新编实用英语语法(删减版含答案) 73页

LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法一、英语句子结构一、简单句的6种基本结构简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。①LiHuiandLiHuawenttheretogether.②Shewentout,boughtabottleofwineandreturnedhurriedly.1.主谓结构：主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)。本结构是由主语加不及物动词或短语构成,常用来表示主语的动作。2.主谓宾结构：主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt+O）。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词（词组）。宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分。3.双宾语结构：主语+及物谓语动词（词组）+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）(S+Vt+IO+DO)如：Hebringsmecookieseveryday.Shemademeabeautifuldress.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for，如：Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,promise,return,send,show,write,ask,等。（需借助for的）buy,call,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等4．复合结构：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt+O+C）。宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式和分词。如：Thesunkeepsuswarm.(wearewarm)Iheardhimsinging.(heissinging)Youmustgetyourhaircut.(Yourhairiscut)用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。即主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如，Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.5．主系表结构：主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)。连系动词（Linkverb)：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,havebeen)；其他连系动词如：become,turn,go,get和感官动词如：feel,sound，look,smell，taste,observe等。连系动词与其后的成分构成系表结构，表语多为形容词或副词。表语说明主语的状态、性质、等，可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。（1）当连系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘变为’之意。eg:①Hebecameateacheratlast.②Hisfaceturnedred.（2）感官动词多可用作连系动词。eg:Helookswell.他面色好。Itsoundsnice.这个听起来不错。Ifeelgood.我感觉好。Theeggsmellsbad.这个鸡蛋难闻。6．There＋系动词＋主语（Thereisaman.）表示“存在有”，这里的there没有实际意义。此结构中不能出现表示“有”的实义动词have，即不能说Therehasanoldmanthere.试比较：Thereisaboythere.那儿有一个男孩。前一个there无实义，后一个there为副词“那里”。这个句型也可以变形为：Thereisgoingtobe---将会有---Therehavehasbeen---已经有---Thereappeared(seemed)(tobe)---好像有--Therelived---住着---Thereusedtobe---过去常有---Therehappenedtobe---碰巧有---Thereremained---剩下有----等。上述六种句型，主语、宾语可有修饰语—定语，谓语可有修饰语—状语。如：Theredsunrises.Theredsunrisesintheeast.Hebringsmecookieseveryday.二、并列句：由并列连词把两个或以上的简单句连在一起的句子。并列句中的简单句互不依从，没有主从之分。并列连词有：and,both---and,but,notonly---but(also),or,so,still,yet,for,either---or,neither---nor,while等。1.but是并列连词，用于句首，其后无符号隔开；however是副词，可位于句首、句中或句尾，其后常有逗号。Hesaiditwasso;however,hewasmistaken.2.yet可与and连用，but不可；yet可与although/though连用，but不可。ThoughAlthoughhewasill,yethemanagedtocome.；Though可作副词，放在句末：“不过、但是”，although73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法无此用法。Hesaidhewouldhelpme;hedidn’t,though.3.so不可与because连用。4.祈使句名词短语+andororelseotherwise+将来时的陈述句。祈使句表示条件，陈述句表示结果。Tiethecornersofthehandkerchieftothepointsofthecross,andyouwillhaveanicestrongkite.=Ifyoutiethecornersofthehandkerchieftothepointsofthecross,youwillhaveanicestrongkite.5.while作并列连词，表示对比的情况“然而”。ThelanguageinAmericastayedthesame,whilethelanguageinEnglandchanged.三、复合句：由一个主句和一个（或一个以上）的从句构成的句子。从句作主句的一个成分，常有连接词引导，从句和主句都有完整的主语和谓语。根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。前四种从句的作用相当于名词，统称为名词性从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，又被称为形容词性从句。Hesaidhewoulddowhathecouldtohelpherout.(宾语从句)Whenhecamebacktohome,Iwaspreparingsupper.(时间状语从句)Althoughhepracticedhard,hedidn’tpassthedrivingtest.（让步状语从句）尽管他努力练习了，他没有通过驾驶考试。Whoevercomeslateshallwashupthedishes..(主语从句)Myideaisthatweshouldputofftheplan.(表语从句)Theideathatweshouldputofftheplanwasn’tacceptedbyall(同位语从句)简单句和复合句简单句（SIMPLESENTENCE)1.主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)2.主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)3.主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt+O）4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO)5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt+O+C）6．Therebe句型（There＋Linkverb＋S）并列句(COMPOUNDSENTENCE)通常由and,but等词连接。IturnedontheTVandwesatdownandwatchedit.Iboughtmysisterapresent,butshedidnotlikeit.复合句(COMPLEXSENTENCE)1.名词性从句：（1）主语从句（2）宾语从句（3）表语从句（4）同位语从句2.形容词性从句—定语从句3.状语从句（时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、结果、比较、方式等）2008-2012年高考英语试题分类汇编---句子结构(08全国II)1.Standoverthere,_____you’llbeabletoseetheoilpaintingbetter.A.butB.tillC.andD.or(08重庆)2.Theartistwasbornpoor,poorheremainedallhislife.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.andB.orC.butD.so(08江苏)3.Itisoftensaidthatthejoyoftravelingis__inarrivingatyourdestination__inthejourneyitself.A.不填；butB.不填；orC.not;orD.not;but(08湖南)4.Ithoughtwe’dbelatefortheconcert,______weendedupgettingthereaheadoftime.A.butB.orC.soD.for(08湖南)5._____thewebsiteoftheFireDepartmentinyourcity,andyouwilllearnalotaboutFirefighting.A．HavingsearchedB.TosearchC.SearchingD.Search(08四川)6.Insomeplaceswomenareexpectedtoearnmoney____menworkathomeandraisetheirchildren.A.butB.whileC.becauseD.though(11全国I)1.—Someonewantsyouonthephone.—_____nobodyknowsIamhere.A.AlthoughB.AndC.ButD.So（11山东）2.Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,____you’llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.A.tillB.orC.andD.but（11辽宁）3.Bringtheflowersintoawarmroom___they"llsoonopen.A.orB.andC.butD.for【2012四川】4.Atschool,somestudentsareactive______someareshy,yettheycanbegoodfriendswithoneanother.A.whileB.althoughC.soD.as【2012北京】31.______atthedoorbeforeyouentermyroom,please.A.KnockB.KnockingC.KnockedD.Toknock08年答案：1.C2.A3.D4.A5.D6.B11年答案：1.C2.C3.B12年答案：(12全国)34.B（12四川）4.A(12北京)31.A翻译练习：练习一：1.你应当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。练习二：1.昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。5.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。6.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。练习三：1.Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了。4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.他把车票给列车员看。练习四：1.我们叫她Alice.2.他的父母给他取名为John.3.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。4.他们把门推开了。5.他们把小偷释放了。6.我们要使学校变得更美丽。7.他请我们参加做游戏。8.我要你把真相告诉我。9.卫兵命令我们立即离开。10.明天我要找人来修理机器。11.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。12.痛苦使得他叫喊起来。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法三、代词一、代词的分类：1.人称代词：分主格（作主语、表语）和宾格(作动宾、介宾)2.物主代词：分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，有my,our,your,his,her,its,their。名词性物主代词后不能接名词，相当于“形容词性物主代词+n.”,有mine,ours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs。名词+of+名词性物主代词名词所有格构成双重所有格形式：afriendofminefather’s我爸爸的一个朋友3.反身代词:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselvesthemselves当宾语和主语是同一人或同一物时，宾语往往要用与主语相对应的反身代词。“WhocalledmethismorningwhenIwasout?”“AmancallinghimselfRobert.”4.指示代词:this,that,these,those。thisthat可以做程度副词，意思和用法同so。5.疑问代词:who,whom,what（一般指不定数目中的选择）,which（提供一定范围内选择）Whichdoyoulikebetter,thisoneorthatone?6.相互代词:eachother（两个人或物之间）,oneanother（三个或三个以上的人或物之间）7.不定代词:some,any,all,both,none,one,each,either,neither,other,another,something,anything,nothing,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,nobody8.关系代词(用于定语从句，除as译为“正如、如像”、whose“---的”，其它一般无词义):who,whom,whose，that,which,as9.连接代词(用于名词性从句或状语从句)：whowhomwhatwhich（都有词义）；who（m）ever“任何人，无论谁”,作主语宾语;whatever“任何人或物、无论---什么（事物）”，作主语宾语定语;whichever“无论哪个---”作主语宾语定语。CouldIspeaktowhoeverisinchargeofInternationalSales,please?Whatevernewsthenewspapersprint，somepeoplealwaysbelieveit.无论报纸刊登什么新闻，总是有人相信。二、代词用法考点1.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配：(all)byoneself单独地；ofoneself自动地，自行地；foroneself替/为自己；teachoneself自学；behaveoneself使自己行为规矩；cometooneself苏醒dressoneself（自己）穿衣服；seatoneself=sbbeseated;saytooneself心里想；talktooneself自言自语；devoteoneselfto把自己献身于；absentoneselffrom缺席；enjoyoneself玩得高兴；helponeselfto随便---；makeoneselfathome不要拘束；introduceoneself自我介绍2.指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。—Healmostdrownedinthatpool.他差点淹死在那水池里。—Whenwasthat?什么时候（的事）？that可代替不可数名词或单数名词，特指，且后常有介词短语修饰=the+n.复数形式是those；those代替复数名词以免重复。one代替单数可数名词，是泛指，即同类中的某一个=aan+n.复数形式是ones；theone表特指，用来替代同类事物中的另一个；it代替单数可数名词，特指同一个,it=the+n.Thewaterofthewelliscleanerthanthatoftheriver.TheChristmascardsaremuchbetterthanthoseyouboughtyesterday.3.不定代词①some(---）多用于肯定句；some(---)可用于表示请求、提议或者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中。Wouldyoupleasesparemesomeink?你能分点墨水给我吗？some有时与数词连用，“大约”：somefortystudents大约40个学生any(---)多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。any(---)也可用于肯定句，（修饰可数名词时指三者或以上的）“任何一个（些）人或物”。Edisonbecamequiteexpertatitandcouldfindworkinanytownhewentto.②all与none,noone,nothing,noall表示“三者或三者以上全部都”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词；none表示对三个或三个以上的人或物的否定（可指可数或不可数名词），意思是“没什么人物”，可作主语和宾语，作主语谓语动词可用单数或者复数，后可接of短语：Noneofthemhave/hasfailed.none可以简略回答以Howmany或Howmuch开头的疑问句。例如：—Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?—None.注意：noone(＝nobody),只指人，不接of短语，noone作主语时只能跟单数谓语，回答以who开头的问句。例如：——Whoisintheroom?——noone(＝Nobody)nothing回答what开头的问句；no总是在名词前作定语，相当于notanynota.——Isthereanyoilintheglass?