初中英语语法之——定语从句 44页

定语从句(Attributiveclause) 一.定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 1.概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子.一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。(Attributiveclause)Maryisabeautifulgirl.Maryisagirlwhohaslonghair.形容词作定语句子作定语,修饰girl,叫做定语从句二.定语从句 1.Themanisafarmer.2.Themanisspeakingatthemeeting.合并句子:Themanwhoisspeakingatthemeetingisafarmer. Maryisagirl.Maryhaslonghair.合并为一个句子Maryisagirlwhohaslonghair. 先行词关系词定语从句Maryisagirlwhohaslonghair.that,which,who,whom,whosewhere,when，why2.结构：先行词+关系词+句子3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。通常位于定语从句之前。4.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系代词关系副词作用A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、___________；B、_____________；C、________________________。The man who is shaking hands with my fatheris a policeman.定语从句先行词关系词“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。引导定语从句代替先行词在定语从句中担当一个成分 三、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语1)Theboys____areplayingsoccerarefromClass1.2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldman____losthisway.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson_____________youtalkedabout.2)Theman______________youmetjustnowismyfriend.(whom/who)who/whomwhowho 3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。1)Thepeople__________cometovisitthecityareallhere.(做主语)2)Whereistheman__________________Isawthismorning?(做宾语)做主语做宾语that/whothat/whom/who 小结：that:既可指人,也可指物.作主语,不能省略；作宾语,可以省略。which:指物,作主语,不能省略;作宾语,可以省略.who－指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom） 注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定.1)I’mreadingabookthat/which__aboutBillGates.2)Heisateacherwho/that________usChinese.3)Theboyswho___playingsoccerarefromClass1.5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriend_______fatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahouse_______roofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。isteachesarewhosewhose 四.修饰物体时关系代词that和which的区分(一)不用that的情况1.在引导非限定性定语从句时。1)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.(___)2)Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.(____)2.介词后不能用。1)Wedependonthelandfrom______wegetourfood.2)Wedependontheland_____________wegetourfoodfrom.错对whichthat/which (二)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing(something外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some,no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：1)Have you taken down everything ___ Mr. Li said?李老师讲的你都记下来吗？2)All ____ can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。3)There is little _____I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。thatthatthat 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代who，如：1)Any man __________ has a sense of duty won’tdosuch a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2)All the guests___________ were invited to herwedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。that / whothat / who 2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place ______ they visited in London wasthe Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film______ I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。thatthat 4．当先行词被the very, the only,thelast修饰时。1)This is the very dictionary _____ I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。2)After the fire in his house, the old car is the onlything _____ he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。WangHuais the only person in our school ______ will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。thatthatwho 5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：1)Who is the man_____ is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？2)Which is the T-shirt ______ fits me most?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6．当先行词为人与物时。如：1)They talked about the persons and things________ they remembered at school他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。2)Look at the man and his donkey ______ arewalking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。thatthatthatthat Exercise1.Ihaveafriend________likeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.who/that3.Theman______legbrokeinamatchusedtobeafootballplayer.2.YesterdayEmilywaswearingthenewdress__________Igaveher.which/thatwhose 4.Myparentsliveinahouse__________ismorethan100yearsold.5.Theboywith_______Johnspokeismybrother.which/thatwhom6.Kevinisreadingabook__________istoodifficultforhim.which/that 7.Isthereanything________youwanttobuyinthetown.8.All______wecandoistostudyhard.9.Thefirstone_____standsupisalittleboy.thatthatthat 句子翻译1.这就是救了那个孩子命的医生.Thisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slife.2.正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔.Themanwhoisrunningismyuncle. 3.我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐.IlikethemusicthatIcansingalongwith.4.住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师.Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisateacher. Exercise1:用关系代词填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that 5.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.6.