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。 ④Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday___yet.
A.arenotdecidedB.havenotbeendecided C.isnotbeingdecidedD.hasnotbeendecided 解析Ddecide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。 ⑤Themanagerenteredtheofficeandwashappytolearnthatfour-fifthsofthetickets___. A.wasbookedB.hadbeenbooked C.werebookedD.havebeenbooked 解析B句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在enteredtheoffice这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。 2．对非谓语动词语态的考查 当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时,须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。 ①Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains___whethertheywillenjoyit. A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen 解析B根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。 ②Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp___intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed. A.topersuadedB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded 解析Ccan’thelpdoing“禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。 ③Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho___forthespoiledchild. A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblame C.istobeblamedD.shouldblame 解析Afeel的宾语从句为强调句型，在betodo结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如toblame，tolet等。被动语态综合练习（一）1.Ifcitynoises____fromincreasing，people____shouttobeheardevenatdinner． A．arenotkept；willhaveto B．arenotkept；have C．donotkeep；willhaveto D．donotkeep；haveto 2.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,are____andperfected
now. A.developed B.havedeveloped C.arebeingdeveloped D.willhavebeendeveloped 3.---____thesportsmeetmightbeputoff． ---Yes，italldependsontheweather． A．I"vebeentoldB．I"vetoldC．I"mtoldD．Itold 4.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection___. A.hascompletedB.completes C.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted 5.Rainforests___andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture. A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut 6.Thenewsuspensionbridge___bytheendoflastmonth. A.hasbeendesignedB.hadbeendesigned C.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesigned 7.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____. A.breaksB.hasbroken C.wasbrokenD.hadbeenbroken 8.Greatchanges___inthecity,andalotoffactories___. A.havebeentakenplace;havebeensetup B.havetakenplace;havebeensetup C.havetakenplace;havesetup D.weretakenplace;weresetup 9.Thatsuit__over60dollars. A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostedD.cost 10.---Look!Everythinghereisunderconstruction. ---What’stheprettysmallhousethat__for? A.isbeingbuiltB.hasbeenbuilt C.isbuiltD.isbuilding 11.---Doyoulikethematerial? ---Yes,it___verysoft. A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt 12.Itisdifficultforaforeigner____
Chinese． A．writeB．towriteC．tobewrittenD．written 13.Ihavenomoreletters____，thankyou．A．totypeB．typingC．tobetypedD．typed 14.Takecare!Don’tdroptheinkonyourshirt,forit__easily. A.won’twashoutB.won’tbewashedout C.isn’twashedoutD.isn’twashingout 15.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto___. A.beputupB.givein C.beturnedonD.goout 16.Thecomputersonthetable___ProfessorSmith. A.belongsB.arebelongedtoC.belongstoD.belongto 17.---Whatdoyouthinkofthebook? ---Oh,excellent.It’sworth___asecondtime. A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread 18.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch 19.Thispageneeded___again. A.beingcheckedB.checkedC.tocheckD.tobechecked 20.___manytimes,theboystilldidn’tknowhowtodotheexercises A.HavingtaughtB.HavingbeentaughtC.taughtD.Teaching key：1--5ACADC6--10BCBDA11--15CBCAD16--20DCCDB被动语态综合练习（二）1.Ourhouse_____, A.isgettingpaint B.isgettingpainted C.isgotpainted D.hasgottopaint2.HearrivedinBeijing,wherehe_____hisfriend. A.wasmetby B.wasmet C.wasmeeting D.metby 3.Thewar_____in1937 A.wasbrokenout B.hadbeenbrokenout C.hasbrokenout D.brokeout 4.Themistakesintheexerciseswill_____theteacher.
A.cross B.becrossing C.becrossedby D.crossby 5.MybrotherandIhave__________herbirthdayparty. A.beeninvited B.beeninvitedfor C.invitedto D.beeninvitedto 6.It_______thisway A.ishadtodo B.ishadtobedone C.hadtobedone D.hastodo 7.It__thisway. Ausedtodo B.usedtobedone C.isusedtodo D.isusedtodoing 8._____Chaplin. A.Thechild"snamewascalled B.Thechild"snamecalls C.Thechildcalls D.Thechildisnamed 9.Thesportsmeeting____. A.isputoff B.istoputoff C.istobeputoff D.putsoff 10.Maryrealizedshe_________ A.wasmakingfunof B.wasmadefun C.wasbeingmadefunof D.wasbeingmadefun 11.______tosayathinginthatway A.Itisconsiderswrong B.Itisconsideredwrong C.Itisconsideredit"swrong D.Itisconsiedringwrong 12.Heorderedthatthebooks_______atonce. A.wouldbeprinted B.wouldprint C.beprinted D.print 13.Thestory______inChina. A.wastakenplace B.washappened C.tookplace D.hasbeentakenplace 14.Thehouse_____myparents A.isbelongto B.belongto C.belongsto D.isbelongedto 15.He_______byhisteacher. A.happenedtosee B.washappenedtosee C.happenedtobeseen D.washappenedtobeseen 16.Greatchanges_____inourprovince.Manytallbuildings. A.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetup B.havetakenplace,havebeensetup
C.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetup D.weretakenplace,weresetup 17.Thehall"s____butit"snotyet____withlamps. A.furnished,finished B.beenfinished,beenfurnished C.beingfinished,beingfurnished D.setup,full 18.Thenewhallisthetallestbuildinginthistown._____fromhere? A.Canitsee B.Canitbeseen C.Canitseen D.Cansee 19.Assoonaswegottotheairport,wefoundthattheplane_____. A.hadalreadytakenoff B.alreadytookoff C.wasalreadytakingoff D.wasalreadytakenoff 20.Someofthehotelsinmyhometown_________. A.havenowbeenrebuilding B.arenowrebuilding C.arenowbeingrebuilt D.arerebuiltnow 21.Ifcitynoises____fromincreasing，people____shouttobeheardevenatdinner． A.arenotkept；willhaveto B.arenotkept；have C.donotkeep；willhaveto D.donotkeep；haveto22.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,are____andperfectednow. A.developed B.havedeveloped C.arebeingdeveloped D.willhavebeendeveloped 23.---____thesportsmeetmightbeputoff． ---Yes，italldependsontheweather． A.I"vebeentold B.I"vetold C.I"mtold D.Itold 24.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection___. A.hascompleted B.completes C.hasbeencompleted D.iscompleted 25.Rainforests___andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfrom theearthinthenearfuture. A.cut B.arecut C.arebeingcut D.hadbeencut 26.Thenewsuspensionbridge___bytheendoflastmonth. A.hasbeendesigned B.hadbeendesigned C.wasdesigned D.wouldbedesigned 27.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.
A.breaks B.hasbroken C.wasbroken D.hadbeenbroken 28.Greatchanges___inthecity,andalotoffactories___. A.havebeentakenplace;havebeensetup B.havetakenplace;havebeensetup C.havetakenplace;havesetup D.weretakenplace;weresetup 29.Thatsuit__over60dollars. A.hadcosted B.costed C.iscosted D.cost 30.---Look!Everythinghereisunderconstruction. ---What"stheprettysmallhousethat__for? A.isbeingbuilt B.hasbeenbuilt C.isbuilt D.isbuilding 31.---Doyoulikethematerial? ---Yes,it___verysoft. A.isfeeling B.felt C.feels D.isfelt 32.Itisdifficultforaforeigner____Chinese． A.write B.towrite C.tobewritten D.written 33.Ihavenomoreletters____，thankyou． A.totype B.typing C.tobetyped D.typed 34.Takecare!Don"tdroptheinkonyourshirt,forit__easily. A.won"twashout B.won"tbewashedout C.isn"twashedout D.isn"twashingout 35.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto___. A.beputup B.givein C.beturnedon D.goout 36.Thecomputersonthetable___ProfessorSmith. A.belongs B.arebelongedto C.belongsto D.belongto 37.---Whatdoyouthinkofthebook? ---Oh,excellent.It"sworth___asecondtime. A.toread B.toberead C.reading D.beingread 38.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___. A.catching B.tobecaught C.beingcaught D.tocatch 39.Thispageneeded___again.
A.beingchecked B.checked C.tocheck D.tobechecked 40.___manytimes,theboystilldidn"tknowhowtodotheexercises A.Havingtaught B.Havingbeentaught C.taught D.Teaching Keys1B 2A 3D 4C 5D 6C 7B 8D 9A 10C 11B 12C 13C 14C 15C 16B 17B 18B 19A 20C 21A 22C 23A 24D 25C 26B 27C 28B 29D 30A 31C 32B 33C 34A 35D 36D 37C 38C 39D 40B 第三章名词性从句句子分为简单句和复合句，而复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句。由并列连词and,but,so等连接的句子叫做并列复合句，而由从属连词that,if,whether,what,who等连接的复合句叫做主从复合句。主从复合句包括两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个是主句，另一个是从句(即在整个句子中作句子的一个成分，不能独立)。按照从句在句中的功能，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。根据从句在句子中的功能分根据从句的性质分主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句
同位语从句定语从句形容词性从句状语从句副词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为这四种从句在整个句子中所起的作用相当于一个名词，因此，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句需由连接词引导，连接词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。从属连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中充当某一个成分。另外，名词性从句要用陈述语序。在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：功能例词从属连词只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分that,whether,if,asif(只用于表语从句)连接代词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语who,whom,whose,what,which，whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever连接副词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语when,where,why,how,however,whenever,wherever,由how组成的疑问词组，如howmany,howmuch第一节主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上，也可以用it作形式主语，而将从句放在谓语的豆面，特别是当谓语较短时。that引导的主语从句用it作形式主语尤为常见。引导主语从句的连接词及其用法一、从属连词that，（that在句中无词义，只起连接作用）1、that引导的主语从句位于句首，不可省略Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.Thatyoudon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.2、用形式主语it代替主语从句
3、有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：①Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸It’sapitythat.....Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识It’anowonderthat....②itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…Itislikelythat...Itisobviousthat....Itisclearthat..③it＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itmattersthat...很重要Itturnedoutthat...结果是Itoccurredthat突然想起④itis＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说Itistoldthat…有人告诉我说…注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,surprising,unthinkable,unbelievable,incredibleetc.)that…Itissuggested(advised,requested,required,ordered,proposed,desired,demanded,insistedetc.)that…例如：Itiscertainthathewillwinthematch.Itistruethathehasmadeaveryimportantdiscoveryinchemistry.Itisapitythatwewon"tbeabletogotothesouthtospendoursummervacation.Itissaidthathehasgonetoshanghai.(=Heissaidtohavegonetoshanghai)Itissuggestedthattheworkshouldbedonewithgreatcare.Itseemsthathehasseenthefilm.(=Heseemstohaveseenthefilm)Ithappenedthatthetwocheatswerethere.(=Thetwocheatshappenedtobethere)二、WhetherWhetherwecanarrivethereontimedependsonthetraffic.Whetheryoucansucceedornotdependsonhowhardyouworkatit.三、Wh-类引导词，包括：1、连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever
2、连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。注意：主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。Whowillbeourmonitorhasn"tbeendecidedyet.Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.Whateveryoudidisright.Whothewatchbelongstowaslostisunknown.注意：what与that在引导主语从句时的区别：What引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that则不然。例如：Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Thatwehavetoputoffourplanisknowntoallcolleagues.小节自测题1.Itdoesn’tmatter_________youturnrightorleftatthecrossing---bothroadsleadtothepark.A.whetherB.howC.ifD.when2.Itsuddenlyoccurredtohim________hehadlefthiskeysintheoffice.A.whetherB.whereC.whichD.that3.----We’veonlygotthissmallbookcase.Willthatdo?----No,_________Iamlookingforissomethingmuchbiggerandstronger.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which4.Itdoesn’tmatter________youpaybycashorcreditcardinthisstore.A.howB.whetherC.whatD.why5.________thepollutingfactorywillberemovedfromthecityis,infact,________thecitizensaregladtosee.A.That;asB.As;whatC.That;whatD.What;that6.Idon’tsayIamagainstJackie’splan.Buttheproblemis___________hedoesfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.A.whatthatB.thatwhatC.whetherwhatD.whatwhether7.“When________leaveforJapan?”“When_______leaveforJapaniskeptsecret.”A.theywill;willtheyB.willthey;theywillC.theywill;theywillD.willthey;willthey8.Theylosttheirwayintheforest,and_________mademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.
A.itB.whichC.thatD.what9.Ithascometomynotice________someofyouhavemissedtodoanythingwell.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when10._______wearedoinghasneverbeendonebefore.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.WhetherKey:1-5ADCBC6-10BBDCB第二节宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。一、宾语从句的连接词1、由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：HehastoldmethathewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodinnothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”。例如：Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.我坚持要她自己工作。Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.司令员命令部队马上出发。2、用who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告诉了你什么。Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。注意：当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首。Whodoyouthinkthepublicmightchooseastheirfavoritesingerthisyear?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.3、用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if
在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：①引导主语从句并在句首时；②引导表语从句时；③引导从句作介词宾语时；④从句后有“ornot”时；⑤后接动词不定式时。例如：Whetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。Thequestioniswhethersheshouldhavealowopinionofthetest?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？二、宾语从句的分类宾语从句可分为动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。1、动词的宾语从句①大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句Weallexpectthattheywillwin,formembersoftheirteamarestronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.Hetoldusthattheywouldhelpusthoughthewholework.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.②部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句Ihavefoundoutthatalltheticketsfortheconcerthavebeensoldout.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Canyouworkouthowmuchwewillspendduringthetrip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?③动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:makesure确保makeupone’smind下决心keepinmind牢记Makesurethattherearenomistakesinyourpapersbeforeyouturnthemin.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.④可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句Ⅰ.动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.IfeelitapitythatIhaven’tbeentotheget-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.Ⅱ.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate,take,owe,have,seeto.Ihateitwhentheywiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.Hewillhaveitthatourplanisreallypractical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.Ⅲ.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
Weallconsiderwhatyousaidtobeunbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.Wediscoveredwhatwehadlearnedtobevaluable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.2、介词的宾语从句①用wh-类的介词宾语从句Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.ThenewbookisabouthowShenzhou6mannedspaceshipwassentupintospace.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.②有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句Iknownothingaboutmynewneighborexceptthatheusedtoworkwithacompany.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.3、形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedIamsureIwillpasstheexam.我确信我会通过考试.IamsorrythatIhavetroubledyousolong.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.三、宾语从句的时态1、当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.2、当主句为过去时①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生Ionlyknewhewasstudyinginawesterncountry,butIdidn’tknowwhatcountryhewasin.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前HetoldmethathehadtoldMaryaboutthemeetingalready.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后Thereporteraskedifthegovernmentwouldtakenecessarymeasurestoputdowntheto-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.注意：如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化Theteachersaidthatthemoongoesaroundtheearthyesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.四、宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,
guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.Idon’tthinkhewillcometomyparty.而不能说成Ithinkhewon’tcometomyparty.我认为他不会来我的舞会.小节自测题1.Idon"tknow_________hewillcometomorrow._________hecomes,I"lltellyou．A.if;WhetherB.whether;WhetherC.if;ThatD.if;If2.Idon"tknow_________thedayaftertomorrow.A.whendoeshecomeB.howwillhecome C.ifhecomesD.whetherhe"llcome 3.Couldyoutellme_________thenearesthospitalis? A.whatB.howC.whetherD.where 4.Couldyoutellme_________theradiowithoutanyhelp? A.howdidhemendB.whatdidhemend C.howhemendedD.whathemended 5.Iwanttoknow_________. A.whomisshelookingafterB.whomsheislooking C.whomisshelookingD.whomsheislookingafter 6.Doyouknowwhere_________now? A.helivesB.doesheliveC.helivedD.didhelive 7.Doyouknowwhattime_________? A.thetrainleaveB.doesthetrainleaveC.willthetrainleaveD.thetrainleaves 8.Idon"tknow_________.Canyoutellme,please? A.howthetwoplayersareoldB.howoldarethetwoplayers C.thetwoplayersarehowoldD.howoldthetwoplayersare 9.Thesmallchildrendon"tknow_________. A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockings C.whereistheirstockingsinD.whatintheirstockings 10.Ican"tunderstand_________. A.whatdoesChristmasmeanB.whatChristmasdoesmeanC.whatmeanChristmasdoesD.whatChristmasmeansKey：1—5DDDCD6—10ADDBD
第三节表语从句一、表语从句的结构在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词/asif+that从句。例如：Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’sjustwhatIwant.这正是我想要的。Thisiswhereourproblemlies.这就是我们的问题所在。注意：当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.二、表语从句的连接词连接表语从句的连接词有：that,what,who,when,where,which,why,whether,how.Theproblemishowwecangetthethingsweneed.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。ThescissorsarenotwhatIneed.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。三、表语从句中需要注意的问题1、表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False:Thequestioniswhencanhearriveatthehotel.Right:Thequestioniswhenhecanarriveatthehotel.2、不可以用if，而用whether连接表语从句(asif例外)。引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether位于介词后要用whether位于句首时要用whether引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whetherFalse:Thequestionisiftheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Thequestioniswhethertheenemyismarchingtowardsus.Right:Itlookedasifhehadunderstoodthisquestion.3、不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right:ThequestioniswhowilltravelwithmetoBeijingtomorrow.Right:Thequestioniswhyhecriedyesterday.4、that在表语从句中不可以省掉。5、“Thatiswhy…”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，
该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，如：Thatiswhyyouseethisoldwomanbeforeyouknow,Jeanne.珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。小节自测题1.Thequestionis________wewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whether2．Thereasonwhyhefailedis________hewastoocareless.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseof3.Goandgetyourcoat.It’s________youleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere4．Theproblemis_________totaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecanget5.WhatIwanttoknowis______helikesthegiftgivenbyus.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填6.Thereasonis______Imissedthebus.A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what7.Thatis_____wewerelatelasttime.A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what8.Shelooked_________sheweretenyearsyounger. A.that B.likeC.as D.asthough9.—Ifellsick!—Ithinkitis_______youaredoingtoomuch.A.whyB.whenC.whatD.because10.Thereasonwhyhehasn’tcomeis___________.A.becausehismotherisillB.becauseofhismother’sbeingillC.thathismotherisillD.forhismotherisill11.—Hewasbornhere.--Thatis_______helikestheplacesomuch.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.how12.Thatis______LuXunoncelived.A.whatB.whereC.thatD.why
Key:DBACCACDDCCB第四节同位语从句一．同位语从句的意义同位语从句用于表示名词的内容，对其加民阐明或解释。能跟同位语从句的通常是具有抽象含义的名词，如：fact,news,hope,truth,idea,suggestion,thought,question,order,problem,belief,doubt,fear等。例如：TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.他们表示希望再次来中国访问。Weallknowthetruththattheearthgoesroundthesun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。二、同位语从句的结构同位语从句通常由that引导，缇随着其先行词的不同，也可以由whether,when,where,why,how,what等来引导。Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn我不知道他什么时候回来。Theyarefacedwiththeproblemwhethertheyshouldcontinuethework.他们面临着是否要继续那项工作的问题。三、同位语从句的位置同位语从句一般情况下紧跟在有关的名词后面。然而，有时候它被其他的词或成分隔开了，或者说是被后置了。例如：Anideaoccurredtohimthathemightborrowthemoneyfromhisfather.他突然想起他可以从父亲那儿借到这笔钱。Theyheardthenewsontheradioyesterdaythatatyphoonwascoming.昨天他们从收音机里听到台风要来的消息。四、同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Haveyougottheidea（that）thisbookgivesyouoflifeinancientGreece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）小节自测题
1.Thefact____sheworkshardiswellknowntousall. A.that B.what C.why D.which2.Thefact____hewassuccessfulproveshisability. A.hat B.what C.which D.why3.Thenews____hewaskidnappedsurprisedusgreatly. A.what B.that C.why D.when4.Hissuggestion____themeetingbedelayedwasturneddown. A.which B.that C./ D.it5.Ihavenoidea____hewillstart. A.when B.that C.whatD./6.I"vecomefromthegovernmentwithamessage____themeetingwon"tbeheldtomorrow. A.if B.that C.whetherD.which7.Thethought____hemightfailintheexamworriedhim. A.when B.whichC.what D.that8.Theorder____theprisonerbesetfreearrivedtoolate. A.which B.whether C.that D.what9.Thenursesaretryingtheirbesttoreducethepatient"sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease. A.that B.as C.ofwhich D.which10.Heoftenaskedmethequestion____theworkwasworthdoing. A.whetherB.where C.that D.when Keys:1-5AABBA6-10BDCAA
第五节经典例题解析1.___isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无实义。此句也可以改写为：ThatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguageisafact.2．Acomputercanonlydo____youhaveinstructedittodo．A．howB．afterC．whatD．when答案C。从句子结构可知，句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词，做主句谓语动词do的宾语，同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语，因此，此处的连接词应该用what。3.Heasked____foraviolin．A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid答案：D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，句子语序要用陈述语序。4.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis____mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon．A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据doubt一词可知，所怀疑的应是是否能治好病，所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。”5．Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_____heorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句，而从句中wants缺少宾语，A.however和D.whenever是不能作宾语的；排除A和D，whichever表示“无论哪一个，无论哪些”，应表示一定范围内的人或物，此处没有涉及事物的范围，所以应选B．whatever，表示“无论什么”。6.______leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who答案C。本题句子的意思是：无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句，连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于anypersonwho或Thepersonwho,意为“一切……的人”。而anyone和theperson均非连词，不能引导从句，况wholeavestheroomlast意为“某个最后离开房间的人”，与题意不符，如果要选A.Anyone或B.Theperson，都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D.Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。7.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof______sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho
答案为C。本题句子的意思是：Sarah希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与nomatter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，所以whomever也不行。8.----IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.----Isthat______youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where答案A。根据语境，甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因，故答案是A。答案B,C,D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境，下句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗？”9.Istillremember______thisusedtobeaquietvillage.A.whenB.howC.whereD.what答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语，排除D．what，而答案C,D均与题意不符，所以应选A．when。usedtobe表示一种过去存在的状态，本句的意思是“我仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。”10．Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother，doesitmatter____itwas？A．whereB．whatC．howD．which答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析，应是哪本书，所以要填which，这句话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容，是哪一本书重要吗？”。11.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatCwhenD.as答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导，接在fact,news,promise,possibility,information,doubt,message名词后，用来解释或说明名词的内容。12.—Ithinkitisgoingtobeabigproblem.—Yes,itcouldbe.—Iwonder______wecandoaboutit.A.ifB.howC.whatD.that答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句，而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词，可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分，我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that，再排除引导方式状语的how，答案是C，句子的意思是“我们能就此做些什么”。名词性从句综合练习1.____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeabout
C.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyis____makesthingwork.A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis___theshenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when6.Theyhavenoideaatall____.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient"sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9.___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.Is_____hesaidreallytrueA.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn"tmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14.____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.____youdon"tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.