——None.none指前面提到的人或物“一个什么也没有”——What’sinthebottle?——Nothing.nothing指一切都没有了。③other,another,theother,others,theothersother表示“其他的”,没有范围限制，与名词复数连用。如：otherbooks/boys…another指三者或以上的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。another+数词few等+复数名词=数字few等+more+复数名词=数字few等+复数名词+more“再另一-----”如：Idon"’tlikethishat,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Wewalkedanothertenmiles(=tenmoremilestenmilesmore).我们又走了十英里theother可作代词或形容词用，指两个(部分)事物或人中的“另一个部分”：Hehasonlytwobrothers,ofwhomoneisateacher,theotheranofficer.Icanseeonlytwoteachersintheoffice.Wherearetheotherteachers?others泛指其他的人或物；theothers特指其余的人或物。others常和some对比使用：Thirtystudentsinourclassareboys,theothersaregirls.Somearecarryingwater,othersarewateringthetrees.常用one---another---theother---“一个----，另一个----，另一个----”④one作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内）：Onemustdoone’sduty.当one前有形容词修饰时，形容词前须有冠词或代词：Couldyoushowmeasmallerone?还可用来代替上文出现过的可数名词（指人或物）,泛指，复数形式是ones。例如：Ihaveboughtanewbike.Myoldonedoesn’twork.⑤either两者之一，neither两者中一个也不。either---or,neither---nor连接两个主语用就近原则。either在否定句或否定词组后面、too在肯定句后面表示“也”。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Ifhedoesn’tgo,Iwon’teither.Idon’tlikemathsandhedoesn’tlikeit,either.⑥eacheveryeach强调个体，起名词和形容词的作用。指两者或两者以上（人或物）的每一个；every，强调全体无一例外，只能作定语修饰名词，指三者或三者以上（人或物）的每一个。Treeshavebeenplantedoneachsideoftheroad.⑦few和afew作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用复数；little和alittle作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。notalittle=verymuch;notabit=notatall.quiteafew=many;quitealittle=much⑧anything用于疑问否定条件句,用于肯定句语气很强，“任何人物”；everything“每件事、一切”，表示全体。anythingbut根本不，nothingbut只是Whathesaidisanythingbutpracticalsinceeverythingdependson“if”.他所说的根本不实际因为他说的一切都取决于“如果“。⑨nothingnonenoonenobodyneither或not与any(--)、each连用表示全部否定；not与allevery(---)both表部分否定。Everymanisnothonest.并非每个人都诚实。Eachmanisnothonest.每个人都不诚实。2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——代词(11全国II）1.Igotthisbicyclefor______；myfriendgaveittomewhensheboughtanewone.A.everythingB.somethingC.anythingD.nothing(11北京）2.Theemploymentratehascontinuedtoriseinbigcitiesthankstotheeffortsofthelocalgovernmentstoincrease_______.A.themB.thoseC.itD.that(11上海)3.Tostayawake,hefinishedacupofcoffeeandordered______.A.theotherB.otherC.theothersD.another(11山东)4.Thetwogirlsaresoalikethatstrangersfind______difficulttotellonefromtheother.A.itB.themC.herD.that(11安徽）5.Surprisingly,Susan’sbeautifulhairreachedbelowherkneesandmade_______almostanovercoatforher.A.themB.herC.itselfD.herself(11福建）6.Wehavevarioussummercampsforyourholidays,youcanchoose_______basedonyourowninterests.A.eitherB.eachC.oneD.it(11四川）7.Thereis_____inhiswords.Weshouldhaveatry.A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything(11辽宁）8.-Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?-______,thankyou.I"vejusthadsomewater.A.EitherB.BothC.AnyD.Neither(11陕西）9.-Wouldyougetmeabarofchocolatefromthekitchen,dear?-____one?A.OtherB.EveryC.AnotherD.More(11重庆）10.—Sillyme!Iforgetwhatmyluggagelookslike.—Whatdoyouthinkof______overthere?A.theoneB.thisC.itD.that(11湖南)11.Iknowthat_____wouldeverdiscouragehim;hewouldnevergiveupwantingtobeadirector.A.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothing(12全国)1.LarryasksBillandPetertogoonapicnicwithhim,but______ofthemwantsto,becausetheyhaveworktodo.A.eitherB.anyC.neitherD.none(12北京)2.Manypeoplehavedonatedthattypeofblood;however,thebloodbankneeds______.A.someB.lessC.muchD.more(12山东)3.Whenyouaredonewiththebook,justgiveittoLucyorHelenor______.A.whoeverB.whereverC.whateverD.however(12辽宁)4.Ifyou’rebuyingtoday’spaperfromthestand,couldyouget_____forme?A.oneB.suchC.thisD.that73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法(12浙江)5.StudyingWendy’smenu,Ifoundthatmanyoftheitemsaresimilarto_____ofMcDonalds.A.thoseB.onesC.anyD.all(12福建)6.—Haveyoufiguredouthowmuchthetripwillcost?—$4000,or_____likethat.A.anythingB.everythingC.somethingD.nothing(12江苏)7.Sophiawaitedforareply,but_____came.A.eitherB.anotherC.neitherD.none(12江西)8.Mybrotherwouldliketobuyagoodwatchbut______wasavailablefromthatshop.A.nothingB.noneC.nooneD.neither(12重庆)9.—John，whenshallwemeetagain,ThursdayorFriday?—_____.I’llbeofftoLondonthen.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None参考答案：11年答案：1.D2.C3.D4.A5.C6.C7.A8.D9.C10.D11.D12年答案：1.C2.D3.A4.A5.A6.C7.D8.B9.B四、定语从句一、什么是定语？修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式，介词短语或一个句子来担任．在复合句中，修饰主句的某个名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句，定语从句在作用上相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句．被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句分为限制性和非限制性从句（有逗号隔开）两种。二、关系词：1.关系代词：（1）that可指代人或物，从句中作主语、宾语和表语。作宾语时可省，介词后不能用that、非限制性定语从句不能用that。(2)which指代事物或者主句内容,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或者定语。作宾语时可省（但介词后的which不省）只用that不用which引导的定语从句：情况例句1.no(---),every(---),any(---),some(---),few,much,all,little,no等不定代词作先行词或修饰先行词时，常用that引导从句.something两者均可。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistohelphim.3.先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。ThisisthebestforeignfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4.先行词前被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时。That’stheverytoolthatwearelookingfor.5.先行词既指人又指物时。Theytalkedaboutthethingsandfriendsthattheycouldremember.6.主句是由Who/Which引导的特殊疑问句时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere?Whichisthetoolthatyouarelookingfor?（3）who指代人，在从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语可省。（4）whom，指代人，在从句中常作宾语，可省（但是介词后的whom不省）。（5）whose可指代人或物，在从句中作定语（修饰名词且表示所属关系）。Whose和所修饰的名词一起往往在从句中作主语或者宾语。whose+n.=ofwhichwhom+the+n.或者the+n.+ofwhichwhom.（6）as，指代人、物或者主句内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法as和which区别：①As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，指代主句内容。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.②as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前、之后或句中；which引导的非限制性定语从句常放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如、正像”的意思，which往往无词义。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Jimpassedthedrivingtest,___surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.A.whichB.thatC.thisD.it答案A思考：如果逗号后加and,还能选which吗？Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用whichTomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.③当先行词被such,thesame,so,as等修饰时，常用asIhaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。2.关系副词(1)when指时间，在从句中作时间状语.注意：表示时间的“time"一词的定语从句有时不用任何关系词。BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedtherefortwoweeks.IstillrememberthefirsttimeImether.(2)where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(3)why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.注意：whenwhere可换成介词+关系代词,why可替换为forwhich.Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.关系词有3个作用：1.引导定语从句。2.替代先行词。3.在定语从句中作成分。三、考点定语从句考点(一)判断关系代词与关系副词用关系代词还是关系副词要分析从句的成分(主、宾、状、定)。从句缺主语、宾语、定语，表语须用关系代词；从句缺状语用关系副词。例如：判断改错:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（错）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.（对）I"llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.（对）(二)（名词、数词、代词）+介词+whichwhom到底用什么介词一看意思二看搭配。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.Thepicture,forwhichhepaid$100000,wasonceownedbyaking.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(三)先行词缺失或关系词省略1.----Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?----Yes,there’sonepoint____wemustinsiston.A.whyB.whereC.howD.答案D2.Isthisfactory____youoncevisited?3.Isthisthefactory____youoncevisited?A.thatB.whenC.whereD.theone答案2.D3.A(四)分割式定语从句，即利用插入语（如Ithink、doyouknowofcourse等）或句子其它成分把先行词和从句隔开。1.----Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?----Right,justtheone___youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.that.whichC.whereD.what答案Cyouknow是插入语，可省。后面缺状语。2.Itwasanexcitingmomentforthesefootballfansthisyear,____forthefirsttimeinyearstheirteamwontheworldcup.A.thatB.whileC.whichD.when答案D(五)考查pointsituationpositiondegreecasestepstagebusinessoccasionage等表示抽象地点（前八个）或者时间（后两个），如果这些词后面的从句缺状语，定语从句用where或when引导。1.Wearejusttryingtoreachapoint___bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.which答案A后面从句不缺主语、宾语，缺状语，point表示抽象地点。2.Ifashophaschairs____womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where答案D(六)way“方式、方法”的定语从句。先行词是way“方式、方法”，后面的定语从句缺主语、宾语或表语从句用thatwhich---引导；如后面缺状语，用thatinwhich---引导。Idon’tliketheway____hetreatshismother.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when答案A后面的从句缺状语，也可以用inwhich或者不用关系词。(七)区分定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句和强调句1.---Mum,whatdidyourdoctorsay?----Headvisedmetolive____theairisfresher.A.whichB.inwhichC.theplacewhereD.where答案D，空格前的主句缺状语，后面是地点状语从句修饰动词live.如果C项the前加in也可以选，此时intheplace作主句的状语，后面的where引导定语从句修饰先行词place.2.Hisplanwassuchagoodone___weallagreedtoacceptit.A.soB.andC.thatD.as答案C这是such---that引导的结果状语从句，such---that引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不作成分。