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.whosewhosewhichthat当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用that. Exercise2.Myfatherandhisteachertalkedalotaboutthepersonsandthings______theycouldn’tremember.Sayall________youknow.Isthereanything______Icandoforyou?thatthatthat当先行词是something,anything,nothing,all等词时，关系代词只能用that. 4.Thisisthefirstplay________IhaveseensinceIcamehere.5.Thisisthebestnovel_______Ihaveread.thatthat当先行词被序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系代词只能用that.6.Whoisthegirl_____isstandingunderthetree?7.Whichisthemachine____weusedlastSunday.当主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句时，或中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that.thatthat where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。1)Shanghaiisthecity_______Iwasborn.=>Shanghaiisthecity_______wasbornin.2)Thehouse_______Ilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Thehouse_______Ilivedintenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.五、关系副词引导定语从句关系副词：where,when,why在句中作状语。wherewhichwherewhich 2.when引导定语从句表示时间,在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用.Istillremembertheday_____Ifirstcametotheschool.2)Thetime______wegottogetherfinallycame.3.why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语(1)Pleasetellmethereason______youmissedtheplane.(2)Idon’tknowthereason________helooksunhappytoday.whenwhenwhywhy 六.关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区分同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一是定语从句是否完整；二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。请比较以下句子： 1)Thisisthepark______wevisitedlastyear.2)Thisisthepark______weheldabirthdayparty.3)Shewon’tforgetthedays_____shespentontheisland.4)Shewon’tforgetthedays_______theystayedtogether.5)That’sthedate_______wewenttothecollege.6)That’sthedate_____shewon’tforgetforever.7)Ilikethetime______welivedtogether.8)Ilikethetime______wehadtogether.thatwherethatwhenwhenthatwhenthat 2.关系副词when,where,why和“介词+which”之间的关系。关系副词when,where,why可以用“适当的介词+which”来替代。如：when=in/on/at…+which,where=in/on/at…+which,why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。 (1)Thereason_______________herefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,(2)Fromtheyear________________hewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.(3)Thisistheroom____________________Ilived.=Thisistheroom__________Ilivedin.(4)Tomstillremembersthedays______________theylivedinTianjin.Why()when()where()inwhichinwhichforwhichwhichwhen()inwhich 注意：1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副when,where和why互换。 1)Thisisthehouse_________Ilivedtwoyearsago.=>ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.2)Doyouremembertheday＿＿＿＿＿youjoinedourclub?=>Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?3)Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelate.=>Thisisthereason____________hecamelate.inwhichonwhichforwhich Exercise1.October1,1949istheday_____thePRCwasfounded.whichB.whenC.thatD.onthat2.Isthatthereason_____youarefortheplan.A.whichB.whatC.whyD.forthat3.Isthistheplace______youwereborn?A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that 1.Isthistheplace______youwereborn?A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that2.Isthistheplace______someGermanfriendsvisitedlastyear?A.whichB.whereC.whatD.why 3.Thehouse_______thefamouswriterwrotehisworksisamuseumnow.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that4.Thehouse_______thefamouswriterboughtmanyyearsagoisamuseumnow.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.why 5.Hetoldherthereason____heisunhappy,butshedoesn’tbelievethereason______hegivesher.A.why;whyB.why;whichC.that;whyD.which;why 一.Fillintheblankswithsuitablerelativepronounsandadverbs..1.Thisistheonlybook____Igotlastyear.2.Isthisthebookin______youareinterested?3.Thisisthelargestanimal____Tomsawinthezoo.4.Rosestillremembersthetreesandteachers____exist(存在)inthemotherschool.5.Allthedesks____areboughtlookreallywonderful.thatwhichthatthatthat 6.Doyouhaveanymoney____isusedtobuildthefactory?7.Tomhasatoy,______wasgivenbyhisfather.8.Thisisthesecondwatch____myfatherboughtforme.9.Isthistheroom____youcleanedlasttime?10.Isthistheroom______welivedbefore?11.Thisisthegarden_____theystayedforanight.thatwhichthatthatwhichwherewhere 12.Thisisthegarden____theyvisitedlasttime.13.Tomhasforgottentheday____helefthishome.14.Tomhasforgottentheday____Itoldhimlastday.15.Shestillrememberstheyear____shefoundherfirstjob.16.Shestillrememberstheyear____shespentinJining.thatthatwhenthatwhen Fillintheblankswiththesuitablerelativepronounsortherelativeadverbs.1.Isthistheroom_____wespentourchildhood?2.Thisdictionaryisthesecondone_____Iboughtintheshop.3.Istillrememberthedate_____IwenttoNanjingforthefirsttime.4.Tomisthinkingaboutthegrassandthepersons____hesawintheyard.5.Thereare100oldmeninthestreet,someof____aredrinkingtea.wherethatthatwhenwhom 6.Doyouknowthedays_____youspentonEnglish?7.Allthebooks____areontheshelfbelongtoMary.8.Areyousatisfiedwiththepark____youvisitedlasttime?9.______weallknow,thebuildingwillsoonbedestroyed.10.Ihavethesamebook_____shehas.thatthatthatWhichthat Thankyou!Bye-bye