A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where21.____healwaysservesthepeopleverywellisknown.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Who22.____haspassedthetestwillgetaprize.A.WhoeverB.NomaterwhoC.WhomeverD.Who23.Is____truethatthefamousscientistwillgiveusalecturenextweekAthatBitChisDhe24.Ithasnotbeendecided___theywillleaveforNewYork.A.whenBwhyCthatDwhat25.Obviously___wedomorningexerciseseveryday__usgood.A.thatdoB.if;doCwhat;doesD.that;dose26Itissaid________wasall___hesaid.Athat;that;thatBwhat;what;whatCthat;which;whatDthat;that;which27___getshomefirstistocookthesupper.A.WhoBWhomC.ThosewhoD.Whoever28___movedusmostwas___helikedaftertheoldmanformorethantwentyyears.A.That;thatB.What;thatCWhat;whatD.That;what29.___youdiditisnotknowntoall.A.WhoB.WhatC.HowD.Which30.___youdoshouldbewelldone.AHowB.ThatC.WhateverDWhy31.ThereasonIplantogois___shewillbedisappointedifIdon"t.A.becauseB.thatC.thankstoD.what32.Whattimedoyouthink__A.willTomcomebackB.TomwillcomebackC.isTomcomingbackD.canTomgethere33.Theteachersaidthatlight___fasterthansound.A.HastraveledB.traveledC.hadtraveledD.travels34..___isstillaquestion___willwin.A.It;thatB.It;whoC.That;whoD.This;
that35.Ifyouknow___itwasthatwriteATaleofTwoCities,raiseyourhand.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.that36.Insomecountries,___arecalled"publicschools"arenotownedbythestate.A.thatB.whichC.asD.what37.Thinking___youknow___infactyoudon"tisaterriblemistake.A.that;thatB.what;whatC.that;whatD.whatthat38.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjust___worriesthepublic.A.whyB.whichC.thatD.what39.Whydon"tyoubring___tohisattentionthatyouaretoobusytodoitA.thatB.whatC.thatD.it40.___DavidsayssoundsrighttoHelen.That"swhyshehasmadeuphermindtoleavewithhim___happens.A.whatever;whateverB.Nomatterwhat;whateverC.Nomatterwhat;NomatterwhatD.Whatever;however41.Thatis___Iwasbornandgrewup.A.ThereB.inwhichC.whereD.theplace42.___shewasinvitedtotheballmadeherveryhappy.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhenD.Because43.___wearedoinghasneverbeendonebefore.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.Whether44.---Haveyoufoundyourbookyet---No,I"mnotsure___Icouldhaveleftit.A.whetherB.whereC.whenD.why45.Thedoctorcouldn"tanswerthequestion___thepatientcouldsurvivethatnight.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.what46.Ifirmlybelieve___hesaidatthemeetingwasright.A.thatB.whichC.thatwhatD.whatthat47.---Whatwereyoutryingtoprovetothepolice---___Iwaslastnight.A.ThatB.WhenC.WhereD.What48.Ithink,thoughIcouldbemistaken,__helikedme.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.what49.Atthemeeting,wediscussed___weshouldemploymoreworkers.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD./50.After___seemedlikehourshecameoutwithabittersmile.
A.whichB.itC.whatD.that51.___hasagoodeducationcanapplyforthejob.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Whoever52.___ishardistodogoodallone"slifeandneverdoanythingbad.A.HeB.ItC.ThatD.What53.___worriesmeis___we"regoingtopayforallthis.A.It;thatB.That;howC.What;howD.As;that54.___issaidthatpaperwasinventedinChina.A.AsB.WhichC.ItD.That55.Manypeoplethoughtlittleofme,butIdidwhat___.A.IthoughtIwasrightB.IthoughtitwasrightC.IthoughtwasrightD.Iwasthoughtrighty56.Themanagerhasdecidedtoput___hethinkisenergetic,clever,andhasgoodsenseofdutyinthepositionoftheleadershipofthecompany.A.thosewhoB.anyoneC.whomeverD.whoever57.ScientistsbelievenativeAmericansarrivedbycrossingthelandbridgethatconnectedSiberiaand___moretan10,000yearsago.A.thisisAlaskaB.AlaskaisnowAlaskaC.isnowAlaskaD.whatisnowAlaska58.Pleasetellme___youwouldliketohaveyourcoffee---blackorwhiteA.whatB.whereC.whichD.how59.Mymotherasked___withme.A.whatwasthewrongB.whatthematterwasC.whatmatterwasD.whatwasthematter60.Someofthescientistsheldthepoint___thebooksaidwasright.A.whatwhatB.whatwhatC.thatthatD.thatwhatKey:1-5ABABC6-10AABAC11-15BBCAB16-20BCBAA21-25BABAD26-30ADBCC31-35BBDBC36-40DCDDA41-45CBBBC46-50CCCBC51-55BDCCC56-60DDDDD
第四章定语从句1、定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。2、先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。3、引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：①引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；②必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/who…not…,"没有……不……",在从句中作主语，宾语)常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I"dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定语从句解题三步曲：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。一、关系代词的基本用法1、that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.（宾语）Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.She"snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.（表语）Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.2、which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主语）Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（宾语）Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表语）Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.（定语）3、who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主语）Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（宾语）He"samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He"saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.比较：Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（指人）I"dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）=I"dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I"dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.）Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn"tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?在这种“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素：动词与介词的搭配、名词与介词的搭配、形容词与介词的搭配，等等。总之，要依从句的具体需要而定。例如：①动词与介词的搭配Hehasfoundagoodjobforwhichheisqualified.（qualify+名词+for"使…具有…资格"）他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。Themantowhomyoutalkedjustnowwillchairthemeetingtomorrow.（talkto+名词"与某人谈话"）你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。②名词与介词的搭配Theyarestilllivinginthelittlehouseinwhichthey"vebeenlivedfor15years.（inthehouse"在屋子里"）他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。We"veworkedoutamethodbywhichourproductioncanberaisedonalargescale.(byamethod通过某种方法)我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方法。Shedidn"trealizetheextenttowhichshehadbeendistracted.（toextend"到某种程度"）她没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。③形容词与介词的搭配Thesecretarywithwhomthebossisnothappywillbefiredforherinefficiency.(happywith"对…表示满意")老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇。I"vefoundthejobforwhichI"vebeeneagerforalongtime.（eagerfor"渴望得到…"）我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)4、as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)①如为限制性的，多用于thesame…as;thesameas；such…as…;asmany/muchas；so…as等结构中。如：Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.).---Whydidn"tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don"tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I"mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.(as作宾语)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.（as作主语）=It"sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone"shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone"shealth,asweallknow.（as作宾语）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone"health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)二、关系副词引导的定语从句1、When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为"时间名词"，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）Nextwinterwhich/thatyou"llspendinHarbin,I"msure,willbeexciting.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenzhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.2、Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行词是"地点名词"，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.
Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.3、Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn"tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon"tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作宾语）Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主语）Ex.)Hewaslate.That"sbecausehegotuplate.Hegotuplate.That"swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)4、当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1、形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2、语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3、语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina"scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4、翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，where,why,etc.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tom"sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.四、易混关系代词的比较1、that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.There"snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.That"stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.比较：Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that.如：Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修饰词为数词时.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑨主句是Therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.That"sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定语从句中.Crusoe"sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.Here"stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.What"sthatwhichsheislookingat?⑥先行词是those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.2、who&that:who和that指代人时，有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如：ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.ThosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonceIdon"tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.②在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如：Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.
Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如：ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.④一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个则宜用who,以免重复.如：Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday"smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.3、as&which:as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：①位置的不同：which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（先行词是一个词）Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.（先行词是一个句子）Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.定语从句综合练习（一）1.Wecanseparatethemixtureintothepurechemicalcompounds______itiscomposed.AinwhichBofthatCofwhichDfromwhich2.Theyovercomeallthedifficultiesandfulfilledtheplanthreemonthsaheadoftime,_____issomethingwehadexpected.AthatBwhatCitDwhich3._____,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.AItwasexpectedBWhichwasexpectedBAswasexpectedDThatwasexpected
4.Thefirst-yearstudentswerelearningfromthearmyinMiyun,asuburbofBeijingnear_____Ilived.AwhichBwhereCthatDwhat5.Itriedtogetoutofthebusiness,______Ifoundimpossible.AwhoBwhichCthatDwhat6.All______isacontinuoussupplyoffueloil.A.whatisneededB.thatisneededC.thethingisneededD.fortheirneededKey:综合练习（一）CDCBBB定语从句综合练习（二）1.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,______isbecomingverypopularinChina.AthatBitCwhichDwhat2.Sheissostubbornthatsheneverlistenstotheadvice______.AthatIgaveittoherBIgaveittoherCwhichIgavetoherDwhatIgivetoher3.Thehours______thechildrenspendintheirone-wayrelationshipwithtelevisionpeople,undoubtedlyaffecttheirrelationshipswithreal-lifepeople.AinwhichBwhichCwhenDthat4.Thereareveryfewrulesofgrammar_______.AthatarenotwithexceptionsBnothavingexceptiontothemCthatdonothaveexceptionsDnotwithexceptiontothem5.Anyperson_____isinterestedintheprogramcanjointheclub.AwhichBwhoseCthatDwhom6.Iampleasedwithwhatyouhavetoldmeand_____youhavegivenme.AallthatBallwhichCallwhateverDallwhat7.Hisyoungestson_____isnowworkingattheChineseAcademyofSciences.Athatistwenty-fiveBwhoistwenty-fiveCwhoistwenty-fiveagesDwhoseageistwenty-fiveyearold
8.Youaretheveryman_____Ihavebeenlookingfor.AwhoBwhomCwhichDthat9.NowwecanflytoTokyo.Therewasatime______wehadtotakeaboat.AwhichBwhenCwhyDas10.______isknowntotheworld,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.AAsBThatCItDWhat11.Ihavetobookaheadforconcert,____areusuallyheldinLondon.AthatBwhatCtheyDwhich12.Hespokeconfidently,______impressedmemost.AsothatBthatCinwhichDwhich13.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,_____isoftenthecaseinothercountries.AasBwhatCsoDthat14._____mightbeexpected,theresponsetothequestionwasverymixed.AAsBThatCItDWhat15.Thissizeoftheaudience,_____,waswellovetwentythousand.AwhomwehadexpectedBaswehadexpectedCwhatwehadexpectedDwehadexpectedthat16.Thisisnotsuchagoodengine_____Iexpectedtobe.AwhichBwhatCasDlike17.Hearrivedverylate,_______wasannoying.AwhatBthatCwhichDit18.Weneedachairman______.AforwhomeveryonehasconfidenceBinwhomeveryonehasconfidenceCwhoeveryonehasconfidenceofDwhomeveryonehasconfidenceof19.Thegoals_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolingerseemedimportanttohimnow.AafterwhichBforwhichCwithwhichDatwhich20.Hecamebackat11:00p.m.,_____whichtimealltheguestshadalreadyleft.AafterBbyCatDduring21.Governmentreports,examinationcompositions,legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations_____
_formallanguageisused.AinwhichBonwhichCatwhatDinthat22.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,_____obtainingwateristhemostserious.AforwhichBtowhichCofwhichDinwhich23.Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,_____uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.AinwhichBforwhomCwithwhichDofwhom24.Asurveywascarriedonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesinthatregion,_______weresurprising.AasresultBwhichresultsCoverDtheresultofwhich25.Theresidents,_____,hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.AalltheirhomesBallwhosehomesCallofwhosehomesDalloftheirhomes26.Yourinefficiency,______fartoolong,isbeginningtoannoyourcustomers.AwehaveputupwithBwithwhichwehaveputupCwhichweputupwithDthatweputupwith27.Peterfoundaplaceinthecellar_____heusedashisfirstlaboratory.AwhichBwhereCsuchDthesame28.ThetrainwascrowdedandIhadtogetintoacarriage______alreadysevenotherpeople.AwhentherewereBwhichtherewereCwheretherewereDthattheewere29.Thisisthereason_____Iamnotinfavorofrevisingtheplan.AwhichBwhyCbecauseDfor30.Thereason______hegivesfornotcomingisthathismotherwon’tlethim.AforwhichBwhyCwhichDbecauseKey:综合练习（二）CCDCCAADBADDAABCCBBBACDDCBACBC
第三章状语从句定义：在复合句中作状语的从句功能：状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词，或整个主句分类：按意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句。位置：从句的位置放在句首，也可放在句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用一个逗号，放在句末时，从句前一般不用逗号。掌握状语从句的关键在于熟记引导各种状语从句的从属连词和词组。各种状语从句所用的从属连词和词组如下表所示：状语从句连接词时间when,while,as,assoonas,before,after,since,till,until,themoment,directly,once,immediately……..地点where,wherever,everywhere原因because,as,since,nowthat,seeing(that),inthat,considering(that)条件if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat,provided/providingthat,suppose,incase让步though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,whether,nomatter(what,when,who…),whatever(whenever,whoever…)方式as,asif,asthough,theway比较than,(not)as…as…,notso…as…,the…the…目的that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthat结果sothat,so…that…,such…that…第一节时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词基本类：before、after、when、while、as、since、till、until、once,assoonas,etc.名词类：themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,etc.(一…就…);everytime,eachtime,thelasttime,thefirsttime,theday,theyear,themorning,etc.副词类：immediately,directly,instantly,etc.(一...就...)句型类：nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…,etc.(一…就…)一、when,as,while1、When①when表示时间点时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示时间段时，用持续性动词。Whentheywerestilltalkingandlaughing,theteachercamein.（when表示段时间）Hewavedahellowhenhesawher.（when表示点时间）②可用作并列连词，其意义为“这时,突然”，相当于andthensuddenly。常用于下列句式：bedoing/beabouttodosth/beonthepointofdoing/have/haddone+whenIwasabouttogooutwhenthedoorbellrang.OneeveningIwashavingmydinnerwhenanunexpectedfriendknockedmydoor.③还可以表示原因,意思是“既然”，相当于since;consideringthatItwasfoolishofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldeasilywalkthereinfiveminutes.Howcanhegetgoodgradeswhenhewon"tstudy?2、While ①while通常表示一段时间，从句中常用持续性动词作谓语。Strikewhiletheironishot.趁热打铁。②while有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成“然而……”。IamfondofEnglishwhilehelikesmaths.③while有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然”。Whiletheylovethechildren,theyarestrictwiththem.3、As①表示一边……一边……，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。Sheissingingasongasshetookabath.②as表示随着 Astimegoeson,it"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.二、till,until和not…until1、until/till用于肯定句时，表示直到 …为止，主句必须为持续性动词。Weshallwaituntil /tillhecomesback.