如果句中没有it，则选D，先行词被such修饰，定语从句常用as引导，as作accept的宾语。3.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentfromclass_____hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.A.whyB.thatC.whereD.because答案B定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句对前面的名词作进一步解释，是补充说明的关系：(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法(1)关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；(2)的that在句中不做成分。Whenwhere等引导定语从句时，没有疑问意义；但它们引导名词性从句（含同位语从句）时，when表示“什么时候”where表示“哪儿”。如果在前面的词和后面的句子之间加上be意思通顺，则肯定是同位语从句。Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.在Theidea和wecouldasktheteacherforadvice中间加is，意思是通顺的，这是同位语从句4.Itwasonthisfarm____theygottoknowandfellinlovewitheachother.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.which这是一个强调句，答案C。方法：强调句去掉itiswas---thatwho,句子结构完整，句意通顺。2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编--定语从句(11全国I)1.Theprizewillgotothewriter_______storyshowsthemostimagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what（11全国II）2.TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,____isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which（11北京）3.MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,_______,ofcourse,makealltheothersupset.A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that(11上海)4.You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation____youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.as（11山东）5.Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_____arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.theyB.whereC.whatD.that（11江西）6.Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction_____hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhich（11江苏）7.Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,_______theaudiencecanbuyice-cream.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which（11安徽）8.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,_____itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.while（11浙江）9.Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachof____usesitsomewhatdifferently.A.whichB.whatC.themD.those（11浙江）10.Abankistheplace______theylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.there（11福建）11.Shehasagiftforcreatinganatmosphereforherstudents____allowsthemtocommunicatefreelywitheachother.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.who（11四川）12.Theschoolshop,_______customersaremainlystudents,isclosedfewtheholidays.A.whichB.whoseC.whenD.where（11天津）13.Thedaysaregone_______physicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.which（11陕西）14.Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend,_____weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that(11湖南)15.JuliewasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allof_______shespokefluently.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.that（12浙江）1..Ellenwasapainterofbirdsandofnature,_____,forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.whom（12浙江）2.Weliveinanagemoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.A.whyB.whenC.towhomD.onwhich（12江苏）3.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_______urgentlyneededclean73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法water,medicineandsheltertosurvive.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.what【2012重庆卷】29.Salesdirectorisaposition______communicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesA.whichB.thatC.whenD.where【2012四川卷】13.Inourclassthereare46students,_____halfwearglasses.A.inwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem【2012陕西卷】14.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,______hassurprisedusall.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what【2012北京卷】26.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,______heoftenwas，hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when【2012全国II】8.Thatevening,_____Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when【2012天津卷】7.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without_______helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.A.WhoB.whoseC.whomD.which2011年：1.C2.D3.B4.A5.D6.C7.A8.C9.A10.C11.A12.B13.A14.B15.C2012年：1.【答案】Bwho引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语，修饰先行词Ellen（人名）。Which修行先行词是物的定语从句；whom修饰先行词为人，且在从句中做宾语；where修饰先行词是地点名词，且在从句中地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除。2.【答案】Bwhen引导定义从句，在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词anage（时代）.此处的when=atwhich。3.【答案】B指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。（安徽29）【答案】A(江西28)【答案】A（湖南34）【答案】D（重庆29）【答案】D“position”为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。因此，正确答案为D选项。（四川13）【答案】C本题考查定语从句。前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用人称代词them而应用关系代词whom引导定语从句；在46个学生当中，表所属，应用of。故答案选C。（陕西14）【答案】C考查定语从句。所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中做主语，选C。其余选项与题干不符。（北京26）【答案】B。非限制性定语从句，which作表语。（全国II8）【答案】B这里thatevening是先行词，其在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，所以用which。句意：以后我将和你谈起的那个晚上，我工作到了很晚。（天津7）【答案】B73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法五、it的用法it的常见用法有以下几类：一、it作为代词可用于指替上文中提到的那一个事物、一件事，不知情的人（不知身份、性别和姓名的人），表示时间、天气、距离、计算结果等。1.Hefailedinthematch,anditworriedhim.（并列句）2.Hefailedinthematch.Itworriedhim.（两个简单句）it,one,ones,that,those都可作替代词，区别：one用来代替上文的某个单数可数名词，是同类异物，泛指,既可指人，也可指物,one=aan+n.其复数形式为ones。it代替上文提到的特指的单数名词，和前面的单数名词指的是同一个,it=the+n.。that指上文出现的东西或情况（不能指人，但定语从句中例外），以避免重复，指代不可数或者可数名词，其后往往有定语（如in,of短语等）修饰。其复数形式为those。eg.“Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?”“Didn’twejusthave____?”A.itB.thatC.oneD.this答案C。one是泛指某一次休息，并非上文提到的休息。I’mmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthan______inthecity.A.oneB.itC.thatD.those答案C.that替代theair,that后带有inthecity作定语。二、it可用于代替不定式、动名词、从句等,①充当形式主语：Itis/was+adj./n./-ed+(forofsb.)---todo/doing/that-clauseIt’scarelessofyoutoforgetbringingyourworkbook.It’simportantforustoreadEnglishaloudinthemorning.Itiswell-knowntousthattheearthisround.Itisashamethathegaveuphishopes.It’s(just)(un)likesb.todosth.(不)像某人做事的风格。②充当形式宾语：S.+vt.+it+adj./n.+todo/doing/n./that-clauseIfindthinkit+adj./n.+todo/doing/n./that-clauseIlikelovehatedislikepreferenjoyappreciatediscusstakeowehavetakeforgrantedseetoitwhen/if….I’llappreciateitifyouwritebacksoon.三、it可用于构成强调句，把一个句子中除谓语以外的句子成分（如主语、宾语、表语、状语等）加以强调。1.结构：陈述句：Itis(was)+被强调成分+that/who+句子的其它成分一般疑问句：Iswasit被强调成分+that/who+句子的其它成分?特殊疑问句：疑问词+iswasitthatwho+句子的其它成分?对notuntil强调：Itiswasnotuntil+时间状语（从句）+that句子的其它成分对原因状语强调：Itiswasbecause(of)+原因状语（从句）+that句子的其它成分eg.Ireallydon’tknow____Ihadmymoneystolen.A.whenwasitthatB.thatitwaswhenC.whereitwasthatD.itwaswherethat答案Cknow后面是强调句的特殊疑问句。假设“是在街上我的钱被偷了”用强调句应为：ItwasinthestreetthatIhadmymoneystolen.再对inthestreet提问就成了：WherewasitthatIhadmymoneystolen.这句话作了know的宾语从句，要用陈述语序。2.判断是否是强调句：1.Itwas8o’clockwhenTomcameback.2.Itwasat8o’clockthatTomcameback.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法3.ItisthehousewhereTom’sunclelives.4.ItisinthehousethatTom’sunclelives.5.ItisafactthatGermanteamhaslostthegamebyonescore.6.Itisthefactthathasmadeuspleased.7.ItwastwoyearsagothatIbegantolearnEnglish.1句是when引导时间状语从句。2句是强调句。3句是where引导定语从句。4句是强调句。5句意为“事实是德国队以一分之差输了这场比赛”，that后面的句子解释说明fact的内容，是同位语从句。6、7句是强调句。方法：把itiswas---thatwho去掉后，重新排列一下句子（有时不必，如2、6句），如果结构完整、句意通顺就是强调句。四、it常用于一些固定结构中，作无人称代词用，充当主语等。1.Itishasbeenwas+一段时间+since-clause.自从---到现在有多久了。如从句动词是延续性动词，时间应从该动作结束算起。注意时态：主句用ishasbeen，从句常用过去式；主句用was，从句常用过去完成时。It’syearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuch.有好几年我没有这么开心了。ItistwoyearssinceIbegantolearnEnglish.我学英语已经有两年了。我是在两年前开始学的英语。2.Itwaswillbe+一段时间+before-clause.过多久就会---注意时态:主句用was，从句常用过去式；主句用willbe，从句常用一般现在时。Itwon’tbelongbeforehecomesback.不久他就会回来。Itwastwoyearsbeforehecamebackfromabroad.两年后他就回国了。此句型可演变为：⑴Itwasn’tlongbefore-clause不久以后就---⑵Itwon’tbelongbefore-clause不久就会---Itwon"tbelongbeforehehitstheroad.他不久就会出发了。3.Itisnouse/good/awasteoftime(moneyenergywords)---+doingsth.做某事没有用处好处浪费时间(金钱、精力、口舌)。但是也可以说：也可以：There’snousedoingsth.做某事没有用处。There’snopoint(in)doingsth.做某事没有意义。It’sawonderthat------让人惊奇。注意：Thereisnoneedtodosth.没有必要做某事。Thereisnodoubtthatclause.---是没有疑问的。Thereisnodoubtboutit关于---是没有疑问的。4.ItThisThatiswillbewasthefirst/second/third---timedaymonth---+（that）clause.做某事是第几次天月。注意时态：主句用iswillbe,从句常用现在完成时；主句用was,从句常用过去完成时。It’sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.他驾驶考试没通过是第三次了。5.Itwas+时间+when+状语从句Itwas3o’clockwhenheleft.他离开的时候是三点。6．It’s(abouthigh)timethatsb.shoulddosth.是某人该做某事的时候了（而没有做）should不能省。It’shightimethatweshouldtakeactiontoprotectthewaterresources.是我们采取措施保护水资源的时候了。7.Itisuptosb.todosth.应由某人做某事。It’suptoustogivethemallthehelpwecan.8.It’s(well)worth(worthwhile)uselessdoingsth.做某事是值得的无用的。9.seetoitthat-clause.务必、保证使….73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法2008-2012年高考英语试题分类汇编it的用法（11山东）1.Thetwogirlsaresoalikethatstrangersfind______difficulttotellonefromtheother.A.itB.themC.herD.that（11江西）2.Whydon’tyoubring______tohisattentionthatyouaretooilltoworkon?A.thatB.itC.hisD.him（11天津）3.Wefeel______ourdutytomakeourcountryabetterplace.A.itB.thisC.thatD.one（11重庆）4.—HaveyouseenthefilmUndertheHawthornTree?—Ofcourse,Ihave.Itwasinourvillage_____itwasmade.A.thatB.whereC.whenD.which(11四川)5.Wasitonalonelyisland____hewassavedonemonthaftertheboatwentdown?A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what(11湖南)6.It’snotwhatwedoonceinawhile_____shapesourlives,butwhatwedoconsistently.A.whichB.thatC.howD.when(I1陕西)7.It’snothowmuchwedobuthowmuchloveweputintowhatwedo_____benefitsourworkmost.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.what(11上海)8.Itdoesn’tmatteriftheywanttocometoyourparty,_____?A.doesn’titB.doesitC.don’ttheyD.dothey（12湖南）1.ItwasnotuntilIcamehere_____Irealizedthisplacewasfamousfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsweather.A.whoB.thatC.whereD.before(12陕西)2.Nomatterwhereheis,hemakes_____aruletogoforawalkbeforebreakfast.A.himB.thisC.thatD.it(12四川)3.Newtechnoloieshavemade______possibletoturnoutnewproductsfasterandatalowercost.A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it(12重庆)4.itwas80yearsbeforeChristophereColumbuscrossedtheAtlantic______ZhengHehadsailedtoEastAfrica.A.whenB.thatC.afterD.since参考答案：2011年答案：1.A2.B3.A4.A5.B6.B7.C8.B2012年答案：1.B2.D3.D4.B六、倒装一、英语中基本的词序通常都是主语在谓语动词的前面，宾语、表语和补语在谓语动词的后面。但有时可以改变这种正常词序，把谓语放在主语的前面，这叫倒装。如果将谓语动词全部移到主语的前面，叫做完全倒装；如果只是把助动词或情态动词放在主语的前面，就叫部分倒装。Theregoesthebell.铃声响了。（全倒装）NeverhaveIseensuchamovingfilmbefore.我以前从没看过这样一部感人的电影。（部分倒装）二、倒装的口诀：倒装其实很好记，记住“闹事”（NAOSHI）就可以。说明：NAOSHI中的六个字母代表六种情况。1.N代表否定词。当否定词(短语)置于句子开头时，句子要用部分倒装。有no,not,little,few,seldom,never,notuntil,notonly,neither,nor,hardly,rarely,scarcely,nosooner，innocase(way)=bynomeans=onnocondition等词。如：Littledoesheknowaboutit.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Ihaveneverbeenthere,andneitherhashe.我从没去过那儿，他也一样没有。Neitherhashecalledonher,norwillhedoso.他没有去拜访她，也不会这样做。HardlyScarcelyhadhearrivedtherewhenitbegantorain.他一到这儿，天就开始下雨。NotonlycanhespeakEnglish,butalsohecanwritearticlesinEnglish.注意butalso后的句子不倒装。2.A代表as，as“尽管、虽然”引导让步状语从句放主句前时，要把作表语的形容词或名词,作状语的副词，作谓语的动词放在从句句首。though引导的让步状语从句可倒可不倒。如：Hardashetried,hedidn’tpassthetest.虽然他努力了，他没有通过考试。Childasheis,heknowsalot.虽然他是个孩子，他知道很多。当作表语的单数可数名词倒装放到句首时，该名词不加冠词。3.O代表only，only+状语（从句）置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。如：Onlyinastrangeplacedidherealizehowgoodhishomeis.Onlywhenyougrowupwillyouunderstandme.只有当你长大了，你才会理解我。如果only后面接的是状语从句，从句不倒，主句才倒，如上句。4.S代表so和such，当“so…that..”和“such…that…”结构中的so和such位于句首或so表示“也一样”的时候，句子用部分倒装。如：Socleveraboyishethathecanworkoutsuchaprobleminashorttime.他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于他能在短时间内算出这样一道难题。Suchalovelydayisitthatwewanttogooutforapicnic.Hehaslearnedtosende-mails.SohaveI.我也一样。5.H代表以here为首的表地点、方位等的词或词组。这样的词有：here、there、now、then、under、in、out，off、away、up、down、back、intheroom、onthewall等放在句首时，句子要用全部倒装，即把整个谓语动词提前。Downfellsomeapples.一些苹果掉下来了。Ontopofthehillstandsatree.不过，对于全部倒装的情况来说，当主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装。如：Hereitcomes.Inhecame.6.I代表if。If引导虚拟条件句时，如把if省略，要用部分倒装。如：WereIyou,Iwouldgotherewithhim.(=IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotherewithhim.)如果我是你，我会和他一起去那儿。Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhavemetSharon.（=Ifhehadcomeearlier,hewouldhavemetSharon.）如果他来早点，他就能见上Sharon三、其他倒装的情况1.表语置于句首时,为保持句子平衡或强调表语用倒装。①sucharethefacts,noonecandenythem.事实就是这样，没有人能否认。②Seatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungmenplayingcards..一群人坐在地上打牌。2.表祝愿。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功。3.Nomatterhow/However+adj./adv.+主语+谓语。Nomatterhow/Howeverlateitis,sheoftenwaitsforhim.(late本来在is后面)无论有多迟，她经常等他。①Howevermanydifficultiesyoumeetwith,youshouldtrytoovercomethem.无论你遇到多少困难，你应该尽力克服它们。however是副词，修饰形容词many.②Whateverdifficultiesyoumeetwith,youshouldtrytoovercomethem.无论你遇到什么困难，你应该尽力克服它们。whatever是形容词（也是代词），修饰名词difficulties.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法4.themore---themore---表示“越----越---”。ThemoreyoulistentoEnglish,theeasieritbecomes.5.直接引语的部分或全部放在句首时，有时用倒装。“Letmegoonwiththeoperation.”saidoneofthedoctors.2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——倒装(11湖南)1.Onlyaftertheyhaddiscussedthematterforafewhours_______adecisionA.theyreachedB.didtheyreachC.theyreachD.dotheyreach(11全国I)2.Onlywhenhereachedthetea-house______itwasthesameplacehe’dbeeninlastyear.A.herealizedB.hedidrealizeC.realizedheD.didherealize(11福建）3.-It’snice.Neverbefore____suchaspecialdrink!-I’mgladyoulikeit.A.IhavehadB.IhadC.haveIhadD.hadI(11全国I)4.Try____shemight,Suecouldn’tgetthedooropen.A.ifB.whenC.sineD.as(12江西)1.NeverbeforeseenanybodywhocanplaytennisaswellasRobert.A．hadsheB．shehadC．hassheD．shehas(12浙江)2.Hadtheyknownwhatwascomingnext,they________secondthoughts.A.mayhaveB.couldhaveC.musthavehadD.mighthavehad(12重庆）3.Theheadmasterwillnotpermitthechangeinthecourse,nor______itathought.A.doesheevengivenB.heevengivesC.willheevengiveD.hewillevengiven(12辽宁）4.Notuntilheretiredfromteachingthreeyearsagohavingaholidayabroad.A.hehadconsideredB.hadheconsideredC.heconsideredD.didheconsider(12四川）5.Thisisnotmystory,nor______thewholestory.Mystoryplaysoutdifferently.A.isthereB.thereisC.isitD.itis(12天津）6.OnlyafterMaryreadhercompositionthesecondtime_______thespellingmistake.A.didshenoticeB.shenoticedC.doesshenoticeD.shehasnoticed11年答案：1.B2.D3.C4.D12答案：1.答案：C解析：句首有关键词Never，否定词提前到句首，句子部分倒装。排除B,D。再根据句子时态，应用现在完成时，故选C。2.答案：D考查虚拟语气中的情态动词。本句是一个倒装句，可还原为：iftheyhadknownwhatwascomingnext,theymighthavehadsecondthought。根据hadknown提示，可知是与过去事实相反，因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would/might+havedone，由此可见答案D符合语境。3.答案：C空白处前为否定词“nor”位于句首，句子应该使用部分倒装结构，而且根据语境空白处应使用一般将来时，C选项符合题意。4.答案：DNotuntil位于句首时句子要倒装，considerhavingaholidayabroad这个动作发生在retire之后，所以用一般过去时。5.答案：C本题考查倒装句。nor位于句首引起部分倒装，排除B、D；再根据句意“这并不是（关于）我的故事，它也不是故事的全部。我的故事的结局不同。”选代词it。故答案选C。6.答案：A(12山东)31.C73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法七、情态动词情态动词主要有can/could,may/might,must/haveto,should/oughtto,shall,will/would,等。考点：1.情态动词的基本含义和基本用法（否定回答，反意疑问句）；2.情态动词表推测用法：①情态动词+动词原形表示对现在或将来的推测②情态动词+bedoing对正在发生的动作或状态的推测；③情态动词+havedone表示对过去动作或状态的推测；或可表示对过去某事的一种抱怨、遗憾等。一、cancould1.表示一般性的能力或即将能做某事。can指现在的能力、could指过去的能力。IcouldswimwhenIwassix.2.表示请求(could比can委婉)或客观条件允许。---CouldIcomeheretomorrow？---Yes，youcan.No,I’mafraidnot.Theplanecantakeoffnow.3.can在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性，并不牵涉到事情是否会发生。beableto表示确实发生了（强调结果）。Evenanexperiencedteachercanmakemistakes.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.4.can表示推测，用于否定，疑问，感叹句中。Hecan’tbeplayingbasketballnow.Canthisbetrue?canhavedone（常用于否定、疑问、感叹句中）/couldhavedone(无限制)表示对过去的推测：Hecan’tcouldn’thavefinishedthejobinsuchashorttime.他不可能在这么短的时间内完成这个工作。Wherecancouldhehavegone?他可能去哪儿了？couldhavedone还可表示过去本可以做某事但没有做（抱怨或遗憾）：Wecouldhavegonethereonfoot.Ataxiwasn’tnecessaryatall.5.表达“怎么…也不过分”,“越….越好”：can’tnever+v.+too+adj.adv.=can’t+v.+toomuchenough=cannever+v.+enough:Youcanneverbetoocarefultocrosstheroad.can’tbutdo…不得不只好…Ican’tbutadmireyourdecision.can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事can’thelp（to）dosth.不能帮忙做某事二、maymight1.表示征求对方意见或允许。MayIaskyouaquestion?Youmaystayhereaslongasyouplease.2.maymight表示推测“也许、可能”(常用于肯定句、否定句)：Hemaybeverybusynow.maymighthavedone(常用于肯定句、否定句)过去也许做了某事：Hemaymighthavearrivedherebynow.mighthavedone过去可能发生而实际没发生的事：Thatwastoodangerous.Youmighthavekilledyourself.3.may+主语do表示祝愿：Mayyourdreamscometrue.may/mightwelldo=beverylikelytodo可能做----maymightaswelldo=hadbetterdo最好做----三、musthavetomust表主观haveto表客观Youwillhavetowashyourownclotheswhenyoujointhearmy.1.MustI-----?Yes,youmustNo,youneedn’t(don’thaveto).mustn’t表示绝对禁止。Youmustn’tsmokehere.2.must表“偏偏、一定要”的意思。Naturally,afterItoldherwhattodo,mydaughtermustgoanddotheopposite!3.表示必须的结果：Allmenmustdie.4.肯定句中表示推测，（否定句或疑问句用cancould)Hemustknowmyaddress.他肯定知道我的地址。（一定）73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Hecan’tknowmyaddress.他肯定不知道我的地址。（一定不）musthavedone过去一定做了------（肯定句中）Hemustbedoinghisexercisesintheclassroom.（正在进行）他一定在教室里做练习。Hemusthavefinishedthework，hasn’the?Hemusthavefinishedtheworkyesterday,didn’the?Hemusthavebeenafoolatthattime,wasn’the?四、shouldoughtto1.表示责任、义务、劝告、建议、命令等“应该”：should侧重主观看法；oughtto反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用：Weshouldoughttohelpeachother.2表示说话者根据一定的依据进行推测，常译为“按道理说应该---”：----WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.----Theyshouldbereadyby12:00.3.多用于疑问句，表示惊讶“竟然怎么会”：Shouldshedosuchathing?4.shouldoughttohavedone表示过去本应该做某事但没做（抱怨或遗憾）：Heshouldn’thaveforgottenmybirthday.Hedidn’tbringmeanygifts!5.表示谦逊的口气，用于提出建议、请求。Ishouldadviseyoutosaylessanddomore.我想劝你少说多做。五、need1.作情态动词，常用于否定、疑问句，后接动词原形：Heneedn’tpayforit.Weneedtohelphim.(实义动词)→Wedon’tneedtohelphim.---NeedIgettherethisafternoon?---Yes,youmustNo,youneedn’t(don’thaveto).2.needn’thavedone过去不必做某事但做了（抱怨或遗憾）六、shall除了用于一人称表示将来外,还有：1..用于一三人称征求对方意见：Shallwehaveabreak?2.用于二三人称的陈述句表示命令、警告、允诺、威胁，规定等：HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.3.