2、Not……until/till表示直到……才 ，主句通常要用短暂性动词。 Peopledonotknowthevalueoftheirhealthtill/untiltheyloseit.3、当notuntil位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。直到那时，我才知道我错了。NotuntilthendidIknowIwaswrong.三、before：before经常用于以下句型之中。1、Wehadsailedfourdaysandfournightsbeforewesawland.“……才2、Wehadn’trunamilebeforehefelttired.“不到……就”3、Pleasewriteitdownbeforeyouforgetit.“趁……”4、BeforeIcouldrememberaword,hehadcheckedme.“还没来得及”5、句型Itwillbe/was＋段时间＋before…“还要过多久才……”还有2年他才离国。Itwillbetwoyearsbeforeheleavesthecountry.6、句型Itwillbe/wasnot＋一段时间＋before…“没过多久就……”。没过2年他就离国了。Itwasn’ttwoyearsbeforeheleftthecountry.四、since,eversince 1、Since：自……以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为现在完成时，从句中一般用一般过去时。自从我上次见你，你到哪里去了。WherehaveyoubeensinceIlastsawyou。2、eversince从那时起直至现在，此后一直。Hehasbeensad ever since thedeathofhiswife.从她小时候起，她就一直在集邮。Sinceshewasyoung,shehasbeencollectingstamps.句型Itis/hasbeen＋段时间＋since…It’stwoyearssincehewasacollegestudent.他大学毕业已有两年了Ithasbeenjustaweeksincewearrivedhere.我们到那里有一个星期了。五、 “一……就……”表达法：1、assoonas...一下课我就去厕所Iwenttothetoiletassoonastheclasswasover.2、Immediately，instantly ，directly他一到家马上就给她打了电话。Theyphonedherimmediatelytheyreachedhome.3、themoment,theminute,theinstant,thesecond他说他一回家就开电视。Hesaidhe‘dturnonTVthemomenthegothome.告诉他他一回来我就要见他。TellhimIneedtoseehimtheminutehearrives. 4、hardly/scarcely……when,nosooner……than 主句通常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
当hardly,scarcely,nosooner位于句子的开头时，主句须用倒装语序。他刚出发就想起家来。Hehadnosoonerstartedoutthanhefelthomesick.Nosoonerhadhestartedoutthanhefelthomesick.六、nexttime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,everytime等下次你进城一定来看我们。Besuretocallonusnexttimeyoucometotown.我第一次见他时，他给我留下了好印象HeleftmeagoodimpressionthefirsttimeImethim.我每次见到他，他都是一付痛苦的表情EverytimeIseehimhelooksmiserable.上一次我见到他时，他看上去很开心。ThelasttimeIspoketoBob,heseemedveryhappy.七、bythetimebythetine也可以引导时间状语从句，意为”到…… 时为止“，主句一般要用完成时态。Bythetimehewasfourteen,Einsteinhadlearnedadvancedmathematicsallbyhimself.爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。(从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时)在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。Ishallhavefinishedmyworkbythetimeyoureturn.小节测试题一：翻译下列句子1. 趁着还没忘记的时候就记录下来2.我坚持不断地努力直到获得成功。3.随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。4.我们刚开始就被叫停。5.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。第二节条件状语从句条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句。引导条件状语从句的有if,unless,so/aslongas,assofaras,onconditionthat,incase,suppose,supposing(that),provided(that),providing(that)等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。一、if:如果注意：ifonly和onlyif的对比。ifonly:但愿，要是……就好了，表示一个不可能实现愿望，要用虚拟语气。onlyif:只有，等于onlyonconditionthat，从句用陈述语气。
如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。Difficultiesarenothingifwearenotafraidofthem.只有当你给冰加热，它才会变成水。Onlyifyouheatice,itturnstowater. 要是我知道该多好。IfonlyIknew!二、unless如果不、除非。等于ifnotIwon"tletyouinunlessyoushowmeyourpass.如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。三、solongas,aslongas,onconditionthat这几个短语意思差不多，都表示只要，条件是……。只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法As/Solongaswedon‘tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoovercomethedifficulty. 四、incase万一，如果，等于ifithappensthat。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise.如果我忘了，请提醒我所做的承诺五、providing,providedthat,supposing,supposethat,giventhat如果，只要，假如Giventhattheyareinexperienced,they‘vedoneagoodjob.考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。(that可以省略)假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎幺办？Supposethat/Supposingwecan’tgetenoughfood,whatshallwedo小节测试题二：翻译下列句子1.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。2.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。3.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。第三节原因状语从句一、引导原因状语从句最常用的连词是because,since,和as。because—直接原因,必不可少的原因，非推断，是整个句子的重点，语气最强．回答whysince—通常放句首．译为“既然，鉴于”主从句的时态一般相同。as—不谈自明的原因，语气最弱，多放于句首．注意：①在强调句中强调原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不可用as或since.
②because可以引导表语从句,而as,since不可以，这时主语一般都是it,this,that③since往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。④for可做并列连词，不可用于句首，要放句中，引导后半句表原因，强调推理解释。小节测试题三：用because,as,since填空1.Itwas________hewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.2.It’s_________heistoolazy.3._______youarehere,youmustdoit.二、复合连词也可以引导原因状语从句，这些连词有：nowthat,seeing(that),considering(that),forthereasonthat,byreasonthat,forfearthat,inthat等。Now(that)(=Since)youmentionit,Idoremember.考虑到他们是初学者，他们已经做得不错了Consideringthattheyarejustbeginners,theyaredoingquiteagoodjob.第四节结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连接词有sothat/so…that…/such…that…一、so+adj./adv.+thatso+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+that+从句so+many/much/few/little+名词+that+从句Itissohotthatwecan’tsleep.Itissointerestingabookthatshehasreadittwice.二、such+a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+thatsuch+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+thatsuch+alotof/lotsof+名词+thatItissuchausefulbookthatshehasreadittwice.Therewassuchdeliciousfoodthathehadtoomuch.三、sothat引导结果状语从句表示实现的一件事或一个事实，从句谓语动词一般不和情态动词连用，且从句前多有逗号与主句分开。例如：Shehurried,sothatshecaughtthebus.(结果）Shehurriedsothatshemightcatchthebus.（目的）小节测试题四:用sothat/so…that…/such…that…填空：1.Hestudiedhard________hepassedtheexam.2.Hewas_____angry______hecouldn’tspeak.
3.Therewas_____alotofrain______wecouldn’tgoout.4.It’s______aninterestingfilm_____weallwanttoseeit.5.Hehad_____manyfalls_____hewasblackandblueallover.6.Iamgoingtothelectureearly______I’llgetagoodseat.第五节让步状语从句让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由although,though,however,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whether（是否）,nomatter(who,what,etc),evenif,eventhough等词一、Although和though均意为“虽然，尽管”但是although较though正式，更多用于句首，though可用于句首、句中或句末。二者均不可以与but边用，但可以与副词yet,still,nevertheless等连用。Although(though)hewasill,(sill/yet)hewentonworking.二、as引导让步状语从句时,意为“尽管”.从句部分语序要部分倒装。其结构为：n./adj./adv./v+as+主语＋谓语尽管他很年轻，他能用几种外语读写Youngasheis,hecanreadandwriteinseveralforeignlanguages.Childashewas,hehadtosupportthefamily.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）三、whether...or(not)...不管……还是……。Whetheryoubelieveitornot,it"strue.不管你相信与否，这是真的。四、whatever(whenever…)/nomatterwhat(when…)引导的让步状语从句两者皆可引导让步状语从句，并无意义差别，译为“无论…,不管…”Whatever(Nomatterwhat)mayhappen,wewillnotchangeourplan.小节自测题五1.Nomatter________muchIhavetopay,Iwilltakeit.2.Nomatter________youthink,youmustapologizetoher.3.Nomatter________methodyouhavebeenusing,todayyoumustdoasItellyou.4.TherewasneveranytimeforKatetofeellonely,_____shewasanonlychild.A.eversinceB.nowthatC.eventhoughD.evenas5.____youlikeitornot,youwillhavetogiveupsmoking.A.IfB.WhetherC.HowD.Why6.Youshouldtrytogetagoodnight’ssleep____muchworkyouhavetodo.A.howeverB.nomatterC.althoughD.whatever7.Youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurant____youlike.
A.WheneverB.whereverC.whateverD.however第六节地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever和everywhere，anywhere等引导，WuhanlieswheretheYangtzeandtheHanRivermeet.You"dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.你最好在有问题的地方做上符号I’llgowhereverhegoes.Everywheretheywent,theywerekindlyreceived.他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。注意：在地点状语从句之前，不要使用介词。你应该把书放在原来的地方。Youshouldputthebookatwhereitwas.(False) Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.(True)我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。Weshouldgotowhereweareneededmost.(False)Weshouldgowhereweareneededmost.(True)小节自测题六：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别1.---Wheredoyouplantowork?---I’vemadeupmymindtogo_____I’mmostneeded.A.totheplaceB.towhichC.thatD.where2.Iwillgotoacountryforaholiday____therearealotofflowersandtrees.A.intheplaceB.whereC.whichD.wherever第七节目的状语从句引导词：so，sothat，inorderthat，incase，forfearthat，lest(唯恐，以免，为不使）等。其谓语动词常与情态动词can，could，may，might，should，would连用。带上雨衣，以防下雨Takeyourraincoatincaseitrains.他很早就离开了，生怕错过最后一班火车。Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthelasttrain.小节自测题七1.I‘dliketoarrive20minutesearly_____Icanhavetimeforacupoftea.
A.assoonasB.asaresultC.incaseD.sothat2.Johnmayphonetonight.Idon’twanttogoout____hephones.A.aslongasB.inorderthatC.incaseD.sothat3.TheShanghaiesearemakinggreateffortstobeautifythecity____moreoverseascompanieswillcome.A.inorderthatB.soastoC.solongasD.onconditionthat第八节方式状语从句一、as，(象….一样,正如,按照),asif/asthough(好象,宛如)Pleasedoasyouaretold.请按照人家告诉你做的去做。Leaveitasitis.事实上,按现在的样子Heactedasif(though)nothinghadhappened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生二、在非正式文体或口语中，也可用theway(that)(=as=inthewayinwhich),她不用我做的方法来做这件事。Shedoesn’tdoitthewayIdo.小节自测题八1.他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。2.按照我教你的画一只猫。3. 让一切顺其自然。4.她用我喜欢的那种方式来做她的工作。第九节比较状语从句引导词:as….as(和…一样),thesame…as…,notas/so…as(不如),than(比),themore…themore…(越…越…).这种从句常采用省略句的句型，如：HeisasoldasI(am).他和我一样大。Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.他工作的和一个有技术的工人一样快。Theprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpected.这个项目完成的比预期中快。Thesoonerhecomes,thebetter(itwillbe).他来的越早越好。区别：Weknowyoubetterthanhe(knowsyou).Weknowyoubetterthan(weknow)him.
反馈训练九1.她今年比去年进步更大。2.你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。3.你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。4.他不如杰克跑得那样快。第十节状语从句的省略在条件，时间，让步，方式状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致或者从句的主语是it,而且谓语包含有be动词，那么可以把主语或it,跟be动词同时省略。WhileIwasinBeijing,IpaidavisittotheSummerPalace.=WhileinBeijing,IpaidavisittotheSummerPalace.Cometomorrow,ifitispossible.=Cometomorrow,ifpossibleShestoodatthegateasif(shewas)waitingforsomeone.他站在门口好像在等谁。Though(itwas)cold,hestillworeashirt.尽管很冷，他仍然穿一件T恤。反馈训练十1.Once______（see）,thefilmcanneverbeforgotten.2.If________（invite）,Iwillgototheparty.3.Shestoodattheschoolgateasif________（wait）forsomeone.对比练习1.____heheardthis,hegotveryangry.ImetLucy____Iwaswalkingalongtheriver.____achild,helivedinthecountryside.A.whenB.whileC.as2.Wewereabouttoleave____itbegantorain.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherson,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmyson.HardlyhadIfinishedmycomposition____thebellrang.A.whenB.whileC.asD.during3.Child____sheis,sheknowalot.Hedidtheexperiment____hewastold.Thepianosintheothershopwillbecheaper,butnot____good.A.duringB.asC.soD.thoughE.bothBandC4.Hewouldhavealookatthebookstores____hewenttotown.Wedecidetofinishtheworkontime,____happens.
Ifweworkwithastrongwill,weovercomeanydifficulty,____greatitis.I’llgivethebookto____likesEnglish.A.wheneverB.whoeverC.whateverD.however5.Itwillbeyears____wemeetagain.Itistenyears____Icametothistown.Itistenyearsago____Icametothistown.A.whenB.thatC.beforeD.since6.____itrains,thegamewillbeplayedontime.____Iwastwenty,Ihadneverbeenawayfrommyhometown.____hewerethere,hecouldn’thelpus.A.EvenifB.UntillC.TillD.Unless7.Goandgetyourcoat.Itis____youleftit.Youarefreetogo____youlike.A.thereB.whereC.whereverD.when8.ThearticleiswritteninsucheasyEnglish____allofuscanreadit.ThearticleiswritteninsucheasyEnglish____allofuscanread.A.thatB.whichC.asD.sothat9.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,nomatter____greatitis.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,____greatitis.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,____difficultyitis.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,nomatter____difficultyitis.A.whatB.howC.howeverD.whatever状语从句综合练习一1.______,IamafraidIcan’tgowithyou.A.WithsomuchworktodoB.WithsomuchworkdoingC.ForsomuchworktodoD.Todosomuchwork2.Jeanwordedjustsomuch_______.A.likewhatshewastoldB.asshewastoldtoC.astowhatshetriedtodoD.likeshewastoldto3.Stormyapplausebrokeforth______thesingerappearedonthestage.A.amomentB.themomentC.inamomentD.atthemoment4._______hewasnotinuniform,hecarriedapistolunderhisarm.A.EvenwhenB.AslongasC.AssoonasD.Eversince5.Themanwillhavetowaitallday______thedoctorworksfaster.A.ifB.whetherC.unlessD.that6.–Didyouhearthephoneringlastnight?--Ididn’thearanything.Iwas_____thatIdidn’twakeup.A.verytiredB.suchtiredC.sotiredD.enoughtired
7.Theyclimbedtothetopofthehill_____theycouldgetabird’seyeviewofthecity.A.forfearthatB.inorderthatC.incaseD.asaresult8.Scientistssaythatitmaybetenyears______thismedicinewasputtouse.A.sinceB.beforeC.afterD.when9._______sheisalikeablegirl,sheisverydifficulttoworkwith.A.SinceB.HoweverC.AsfarasD.While10._______thatyoursoniswellagain,younolongerhaveanythingtoworryabout.A.SinceB.NowC.WhenD.After状语从句综合练习二1.Hecametothescene_____sheheardoftheaccident.A.whereB.untilC.nosoonerD.themoment2.Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,______somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.A.untilB.whileC.whenD.unless3.______shehadreadthebookforthreehoursorso,shestoppedtotakearest.A.BeforeB.AfterC.TillD.Themoment4.Youshouldputthebook______itwas.A.whereB.WhereverC.anywhereD.somewhere5._____yougo,youshoulddoyourworkwell.A.WhereB.WhereverC.AnyplaceD.Everyplace6.______theywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.A.WhereB.WhenC.AnyplaceD.Everyplace7.______nooneisagainstit,wewilladopttheproposal.A.WhileB.SinceC.ThatD.For8.Intimeofaneconomiccrisis,______jobsarehardtofind,manypeoplecannotkeeptheirpositionlong.A.asB.becauseC.whileD.if9.I’msureheisuptothejob______hewouldgivehismindtoit.A.ifonlyB.incaseC.untilD.unless10._______,hewouldnevergiveup.A.FailashedidB.ThoughfailhedidC.AsfailhedidD.Ashedidfail11.I’vealreadytoldyouthatI’mgoingtobuyit_____itcost.A.howmuchB.howevermuchC.howhighD.howeverhigh12.______theycomehereorwegothere,thetopicofdiscussionwillremainunchanged.