各种人称表示规章、法令(律)、预言等“必须”：Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber.七、willwould除了表示将来时间（will表示一般将来、would表示过去将来）外,还有:1..表示主观意愿（各种人称）:Dowhatyouwill(do).Shesaidshewouldtakecareofthechild.2.表示经常性、习惯性的动作“总是”：Oilwillfloatonwater.Thedoorwon’topen.Hewouldsitnearthefireforhoursonwinterevenings(would表示过去的习惯，可能现在还这样；usedto表示过去常常做某事，现在不做了)3.用于第二人称的疑问句表请求：-----wouldyoupleasegivemeapieceofpaper?---Yes,Iwill.4.表示命令、允诺：You’llreporttomeafterwards.随后必须向我报告。5.表示能力、功能：Thebottlewillholdakiloofmilk.6.祈使句的反义疑问句：Don’tgonow,willwouldyou?7.wouldhavedone过去会愿意做---（但没做）。八、mustcanmay都可用来表推测，但：must表推测仅用于肯定句，“必然，必定是”，语气最强；can表推测用于否定句和疑问句，不用于肯定句，“可能“，语气较强；could表推测无限制，语气比can弱；maymight表推测用于肯定句和否定句，不用于疑问句，“也许，大概”语气较弱。情态动词两特点:动词原形接后面，说话语气随词变。can能力may许可，must责任或义务。否定回答needn’t换，需要need,dare敢。should应该，will(would)愿，haveto被迫表客观。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——情态动词（11全国II）1.Ifyou______smoke,pleasegooutside.A.canB.shouldC.mustD.may（11北京）2.—Idon’treallylikeJames.Whydidyouinvitehim?—Don’tworry.He_____come.Hesaidhewasn’tcertainwhathisplanswere.A.mustnotB.neednotC.wouldnotD.mightnot(11上海)3.I_____worryaboutmyweekend—Ialwayshavemyplansreadybeforeitcomes.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.daren’tD.needn’t（11江西）4.It_____bethepostmanatthedoor.It’sonlysixo’clock.A.mustn’tB.can’tC.won’tD.needn’t（11江苏）5.—Ileftmyhandbagonthetrain,butluckilysomeonegaveittotherailwayofficials.—Howunbelievabletogetitback!Imean,someone______it.A.willhavestolenB.mighthavestolenC.shouldhavestolenD.musthavestolen（11浙江）6.—How’syournewbabysitter?—We_____askforabetterone.Allourkidslovehersomuch.A.shouldB.mightC.mustn’tD.couldn’t（11福建）7.—ShallIinformhimofthechangeoftheschedulerightnow?—Iamafraidyou_____,incasehecomeslateforthemeeting.A.willB.mustC.mayD.can（11四川）8.Thepolicestillhaven’tfoundthelostchild,butthey’redoingallthey______..A.canB.mayC.mustD.should（11辽宁）9.Ifyou____go,atleastwaituntilthestormisover.A.canB.mayC.mustD.will（11陕西）10.—Willyoureadmeastory,Mummy?—OK.You______haveoneifyougotobedassoonaspossible.A.mightB.mustC.couldD.shall（11重庆）11.—Whydidn’tyoucometoSimon’spartylastnight?—Iwantto,butmymomsimply_______notletmeoutsolateatnight.A.couldB.mightC.wouldD.should(11湖南)12.—Noone_____becomparedwithYaoMinginplayingbasketball.—Oh,youarereallyhisbigfan.A.canB.needC.mustD.might【12江西】1.WehaveboughtsomuchfoodnowthatSuziewon’tbewithusfordinner.A．maynotB．needn’tC．can’tD．mustn’t【12重庆】2.—____youinterruptnow?Can’tyouseeI’monthephone?—SorrySir,butit’surgent.A.CanB.ShouldC.MustD.Would【12辽宁】3.Oneofourrulesisthateverystudentwearschooluniformwhileatschool.A.mightB.couldC.shallD.will【12四川】4.IgotcloseenoughtohearthemspeakingChinese,andIsaid“NiHao”justasI____doinChina.A.mustB.mightC.canD.should【12陕西】5.I______thankyoutoomuchforallyourhelptomysonwhilewewereawayfromhome.A.won’tB.can’tC.canD.will【12全国II】6.I’mgoingtoEuropeonvacationtogetherwithJohnifI______findthemoney.A.canB.mightC.wouldD.need【12天津】7.It’squitewarmhere;we______turntheheatingonyet.A.couldn’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.wouldn’t【12全国新课程】8.Iuseaclocktowakemeupbecauseatsixo"clockeachmorningthetraincomesbymy73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法house.A.couldn"tB.mustn"tC.shouldn"tD.needn"t【12江苏】9.—Happybirthday!—Thankyou!It’sthebestpresentI___for.A.shouldhavewishedB.musthavewishedC.mayhavewishedD.couldhavewished【12江苏】10.Dayslater,mybrothercalledtosayhewasallright,but_____saywherehewas.A.mustn"tB.shouldn"tC.wouldn"tD.mightn"t11年答案：1.C2.D3.D4.B5.B6.D7.B8.A9.C10.D11.C12.A12年答案：1.【答案】Bmaynot不可以，needn’t不需要，can"t不可能，mustn"t绝不可能　本句句意为：既然Suzie不和我们一起吃晚饭，所以我们就不需要买这么多食物。2.【答案】C句意：“你现在偏要打断我吗？难道你不能看到我在打电话吗？——对不起，先生，事情很急。”根据语境结合选项的词义，C选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为C选项。3.【答案】Cshall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。4.【答案】B本题考查情态动词。句意为：我靠他们足够的近以听见他们说汉语，而且我会像我在中国可能做的那样说“你好”。might表示“可能”。故选B。5.【答案】B考查情态动词。所填情态动词与too构成固定句型can’t/couldn’t…too…，意思是：再……都不为过。6.【答案】A此处考查了can的本意“能”，表示“能力”。句意：我要和John一起去欧洲度假，如果我能找到钱。7.【答案】C8.【答案】D此处考查情态动词，needn’t+动词原形表示：没有必要做某事。句意：我没有必要用闹钟唤醒我，因为每天早上6点火车都经过我的房子。9.【答案】情态动词+完成式A项意为“本应该做某事但并非如此。B项意为“一定希望”；C项意为“也许希望”；D项意为“可能希望”。句意为：——生日快乐！——谢谢你！这是我所能期望的最好的礼物了。10.【答案】Cmustn’t意为“禁止”；shouldn’t意为“不应该”；wouldn’t意为“不愿意”；mightn’t意为“或许不”。句意为：几天后，我哥哥打电话说他一切很好，但不愿意说他在哪儿。根据句意可知，应选C项。八、主谓一致主谓一致主要有三个原则：1.语法一致原则，即主语是单数，谓语也用单数；主语是复数，谓语也用复数。2.意义一致原则：即有时主语形式上是单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上是复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语也用单数。3.就近或就远原则。主谓一致“黄金十八条”：(一)如果主语是不可数名词,动名词,不定式或从句的时候,谓语动词用单数；单复同形的名词：deer,fish,means,species,works,sheep,series等根据上下文的意义以及修饰这些词的词来确定单复数。Smokingisnotagoodhabit.Tolivehappilyneedsalotofthings.WhatIsaidistrue.Everymeanshasbeentried.(二)如果由and连接的两个做主语的单数名词指的是同一个人或物的时候,用单数动词.Thesingerandsongwriterisdead.ThescienceandtechnologyplaysanimportantpartinChina.Breadandbutter(=butteredbread)isagoodfoodforpatients.“WarandPeace”isthebestbookIhaveeverread.如果由and连接的两个或更多的主语之前有each,every,manya/an,no的时候用单数名词.Everyboyandgirlintheclassworksveryhard.Eachminuteandsecondisvaluableto73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法us.(三)A+with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,aswellas,but,except,nolessthan,ratherthan（而不是）,morethan,like,including,inadditionto+B,谓语动词与A一致（就远原则）.JackwithhisfamilywantstogotoChina.He,aswellasyou,isveryhonest.NoonebutIisastudent.Herbrother,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,waskilledintheaccident.Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsible.(四)由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词(如somebody,something等)和each,either,neither,one,theother,another,little,alittle,much,noone,nothing做主语的时候,谓语动词用单数.Eachofyouisclevererthanme.Neitherstudenthaspassedtheexam.Isanybodyhere?(五)both,few,afew,several,many以及others做主语的时候,永远用复数动词.Severalfriendswereinvitedtotheparty.Bothbooksaresoldout.(六)“akindof,thiskindof,manykindsof,allkindsof+名词”和“名词+ofthiskind”等，以及由与kind意义相近的type,sort,part,form等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语与of前的名词保持一致。类似的还有aquantityofanamountof+不可数名词，谓语用单数；quantitiesofamountsof+不可数名词,谓语用复数。Thiskindofapplesishighlypriced.Manykindsofapplesarehighlypriced.Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.Vastamountsofmoneyarebeinginvestedinthelocalmarket.(七)由or,either…or,nor,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,not…but连接的两个以上主语时,就近原则。Eitherheoryouhavetotellthetruth.Neithermybrothernorhisfriendsareover18yearsold.Notonlythebasketballplayersbutalsothecoachwasverynervous.(八)若主语的复数名词表示的是”一段时间”,“一笔钱”,“一段距离”,“一个数量”,“一个面积”的时候用单数谓语动词.Twoweeksistoenoughformetofinishit.Fivethousanddollarsistoomuch.Tenkilometersistoolongformetorun.(九)people(人民),police,folk(人们)，clothes，cattle(牛群)等常用复数动词.。有一些集体名词,如果表示的是整体就用单数动词,如果表示的是其中的个体就用复数谓语动词.这样的词常见的有family,class,audience,public,team,committee(委员会),company，crowd,flock(鸟兽群、人群),group,public,staff(职员),crew（机组人员）,majority,minority等等。themajorityof+复数名词，谓语用复数；themajority单独作主语，谓语可以用单数或者复数。Hisfamilyareallsingers.Hisfamilyisverylarge.Themajorityofboyslikefootball.Themajoritywaswereinfavoroftheproposal(提议).(十)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词与先行词一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthathavebeenasked.Thisistheonlyoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthathasbeenasked.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法(十一)一些名词只有复数形式，如clothes,scissors（小剪刀）,trousers,shorts,scales（尺度、天平）等，作主语时谓语用复数形式:Thescalesaremine.但是由两部分构成的东西如trousers,shoes,glasses,chopsticks,scissors,compasses(指南针)等前有apairofaseriesofakindof修饰要用单数。Thispairofscissorsbelongstothetailor.(十二)population单用谓语用单数，但是前有分数、百分数修饰，谓语常用复数。分数或百分数+of+名词、somealotofplentyoftherestof+名词作主语时，谓语动词和of后面的名词保持一致。What’sthepopulationofSichuanProvince?Eightypercentofthepopulationherearepeasants.Twothirdsofthemoneywassavedforotherpurposes.(十三)，算术式通常用单数。(十四)ics结尾的学科用单数谓语动词。politics政治physics物理(十五)书名，剧名，报纸名，国名的复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。Theunitedstatesisacapitalistcountry.“TheArabianNights”isaveryinterestingstory-book.(十六)the+形容词（分词）指人谓语动词用复数形式。指抽象谓语动词用单数。TheEnglishspeakEnglish.Thepoorarebeingtakengoodcareof.Thebeautifullivesforever.美是永恒的。(十七)who,what,which,more,或halftherestallmost分数百分数anymoresomenoneplentytheremainder+(of+n.)等作主语,如果指代的是复数意义，谓语用复数；如果指代单数意义，谓语用单数。(十八)oneandahalf加复数名词或者aan+单数名词+ortwo作主语,谓语动词用单数；oneortwo+复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；manya+n.morethanone+n.都意为“许多---”,但谓语用单数；more+复数名词+thanone,动词用复数。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.Oneortwostudentswereplantingtreesyesterdayafternoon.Manyamanthinkslifeismeaninglesswithoutpurpose.2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——主谓一致（08陕西）1.—Didyougototheshowlastnight?—Yeah.Everyboyandgirlintheareainvited.A.wereB.havebeenC.hasbeenD.was（09湖南）2.Eitheryouoroneofyourstudents______toattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.A.areB.isC.haveD.be（09四川）3.Theteachertogetherwiththestudents______discussingReadingSkillsthat_____newlypublishedinAmerica.A.are;wereB.is;wereC.are;wasD.is;was（10湖南）4.Listeningtoloudmusicatrockconcertscausedhearinglossinsometeenagers.A.isB.areC.hasD.have（10四川）5.SuchpoetsasShakespearewidelyread，ofwhoseworks，however，somedifficulttounderstand．A．are；areB．is；isC．are；isD．is：are（10全国Ⅱ）6.Barbaraiseasytorecognizeasshe’stheonlyoneofthewomenwho____eveningdress.A.wearB.wearsC.haswornD.haveworn（11安徽）7.Thefactoryused65percentoftherawmaterials,therestofwhich_____savedforotherpurposes.A.isB.areC.wasD.were(11湖南)8.Onethirdofthecountry______coveredwithtreesandthemajorityofthecitizens_______blackpeople.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;areD.are;is73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（12湖南）9.Allthescientificevidence_____thatincreasinguseofchemicalsinfarming_____damagingourhealth.A.show,areB.shows,areC.show,isD.shows,is(12陕西)10.Thebasketballcoach,aswellashisteam,______interviewedshortlyafterthematchfortheiroutstandingperformance.A.wereB.wasC.isD.are参考答案1.答案D主语是everyboyandgirl,表示单数概念,故谓语动词用单数,且询问昨晚的情况,有明确的过去时间,所以应选择was。2.答案B主谓一致的用法。Either…or….连接两个主语，按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。Oneofyourstudents谓语应用单数形式。3.答案D考查主谓一致。AtogetherwithB作主语时谓语动词与A的单复数保持一致；第二空为定语从句that指代ReadingSkills，由于ReadingSkills是书名所以谓语动词用单数。4.答案C考点：主谓一致解析：根据动名词短语作主语，句子的谓语动词用单数形式，由此排除B、D两项，根据主语与caused的主动关系，排除A项5.答案A考点：考查主谓一致。解析：主句中的主语应为poets,谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为someofwhoseworks，谓语动词也应是复数。故选A。6.答案B解析：考查主谓一致和时态。首先theonlyoneof….为先行词时，定语从句修饰的是one，即one是主语，而非后面的复数women，根据主谓一致的原则，谓语动词应该用复数，排除A，D。另外，从“is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯，因此要用一般现在时，排除C，故选A7.D8.A9.D10.B九、非谓语动词1.非谓语动词，顾名思义不能单独作谓语，包括：不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词。它们有下面基本形式的变化：（1）不定式：形式主动式被动式一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone含义：todo常表示一个没发生的主动动作；tobedone常表示一个没发生的被动动作：“--将被---”;tobedoing表示不定式动作和谓语动词动作同时发生；tohavedone表示一个已发生（发生在谓语动词动作之前）的主动动作；tohavebeendone表示一个已发生（发生在谓语动词动作之前）的被动动作。①Hehadtoruninordertocatchthebus.（一般式的主动式）②Thebridgetobecompletednextmonthwillbringgreatconveniencetothepeoplealongtheriver.(一般式的被动式)③Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.(进行式)Shanghaiisthefirstcityintheworldtohavebuiltahigh-speedmaglevtrain.(完成式主动式)Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.(完成式的被动式)（2）v-ing形式：形式主动式被动式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone含义：doing常表示一个主动、进行的动作;beingdone表一个被动、进行的动作：“---正被---”;havingdone表示一个已发生（发生在谓语动词动作之前）的主动动作；73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法havingbeendone表示一个已发生（发生在谓语动词动作之前）的被动动作。²Hesatinachair,readinganovel.(一般式主动式)²Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowwillbefinishednextweek.(一般式被动式)²Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentplaying.(完成式主动式)²Havingbeenshowntheclassroom,weweretakentoseethelibrary.(完成式被动式)(3)过去分词：含义：表示被动、完成。不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成意义，没有被动意义：thefallenleaves掉下了的树叶；可以和be动词、系动词构成短语的过去分词常表示状态或结果，没有被动或完成意义。这类过去分词被称为分词式形容词：beseatedhiddenlostdrunkdresseddevoteddetermined等。Lostinthoughts，hedidn’trealizethedanger.belostin陷入(思考、惊异等状态)，这里lost不表被动，表示状态。2.所做成分项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语动词-ing形式现在分词△△△△动名词△△△△不定式△△△△△△过去分词△△△△II.基本知识1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分①作主语Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.在很多情况下，常用it来充当动词不定式的形式主语。ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。②作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后afford，agree，ask，beg，choose，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，hope，happen，intend，learn，long，manage，mean（打算），offer，prepare，pretend，promise，plan，refuse，seem，wish等。Hepromisedtocomehereatnine，buthedidn’t.他答应9点钟到这儿,但没来。在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。Ifounditimpossibletofinishtheworkontime.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。③作定语（常后置）。由only,last,next，序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语;不定式还可用作下列名词或代词的后置定语(ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something)等。  Heisalwaysthelastonetoleave.他总是最后一个离开。Ihavenodesiretotravel.不定式与修饰的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词代词(大多数时候是主语)有主谓关系（也就是动作的发出者）时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如不定式动词是不及物的，必须加上介词：Hehasnothingtoeat.(toeat修饰nothing，动词eat的宾语是nothing,he是“吃”的动作发出者)Wouldyoubringmeabenchtositon(tositon修饰abench,siton的宾语是abench,me是动作发出者)。④作状语Iwalkedslowlyontheiceinordernottofalldown.(表目的)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.(表出乎意料结果)Shewas happytohearthenews.(表原因)不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt适合的、聪明的,careful,careless,certain,clever,considerate为他人着想的、体谅的,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,comfortable,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless欠考虑的、粗心的,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.如主语与不定式动词之间有动宾关系，不定式用主动形式表被动;动词不定式动词若是不及物动词，这个动词就应有必要的介词。Thehouseiscomfortabletolivein.⑤作独立副词成分。Tospeakfrankly,Idon’tlikeyourattitude.⑥与疑问词连用。疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。Whenandwheretostarthasnotbeendecided.什么时候什么地方出发还没有定。Hedidn’tknowwhattodonext.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertogotoJapan.我没有决定是否到日本去。⑦不定式的复合结构Itis+adj.+forof+sb(sth)+动词不定式构成的复合结构。It’sbraveofyoutogointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby!你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿⑧不带to的动词不定式▲在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have;hear,see,feel,smell,watch,notice,look,listen,observe等。Theteacheroftenmakesmerewritethecomposition.老师常常让我把作文重写。注意：被动语态中to要还原：Iamoftenmadebytheteachertorewritethecomposition.▲下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：hadbetter(best)最好;wouldrather---（than）---=wouldsooner---than---=would---ratherthan---宁愿----（也不---）；cannotbut---=canbut---=cannothelpbut---=cannotchoosebut---“不得不只好---”；但cannothelpdingsth“情不自禁做某事”;maymightaswell---最好----；donomorethan---只不过---Theycannotbutaccepthisadvice.他们只好接受他的建议。▲在except,but之前有动词do作实义动词，则except,but后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。Wehavenochoicebuttowait.我们除了等待别无选择（我们只好等待）。Thereisnothingtodobutreadabook.2.动名词在句中充当的成分①作主语Teachingofferssomethingbesidesmoneyandpower.②作表语Seeingisbelieving.③作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语：建议冒险去献身：advise,suggest,risk,devoteoneselfto忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受),lookforwardto,stop（停止做同一件事）放弃延期悔失去：giveup,delay,putoff,regret,miss坚持欣赏（想）要（实）践（完）成：keep(on)/insiston/stickto,enjoy/appreciate,feellike,practice,finish注意原谅避反对：payattentionto,excuse,escape,avoid,objectto考虑要求不自禁：consider,require,cannothelp允许习惯不介意：forbid;permit,be/getusedto/beaccustomedto,mind值得开始想动名：beworth,setabout,imagineHiswifedoesn"tallowsmokinginsidetheroombutallowshimtosmokeoutsidetheroom.他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。巧记只跟动名词作宾语的动词（短语）：(1)“megafeps”(霉咖啡不吃),mind,miss,enjoy,give73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法up,admit,avoid,finish,escape,practise.(2)“makes(a)fitspeech”：mind,avoid,keep(on),enjoy,suggest,finish,imagine,thinkabout,spend,practise,excuse,escape,can"thelp在want,need,require等表示“需要”的动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思：Myhairneedscutting.(=Myhairneedstobecut.)④作定语，它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或或功能。Thefactorybuiltaswimmingpoollastyear.游泳池注意：①动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格+动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格+动名词构成，在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?Doyoumindmeclosingthedoor?Ican’tstandLaoChang’stalkinglikethataboutothercomrades.②动名词的某些固定结构▲Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime/money,abore...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.哭没有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反对也没有用。Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain．设法解释是浪费时间。▲Itis+useless+doingsth．Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。▲There’s(no)point(in)doingsth.做---有（没有）意义。▲Thereisno+v-ing“…是不可能的”。Thereisnoknowinghowoldsheis.(=Itisimpossibletoknowhowoldsheis.)Thereisnotellingwhereshe’sgone.(=Itisimpossible/difficulttoknowwhereshe’sgone.)▲makeapointof+doing“认为…是必要的”OurfamilymakeapointofgoingtochurcheverySunday.(=OurfamilymakeitaruletogotochurcheverySunday.)▲beonthepointof+doing“将要…”Hewasonthepointofleaving.▲on(upon)+doing“一…就…”Onhearingthenews,Ichangedmyplans.(=AssoonasIheardthenews,Ichangedmyplans.)▲go+doing(大部分指运动和游戏)Hewentshopping/hiking/swimming/fishingetc.▲动名词短语常用在以下结构中havedifficulty/trouble(in)+doingsthhavefun(in)+doingsth/haveagoodtime(in)+doingsth/haveahardtime(in)+doingsth▲feellike+动名词“想要”=wouldliketo+原形动词Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie?你想看电影吗?3.分词在句中充当的成分①作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。