A.IfB.WhenC.WhetherD.While13.Theywatchedhimclosely_______acatwatchedarat.A.ifB.thoughC.asD.since14.Shehurriedlylefttheroom______angry.A.asB.thoughC.ifD.asthough15.Hedoesn’tbotherabouttrifles_______hisbrotherdoes.A.whileB.whenC.thewayD.way16.Peoplewearuniforms_______othersmayknowtheirpositionorrankinthearmy.A.inthatB.inorderthatC.inspitethatD.incase17.Wewilldoourbest______nolivesmaybelost.A.asifB.asC.incaseD.so18.Hemade______inspiringaspeech_______everybodygotexcited.A.so;thatB.such;thatC.as;asD.so;asKey:小节自测题一：翻译下列句子1.Takeitdownbeforeyouforgetit.2.IkeptondoingmybestuntilIsucceeded.3.Asyearsgoby，Chinaisgettingstrongerandricher．4.Hardlyhadwebegunwhenweweretoldtostop.5.Nexttimeyoucome,you’llseehim.小节自测题二：翻译下列句子1.Wherethereiswaterthereislife.2.Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.3.Whereveryougo,youmustobeythelaw.小节自测题三：用because,as,since填空Because，because，since小节自测题四:用sothat/so…that…/such…that…填空：1.sothat2.so…that3.such…that4.such…that5.so…that6.sothat小节自测题五：1.how2.what3.what4.C5.B6.A7.A小节自测题六：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别1.D2.B小节自测题七：
1D.2.C3.A小节自测题八：1.Theytreattheblackboyasif(though)hewereananimal.2.DrawacatasItaughtyou.3.Leavethingsastheyare. 4.SheisdoingherworkthewayIlikeitdone.小节自测题九：1.Shehasmadegreaterprogressthisyearthanshedidlastyear.2.Themoreticketsyousell,themoremoneyyouwillget.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hedoesn’trunso(as)fastasJack(does).小节自测题十：1.seen2.invited3.waiting对比练习1.ABC2.ABA3.BBE4.ACDB5.CDB6.DBA7.BC8.AC9.BCDA状语从句综合练习一：ABBACCBADB状语从句综合练习二：DCBABDBBAABCCDCBDA
第三章主谓一致“一致”是指句子之间或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面保持的协调关系。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语与谓语动词之间数的一致。谓语动词的数必须和主语的人称和数一致，这就叫主谓一致。在判定一个句子主谓语是否一致时，要遵循下列三个原则：语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。“语法一致”也就是平常说的从语法形式上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致问题。有时，主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词依意义而定，也采用复数形式。“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和其最近的主语保持一致。第一节单数名词作主语时的主谓一致单数名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式，但是有些单数名词形式却含有复数意义，这时谓语动词要用复数形式。一、集合名词与谓语动词的一致1、集合名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如表示成员则用复数。常见的这部分名词有：army，audience，class，club，committee，company，crowd，family，group，government，organization，party，personnel，public，staff，team，union，crew等。如：Thepersonnelareunhappyaboutthesechanges．所有职员都对这些变革不满意。注意若以上集合名词表示组成该集合体的分散个体时，与其对应的人称代词也应该使用they，them或their。如：Myfamilydidalltheycouldforme．我的家人为我做了他们所能做的一切。Theaudiencewerewavingtheirhands．观众都挥舞着他们的手。2、但是有些集合名词．如：cattle，folk，people，police，poultry(家禽)等作主语，总是跟复数动词形式。如：Thepeoplehopetoliveahappylife．人民希望过上好日子。Thepolicehavecaughtthecriminal．警察已经逮捕了那个罪犯。Cattlefeedongrass．牛以草为食。3、有些表示某类别的总称的集合名词，如：machinery(机械)，clothing(衣服)，luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，equipment(设备)，jewelry(珠宝)等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：Myluggagewassentbyair．我的行李是航空邮寄的。TheequipmentofourfactoryisallimportedfromBritain．我们工厂的设备都是从英国进口的。Thefurnitureinmyroomisoldnow．现在我屋里的家具旧了。
二、单复数同形的名词与谓语动词的一致单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据上下文的意义以及修饰这些词的词来确定其谓语形式。常见的这部分名词有aircraft，crossroads，deer，fish，headquarters。means，series，sheep，species，works等。如：Thecrossroadsis／aredangerous．这个(些)十字路口很危险。Everymeanshasbeentried．各种方法都试过了。Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried．所有可能的方法都试过了。Asteelworkshasjustbeenbuiltthere．那儿刚建了一座钢厂。Lotsofaircraftweresentthere．很多飞机被派往那儿。注意：fishes表示“各种各样的鱼”。三、表示成双成套的名词，如：trousers，shoes，glasses，compasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Hisblacktrousersaretoolong．他的黑裤子太长。Yourglassesareonyournose．你的眼镜在你鼻梁上。若这类名词与pair连用时，谓语动词往往与pair一致。如：ThispairofcompassesismadeinBeijing．这副圆规是北京制造的。Apairofglassescostsquitealotnow．现在一副眼镜值很多钱。Therearetwopairsofglovesonthedesk．桌上有两副手套。第二节复数名词作主语时的主谓一致一、以“-s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名作主语时的主谓一致以“-s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名、游戏名、运动名(如billiards台球)作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：Rootswasanovelaboutaslavefamily．《根》是一本有关奴隶家庭的小说。ArabianNightsisfullofinterestingstories．《一千零一夜》充满了有趣的故事。二、表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以“-s”结尾的专有名词作主语时的主谓一致表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等以“-s”结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：ThePhilippinesareinthePacificOcean．菲律宾群岛位于太平洋。RockyMountainsstandinthewestofNorthAmerica．落基山脉坐落在北美洲西部。三、以-ics结尾的名词的主谓一致以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，常用单数谓语动词形式。但是，当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词则用复数形式。如：economics经济学electronics电子学physics物理学politics政治学mathematics数学statistics统计学
Hispoliticswereamatterofgreatconcerntohisfriend．他的政治观点是他的朋友关心的问题。Politicsishisfavoritesubject．政治学是他最喜欢的学科。Statisticsshowthatapproximately40percentofallmarriagesintheUnitedStatesendindivorce．统计数字表明，大约百分之四十的美国人的婚姻以离婚而告终。Statisticsisasubjectthatisdifficulttolearn．统计学是一门很难学的课程。注意①plastics(塑料)作主语时，其谓语动词大都采用复数形式。如：Plasticshavetakentheplaceofmanymaterialsnow．如今塑料已取代了许多材料。plastics表示“塑料学”时，其谓语动词只能使用单数形式。如：Plasticsisanimportantbranchofchemistry．塑料学是化学的一个重要分支。②名词clothes，works(作“著作”讲)，goods，contents，theOlympicGames的谓语动词律律用复数。如：Clotheskeeppeoplewarm．衣服使人保暖。Hisworkshavebeentranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguages．他的著作已经被翻译成了好几种外语。若表示“一套衣服”，可用asuitofclothes。clothes不可与不定冠词a或数词连用。若表示“一部作品”用awork，“两部作品”用twoworks。第三节“名词(或代词)+介词短语”作主语时的主谓一一、有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语，该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。如：Severaltheoriesonthissubjecthavebeenproposed．关于这个学科的几种理论已经有人提出。Thedangerofforestfiresisnottobetakenlightly．对森林大火的危险不可掉以轻心。二、当主语后面跟有with，togetherwith，alongwith，accompaniedby，like，inadditionto，aswellas，asmuchas，morethan，ratherthan，nolessthan，except，but，besides，including等连接的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数不受这些词语的影响。如：Therocksinger，alongwithhisbodyguard，wasrushedawayfromthetheater．这位摇滚歌星被他的保镖保护着迅速地跑出了剧院。Mr．Robbins，accompaniedbyhiswifeandchildren，isarrivingtonight．罗伯逊先生在夫人和孩子的陪伴下今晚到达。Mylicense，ratherthanmycreditcards，waslost．是我的驾驶执照而不是我的信用卡丢了。
Noonebutyourparentswastherethen．除了你的父母，当时那里没人。MrGreenbesideshisdaughterslikessports．格林先生和他的女儿都喜欢体育。Tom，togetherwithMaryandAlice，isgoingtoswimthisafternoon．汤姆，玛丽和艾丽丝今天下午将一起去游泳。第四节“名词(或代词)+of+名词”作主语时的主谓一致一、由“someof，plentyof，alotof，lotsof，mostof，therestof，allof，halfof，partof，theremainderof或分数、百分数+of+名词”等短语作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。一般来说，如果of后面所接名词为复数形式，谓语动词为复数；如果of后面所接名词为单数形式或不可数名词，谓语就用单数形式。如：Mostoftheteachersareagainsttheproposal．大部分教师反对这个提议。Someofthestudentsarefortheplan．有些学生赞同这个计划。Therestofthelectureisdull．讲座的其余部分是枯燥的。Therestofthebicyclesareonsaletoday．剩余的自行车今天出售。Halfoftheappleisrotten．这个苹果的一半腐烂变质了。Halfoftheapplesarerotten．这些苹果有一半腐烂变质了。AmassMassesofinformationhasbeenrevealed．大量的情报已被泄露出去了。AmassMassesofbooksarekeptinthelibrary．图书馆里存放有很多的书。Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading.大约三分之一的书值得一读。Over30％ofthestudentswereabsentfromthemeeting．超过百分之三十的学生没有参加这个会。Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea．地球表面的四分之三是海。Only40％ofthe．workwasdoneyesterday．昨天只完成了百分之四十的工作。注意：当上面有些词单独作主语时，其主谓语一致关系一般要遵循意义一致的原则。如：Allwassilent．万籁俱寂。Allweresilent．大家都静默着。ThirtypeopleinmyclassareArabsandtheremainderareCanadians．我们班有30个学生是阿拉伯人，剩下的是加拿大人。Allhasbeentried．一切都试过了。Allareherenow．大家都到齐了。注意：population表示“人口”，即一个国家或地区的居民数目，它作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时，population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民，它作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式，但当后面出现复数名词与其呼应时，谓语动词最好用复数形式。如：
ThepopulationofCanadaisabout29million．加拿大的人口约为2900万。Justunderathirdofthepopulationnowsmokes／smokeinthiscountry．在这个国家目前吸烟人数不到总人口的三分之一。Abouteightypercentofthepopulationofthiscountryarepeasants．这个国家大约百分之八十的人口是农民。二、由“akindof，thiskindof，manykindsof”和“名词+ofthiskind”等，以及由与kind意义相似的type，sort，form，part，piece，section等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。如：Akindofbirdshasbeendiscoveredbythem．他们发现了一种鸟。Apartofthebookisnotinteresting．这本书里有一部分内容没趣。Partsofthebookareveryinstructive．这本书有几部分内容很有教育意义。Thesearetwodifferentformsofthesamething．这些是同一事物两种不同的形式。三、当noneof后面接的是可数名词时，谓语动词用单复数都可以；如接的是不可数名词，就只能用单数形式。但是当either／neitherof...构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式(在口语中也可视为复数)。如：Noneofthemis／areawareofthedanger．他们中没有人意识到那个危险。Noneofthemoneywaspaidtome．连一分钱也没有付给我。EitherofthegirlsisAnn’ssister．那两个女孩中有一个是安的姐姐。Neitherofthemisgoingtogiveupthechance．他们两个都不打算放弃那个机会。四、当“anumberof／avarietyof／varietiesof+可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但“thenumberof(表数目)和thevarietyof(表种类)等+可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Anumberofnewhouseshavebeenbuiltthere．在那儿已建起许多新房子。Thereareavarietyofgoodsonsaleintheshop．那个商店出售各种各样的商品。Thenumberofthepeoplewhoknowthesecretisverylimited．知道这个秘密的人数很有限。Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleintheshopissurprising．那个商店商品的品种多得惊人。五、“alargeamountof+不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。
“largeamountsof+不可数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。“alargequantityof+不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。“alargequantityof+复数名词”作主语，谓语常用复数。“largequantitiesof+不可数名词／复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。“agood／greatdealof+不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。Alargeamountofcleanwateriswastedeveryday．每天有大量干净的水被浪费掉。Vastamountsofmoneyarebeinginvestedinthelocalmarket．大量的资金投在当地的市场上。Largequantitiesofbeerareconsumedinthecityeveryyear．这个城市每年要消费大量的啤酒。Alargequantityofmoneywasspentonthebridge．很多钱花在建这座桥上。Alargequantityofmaterialswerespentonthebuilding．建这个大楼耗费了大量的建筑材料。Agooddealofworkhastobedonetoday．今天有大量的工作要做。第五节由并列连词连接的名词作主语时的主谓一致一、由and或both...and...连接两个单数名词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。如：Mr．andMrs．Smithareengineers．史密斯夫妇是工程师。Fireandwaterdonotagree．水火不相容。Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop，店里出售咖啡和啤酒。注意：如果and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，则两个名词共用一个冠词，谓语动词必须用单数。如：Theteacherandwriterisherfriend．这位教师兼作家是她的朋友。比较两个名词前都加冠词或其他限定词，则谓语动词要用复数形式。
常作为一个整体概念来看待的组合有下面这些，谓语用单数。breadandbutter黄油面包breadandcheese涂奶酪的面包aknifeandfork一副刀叉awatchandchain一只系有表带的手表acartandhorse一辆马车needleandthread针线lawandorder法律和秩序Breadandbutterisherfavoritefood.黄油面包是她最喜欢吃的食物。Trialanderroristhesourceofourknowledge．反复实验(不断摸索)是我们知识的来源。Timeandtidewaitsfornoman．岁月不待人。ThestarsandstripesisthenationalflagofUSA．星条旗是美国国旗。二、由and连接的两个或三个单数主语前如果有every，each，no，manya修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。Eachteacherand(each)studentwasgivenabook．每一位教师和学生都得到了一本书。Everyhourand(every)minuteisimportant．每一小时或每一分钟都很重要。Noemployerandnoemployeeknowshowtodealwithit．没有一位雇主和雇员知道如何处理这件事。Manyateacherandmanyastudentenjoysthebookverymuch．许多老师和学生很喜欢这本书。三、or，either...or...，neither...nor...，notonly...but(also)...等连接的并列成分作主语时，根据就近一致的原则处理。离谓语动词近的主语部分是单数，就用单数；离谓语动词近的主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame．或者老师或者学生们应受到指责。Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherdoesn’tknowaboutit．不仅学生们不知道这件事，他们的老师也不知道。HeorIamtodoit．这事或者他去做或者我去做。NeitheryounorI．noranybodyelseknowshowtodoit．无论是你，我还是其他任何人都不知道怎么做。四、主语由肯定否定两部分构成时，谓语与肯定的一致。如：NotyoubutIamtoanswerforit．／I，notyou，amtoanswerforit．对此负责的是我而不是你。
第六节名词性从旬作主语时的主谓一致一、what从句作主语时的主谓一致what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但如果其后是系表结构，表语为复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Whatshesaidiscorrect．她说的是正确的。WhathegavemearefiveEnglishbooks．他给我的是5本英语书。Whatheneedsismoney．他需要的是钱。二、that等其他词引导的名词性从句作主语时的主谓一致由that等其他词引导的名词性从句作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。如：Thatheisaspyistrue．千真万确，他是一个间谍。Whethertheywillholdapartyornothasnotbeendecided．他们还没有决定是否举行晚会。Whoisresponsiblefortheaccidentisnotclear．还不太清楚谁对这场事故负责。第七节动名词或不定式短语作主语时的主谓一致一、单个动名词短语或不定式作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：Playingwithfireisdangerous．玩火危险。Yourgivingupthechancewasagreatsurprisetous．你放弃这个机会使我们大家都非常吃惊。二、若用and连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：Earlytoriseandearlytobedisagoodhabit．早起早睡是个好习惯。Whenandwherethebuildingwillbebuilthasn’tbeendecided．何时何地建大楼还未定下来。Makingmistakesandlearningtocorrectthemareapartoflife．犯错误和学会改正错误是生活的一部分。Whatyoueatandhowmuchyouexerciseareimportantfactorsinaweightlossprogram．你所吃的与你锻炼的量对你的减肥计划都是重要的因素。第八节某些表示数量的名词词组作主语时的主谓一致
一、当名词词组中心词为表示金钱、时间、度量、距离、价格等复数名词时，往往可根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体。谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twenty-fivedollarsistoomuchtopayforthatshirt．25美元买那件衬衣太贵了。Fiftyminutesisn’tenoughtofinishthistest．50分钟完成这个测试是不够的。Tenmilesseemslikealongwalktome．对我来说，10英里步行似乎很远。二、在四则运算中，谓语动词多用单数，也有用复数的。减法和除法常用单数。Twoandtenis／aretwelve．2加10等于12。Twotimeseightis／aresixteen．2乘以8等于16。18minus12is6．18减12等于6。Twohundredandsixty-onedividedbynineequalstwenty-nine．261除以9等于29。第九节名词化的形容词作主语时的主谓一致一、当某些形容词和过去分词同定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；当某些形容词同定冠词连用表示某类事物或表示某一类抽象概念作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Thepoorliveahardlife．穷人的日子不好过。Thesickandwoundedweresenthome．病人和伤员被送回家。thepoor穷人theliving活着的人therich富人thedead死人thewounded伤员theyoung年轻人Thebeautifullivesforever．美是永存的。Theoldgivesplacetothenew．新陈代谢。但是，也有例外的情况。有些形容词加上定冠词也可指一个人。如在句中指一个人时，谓语动词用单数。如：Theaccusedaskedthejudgeformercy．被告请求法官宽恕。二、以-sh，-ch和-ese等结尾的表示“国家的，民族的”这类形容词与定冠词the连用，表示整个民族，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类词有：theChinese，theEnglish，theBritish，theFrench，theJapanese，theDutch，thePolish，theSwedish等。如：TheChinesearehard-working．中国人是勤劳的。TheEnglisharesaidtobeconservative．据说英国人是保守的。TheChinesearekindandfriendly．中国人民友好善良。比较ThatChineseisasinger．那个中国人是个歌唱家。Chineseisabeautifullanguage．汉语是一种优美的语言。
第十节therebe结构中的主谓一致therebe结构中的主谓一致关系，谓语动词通常和最邻近的那个主语一致。如：Thereisabook，twoball-pensandseveralnotebooksonthedesk．桌子上有一本书、两支圆珠笔和几个笔记本。Therearefourchairsandatableintheroom．房间里摆有4把椅子和一张桌子。第十一节不定代词each,one,noone,somebody等词作主语时的主谓一致不定代词“each，one，noone，some(any，no，every)+body(one或thing)”在句中作主语或作限定词时，谓语动词一律用单数形式。如：Eachboygetsaprize．每个孩子都得到了奖品。Everydoghashisday．人人都有得意的时候。Someonewantstobuythehouse．有人要买这所房子。Everythingisready，isn’tit?一切都准备好了，是吧?Eachofthebookscostsfiveyuan.每本书五块钱。Somebodyisusingthephone．有人在用着电话。Hehastwosons．Oneisateacher；theotherisanengineer．他有两个儿子。一个是老师，另一个是工程师。注意：each，all，both用作同位语时，谓语动词仍应与主语保持一致。如：WeeachhaveanEnglish-Chinesedictionary．我们每人有一本英汉词典。Thestudentsareallhardworking．这些学生都很勤奋。Theybothlikepopmusic．他们俩都喜欢流行音乐。第十二节其他主谓一致情况一、倒装句中的主谓一致在主语和谓语倒装的句子中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如：Onthewallaresomefamouspaintings．墙上有一些著名的画。Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture．两扇窗户间有一幅画。二、表示数量的“oneandahalf+复数名词”作主语时，其谓语要用单数形式。如：Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable．桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。Oneandahalfhoursisenough．一个半小时足够了。
三、“a／an+单数名词+ortwo”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Astudentortwohasfailedtheexam．一两个学生考试不及格。“oneortwo+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Oneortwostudentswereplantingtreesyesterdayafternoon．昨天下午有一两个学生在植树。四、在“It+be+被强调部分+that／who...”结构中，be用单数形式is或was，如被强调部分是主语，that／who后的谓语与被强调部分的人称、数保持一致。如：ItisIwhoamastudent．我是学生。Itistheywhohaveworkedthereforfiveyears．是他们在那儿工作了5年。五、定语从句中，关系代词who，which，that等作主语时，其人称和数的变化随先行词而定。如：Thosewhohaveseenthefilmpleaseputupyourhands．看过这部电影的人请举手。Themanwhoisspeakingatthemeetingisourchairman．在会上讲话的人是我们的主席。六、who，which，what等疑问代词及sueh作主语时，谓语动词要根据其后的名词表语来决定其单复数形式。如：Whoisthegirloverthere?那边的那个女孩是谁?Whoarethegirlsoverthere?那边那些女孩子是谁?Whichisyourbook，thisoneorthatone?哪本是你的书，这本还是那本?Suchismyplan．这就是我的计划。Sucharehiswords．这就是他的话。七．“themajorityof+复数名词”作主语时，用复数谓语。themajority单独作主语时，谓语既可用单数，也可用复数形式。如：Themajorityofboyslikefootball．大多数男孩喜爱足球。Themajoritywas／wereinfavourofbanningsmoking．大多数人支持禁烟。ThemajorityofpeopleseemtopreferTVtoradio．多数人喜欢电视胜过广播。八、“anaverageof+复数名词”作主语与复数动词连用，意思是“平均有……”；“theaverageof+复数名词”作主语与单数动词连用，意思是“……的平均数”。如：Anaverageof3，000peoplecometovisitthisfamousschooleveryyear．每年平均有三千人来这所名校参观。Theaverageof14，3and1is6．14，3和1的平均数是6。九、“atotalof+复数名词”作主语与复数动词连用，意思是“总共有……”；“thetotalof+复数名词”作主语与单数动词连用，意思是“……的总数”。如：Atotalof300letterswerereceivedlastmonth上个月总共收到了三百封信。Thetotaloflettersreceivedlastmonthwas300．上个月收到的信总数是三百封。
十、当man(人类)，theworld(世界上的人，人类)作主语时，谓语用单数。如：Onlymanknowshowtocook．只有人类懂得烹饪。Onlymaniscapableofspeech+只有人类才具有说话的能力。Alltheworldknowsthattheearthisround．世界上的人都知道地球是圆的。十一、“more+复数名词+thanone”结构谓语常用复数。如：Moremembersthanonehaveprotestedagainsttheplan．反对这项提议的会员不止一个。十二、当manya...或morethanone+名词作主语时，尽管其意义是复数概念，但它的谓语动词仍采取单数形式。如：Manyamanthinkslifeismeaninglesswithoutpurpose．许多人认为没有目的的生活是毫无意义的。Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthematter．不止一人卷入到这件事中。十三、在“one+of／in／outof+复数名词”结构中，一般采用语法一致的原则，即用单数动词。如果one改成two，three等数词，谓语用复数。OneofthestudentsinourclassisfromTibet．我们班有一位学生来自西藏。Onein／outoftwentywasbadlydamaged．每二十个中有一个严重受损。Threein／outoftenstudentshavefailedintheexam．每十个学生中就有三个考试不过关。第十三节主谓一致解题的方法技巧方法一分清主语，用准谓语1、主语后跟with，togetherwith，alongwith，but，except，besides，aswellas，ratherthan，including，nolessthan，asmuchas等短语时，谓语应与前面的主语保持一致。2、动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3、确定倒装句谓语的单复数要找准主语。[例1]Aperfectgiftwithmanyflowers________tothebeautifulgirl．A．issentB．aresentC．hassentD．hasbeensent[解析]句子的真正主语为aperfectgift，所以谓语动词须用第三人称单数形式；根据题干大意此处要用现在完成时态。[答案]D[例2]Inmyopinion，WhatZhaiZhigang，LiuBomingandJingHaipeng________goodtoourcountry’sinternationalposition．A．diddodoesB．diddoesdoC．doesdiddoD．dododid
[解析]句子的主语是what引导的主语从句，即：whatZhaiZhigang，LiuBomingandJingHaipengdid。谓语动词用单数，借助于助动词does强调谓语，后用动词原形do。[答案]B[例3]Nexttomesatanoldladyandacountrygirlwho_________lookingattheforeignersintheair．A．areB．isC．wereD．was[解析]本句是倒装句，anoldladyandacountrygirl是主句的主语，也是who引导的定语从句的先行词。定语从句的谓语应与先行词保持一致。[答案]C方法二分清并列连词1、两个单数名词(主语)用and或both...and...连接时，谓语用复数，但要注意前后两个名词都带有冠词。2、并列主语由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，notonly...but(also)...，not...but...等连接时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称和数的一致。[例1]NotonlyTombutalsoPeterandMary_________planningtogo．A．isB．wasC．areD．hasbeen[解析]由连接词either...or...，neither...nor...，notonly...but(also)...等连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词必须和紧靠它的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。此题中的谓语动词应和PeterandMary一致，故谓语动词用复数are，因此C是正确的。[答案]C[例2]Thewriterandtheeducator_________visitedourschool．A．haveB．hasC．hadD.are[解析]Thewriterandtheeducator是两个人，谓语动词用复数。句意：那位作家和那位教育家参观了我们的学校。如果换成Thewriterandeducator，就是一个人了，即“那位作家兼教育家”，谓语动词用单数。[答案]A方法三记熟一些习惯用法1、“manya以及morethanone+单数名词”作主语．谓语用单数。2、“a／an+单数名词+ortwo”作主语，谓语用单数；而“oneortwo+复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。3、不定代词anybody，anything，something，everybody，noone，nothing等作主语，谓语用单数。4、表示“时间、距离、价格”等复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。5、“oneandahalf+复数名词”作主语时，谓语用单数。6、each...andeach...；every...andevery...；no...andno...；manya...andmanya...等作主语时，谓语用单数。7、“分数或百分数+of+名词”作主语，谓语与of后的名词保持数的一致。[例1]________ofthelandinthatdistrict_________coveredwithtreesandgrass．A．Twofifth；isB．Twofifth；areC．Twofifths；isD．Twofifths；are
[解析]首先“五分之二”应为twofifths，故答案应为C、D中的一个；当“分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数要与of后的名词保持数的一致，这里的名词是theland。[答案]C[例2]Thenumberofthestudentsofthisschool_________large．A．areB．arenotC．isn’tD．aren’t[解析]在“thenumberof+复数名词”的结构中，“of+复数名词”的介词短语作后置定语，thenumber是中心名词，所以谓语动词应用单数形式。[答案]C[例3]Everyboyandeverygirlaswellassometeacherswho_________tovisitthemuseum________askedtobeattheschoolgatebefore6：30inthemorning．A．are；areB．is；isC．are；isD．is；are[解析]本题是一个带有定语从句的复合句，定语从句修饰的是teachers，关系词在从句中作主语，应与先行词的数保持一致，故从句谓语用复数。句子主语是Everyboyandeverygirl，当主语后面跟有with，togetherwith，aswellas等连接的词时，其谓语动词的单复数不受这些词语的影响。every...andevery...作主语，谓语用单数。[答案]C主谓一致综合练习1．Walmart,whichisoneofthelargestAmericansupermarketchains,________someofitsstoreopen24hoursonMondaysthroughSaturdays.A．keepsB．keepC．havekeptD．hadkept2．Allthescientificevidence________thatincreasinguseofchemicalsinfarming________damagingourhealth.A．show;areB．shows;areC．show;isD．shows;is3．Thebasketballcoach,aswellashisteam,________interviewedshortlyafterthematchfortheiroutstandingperformance.A．wereB．wasC．isD．are4．Thefactoryused65percentoftherawmaterials,therestofwhich________savedforotherpurposes.A．isB．areC．wasD．were5．One thirdofthecountry________coveredwithtreesandthemajorityofthecitizens________blackpeople.A．is;areB．is;isC．are;areD．are;is6．Itisreportedthatmanyanewhouse________atpresentinthedisasterarea.A．arebeingbuiltB．werebeingbuilt
C．wasbeingbuiltD．isbeingbuilt7．SuchpoetsasShakespeare________widelyread,ofwhoseworks，however，some__________difficulttounderstand.A．are;areB．is;isC．are;isD．is;are8．Eitheryouoroneofyourstudents______toattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.A．areB．isC．haveD．be9．Dr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters,________visitBeijingthissummer.A．isgoingtoB．aregoingtoC．wasgoingtoD．weregoingto10．—Whydoesthelakesmellterrible?—Becauselargequantitiesofwater________.A．havepollutedB．isbeingpollutedC．hasbeenpollutedD．havebeenpolluted11．Theteachertogetherwiththestudents________discussingReadingSkillsthat________newlypublishedinAmerica.A．are;wereB．is;wereC．are;wasD．is;was12．ThenumberofforeignstudentsattendingChineseuniversities________risingsteadilysince1990.A．isB．areC．hasbeenD．havebeen13．Atpresent,oneoftheargumentsinfavourofthenewairport________thatitwillbringalotofjobstothearea.A．isB．areC．willbeD．were14．—Didyougototheshowlastnight?—Yeah.Everyboyandgirlinthearea________invited.A．wereB．havebeenC．hasbeenD．was15．Asaresultoftheseriousflood,two thirdsofthebuildingsinthearea________.A．needrepairingB．needstorepairC．needsrepairingD．needtorepair16．Asurveyoftheopinionsofexperts________thatthreehoursofoutdoorexerciseaweek________goodforone"shealth.A．show;areB．shows;isC．show;isD．shows;are17．Welivedaybyday,butinthegreatthings,thetimeofthedaysandweeks________sosmallthatadayisunimportant.A．isB．areC．hasbeenD．havebeen18．ProfessorJameswillgiveusalectureontheWesternculture,butwhenandwhere________yet.A．hasn"tbeendecidedB．haven"tdecided
C．isn"tbeingdecidedD．aren"tdecided19．—Haveyouheardthelatestnews?—No,what________？A．isitB．isthereC．aretheyD．arethose20．Apoetandartist________comingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpaintingtomorrowafternoon.A．isB．areC．wasD．wereKey:ADBDADABADDCADABAAAA第七章情态动词一、情态动词的定义 ：情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。 二、情态动词的特点 ：①有一定词义；②不受主语人称和数的变化影响；③与主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定式）一起构成谓语（除ought to作固定词组看待）。 情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加"not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。Hecouldbeheresoon.他很快就来。Wecan"tcarrytheheavybox.我们搬不动那箱子。I"msorryIcan"thelpyou.对不起，我帮不上你。基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：Whathaveyoubeendoingsince?（构成完成进行体，本身无词义）IamafraidImustbegoing.（一定要）Youmayhavereadsomeaccountofthematter.（或许已经）除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：1、除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把oughtto和usedto看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：Weusedtogrowbeautifulroses.Iaskedifhewouldcomeandrepairmytelevisionset.2、情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：
Shedarenotsaywhatshethinks.3、情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：Still,sheneedn"thaverunaway.4、情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：WouldyoumindverymuchifIaskyoutodosomething?Shetoldhimheoughtnottohavedoneit.5、情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：Youshouldhavewashedthewound.Well,youshouldn"tbereadinganovel.三、情态动词有四类：①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),oughtto；②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare；③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should),will(would)；④具有情态动词特征：have(had,has)to,usedto；⑤情态动词表猜测第一节情态动词的基本用法 一、 can (could) 1、表示能力，could主要指过去时间。 Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？2、表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。The temperature can fall to –60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing.气温可降至—60℃，也就是零下60℃。He can´t (couldn´t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。You mustn´t smoke while you´re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。3、表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading—room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。4、表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？
He can´t (couldn´t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？5、比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？I´m afraid we couldn´t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。二、 may (might) 1、表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？ 在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don´t ./ You´d better not. / No, you mustn´t.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。 2、表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。 He may be at home. 他可能在家。 She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。 He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。They might be having a meeting, but I´m not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。 三、 must1、表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。You mustn´t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。 --Must we hand in our exercise—books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？ --No, you needn´t. / No, you don´t have to. 不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn´t） 2、表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。 She´s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。四、 shall 1、表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。 Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？ What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么？2、表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。
You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令） You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺） He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告） Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划（决心） 五、 will 1、表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。 I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 None is so blind as those who won´t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。 If you will read the book, I´ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。 2、表请求，用于疑问句。 Will you close the window? It´s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。 Won´t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？ 3、表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。 The door won´t open. 这门打不开。 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。 六、 should 1、表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 You shouldn´t waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。 2、表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。 The film should be very good as it is starring first—class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。 They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。 七、would 1、表意愿。 They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着旧。 I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。 2、表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。 Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？ Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？They wouldn´t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。 3、表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。八、 ought to1、表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。 You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。 You oughtn´t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2、表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 There´s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。九、 used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。 There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。 I usedn´t (didn´t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？第二节情态动词表推测的用法小结一、情态动词表推测的三种句式1、在肯定句中一般用must(一定)，may（可能），might/could（也许，或许）。www.gkxx.comHemust/may/mightknowtheanswertothisquestion?他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。Itiscoldintheroom.Theymusthaveturnedofftheheating.屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。2、否定句中用can’t/couldn’t(不可能),maynot/mightnot(可能不)。Itcan’t/couldn’tbetheheadmaster.HehasgonetoAmerica.这不可能是校长，他去美国了。Hemaynot/mightnotknowthescientist.他也许不认识那位科学家。3、疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。Couldhehavefinishedthetask?他可能把任务完成了吗？Canhebeathomenow?他现在能在家吗？注意：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might,could并非may,
can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。二、情态动词表推测的三种时态1、对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词+动词原形”。（1）Shemust/may/might/couldarrivebefore5.5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。（2）Shemust/may/might/couldwalkmilesandmilesamongthehillswithoutmeetinganyone.她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。2、对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词+be”，“情态动词+bedoing”或“情态动词+动词原形”。Hemust/may/might/couldbelisteningtotheradionow.他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。Hecan’t(couldn’t)/may(might)notbeathomeatthistime.这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。Mr.Bushisontimeforeverything.Howcan(could)hebelatefortheopeningceremony?布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？3、对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词+have+过去分词”。Itmust/may/might/couldhaverainedlastnight.Thegroundiswet.地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。Thedoorwaslocked.Hecan(could)not/may(might)nothavebeenathome.门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。Can/Couldhehavegottenthebook？难道他找到书了吗？注意：情态动词should/oughtto表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have+过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如：It’sseveno’clock.Jackshould/oughttobehereatanymoment.现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）Sheshould/oughttohaveattendedyourbirthdayparty,butshehadtolookafterhermotherinhospital.（虚拟）她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。Tomshouldnot/oughtnottohavetoldmeyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.（虚拟）汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。第三节情态动词难点一、need和dare的用法 need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。
1、用作情态动词 --Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要来吗？ --需要。 You needn’t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 I don’t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。 How dare you say I’m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？Not one of them dared mention this. 他们谁也不敢提这件事。 2、用作实义动词 You don’t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。 We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。 The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。 He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。 I dare say he’ll come again. 我想他会再来的。 （I dare say…为固定习语） 二、重点情态动词辨析 1、 can 和be able to ①情态动词can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。 Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。②用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。 He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn’t feel like it that day. 他能游过英吉利海峡，但那天他不想游。 Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。 2、 must和 have to must表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。 We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。3、 would和used to ①used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去的情况。People used to think that the earth was flat. 过去人们认为地球是平的。（现在人们不这么认为。）
She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. 在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。（可能现在仍有散步的习惯。） ②used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。 He used to ∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。 She used to be fat. 她过去很胖 情态动词综合练习一1. I __________ you, because I thought I must be wrong. A. dare not ask B. dare not to ask C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask 2. There __________ some flowers in the garden. A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having 3. “__________ I take it out?” “I´m sorry, you __________.” A. Could …couldn´t B. Might…might not C. Could…can D. May…can´t 4. You were stupid to climb the tree. You __________ hurt yourself. A. may B. might C. will D. might have 5. You __________ those letters. Why didn´t you ? A. should post B. should have posted C. must have posted D. ought to post. 6. All the lights are on, the Smiths __________ up. A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get 7. He __________ lead a horse to the water but he __________ not make it drink. A. will…can B. may…can C. may…dares D. dare…can 8. “Need we do this job now?” “Yes, __________.” A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can 9. __________ to have lunch with us today? A. Do you likes B. Would you like C. Will you liked D. Have you liked 10. He said that you __________ watch TV all the evening if you wished. A. may B. must C. can D. might 11. –Is John coming by train? --He should, but he __________ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may 12. Peter __________ come with us tonight, but he isn´t very sure yet. A. must B. can C. may D. will 13. Michael __________ be a policeman, for he´s much too short. A. needn´t B. can´t C. shouldn´t D. won´t
14. I thought you __________ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes. A. may B. might C. can D. could 15. I wonder how he __________ that to the teacher. A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say 16. Come on! We __________ hurry because there isn´t much time left. A. mayB. must C. can D. need 17. Amy did best in the English test. She __________ hard last week. A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work 18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 19. –--I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ---Oh, did you? You __________ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed 20. It´s nearly seven o´clock. Jack __________ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can Keys: 1.A2.B3.D4.D5.B6.C7.B8.C9.B10.D11.D12.C13.B14.B15.D16.B17.A18.D19.A20.A 情态动词综合练习二1.Jeanhavekepthispromise.Iwonderwhyhechangedhisidea.A.mustB.shouldC.needD.would2.Janehavecometotheparty,butshenotfindtheexacttime.A.could;couldB.might;couldC.should;couldD.should;would3.Somanymistakesinyourhomework!Youmorecareful.A.maybeB.hadtoC.wouldbeD.shouldhavebeen4．Herbrotherbeathomenow,becausehewasseenplayingbasketballinthestadiumjustnow.A.mustn’tB.needn’tC.can’tD.shouldn"t5．---Ican’tunderstandwhyourbossislate.---Hetheearlybus.A.couldmissB.mayhavemissedC.canhavemissedD.mightmiss6.Shedidn"tanswerthephone,she______asleep.A.maybeB.mustbeC.shouldhavebeenD.musthavebeen7．Thelittlegirl’seyeswerered.She______.A.maycryB.mustcryC.mustbecriedD.musthavebeencrying
8．He______hissuppernow,forthedininghallisstillclosed.A.can’tbehavingB.needn’tbehavingC.mustn’tbehavingD.shouldn"tbehaving9．Iparkedmybikebehindthebuilding,butnowitisgone.It________.A.maybestolenB.mustbestolenC.musthavebeenstolenD.musthavestolen10.______Mr.Black_______gotoworkbyferrybeforethebridgewasbuilt?A.Did;usedtoB.Use;toC.Did;usetoD.Does;useto11.Thehotelisonlyastone’sthrowaway,you______takeabus.A.neednottoB.notneedtoC.don"tneedD.neednot12.Iambusynow,_______mybrotherdoitforyou?A.WillB.ShallC.MustD.May13.---Youneedn’tdoitrightnow,needyou?---YesIamafraidI______.A.needB.needn’tC.mustD.mustn’t14.MyEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasdisappeared.Who_____havetakenit?A.shouldB.mustC.couldD.would15.---Theroomissodirty._______wecleanit?----Ofcourse.A．WillB.ShallC.WouldD.Do16.Ifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo,you______wasteanytime.A.needn’tB.mustn’tC.maynotD.won’t17.Ifyouwanttoborrowafootballafterschool,yourstudentcard______here.A.hastoleaveB.mustleaveC.hastobeleftD.mustbeleft18.“Didyouscoldhimforhiscarelessness?”“Yes,but_____it”A.I’drathernotdoB.I’drathernothavedoneC.Ishouldn’tdoD.I’dbetternotdo19.“Don’tgetneartoit.Itistoodangerous!”“_______”.A.Yes,Iwon’tB.No,Idon’tC.No,Ican’tD.No,Iwon’t20.Hemustbeintheclassroom,_______he?A.mustn’tB.can’tC.isn’tD.can21.He________beinthegarden.Hemustbeintheroom.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.willnotD.maynot22.“Doyouhavetoleavenow?”“Iamverysorry,butIreally______.”A.can’tB.haveC.shouldD.must
23.“Let’sgotothelibrary,shallwe?”“_________?”A.No,Ican’tB.Yes,IwillC.Yes,thankyouD.No,we’dbetternot24.“CanItakeitaway?”“You______betternot.”A.shouldB.couldC.wouldD.had25.You_______havebroughtyourcamera.Theyallhadtheirswiththem.A.couldn’tB.needn’tC.wouldn’tD.mustn’t26.Seewhoisthere!______itbeMay?A.MayB.MustC.CanD.Will27.John______beabasketballplayer.Heismuchtooshort.A.mayB.mustn’tC.can’tD.should28.TheChineseteacherlookssopale.She______beill.A.mustB.mustn’tC.canD.need29.Something______tosaveourearth.Doyouthinkso?A.candoB.mustdoC.hastodoD.mustbedone30.Lookatwhatyouhavedone!You______bemorecareful.A.oughtB.canC.wouldD.shouldKeys:1.B2.A3.D4.C5.B6.D7.D8.A9.C10.C11.D12.B13.C14.C15.B16.B17.C18.B19.D20.C21.A22D23D24.D25.B26.C27.C28.A29.D30.D情态动词综合练习三1.Ididn’tseeherinthemeetingroomthismorning.She_____atthemeeting.A.mustn’thavespokenB.shouldn’thavespokenC.needn’thavespokenD.couldn’thavespoken2.Oneought_____forwhatonehasn’tdone.A.nottobepunishedB.tonotbepunishedC.tonotpunishedD.notbepunished3.Ifyoureallywantyourselftobeingoodhealth,youmust___always___somuch.A.not;besmokingB.not;havesmokedC.not;tosmokeD.benot;smoking4.Withsomuchworkonhand,you_____toseethegamelastnight.A.mustn’tgoB.shouldn’tgo
C.couldn’thavegoneD.shouldn’thavegone5.MostofthestudentsfeltratherdisappointedattheEnglishparty.Theysaythatit______betterorganized.A.hadbeenB.hadtobeC.musthavebeenD.couldhavebeen6.I’msurprisedthathe_____intheexam.A.shouldfailB.wouldhavefailedC.mayhavefailedD.shouldhavefailed7.Thelittlegirl_____therealone.A.notdaregoB.daresnotgoC.darenotgoD.darenottogo8.“Mustwedoitnow?”“No,you_____.”A.won’tB.needn’tC.can’tD.don’t9.Hesaidhewouldrathernot_____itrightnow.A.doingB.todoC.doD.tobedoing10.You_____tothemeetingthisafternoonifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo.A.needn’ttocomeB.don’tneedcomeC.don’tneedcomingD.needn’tcome11.Putonmoreclothes.You_____befeelingcoldwithonlyashirton.A.canB.couldC.wouldD.must12.I_____playfootballthanbaseball.A.wouldratherB.hadbetterC.likebetterD.prefer13.Ithoughtyou_____likesomethingtoread,soIhavebroughtyousomebooks.A.mayB.mightC.couldD.must14.Therewasplentyoftimes.She_____.A.mustn’thavehurriedB.couldn’thavehurriedC.mustnothurryD.needn’thavehurried15.Theplantisdead.I_____itmorewater.A.willgiveB.wouldhavegivenC.mustgiveD.shouldhavegiven16.You_____returnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweekifyoulike.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.maynot17.It’sstillearly,you_____.A.mustn’thurryB.wouldn’thurryC.maynothurryD.don’thavetohurry18.Pleaseopenthewindow,