Theboringsnowmadetheboredboysgohome.(=Thesnowwhichwasboringmadetheboyswhofeltboredgohome)②作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see,hear,keep,find,notice,watch,73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法think,want,smell,observe，catch等。注意：感官动词后面接不定式dosth作宾补和接现在分词doingsth作宾补含义不一样：不定式作宾补表示全过程，现在分词作宾补表示正在进行的动作。Thestoryisboring.Isawhimenteringthelibrary.(现在分词作宾补，“我看到他正进入图书馆”)Isawhimenterthelibrary.(省to不定式作宾补，“我看见他进入了图书馆”)Icaughtthemstealingmyapples．(现在分词作宾补，“我抓住他们正在偷我的苹果”)③作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因,条件,结果,伴随情况。Havingreadalltherequiredpapers,heansweredthequestionsfluently.（时间）Beingshortofmoney,Idecidedtoapplyforthework.（原因）Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.（原因）Ifgoingtherebyplane,we’llhavetopaytwiceasmuch.（条件）Unlessaskedtoanswerquestions,thepupilswerenotsupposedtotalkinMrsSmith’sclass.（条件）Thefarmerused anewinsecticide,thusraisingtheaverageyieldby15%.（结果）Hesatinarockingchair,watchingTV.（伴随）III.非谓语动词比较1.做主语和宾语时的比较一般来说，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。Lookingafterchildrenisherjob.照看小孩Tocleantheclassroomishisjobtoday.打扫教室注意下列重点内容：①有些词后面既可以接不定式．亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意A.remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=havingdone)，接不定式，表示将来意义。B.mean：meantodo=wanttodo打算，想要……meandoing：意味着，就是C.stop：stoptodo停下来，要干另一件事（不定式作目的状语）stopdoing停止做（动名词作宾语）D.try：trytodo，努力干……trydoing：尝试干……E.want，need，require意思作“需要”讲接动名词主动式表示被动意义，接不定式就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter（=tobelookedafter）.Thematterneedsthinkingover(=tobethoughtover).F.goon：goontodo继续干和原来不同的另一件事（不定式作目的状语）goondoing继续干原来同一件事（动名词作宾语）H.beconsideredtohavedone被认为已经做了……consider…tobe认为是……considerdoing考虑做某事I.be（get）usedtodoing习惯于……beusedtodo被用来做……J.can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做……can’thelp(to)dosth,不能帮助做……can’thelpbutdosth.不得不做……2.做宾补时的比较：非谓语动词作宾补，要看它和宾语的关系。WhenIcamein,Isawherdancinghappily.Themotherwillhavethedoctorexaminehersonagain.YesterdayIhadmyhaircut.WhenIgothomeIfoundthewindowbrokenandthethiefgoneawayalready.Thethiefwasbroughtintotheroomwithhishandstied.3.做表语时的比较73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法动名词往往表示经常性的动作，不定时往往表示一次性的动作。分词做表语表明主语的特征和状态。现在分词作表语，多指事物“令人/让人----”；过去分词作表语往往指人“感到----”。Herjobiscleaningoffices.(Whatisherjob?)(=Cleaningofficesisherjob.)Ourjobtodayistocleantheoffice.(=Tocleantheofficeisourjobtoday.)Thenewsisveryexciting.Theyareverytiredafteralongwalk.4.做定语时的比较：非谓语动词作定语，要看它和被修饰词的关系。其中动名词做定语，往往表示先行词的用途或功能。一些与感觉有关的动词的现在分词作定语，多指事物“令人/让人----”：thesurprisingnews=thenewsissurprising；一些与感觉有关的动词的过去分词作定语，多用来指人，人的声音或表情：theexcitedboys=theboyswereexcited。IlikereadingbookswrittenbyLuXun.ThewomanstandingoverthereisourEnglishteacher.Thehousetobebuilt(=whichwillbebuilt/whichistobebuilt)nextyearwillbeournewlibrary.Thehousebeingbuilt(=whichisbeingbuilt)nowwillbeournewlibrary.Thehousebuilt(=whichwasbuilt)lastyearisournewlibrarynow.5.做状语时的比较：非谓语动词作状语，要看它和主语的关系。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。①目的状语：通常用不定式表示。不定式前还可加上inorder，soas来加强说话的口气。但soasto通常不用于句首。Inorderto(不用soasto)seebetter,wetookfrontseats.②时间状语：分词作时间状语可以换成时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。过去分词作时间状语前面可加上时间连词。Arriving(=Whenhearrived)atthebusstop,hefoundhissisterthere.Having(=Whenwehave)madefullpreparations,wearereadyforanexamination.Afterfinishinghishomework,hewenttobed.Seen(=Whenthetownisseen)fromthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.对比：Seeing(=Whenwesee)fromthehill,wefoundthetownmorebeautiful.Locked(=Whenhewaslocked)upintheroom,hefoundhimselfisolatedfromtheouterworld.③原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy,sorry,fortunate,angry,glad,ashamed,discouraged,delighted,frightened,shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句，一般位于句首。I"mverysorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.让你久等了Being(=Sincehewas)illalllastyear,helivedinasanatorium.Having(=Sincetheyhad)beenaskedtostay,theycouldn"tpossiblyleaverightaway.Moved(=Ashewasmoved)bytheheroicdeedsofthePLAman,heburstintotears.④条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句，一般位于句首。Turningtotheleft，youwillseethepostoffice.=Ifyouturntotheleft，youwillseethepostoffice.=Turntotheleft，andyouwillseethepostoffice.Given(=Ifhehadbeengiven)moretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.⑤结果状语：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+asto，such+名词+asto，too…to，enoughto和onlyto等结构。现在分词作结果状语常表示自然而然的结果；不定式作结果状语（前常有only)表示出乎意料的结果。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Hisissuchasadstoryastoarouseoutsympathy.Themandiedyoung,leavingnothingbutdebt.(自然的结果)Iworkedlateintothenight,onlytofindIhadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.(出乎意料的结果)⑥让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。(Though)wounded,thesoldiermanagedtogettothevillagesafely.⑦伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。Theywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.Hewentintothehouse,followedbysomechildren.注意：分词的独立主格结构（了解）有时分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致(即分词不和句子主语构成主动或被动关系)，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。在句中多作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。这种结构可以看成是“with/without+宾语(名词或代词)+宾补(分词、不定式、形容词、名词、介词短语等)”的复合结构去掉了with/without。①Weatherpermitting,wewillgoout.=Withweatherpermitting,wewillgoout.②Theteacherhavingfinishedthelesson,thestudentslefttheclassroom.=Withtheteacherhavingfinishedthelesson,thestudentslefttheclassroom.③某些固定结构generally/frankly/honestlyspeaking…,judgingfrom/by…等中，分词不与句子的主语构成主动或被动关系，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。Judgingbyhisdress,hecomesfromawealthyfamily.从他的衣着判断Franklyspeaking,Idon"tlikehimatall.坦率地说注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning=regarding关于,considering=respecting=given考虑到等。Consideringhisage,heistall.考虑了他的年龄Ihavenothingtosayconcerninghisspeech.关于他的演讲IV.关于therebe的非谓语形式（了解）therebe非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语1.作动词宾语时，通常用theretobe结构，而不用therebeing。Theyhatetheretobelongqueueseverywhere..他们不愿意处处都要排长队。Wehavenoobjectiontotherebeingameetinghere．我们并不反对在这里开会。2.作状语多用therebeing结构，但若置于介词for之后要用theretobeTherebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) It’stooearlyfortheretobeanybodyup．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语) 2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——非谓语动词1.(2011全国卷,27)Thenextthinghesawwassmokefrombehindthehouse.A.roseB.risingC.toriseD.risen2.(2011全国卷II,15)Theisland,tothemainlandbyabridge,iseasytogoto.A.joiningB.tojoinC.joinedD.havingjoined3.(2011全国卷II,18)Sarahpretendedtobecheerful,______nothingabouttheargument.A.saysB.saidC.tosayD.saying[来源om]4.（2011北京卷,25）It’simportantforthefiguresregularly.A.tobeupdatedB.tohavebeenupdatedC.toupdateD.tohaveupdated5.（2011北京卷,33）Sitdown,Emma.Youwillonlymakeyourselfmoretired,onyoufeet.A.tokeepB.keepingC.havingkeptD.tohavekept6.（2011天津卷,7）Passengersarepermittedonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.A.tocarryB.carryingC.tobecarriedD.beingcarried73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法7.（2011天津卷,12）______intoEnglish,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.A.TranslatingB.TranslatedC.TotranslateD.Havingtranslated8.（2011上海春招,34）Mikefoundhismissingcarinthestreetoutsidehishouse,______newlycleanedandpolished.[来]A.lookedB.tolookC.lookingD.tobelooking9.（2011上海春招,36）______in1955,DisneylandinCaliforniaisregardedbymanyastheoriginalfunpark.A.OpenedB.HavingopenedC.OpeningD.Beingopened[来源:中,国教,育出,版网]10.（2011上海春招,40）HarrisonFordisthoughttobeoneofthefewmoviestars______asacarpenterbefore.A.toworkB.tobeworkingC.tohaveworkedD.tohavebeenworking11.(2011山东卷,27)Lookoverthere—there’saverylong,windingpath_______uptothehouse.A.leadingB.leadsC.ledD.tolead12.（2011江苏卷,31）Recentlyasurvey_______pricesofthesamegoodsintwodifferentsupermarketshascausedheateddebateamongcitizens.A．comparedB．comparingC．comparesD．beingcompared13.（2011福建卷,23）TsinghuaUniversity,in1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.A.foundB.foundingC.foundedD.tobefounded14.（2011福建卷,27）ThedifferenceinthicknessandweightfromtheearlierversionmakestheiPad2morecomfortable.[A.heldB.holdingC.beheldD.tohold15.（2011安徽卷,30）Tomaskedthecandymakersiftheycouldmakethechocolateeasier_____intosmallpieces.A.breakB.breakingC.brokenD.tobreak[来源:中.教.网z.z.s16.(2011浙江卷,3)Batsaresurprisinglylong-livedcreatures,some______alifespanofaround20years.A.havingBhadC.haveD.tohave17.(2011浙江卷,14)Eventhebestwriterssometimesfindthemselves______forwords.A.loseB.lostC.toloseD.havinglost18.(2011浙江卷,19)Iftheywinthefinaltonight,theteamaregoingtotouraroundthecity______bytheirenthusiasticsupporters.A.beingcheeredB.becheeredC.tobecheeredD.werecheered19.（2011四川卷,2）Ladexdoes’tfeellikeabroad.Herparentsareold.A.studyB.studyingC.studiedD.tostudy20.（2011四川卷,11）Simonmadeabigbambooboxthelittlesickbirdtillitcouldfly.