_____?A.can’tyouB.aren’tyouC.doyouD.willyou19.We_____forherbecauseshenevercame.A.mustn’thavewaitedB.shouldn’thavewaitedC.mustn’twaitD.needn’twait20.—MayIstophere?—No,you_____.A.mustn’tB.mightnotC.needn’tD.won’t21.It’safineday.Let’sgofishing,_____.A.won’tweB.willweC.don’tweD.shallwe22.Ididn’tseeherinthemeetingroomthismorning.She_____atthemeeting.A.mustn’thavespokenB.shouldn’thavespokenC.needn’thavespokenD.couldn’thavespoken23.—Pleasedon’tmakeanoise.—_____.I’llbeasquietasamouse.A.Yes,Iwon’tB.No,Iwon’tC.No,IwillD.Yes,Iwill24.Theyoungmanhasmadesomuchnoisethathe_____nothavebeenallowedtoattendtheconcert.A.couldB.mustC.wouldD.should25.—WhereisJohn?—He_____inthelibrary.A.shouldbeB.mustbeC.canbeD.musthavebeen26.Sincetheroadiswetthismorning,_____lastnight.A.itmustrainB.itmustberainingC.itmusthaverainedD.itmusthavebeenrain27.—Willyourbrotherstayhometonight?—I’mnotquitesure.He_____tothecinematonight.A.mustgoB.cangoC.maygoD.maybegoing28.She’salreadytwohourslate.What______toher?A.canhavehappenedB.mayhavehappenedC.shouldhavehappenedD.musthappen29.Youmustbeawriter,_____?A.mustn’tyouB.areyouC.mustyouD.aren’tyou30.Igotupearlythatmorning,butI_____sobecauseIhadnoworktodo.A.mustn’thavedoneB.didn’tneedtodoC.needn’thavedoneD.can’thavedone31.He_____havecomehereyesterday,buthedidn’t.A.couldB.shouldC.oughttoD.allthe
above32.Imissedthelastbus,soI_____gohomeonfoot.A.mustB.havetoC.mayD.hadto33.Heoughttowinthefirstprize,_____he?A.oughtn’tB.shouldn’tC.mustn’tD.bothAandB34.Everyone_____dohisbestforthemodernizationsofourcountry.A.canB.mayC.shouldD.might35.Let’scleanourclassroom,_____?A.willyouB.don’tweC.shallweD.doyou36.Letusplaybasketball,______?A.willyouB.don’tweC.shallweD.doyou37.Heaskedmeforthisbookmanytimes.Pleasetellhimthathe_____haveittomorrow.A.mustB.mayC.shallD.bothBandC38.“Yourphonenumberagain?I_____quitecatchit.”“It’s9568442.”A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t39.Mother_____usstorieswhenwewerechildren.A.wasusedtotellB.isusedtotellingC.usedtotellD.usedtotelling40.Shewouldrather_____moremoneyonbooks_____onclothes.A.cost…notB.tospare…don’tC.pay…thanD.spend…thanKeys:1.D2.A3.A4.D5.D6.D7.C8.B9.C10.D11.D12.A13.B14.D15.D16.C17.D18.D19.B20.A21.D22.D23.B24.D25.B26.C27.C28.A29.D30.C31.D32.D33.D34.C35.C36.A37.D38.A39.C40.D
第八章虚拟语气虚拟语气（thesubjunctivemood），是谓语动词的一种形式，表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反，在现实中并不存在，或实现的可能性很小。动词的语气语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1、陈述语气陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Wherethereisawill,there"saway.有志者事竟成。Canyouhelpmecarrytheboxupstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？HowImissedthelifeinthecountryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊！2、祈使语气祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。Comethisway,please!请这边走。Don"tmakeanynoise,willyou别吵，行吗？Dobecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过马路时一定要小心。3、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.但愿四季如春。Maygoodluckbeyours!祝你好运！
第一节条件句中的虚拟语气英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。一、真实条件句真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。Ifhedoesn"tcomeat8,wewon"twaitforhim.如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。Ifafloodhappenedinthepast,therewasusuallyagreatlossoflifeandproperty. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。Weshallgothereunlessitrainstomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。I"llletyouusemybikeonconditionthatyoukeepitclean.如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。二、非真实条件句在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有三种形式：与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语：were/did主句的谓语：would(could/should/might)+do与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语：haddone主句的谓语：would(could/should/might)+havedone与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语：did/were 主句的谓语：shoulddo would(could/should/might)+do weretodo1、表示与现在事实相反的条件条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。可用情态动词could,might代替should,would表示情态。IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Iwouldgoandseemyfriends.明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。IfIwereyou,Ishouldgoandtry.我要是你，我就去试试。Ifwisheswerehorses,beggarsmightride.如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑Iwouldgoiftheytreatedmelikeaslave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。2、表示与过去事实相反的条件条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+havedone，也可用could,might代替should,would。IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavetelephonedyou.如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。 Ifithadnotrainedthismorning,Ishouldhavegoneshopping.
今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagestothepeopleifwehadnotbuiltsomanyreservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。3、表示在将来不太可能实现的条件 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：①were/did 条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。也可用could,might代替should,would。 Ifhewereheretomorrow,Iwouldspeaktohim.明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 Ifyoudroppedtheglass,itwouldbreak.你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 Ifshehadtime,shecouldhelpme.她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 ②shoulddo 条件从句中不管什么人称都用shoulddo，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。 Ifitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。 Wewouldtrusthimifheshouldbehonest.如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信他。③weretodo 条件从句用were+todo。这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成份很大，实现的可能性很小。 IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitinadifferentway.要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 Iftheheadmasterweretocome,whatwouldwesaytohim假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？ 对比： 将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比 Ifitsnowedtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。（常用形式）Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性较小） Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.如果明天要下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性最小）4、省略if的条件句 在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were,had,should时，可以省略if，而把were,had,should放在主语前，用倒装结构。 Wereitnecessary,Imightgowithoutdelay.如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（=Ifit werenecessary......） Hadyoutakenmyadvice,youwouldn"thavefailedintheexam.你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（=Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice......） ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallonher.要是有时间，我就去看她。（=IfIshouldhavetime......）
5、错综条件句虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。Ifyouhadn"twatchedTVyesterday,youwouldn"tbesosleepynow.如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在） Iftheyhadlefthomeearlythismorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说明将来。） Ifyouhesitatedthismoment,youmightsufferinthefuture.如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来） 注意：在很多情况下，我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。 Ifwereheretomorrow... 也可以说成：Ifhewasheretomorrow... IwishIwereabird. 也可以说成：IwishIwasabird. 但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。 WereIinyourposition,Iwouldnotdoit.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件事的。6、含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：①条件暗含在短语中Hewouldnotgetsucharesultwithoutyourhelp.没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语withoutyourhelp中)Butforyou,Icouldnotberecoveredsosoon.要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在Butforyou中)Thissamething,happeninginthepast,wouldleadtoadisaster. 同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happeninginthepast中)Hemusthavebeenthere,orhenevercouldknowtheplacesowell. 他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)②条件可根据上下文推理出Itwoulddoyounogood.这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是ifyoushouldgiveupthejob如果你放弃这项工作的话)Theycouldhavewon. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是iftheyhadbeenpatient如果他们有耐心的话)Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.这种错误完全能避免。（条件可能是ifyouhadbeenmorecareful如果你更加小心一点的话）Whydidn"tyoutellmeaboutitIshouldhavehelpedyou.为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你
（条件可能是ifyouhadtoldmeaboutit如果你当时告诉我的话）---Didyougotoseehimyesterday你昨天去看他了吗？---Iwouldhave,butsomeonedroppedovertomyhouseforavisit.原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。（条件是ifnoonehaddroppedovertomyhouseforavisit如果没人到我家来玩的话）③条件用其他形式来表示Shewasill,otherwiseshewouldhavebeenpresentatthemeeting.她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（条件通过连词otherwise/or表示出来Ifshehadnotbeenill...）Itoldhimtogotherehimself,butperhapsIshouldhavegonetogetherwithhim.我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词but暗示条件）Supposeyouwereinmyshoes,whatwouldyoudo假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？（用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if）Totalkwithher,youwouldknowshecouldnothearwell.如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。（动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于Ifyoushouldtalkwithher...）Lefttohimself,hecouldnothavefinishedthework.要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。（动词的-ed形式表示条件Ifhehadbeenlefttohimself...）提示：在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。Youwouldn"tknow. 你不会知道。Iwouldliketogowithyou. 我愿意和你一起去。第二节从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。一、名词性从句中的虚拟语气主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义，与其相关的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。1、主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句通常用于“Itis+形容词名词动词的-ed形式+that...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式，其谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。2、①表示建议或命令Itisimportantthatwe(should)workoutastudyplan.重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。Itwillbebetterthatwe(should)meetsomeothertime.最好我们在另一个时间见面。
Itissuggestedthateachstudent(should)singasonginEnglish.有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。Itisdemandedthatheshouldleaveatonce.要求他立刻离开。②表示惊讶Itisstrangethatheshouldhavefailedtoseehisownshortcomings.真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。Itisapity/shamethatIshouldbeatschoolinsteadoflyinghereinhospital.真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。Itisnaturalthatyoushouldforgetitfirst.你起先记不住是很自然的。 必背：常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词形容词：important,necessary,urgent,essential,vital,natural,strange,proper等动词的-ed形式：arranged,suggested,ordered,required,desired,demanded,proposed等Itisnecessarythattheprogram(should)beloadedintothecomputer.有必要把程序输入电脑。Itisstrangethatheshouldhavelearnedsomuchinsuchashorttime.很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybytonight.希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。2、宾语从句虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有：一个坚持：insist两个命令：order,command三个建议：suggest,advise,propose四个要求：demand,require,ask,desire①在suggest（建议）,order(命令),propose(建议),insist（坚持要做）,command(命令)，request（要求），advise（建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形（美国英语常省略should）。 Theexaminationinstructoraskedthatthestudents(should)notuseacalculator.考官要求学生不要使用计算器。Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby10percent.工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。Theyrequestedthathe(should)singasong.他们要求他唱一首歌。比较：动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。Hissilencesuggestedthatheagreedwithmydecision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。（暗示）HesuggestedthatI(should)sticktomydecision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建议）insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。Heinsiststhatdoingmorningexercisesdoesgoodtopeople"shealth.他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调）Heinsiststhathe(should)domorningexerciseseveryday.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求）②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。
一般过去时were/did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 IwishIwereabird.但愿我是一只小鸟。 IwishIknewtheanswer.我要是知道答案就好了。过去完成时 haddone 表示过去不可能实现的愿望 Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。 IwishthatIhadseenheryesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。过去将来时would/coulddo表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 Iwishyouwouldstayanhourlonger.我希望你再呆一个小时。 Iwishitcouldstopraining.但愿雨能停。提示：由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。Thestudentshopethattheirfootballteamwillwinthegame.学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。（可能实现）IwishIcouldseehimnow.我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现）3、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”结构。Myadviceisthatyou(should)practisespeakingEnglishasoftenaspossible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。Thedemandisthatthecomposition(should)bewrittenononesideonly.按照要求作文必须单面誊写。Itismydesirethatallthemembersofthefamily(should)gatheronceayear.我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。Thesuggestionthateducation(should)bereformedisreasonable.教育要改革的建议是合理的。必背：表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有advice 建议；demand 要求；desire 愿望；decision决定；idea 意见；motion 提议；order命令；proposal提议；requirement 要求；request 请求；regulation规章；suggestion 建议二、状语从句中的虚拟语气1、方式状语从句由asif或asthough引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。①表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时Theteachertreatsthepupilasifhewereherownchild.这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）②表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时Ifeltasthoughwehadknowneachotherforyears.我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年）③表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/couldItlooksasifitmightrain.天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）
对比：Helooksasifheisyoung.看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻）Helooksasifhewereyoung.看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）2、目的状语从句①由incase,lest,forfearthat引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should+动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。PleaseremindmeofitagaintomorrowincaseI(should)forget.请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。Sheemphasizeditagainandagain,lesthe(should)forget.她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。Wehadameetingandtalkedthematteroverfacetofaceforfearthatthereshouldbeanymisunderstanding.我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会.②在inorderthat和sothat引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。IshallwritedownyourtelephonenumbersothatImaynotforget.我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。Theyworkedharderthanusualinorderthattheycouldfinishtheworkaheadoftime.为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。Wewilltellyouthetruthsothatyoucanjudgeforyourself.我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。3、让步状语从句让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。Thoughhe(should)fail,therewouldstillbehope.即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。Ishouldsaythesamethingevenifhewerehere.即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。Whetherhe(should)succeedorfail,weshallhavetodoourpart.不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。Howeverharditmightrainrains,weshallgotheretogether.不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。Nomatterwhathissocialposition(might)be,amanisequalintheeyeofthelaw.一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。三、定语从句中的虚拟语气在Itis(high)time(that)...结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。Itishightimethatwebeganthemeeting.正是我们开会的时间了。第三节其他句型中的虚拟语气一、Ifonly......
Ifonly位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。Ifonlyheknewtheanswer.他要是知道答案就好了。（用过去时表示现在）IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！（用would/could表示将来）Ifonlyyouhadtoldmethetruthbefore. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。（用过去完成时表示过去）注意：ifonly和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。Ifonlyitwouldrain.但愿天能下点儿雨！=HowIwishitwouldrain.IfonlyIhadknownherearlier!要是我早点儿认识她就好了！=IwishIhadknownherearlier.二、wouldratherwouldrather,wouldprefer,wouldsooner等后接从句，表示“宁愿”，动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。Iwouldratheryoulefttoday.我宁可你今天走。Iwouldpreferhedidn"tstayheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。IwouldratherIhadn"tseenthatfilmyesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。提示：wouldrather主要有两种用法。1、后接不带to的不定式I"dratherplaytennisthanswim.我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。I"drathernotgotothemovies.我宁愿不去看电影。Whichwouldyouratherhave,teaorcoffee你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡2、后接不用连词的that从句I"dratheryouwenthomenow.我希望你现在就回家。Iwouldrathermydaughterattendedapublicschool.我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。三、表示愿望的感叹句在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。LonglivethePeople"sRepublicofChina!中华人民共和国万岁！Mayyoubehappy!祝您快乐！Godblessyou!上帝保佑你！Successattendyou!祝你成功！TheLordsaveus!愿主救我们！四、情态动词用于虚拟语气部分情态动词的过去形式（could,might,should,would），可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。1、表示想像或猜测IfIcouldspeakFrench,Iwouldteachyou.如果我会说法语，我就能教你。（我不会，所以不能教你）
Ifyouphonedhimrightnow,youmightgetthemattersettled.如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。Therecouldbesomethingwrongwiththetaperecorder.这台录音机可能出毛病了。Hemighthavesaidso.他可能这样说过。Couldhehavedonesuchafoolishthing他会做这样的傻事吗？2、表示委婉或客气虚拟语气（could,would,might+动词原形）可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。Youcouldanswerthisemailforme.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。Couldyouleavemeyourtelephonenumberandaddress你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow劳驾把窗子打开，好吗？Youmightaswellputoffthediscussiontillnextweek.你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。比较：wouldlidetodo愿意，想要Iwouldlike(tohave)awordwithyou.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)Iwouldliketohavetalkedwithyou.我原本想和你谈一谈的。（没有谈成）3、表示惋惜或责备Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedonebetter.如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。（我们并没有得到更多的时间）Youcouldhavegotupalittleearlier！你完全可以早点儿起来！（实际上没有早起）Itwascoldyesterday.Ishouldhavewornaheavycoat.昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。（但我没穿）Thiswallshouldn"thavebeenpainedblue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。（但已漆了）提示：当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。HesuggestedthatIwenttothehospitalatonce.他建议我们立刻去医院。（原应用shouldgo）Weshallwritedowntheaddresslestweforget.我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。（原应用shouldforget）Imagineyouareanastronaut.设想你是个宇航员。（原应用were）虚拟语气综合练习1.Ifyouwereoldenough,I________youtogothereyesterday.A.willallowB.shouldallowC.wouldhaveallowedD.hadallowed2.Thesecretarysuggestedthatthey________themeninatonce.A.hadbroughtB.shouldhavebroughtC.broughtD.bring3.__________Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.Were4.Itisstrangethatsuchathing_________inyourclass.A.willhappenB.happensC.shouldhappenD.happened
5.HowIwishI________torepairthewatch!Ionlymadeitworse.A.hadtriedB.hadn"ttriedC.havetriedD.didn"ttry6.Ifhe_______totheteacherattentively,he_______theanswertotheproblemnow.A.hadlistened,wouldhaveknownB.listened,wouldknowC.listened,wouldhaveknownD.hadlistened,wouldknow7.Iwasbusyyesterday,otherwiseI_______yourbirthdayparty.A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended8.IfonlyI_________howtooperateanelectroniccomputerasyoudo.A.hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knew9.Thetwostrangerstalksasifthey_______friendsforyears.A.wereB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen10.Itishightimewe_______upourresults.A.sumB.summedC.willsumD.wouldsum11ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn_______nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehadborrowed.A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takes12.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we_______intheexperiment.A. shouldn’tsucceedB.couldnothavesucceededC.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothavesucceeded13.It’sabouttimepeople______noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.A.takeB.tookC.havetakenD.willtake14.Shecouldn’thaveansweredthequestionifshe________afewbooksonworldhistory.A.hadn’treadB.hasn’treadC.wouldn’treadD.didn’tread15.Isn’titabouttimethatyou________topickupthevisitorsfromNewYork?A.hadgoneB.shouldgoC.goD.willgo16.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe________nothingwrongand________freeimmediately.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbeset17.Youradvicethat______tillnextweekisreasonable.A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited18.Itwasessentialthatwe_________lease（条约、合同）beforetheendofthemonth.A.signB.signedC.hadsignedD.weresigning19.IwishthatI______withyoulastnight.A.wentB.havegoneC.couldgoD.couldhavegone20.HespeaksChinesesofluentlyasifhe______aChinese.
A.wereB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen21.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughheawayforages.A.hasbeenB.wasC.isD.hadbeen22.ItisimportantthattheTOEFL___________officeyourregistration.A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirm23.IfIhadseenthemovie,I___________youallaboutitnow.A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetold24.IhadhopedthatJohn______ayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths.A.spendsB.spentC.wouldspendD.willspend25.I’dratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.doB.didn’tdoC.don’tD.didn’t26.Everybodyhasarrived.It’stimewetheclass.A.shallstartB.wouldstartC.hadstartedD.shouldstart27.theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSundayA.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor28.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater，itlooksasifit________.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken29.Shecouldn’thaveansweredthequestionifshe______afewbooksonworldhistory.A.hadn’treadB.hasn’treadC.wouldn’treadD.didn’tread30.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun________roundtheearth.A.werecirclingB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling31.______thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor32.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we___intheexperiment.A. shouldn’tsucceedB.couldnothavesucceedC.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothavesucceeded33.TheLawrequiresthateveryone_______hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadCwillhaveD.have34.Irecommendedthatthestudent_______hiscompositionassoonaspossible.A.finishingwritingB.shouldfinishthewritingC.finishwritingD.finishedwriting35.Iwouldhavecalledyouupforhelphaditbeenpossible,butI_______yourphonenumberthen.A.hadn’thadB.didn’thaveC.shouldn’thaveD.couldn’thave
36.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_________quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe37.IwishI___________youyesterday.A.seenB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee38.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you_________allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen39._________today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave40.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe__________thereA.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.been41.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater.Itlooksasifit___________.A.breaksB.hadbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken42.Hetreatedmeasthough_________hisownson.A.IamB.IwouldbeC.IwasD.Iwere43.IfonlyI_________acarofmyown.A.haveB.hadC.wouldloveD.shouldhave44.LookatthetroubleI’min!IfonlyI_________youradvice.(2003上海)A.followedB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.shouldfollow45.Ifonlyhe_______quietlyasthedoctorinstructed.A.liesB.layC.hadlainD.shouldlieII.Translation1.我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。2.他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。3.---如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？---会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。4．如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你现在就不会这么困了。5.没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。
KeysI.1-5CDDCB6-10ADDDB11-15CBBAA16-20BBADA21-25DBACB26-30BBCAA31-35DBDCB36-40DCCCA41-45CDBCCII.1．Ididn"tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseIwouldhavetelephonedhim.2．Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.3．----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?----Yes,butIwerebusydoingmyhomework.4．Ifyouhadn’tseenthatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepy.5．Withoutelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.第九章非谓语动词与独立主格结构非谓语动词（Non-finiteVerb）在专转本英语考试中重复考察率很高，是一项各种英语考试年年必考、随处可见的重要语法现象。非谓语动词也是英语语法中理论性最强的一项知识点，为了更好地说明解释一些难以理解的知识点，本节援引了大量专转本英语考试的真题案例以及各种例句，如果理解不了某知识点，可以参考例句就能更好地理解。非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。其特点是：1、不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。2、它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。3、不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。4、分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
第一节不定式一、形式语态时态主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing1、完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.2、进行式如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.3、完成进行式在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.4、被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection______tothenation.
A)hasleft B)istoleave C)leaves D)istobeleft结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。收藏品是"被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D)istobeleft。二、句法功能1、不定式作主语Itisnotunusualforworkersinthatregion_________. A)tobepaidmorethanamonthlater B)tobepaidlaterthanmoreamonth C)topaylaterthanamonthmore D)topaylatermorethanamonth it在句中作形式主语。而不定式tobepaidmorethanamonth是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。2、不定式做宾语 大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_________trouble. A)making B)tomake C)tohavemade D)havingmade 动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B)tomake。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示……的意思、意味着”，所以选项A和D错误。3、不定式做补足语补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。①不定式做主语补足语TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed_________rocketstothemoon. A)tosendB)tobesendingC)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending 在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式，因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式tohavesent作主语补足语。②不定式做宾语补足语 这样的动词有：advice,allow,announce,ask,assist,authorize,bear,beg,bribe,cause,command,compel,condemn,deserve,direct,drive,enable,encourage,entitle,entreat,exhort,forbid,force,get,hate,help,implore,induce,inspire,instruct,intend,invite,lead,leave,like,mean,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,pray,prefer,press,prompt,pronounce,recommend,remind,report,request,require,summon,teach,tell,tempt,urge,want,warn,wish。 这样的短语有：callon（请求）,carefor（关心）,counton（依靠，指望）,dependon（依赖、依靠）,keeponat（困扰，追问）,longfor（渴望）,makeout（分辨）,votefor（选举）,prevailon（说服）,relyon（信赖）,waitfor（等待）。Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman__________anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A)installB)toinstallC)tobeinstalledD)installed
全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。"havesb.dosth."句型的主动语态，因此，have后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A)install。4、不定式作表语Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.5、不定式做定语 不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词（下面例1）。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability,ambition,anxiety,attempt,campaign,chance,courage,decision,determination,drive（动力）,effort,force,inclination,intention,method,motive,movement,need,opportunity,pressure,reason,right（权利）,struggle,tendency,wish,anything,anyone,everything,everyone,nothing,noone,something,someone等。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。Couldyoufindsomeone________？ A)formetoplaytenniswithB)formetoplaytennisC)playtenniswithD)playingtennis请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。Thepressure________causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain. A)tocompete C)tobecompeted B)competing D)havingcompeted 结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明"pressure"的内容。6、不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的) Hisfamilywastoopoortosupporthim．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) Wearegladtohearthenews．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) 三、动词不定式不带to的情形1、在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.2、在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.
I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.3、在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.4、连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to。Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.5、用作表语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.四、不定式的其他用法1、too…to结构通常表示否定意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.2、不定式的逻辑主语如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.第二节动名词
动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用（后面可加自己的宾语），又有名词的作用（可以做句子的主语、宾语等）。一、形式时态性语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone1、一般式Workingintheseconditionsisnotapleasurebutasuffer.2、完成式如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,通常用动名的完成形式.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些动词后(或成语中),常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式,尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.3、被动式当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn’tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Hermethodisworthtrying.4、完成被动式如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式,而用一般被动形式代替,以免句子显得累赘.5、动名词的否定形式动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词Sheapologizedfor____theparty.A.notherbeingabletoattend B.hernotbeingabletoattendC.herbeingablenottoattend D.herbeingnotabletoattendnot+doing的动名词否定形式，her为该动名词的逻辑主语。因此，正确答案选B。二、句法功能1、作主语:
Workingintheseconditionsisnotapleasurebutasuffer.动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：Itisnouse/nogoodcryingoverspiltmilk.洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。Itwashardgettingonthecrowdedstreetcar.上这种拥挤的车真难。Itisfunplayingwithchildren.和孩子们一起玩真好。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.对这种事情不是开玩笑。2、作宾语①及物动词的宾语Youmustn’tdelaysendingthetractorsover.②介词的宾语凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。Hegivespeopletheimpression____________allhislifeabroad. A)ofhavingspend B)tohavespentC)ofbeingspent D)tospent 全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词＋介词＋动名词（短语）的形式。答案是A。3、作表语:Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.三、动名词的复合结构前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构:一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构),来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子开头,这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格),这比用所有格更自然一些.Idon’tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.__________inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor. A)Thegirlwaseducated B)Thegirleducated C)Thegirl"sbeingeducated D)Thegirltobeeducated全句意思是：让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused______lateforhislecture. A)tohavestudents B)forstudents"being C)forstudentstobe D)tostudent"sbeing
句意：尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。四、只能接动名词的动词、词组、习惯搭配、句型1、后接动名词的动词有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。 这些动词是：acknowledge,advice,admit,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,allow,bear,can"thelp,cease,commence,complete,confess,delay,deny,discourage,detest,dread,endure,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,figure,finish,imagine,involve,justify,keep,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,quit,recall,repent,require,resent,resume,risk,save等等。Markoftenattemptstoescape_______wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations. A)havingbeenfined B)tohavebeenfined C)tobefined D)beingfined动词escape后接动名词，不能接不定式，所以先排除了B和C。fine“罚款”是及物动词、要用被动语态；而且，句子讲的是经常性动作，应当用一般时态，因此，答案是D。Peopleappreciate-----withhimbecausehehasagoodsenseofhumor. A)towork B)tohaveworked C)working D)havingworked全句的意思是：因为他很有幽默感，所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意，动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后，必须用动名词一般时态。答案是C。2、后接动名词的词组①动名词作介词宾语常用在某些含有介词的词组后面,常见的有:insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,suspect…of,accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,dependon,thank…for,feellike,excuse…for,aimat,setabout等.②特别注意：某些充当介词的to的动词词组、名词词组、形容词词组等后接动名词approachto（方法），admitto（承认），contributeto（起作用），confessto（承认），resortto（求助于），reconcileto（顺从于），revertto（重新开始），submitto（忍受），swearto（断言），taketo（开始从事），beusedto（习惯于），lookforwardto（盼望），opposeto（反对），seeto(负责，注意)，devote…to(把···献给，投入于)等中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers______amatchwithoutastandardcourt.A)objectedtohaving B)wereobjectedtohave C)objectedtohave D)wereobjectedtohavingobject在这里是不及物动词，后面的to是介词，在接名词或动名词做宾语。因此，答案是A。Thetraditionalapproach_______withcomplexproblemistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.
A)todealing B)indealing C)dealing D)todeal解决复杂问题的传统方法是把他们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。3、习惯搭配 bebusydoingsth.,benogooddoingsth.,spendsometime/moneydoingsth.,havedifficulty(in)doingsth.,haveahardtime(in)doingsth.,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth，can’thelp,can’tstand,giveup,feellike,putoff都是惯用搭配，其后动名词不能换成to不定式。Jeandidnothavetimetogototheconcertlastnightbecauseshewasbusy_______forherexamination.A)toprepare B)tobeprepared C)preparing D)beingprepared结合选项来看，全句的意思是：“琼做完没有时间去听音乐会，因为她忙于准备考试。”，所以答案是D)beingprepared。4、句型①满足句型“itis+名词或形容词+动名词”和句型“动词+it+形容词或名词+动名词”的形容词和名词有：good,nogood,nuisance,nouse,senseless,use,useless,waste,worthwhile。例：Doyouthinkitworthwhileinvestingalargesumofmoneyinthisproject?（你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗？）②Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth. Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。Itisagreatfunplayingfootball．打篮球很有趣。 ③Itis+useless(nice,good，interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth． Itisniceseeingyouagain．真高兴又遇到了你。 Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。 Itisexpensiverunningthiscar．开这种小车是浪费。五、既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语的动词1、有时两种结构之间意义差别不大,有时却有不同的意思。trytodo努力、企图做某事trydoing试验、试一试某种办法meantodo打算，有意要…meandoing意味着goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）proposetodo打算（要做某事）proposingdoing建议（做某事） IfIhadremembered________thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin. A)toclose B)closing C)tohaveclosed D)havingclosed
本句的意思是："我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了。"remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事，接不定式则表示记得要做某事。本句说的是："记得把窗子关起来"。因此A）toclose是答案。有些考生误选了C)tohaveclosed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。2、dislike,dread,hate,like,love,prefer这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是：wouldprefer+todo（更想做某事）;preferdoingAtodoingB（比起做B来说，更喜欢做A。特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是than，而是to）。Mr.Johnsonpreferred_____heavierworktodo. A)tobegiven B)tobegiving C)tohavegiven D)havinggiven 全句意思应是：“约翰逊先生宁可有（被给予）更重的活干”。可见，答案是A)tobegiven。六、deserve,need,require,want这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的形式是常考项目之一。Yourhairwants_________.You"dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A)cut B)tocut C)cutting D)beingcut本题的want等于need，是一种口语习惯用法，后面接动名词主动形式表被动。因此，本题答案是C)cutting。第三节分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词（presentparticiple&pastparticiple）两种形式。一、分词形式1、现在分词形式现在分词可分为一般式和完成式两种；在语态上可分为主动语态和被动语态。时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone①一般式在时间上表示一个正在进行；或与谓语动词同时发生或存在的动作和状态Theboysinginginthehallisoneofthetopsingersfromtheuniversity.Hearingthenews,hejumped.②完成式
分词的完成式主要用在状语中,表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hedecidedtostudyhard.③被动式现在分词的被动式（进行的被动）可以用来作定语,宾语补足语,状语及用于独立结构中.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.④完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.2、过去分词形式过去分词只有一种形式，即：done形式。它表示一个被动、或完成、或完成与被动的动作。Thefallenleavesmeanstheautumn’scoming.（完成）Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.（完成、被动）3、分词的否定形式not+分词Nothavingreceivedhisletter,hedecidedtocallhim.Notknowinghisaddress,shecannotgetintouchwithhim.二、句法功能1、分词结构作定语分词作定语时有下面特点：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意；现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。①现在分词作定语Herushedintotheburninghouse．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。Asearlyas1647,Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,taxsupportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown______50householdsormore. A)having B)tohave C)tohavehad D)havinghad
答案是A。②过去分词作定语distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区。来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,在此情形下仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义。如：therisensun,fallenleaves,retiredworkers,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于一个定语从句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereception（=whowereinvitedtothereception）wereoldfriends.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone________. A)tocorrect B)correcting C)havingcorrected D)beingcorrected 结合选项来看，全句的意思是：“如果我去更正别人的看法，我会尽可能用幽默和自我克制的态度去做，就象是我被别人更正一样”。这里，要求填入一个表示“正在被人更正”的意思的选项，答案是D)。注意：分词短语做后置定语的情况，在阅读理解的文章中随处可见，考生要在掌握该语法理论的同时，活学活用、运用自如，快速理解阅读中的复杂句子。2、分词结构作宾语补足语①现在分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后,既可用现在分词,也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生,用省略to的不定式时表示动作发生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.②过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下几种情形。第一种情形：see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.第二种情形：make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.第三种情形：like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.3、分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有：amazing,amazed,amusing,amused,convincing,confusing,confused,disappointing,disappointed,encouraging,encouraged,exciting,excited,contented,inviting,missing,misunderstanding,inexperienced等。这些词源自动词，这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进行这样的含义。Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。4、分词结构作状语①现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别现在分词作状语表示主动，过去分词（短语）作状语表示被动，要注意这两者的区别。现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp. 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter. ②分词短语作状语的几种情形第一种情形：起到一种伴随状语的功能。现在分词作状语表示主语正在进行的另一动作,来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.过去分词作状语，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework.第二种情形：现在分词短语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.第三种情形：分词短语表示时间,相当于表示时间的状语从句:Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用when或while加分词这种结构.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.第四种情形：间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.
Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong._____theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfalloftheedgeoftheearth. A)Havingbelieved B)Believing C)Believed D)Beingbelieved 正确答案选B。Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,________inthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit. A)tobedeserted B)havingdeserted C)tohavebeendeserted D)havingbeendeserted 答案是D)havingbeendeserted。这是现在分词的完成式（被动态）在句中做状语，具有原因和时间意义。5、分词悬垂修饰结构分词作状语时,正常情况下表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态。如果分词句子的某个成分（多是主语）不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，就构成悬垂结构，这在语法上是不被允许的。Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(walking是we的动作,正确)Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(错误)Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正确)Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(错误)第四节独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absoluteconstruction）又叫“独立结构”。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。一、独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。1、名词/代词+现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。例：Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.Somanystudentsbeingabsent,themeetinghadtobeputoff.注：“独立结构”中的being或havingbeen有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。2、名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。例：Theboylayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead.Thejobnotfinished,wecouldn’tseethefilm.Hershirtcaughtonanail,shecouldnotmove.
3、名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。Thesearethefirsttwobooks,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Weshallgettogetherat7:30,theprocession（游行）tostartmovingat8sharp.4、名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。例：Manypeoplejoinedinthework,someofthemwomenandchildren.Hefoughtthetiger，astickhisonlyweapon.5、名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。例：Thefloorwetandslippery,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident，myheartfullofsorry.这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。6、名词/代词+副词副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。例：Themeetingover,weallwenthome.Nobodyin,heleftamessageontheboard.7、名词/代词+介词短语介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。例：Theteachercamein,abookunderhisarm.Nobodyathome,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.二、with引导的复合结构with引导的复合结构，相当于在前述各种独立主格结构前加上with，因此，一般认为这也是一种独立主格结构Awomangotonthebus，withababyaroundherarms.Theteachercameinwithseveralstudentsfollowingbehind.Withalotofthingstodealwith,hewillhaveadifficulttime.Helefttheofficewiththelightson.Maryrushedoutofthehousewiththedooropen.AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys____________togotoschool.A)tobeencouraged C)beingencouragedB)beenencouraged D)beencouraged介词with引出分词独立结构，表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以，答案是C)beingencouraged。选项A)tobe
encouraged是动词不定式，forhertodo是动词不定式短语，常做目的状语，不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B)beenencouraged和D)beencouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立结构做补语。非谓语动词与独立主格结构综合练习1._____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing2.—Haveyoudecidedwhen_____?—Yes,tomorrowmorning.A.toleave B.tobeleaving C.willyouleaveD.areyouleaving3.Ireallyenjoy_____thatkindofjob.A.do B.doing C.todo D.tobedoing4.—There’saholeinyourbag.—lknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____.A.mendB.mendingC.mendedD.tobemended5.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying6.Tellhim_____thewindow.A.toshutnotB.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshut7.Thefurniture______onOctober15wasseriouslydamagedbecauseofaroadaccident.A.beingdeliveredB.havingdeliveredC.havingbeendeliveredD.delivered8.Hehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday.A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breaking9.Ican’timagine_____thatwiththem.A.do B.todo C.beingdone D.doing10.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invited B.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting11.—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?—I’dliketohavethispackage_____,madam.A.beweighed B.tobeweighed C.toweigh D.weighed12.Slowlysheopenedtheletter,_____.A.herhandstrembledslightlyB.slightlyherhandsweretrembledC.herhandsslightlytremblingC.tremblingherhandsslightly13.All______willbepresentattheconference.A.partiesconcernedB.partiesconcerningC.concernedpartiesD.concerningparties14._____moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.Havinggiven15.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.
A.tohaverested B.resting C.torest D.rest16.LastsummerItookacourseon_______.A.howtomakedresses B.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedresses D.howdressestobemade17.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_____behindhisback.A.beingtied B.havingtied C.tobetied D.tied18.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,_____alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepare B.preparing C.prepared D.waspreparing19.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sail B.tosailC.sailing D.tohavesailed20.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.—Oh,Iforgot_____.A.turningitoff B.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff21.TheOlympicGames,______in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplaying B.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying22.Nothavingfinishedhishomework,_____towatchthegame.A.sohewasforbidden B.heforbadeC.hewasforbidden D.motherforbidhim23.The_____worldpopulationistheresultofrecentadvancesinmedicalscience.A.increasedB.increase C.beingincreasingD.Increasing24._____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.Whenleft B.Leaving C.Ifyouleave D.Leave25.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget______bythehour.A.pay B.paying C.paidD.topay26.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.making B.makesC.madeD.tomake27.Robertissaid_____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying28.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.A.notmake B.nottomakeC.notmaking D.donotmake29.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor,______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”A.readB.readsC.toread D.reading30.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat______inmynewjob.A.expected B.toexpect C.tobeexpectingD.expects31.Itisimpossibletoavoid______byadvertisementsinamodernsociety. A.tobeinfluencedB.beinginfluencedC.toinfluenceD.influenced32.Somepeoplebelievethatsomenumbersshowthe______sideofaperson’spersonality. A.hidingB.hidC.hiddenD.
hide33—Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?—key______theproblemistomeetthedemand_______bythecustomers. A.tosolving…makingB.tosolving…madeC.tosolve…making D.tosolve…made34.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit. A.toseeB.tobeseen C.seeingD.seen35.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows______. A.itwhattodowithB.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithitD.todowhatwithit36.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbedonetochangeit. A.begins B.havingbegunC.beginning D.begun37.Theteacheraskedus______somuchnoise. A.don’tmake B.notmake C.notmaking D.nottomake38.______time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer. A.Havinggiven B.Togive C.GivingD.Given39.Walkingpastthepark,Icouldn’thelp______somechildrenflyingkites. A.stoptowatchB.stoppingwatchC.stoppingtowatchD.tostoptowatch40.Generallyspeaking,______accordingtodirections,thedrughasnoside-effect. A.whentaking B.whentaken C.whentotake D.whentobetaken41.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenordered_______clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissue B.beingissued C.tohaveissuedD.tobeissued42.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_______roadconditionsneed______.A.that…tobeimproved B.which…tobeimprovedC.where…improvingD.when…improving43.—Whatdoyouthinkmadethewomansoupset？—_____weight. A.AssheputonB.PutonC.PuttingonD.Becauseofputtingon44.Themanager,______hisfactory’sproductswerepoorinquality,decidedtogivehisworkersfurthertraining. A.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.beingknown45.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif_______whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection. A.seeingB.havingseen C.tohaveseen D.tosee46.Don’tbediscouraged.______thingsastheyareandyouwillenjoyeverydayofyourlife. A.TakingB.Totake C.Take D.Taken47.Friendshipislikemoney,easiermadethan____. A.kept B.tobekept C.keepingD.beingkept48.______themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement.A.ThepresidentwillattendB.Thepresidenttoattend C.Thepresidentattended D.Thepresident’sattending
49.Unless______tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.A.invitedB.inviting C.beinginvited D.havinginvited50.Timeshouldbemadegooduseof____ourlessonswell.A.learningB.learnedC.tolearnD.havinglearnedKey：1.D2.A3.B4.C5.A6.B7.D8.B9.D10.A11.D12.C13.A14.A15.C16.A17.D18.B19.C20.C21.C22.C23.D24.D25.C26.A27.A28.B29.D30.B31.B32.D33.D34.B35.C36.D37.D38.D39.C40.B41.A42.A43.C44.A45.D46.C47.A48.D49.A50.C第十章倒装句和强调句英语句子的语序有两种：主语在前，谓语在后，称为自然语序。如果谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语法现象则被称为倒装语序，简称为倒装（inversion）。第一节倒装句从形式上讲，倒装语序又分为完全倒装（fullinvertsion）和部分倒装(partialinversion)。各类英语考试中以考察部分倒装为主。在全部倒装的句子中,整个谓语都放在主语的前面:Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.Incameamanwithawhitebeard.在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词,情态动词,或系动词be等)放在主语前面,其余部分仍在主语后面:Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.Icouldn’tanswerthequestion.Norcouldanyoneelseinourclass.Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoaccomplishtheabove-mentionedglorioustask.一、部分倒装1、当句首状语为never,seldom,little,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely，rarely,atnotime,bynomeans,atnotime,innocase,in/undernocircumstances,innoway,invain,onnoaccount,onnoconsideration,nomore,nolonger等否定词或有否定意义的词语时,一般引起部分倒装.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.UndernocircumstancescouldIagreetosuchaprinciple.Notonlydidthegarageoverchargeme,buttheyhadn’tdoneaverygoodrepairjobeither.注意：①引起部分倒装的常见结构：hardly…when;nosooner…than;scarcely…when
②notonly…butalso在连接两个句子的情况下，notonly部分的句子部分倒装，butalso部分的句子不倒装；③notuntil引导时间状语从句位于句首时，notuntil状语从句部分不倒装，其后的主句部分倒装。Not until all the fish died in the riverdid the villagers realize how serious the pollution was．2、以neither,nor,so等开始的句子:由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句),由neither,nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句),助动词、情态动词或be置于主语前.“Wemuststartforthework-sitenow”.“Somustwe.”Iamquitewillingtohelpandsoaretheothers.Hedidn’tdropanyhint.Nor(Neither)didhissecretary.“Iwon’tdosuchathing.”“Nor(Neither)willI.”如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思,尽管是用so开头,语序也不要颠倒.“Itwascoldyesterday.”“Soitwas.”“TomorrowwillbeMonday.”“Soitwill.”3、句首状语若由only+状语（only+副词,only+介词词组,only+状语从句构成,）引起部分倒装Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.Onlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend.4、在so/such…that结构中，so/such位于句首时，引起部分倒装。在这种结构中，“so+形容词”是主句表语的前置；“so+副词”Soclearwasthestatementthatitcouldn’tbemisunderstood.Suchwasthepowerofthecomputerthatallthecalculationscanbedoneinafewseconds.计算机的能力很强大，几秒钟内就能完成所有的计算。5、状语从句中的倒装现象①as引导让步状语从句时，表示“尽管，虽然，虽说”，引起倒装。Youngasheis,heisquiteexperiencedinthiswork.Childasheis,hecanspeakEnglishfluently.注意：如果as从句中的主语是名词时，句中的主语和谓语动词也需要倒装（上面的句子主语是代词）例：Strongaswasthewind,wecontinuedourworkinthefield.②as引导原因状语从句时，可以把表语提前引起倒装、表示强调。下面看一个一个典型例题。Thehousewasveryquiet,isolatedasitwasonthesideofamountain.③“whether（+主语+be）…or…”结构的意思是“不管是···还是···”，表示让步，其省略结构“be+主语+or”连接的两个表语也使用倒装形式。Everydayshegoestoworkonfoot,beitfineorraining.在这个句子中，beit就是一种倒装形式。④nomatterhow,however等引导的让步状语从句，其后的形容词、副词应随其移到主语之前，形成倒装形式。
Nomatterhowhardshetried,shealwaysfailedinMathexams.⑤比较状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可以在主语前添加助动词do/does/did等或be动词，代替前面出现过的动词。这时，比较的对象放在do/be的后面，形成部分倒装。Thelivingstandardofthepeopleismuchhigherthanwasthecase20yearsago.⑥the+比较级….the+比较级的句型结构中，被修饰的名词应移至主谓语前面，形成倒装。Themorecarbonthesteelcontains,theharderitbecomes.⑦省略If的虚拟条件句，形成部分倒装。（参考虚拟语气章节知识点）Haditnotbeenformyillness,Iwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.二、完全倒装1、当句首状语为方位或时间副词,谓语动词为be动词、go,come,follow等表示位置转移的动作动词、主语又不是代词时,通常用全部倒装:Wewaitedandwait.Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.HereisChina’slargesttropicalforest.Nowcomesyourturn.如果主语是代词,仍用正常语序:Therecomesyourturn.Hereweare.Thisisthenewrailwaystation.“Givemesomepaper.”“Hereyouare.”2、当句首为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常引起全部倒装：BeforeJohnstoodthepolicemanwhohasarrestedhimthreetimesfordrug-taking.站在约翰面前的是因为他吸毒而逮捕了他三次的那位警官。3、表语和系动词提前引起的全部倒装①介词短语:OntheothersidewasnorthernXinjiang.Nearthesouthernendofthevillagewasalargepearorchard.②形容词:Veryimportantinthefarmer’slifeistheradioweatherreport.Worstofallwerethehumiliationshesuffered.③副词:Belowisarestaurant.Southwestofthereservoirwere2,000acresofsandywasteland.④分词:
HousedintheCulturalPalacearealibrary,anauditoriumandrecreationrooms.Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzinc.Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout17.Standingbesidethetablewasaninterpreter.第二节强调句一、强调句句型1.陈述句的强调句型:Itis/was+被强调部分(通常是主语,宾语或状语)+that/who(当强调主语且主语指人)+其它部分.ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing.2.一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/was提到it前面。WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing3.特殊疑问句的强调句型:被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分。Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn？4.强调句例句:针对ImetLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子进行强调.强调主语:ItwasIthat(who)metLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.强调宾语:ItwasLiMingthatImetattherailwaystationyesterday.强调地点状语:ItwasattherailwaystationthatImetLiMingyesterday.强调时间状语:ItwasyesterdaythatImetLiMingattherailwaystation.5.注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义，强调句中的连接词主要用that,当强调人的时候也可以用who.强调时间状语和地点状语时只能用that.that,who不可省略。6.强调句中的时态只用两种：一般现在时和一般过去时.原句谓语动词是一般过去时,过去完成时和过去进行时,用Itwas…,其余的时态用Itis….二、not…until…句型的强调句1.句型为:Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其它部分普通句:Hedidn"tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.强调句:Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.2.注意:此句型只用until,不用till.但如果不是强调句型,till,until可通用;因为句型中Itis/wasnot…已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了.三、谓语动词的强调1.Itis/was…that…结构不能强调谓语
如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/does或did.Dositdown.务必请坐.Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信.Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!2.注意:此种强调只用do/does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形倒装句和强调句综合练习1．Never_______forgetthedayswhen_______ togetherwithyou． A．shallI；IlivedB．shallI；didIlive C．Ishall；IlivedD．Ishall；didIlive2．Tellmehowtooperatetheelectroniccomputer,______?A.willyouB.shan’tyouC.doyouD.don’tyou3．Nowhereelseintheworld_________morefriendlypeoplethaninChina.A.youwillfindB.canyoubeabletofindC.youmayhavefoundD.canyoufind4．Thisissomethingreallyinvisible,?A.isitB.isthisC.isn"tthisD.isn"tit5．Theseshoeslookverygood.Ihavenoidea____.A.howmuchcosttheyareB.howmuchdotheycostC.howmuchtheycostD.howmucharetheycost6．—Ifyoukeeponbreakingtherules,you’llbefired.—____?Idon’tcare.A．WhatforB．HowcomeC．SowhatD．Whyso7．NotuntilIwentthroughhispaper_________whatrapidprogresshehadmadeinwriting.A.IdidfindB.didIfindC.IhadfoundD.wasIfound8．–Hewasnearlydrownedinapool.--Oh,whenwas_______exactly?--Itwasin1983_______hewasswimmingwithhisfriends.A.this;thatB.that;whenC.that;thatD.what;when9．Itisthehotel_______islocatedinthedowntown_______heappliedtoforajob.A.that;whereB.which;thatC./;thatD.what;that10．—Wereyoucaughtintherainyesterday?
—Goodluck.Nosooner______homethanitpoureddown.A．IhadreachedB．hadIreachedC．didIreachD．Ihavereached11．Wemustapplywhatwehavelearnedtoourdailyworkbecauseinnocase_______frompractice.A.shouldtheoryseparateB.theoryshouldbeseparatedC.theoryshouldseparateD.shouldtheorybeseparated12．---Whathappenedtothepricelessworksofart?---___________________.ATheyweredestroyedintheearthquakeBTheearthquakewasdestroyedthemCTheydestroyedintheearthquakeDTheearthquakedestroyedthem13．Nothinghedidwashelpfultosolvethisproblem,_______?A.didn’theB.wasitC.wasn’titD.didhe14．_____________,theworkcanbedonemuchbetter.A.GivemoretimeB.IfmoretimehadgivenC.MoretimegivenD.Wehadbeengivenmoretime15．Thedooropenedandin______.A.camesheB.didshecomeC.didMissGaocomeD.shecame16．--CanIusethetelephoneonthetable,sir?--Undernocircumstances_____tousethetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.A.anyoneisallowedB.nobodyisallowedC.isanyoneallowedD.isnobodyallowed17．---Sohard_______inthepastfewmonthsthathehasmadegreatprogressinEnglish.---Icanseethat,onlyafewmistakes_______inthisexam.A.hasheworked;didhemakeB.hehasworked;hemadeC.hehasworked;hashemadeD.hasheworked;hemade18．Interestisofgreatimportancewhenwechooseamajor.Onlyifweareinterested_______ourheartintoourwork.A.wecanputB.didweputC.canweputD.haveweput19．Glassmilkbottlescanbeusedagainandagain,buttheyneedcleaningthoroughly,______they?A．needn’tB．can’tC．aren’tD．don’t20．Beckhamisafootballplayer,buthiswifeisafashionmodelandpopstar,_______?A．isn’tsheB．isn’theC．aren’ttheyD．arethey
21．—Iliketea,butIdon’tlikestrongtea.--_______________.A.SodoIB.NordoIC.SoitiswithmeD.SoandnordoI22．---Youmustguaranteethequalityoftheshoes.---I’msurethat____findapairofshoeswithsuchhighquality.A.nowhereyoucanB.canyounowhereC.cannowhereyouD.nowherecanyou23．---Didyouseewhothedriverwas?---No,soquickly_______thatIcouldn’tgetagoodlookatthisface.A.doesthecarspeedbyB.thecarspedbyC.didthecarspeedbyD.thecarspeedsby24．-----Howcanyouleavethefrontfooropenatnight?-------oh,dear!______.A.SodidIB.SodidyouC.SoIdidD.Soyoudid25．Only_______asaninterpreter_______howimportantitistograspEnglish．A．whendidIwork：IrealizedB．whenIworked；IrealizedC．whendidIwork：didIrealizeD．whenIworked；didIrealize26．Theexperimentshowsthatproperamountsofexercise,if______regularly,canimproveourhealth.A.beingcarriedoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout27．Notuntilhelefthishome______toknowhowimportantthefamilywasforhim.AdidhebeginBhadhebegunChebeganDhehadbegun28．AtthemeetingplaceoftheYangtzeRiverandtheJialingRiver____,oneofthetenlargestcitiesinChina.A.liesChongqingB.ChongqingliesC.doeslieChongqingD.doesChongqinglie29．_______acertaindoubtamongthepeopleastothepracticalvalueoftheproject.A.IthasB.TheyhaveC.ItremainsD.Thereremains30．ForamomentnothinghappenedThen________allshoutingtogether.A.voiceshadcomeB.camevoicesC.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome31．Everyeveningafterdinner,ifnot_______fromwork,Iwillspendsometimewalkingmydog.A.beingtiredB.tiringC.tiredD.tobetired
32．YouandIcouldhardlyworktogether,_______?A.couldyouB.couldn’tIC.couldn’tweD.couldwe33．Accordingtostatistics,amanismorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancer_________awoman.A.thanB.suchC.soD.as34．Itwas_____hecamebackfromAfricathatwear_________hemetthegirlhewouldliketomarry.A.when;thenB.not;untilC.notuntil;thatD.only;when35．Someofyoumayhavefinishedunitone._____,youcangoontounittwo.A.IfyoumayB.IfyoudoC.IfnotD.Ifso36．Thecomputerwasusedinteaching.Asaresult,notonly________,butstudentsbecamemoreinterestedinthelessons.A.savedwasteachers’energyB.wasteachers’energysavedC.teachers’energywassavedD.wassavedteachers’energy37．Sosudden________thattheenemyhadnotimetoescape.A.didtheattackB.theattackdidC.wastheattackD.theattackwas38．Hemustbehelpingtheoldmantowatertheflowers,______?A.isheB.isn’theC.mustheD.mustn’the39．Little_______aboutherownsafety,thoughshewasingreatdangerherself.A.didRosecareB.RosedidcareC.RosedoescareD.doesRosecare40．—Iwonder________you’llwaterthiskindofflower.—Everyotherday.A.howoftenB.howlongC.howsoonD.howmuch41．NotuntilIcamehomelastnight________tobed.A.MumdidgoB.didMumgoC.wentMumD.Mumwent42．Unsatisfied_________withthepayment,hetookthejobjusttogetsomeworkexperience.A.though was he B.though he wasC.he was though D.was he though43．Itisoften______thathumanbeingsarenaturallyequippedtospeak.A.saidB.tosayC.sayingD.beingsaid44．—What’sthematterwithDella?—Well,herparentswouldn’tallowhertogototheparty,butshestill________ . A.hopesto B.hopesso C.hopesnot D.hopesfor45．Sally’sneverseenaplayintheShanghaiGrandTheatre,______?
A.hasn’tsheB.hassheC.isn’tsheD.issheKey:1—5AADDC6—10CBCBB11—15DABCD16—20CDCDA21—25CDCCD26—30CAADB31—35CDDCD36—40BCBAA41—45BBAAB
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