[来源:zA.keepB.keptC.keepingD.tokeep21.（2011四川卷,16）animportantroleinanewmovie,Andyhasachancetobecomefamous.A.OfferB.OfferingC.OfferedD.Tooffer[来源:中+国教+育出+版网]22.（2011重庆卷,29）MoreTVprograms,accordingtogovernmentofficials,willbeproducedpeople’sconcernoverfoodsafety.A.toraiseB.raisingC.tohaveraisedD.havingraised23.（2011重庆卷,33）MichaelputupapictureofYaoMingbesidethebedtokeephimself________ofhisowndreams.A.remindingB.toremindC.remindedD.remind24.（2011陕西卷,14）Clairehadherluggageanhourbeforeherplaneleft.A.checkB.checkingC.tocheckD.checked25.（2011陕西卷,20）MorehighwayshavebeenbuiltinChina,_____itmucheasierforpeopletotravelformoneplacetoanother.A.makingB.madeC.tomakeD.havingmade26.（2011湖南卷,21）Theability_____anideaisasimportantastheideaitself[来源:z_zs_om]AexpressingBexpressedCtoexpressDtobeexpressed27.（2011湖南卷,23）Theplayers______fromthewholecountryareexpectedtobringushonorinthissummergame.AselectingBtoselectCselectedDhavingselected[来源:28.（2011湖南卷,29）Doyouwakeupeverymorning________energeticandreadytostartanewday?A.feelB.tofeelC.feelingD.felt29.(2011辽宁卷,30)aroundthefire,thetouristsdancedwiththelocalpeople.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.GatherB.TogatherC.GatheringD.Tobegathering30.（2011江西卷32）Onreceivingaphonecallfromhiswife_____shehadafall,Mr.Gordenimmediatelyrushedhomefromhisoffice.A.saysB.saidC.sayingD.tosay31.(2011辽宁卷,23)Twentystudentswanttoattendtheclassthataimstoteachtoreadfast.A.whatB.whoC.howD.why1.【2012全国卷II】⒑Tonylentmethemoney,_____thatI’ddoasmuchforhim.A.hopingB.tohopeC.hopedD.havinghoped2.【2012全国卷II】⒖Theoldmansatinfrontofthetelevisioneveryevening,happy___anythingthathappenedtobeon.A.towatchB.watchingC.watchedD.tohavewatched3.【2012安徽】24.IrememberedthedoorbeforeIlefttheoffice,butforgottoturnoffthelights.A.lockingB.tolockC.havinglockedD.tohavelocked4.【2012安徽】30.Whenforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaidhefounditveryinterestingandrewarding.A.askingB.askedC.havingaskedD.tobeasked5.【2012重庆】23.______toworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.A.HavingbeenaskedB.ToaskC.HavingaskedD.Tobeasked6.【2012重庆】28.We’rehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision______atthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.A.tobemadeB.beingmadeC.madeD.havingbeenmade7.【2012全国】28.Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather.A.permittingB.topermitC.permittedD.permit8.【2012全国】32.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen_suchartformsasmusicandpainting.A.havingcomparedtoB.comparingtoC.comparetoD.comparedto9.【2012北京】23.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand______them.A.correctsB.correctC.tocorrectD.correcting10.【2012北京】27.______withcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks.A.UseB.UsingC.UsedD.Touse11.【2012北京】31.______atthedoorbeforeyouentermyroom,please.A.KnockB.KnockingC.KnockedD.Toknock12.【2012福建】28.ChinarecentlytighteneditswaterscontrolsneartheHuangyanIslandtopreventChinesefishingboatsfrom________intheSouthChinaSea.A.attackingB.havingattackingC.beingattackedD.havingbeenattacked13.【2012福建】34.Pressedfromhisparents,and____thathehaswastedtoomuchtime,theboyisdeterminedtostopplayingvideogames.A.realizingB.realizedC.torealizeD.beingrealized14.【2012陕西】15._______inalongqueue,wewaitedforthestoretoopentobuyaNewiPad.A.StandingB.TostandC.StoodD.Stand15.【2012陕西】22.Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebut_____anevengreaterchallenge.A.meetsB.meetingC.meetD.tomeet16.【2012山东】26.Georgereturnedafterthewar,only_______thathiswifehadlefthim.A.tobetoldB.tellingC.beingtoldD.told17.【2012山东】35.Aftercompletingandsigningit,pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope_____.A.providingB.providedC.havingprovidedD.provide18.【2012湖南】21.We’vehadagoodstart,butnext,moreworkneeds____toachievethefinalsuccess.A.beingdoneB.doC.tobedoneD.todo19.【2012湖南】23.Time,______correctly,ismoneyinthebank.A.touseB.usedC.usingD.use73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法20【2012湖南】31.Thelecture,_____at7:00pmlastnight,wasfollowedbyanobservationofthemoonwithtelescopes.A.startingB.beingstartingC.tostartD.tobestarted21.【2012天津】11.Hegotuplateandhurriedtohisoffice,______thebreakfastuntouched.A.leftB.toleaveC.leavingD.havingleft22.【2012江西】33.Havingfinishedherproject,shewasinvitedbytheschool_____tothenewstudents.A.speakingB.havingspokenC.tospeakD.tohavespoken23.【2012江西】35.Johnhasreallygotthejobbecauseheshowedmetheofficialletter_____himit.A.offeredB.offeringC.toofferD.tobeoffered24.【2012辽宁】25.Theoldcoupleoftentakeawalkaftersuperintheparkwiththeirpetdog____.A.tofollowB.followingC.followedD.follows25.【2012辽宁】29.Thismachineisveryeasy______.Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.A.operatingB.tobeoperatingC.operatedD.tooperate26.【2012四川】6.Tomtookataxitotheairport,only_____hisplanehighupinthesky.A.findingB.tofindC.beingfoundD.tohavefound27.【2012四川】8.Ilookedupandnoticedasnake______itswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.A.towindB.windC.windingD.wound28.【2012四川】12.Beforedrivingintothecity,youarerequiredtogetyourcar____.A.washedB.washC.washingD.towash29.【2012浙江】3.Nomatterhowbrightatalkeryouare,therearetimeswhenit’sbetter____silent.A.remainB.beremainingC.havingremainedD.toremain30.【2012浙江】8.IthinkTom,astheheadofabigdepartment,shouldeitherstudyregularlyor____hisjob.A.quitsB.toquitC.quittingD.quit31.【2012浙江】11.“It’ssuchaniceplace,”Mothersaidasshesatatthetable_____forcustomers.A.tobereservedB.havingreservedC.reservingD.reserved32.【2012江苏】31.______animportantdecisionmoreonemotionthanonreason,youwillregretitsoonorlater.A.BasedB.BasingC.BaseD.Tobase11年答案1.答案B解析：考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。句意为“接下来我们看到的是烟雾从房子的后面冒出来。”rise升起来和see看到这两个动作是同时发生的，因此选择现在进行的形式表示非谓语动词动作和谓语动词动作同时发生。选B。2.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“因为有一座桥与大陆连接，那个岛屿很容易去。”join是及物动词，但空格后没有宾语，故使用join的过去分词形式，充当表示状态或性质的形容词用，选项A、B、D都是主动式，需要后接宾语，因此排除。选C。3.答案D解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Sarah假装开心，对那次争论什么也没说。”A和B项是谓语动词形式，句中没有连词，故排除；C项是作目的状语，而句中是伴随状态，故选D。4.答案A[解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“经常更新这些数值很重要。”B和D项表示发生过的某件具体的事，但句尾的regularly表示经常发生的事，故用一般现在时。for引出的逻辑主语thefigures与update存在着被动关系，故选A。5.答案B解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Emma，你坐下吧。老这么站着你会累的。”A项tokeep是表示将来。C项havingkept和D项tohavekept表示动作先发生。makeyourselfmoretired与keepingonyoufeet同时进行，故选B。[来源:om]6.答案A解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“旅客只可以随身携带一件行李登机。”permitsb.todosth.允许某人做某事，句中是被动语态，Passengers是carry的逻辑主语，用主动式，故选A。[7.答案B解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“翻译成英语后，发现这个句子的词序全变了。”thesentence与translate之间存在着被动关系，故用过去分词，答案B。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法8.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Mike在他屋子外的大街上发现了他丢失的汽车，看上去刚擦得干干净净，还打过腊。”A项looked是谓语形式，但句中没有连词；B项不定式tolook和D项tobelooking如果都表结果，那只能由Mike执行这个动作，与题意不符；C项looking表明车子的特性，作伴随状语，故选C。9.答案A解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“很多人认为1955年开业的加利福尼亚迪斯尼乐园非常有趣。”open开业，与Disneyland之间存在着被动关系；D项Beingopened表正在进行，但开业的事实已经发生，故选A。10.答案C[解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“HarrisonFord被认为是为数不多的曾经做过木匠的电影明星之一。”“做过木匠”这事发生在过去，不定式应当用完成式，表示发生过，排除A、B项。因为现在是明星，排除D项，选C。11.答案A解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“看那儿，有一条长长的蜿蜒小路向上延伸到那座房子。”leading作为path的后置定语，相当于whichleads。选A。[来源:中国教育出版网om]12.答案B解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“最近一项调查引起了市民们的激烈讨论，该调查是比较在两个不同超市里的相同商品的价格。”句子的主语是asurvey，谓语动词是hascaused，宾语是heateddebate。由此可见，原句不缺主干成分，“pricesofthesamegoodsintwodifferentsupermarkets”该部分是来修饰survey的，做后置定语。排除C作谓语动词的选项。由于prices作compare的宾语，是主动形式，所以选B。13.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“建于1911年的清华大学培养了一大批杰出的人士。”TsinghuaUniversity与found之间存在着被动关系，tobefounded不定式表将来。founded过去分词表被动，也表动作已完成，故选C。14.答案D解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“iPad2与早期的型号在厚度和重量上不同，拿在手里很舒服。”在用easy,difficult,hard,comfortable等形容词构成的复合宾语时，用不定式作状语。hold与前面的theiPad2有逻辑上的动宾关系，故用主动式。因此，选D。15.答案D解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Tom问糖果制造商能否把巧克力做得更容易扳成小块。”在用easy,difficult,hard,comfortable等形容词构成的复合宾语时，用不定式作状语。tobreak与thechocolate存在着动宾关系，故用主动式的不定式，选D。16.答案A[解析：考查独立主格结构。句意为“令人惊讶的是，蝙蝠是长寿的动物，有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式，题中没有连词，无法并存两个句子。tohave表将来；having表伴随，因此，选A。17.答案B解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“甚至最优秀的作家有时也会发现他们难以用文字表达自己。”lose是及物动词，A、C、D项都是主动式，空格后没有lose的宾语，故用过去分词lost当形容词用，作findthemselves的宾语补足语。选B。[来源om]18.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“如果他们赢了今晚的决赛，队员们将会巡游全城，接受热心支持者的欢呼。”A项beingcheered正在进行；B项becheered是谓语原形；D项werecheered也是谓语，但句中已有谓语aregoingto；C项tobecheered表示将来，同时也表示被动。根据语境，选C。19.答案B解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Ladex不愿意去国外留学，因为她的父母年纪大了。”feellikedoingsth.想要做某事，习惯表达法。因此选B。20.答案D解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Simon制作了一个大竹盒来养这只生病的小鸟，直到它能飞起来。”makeabigbamboobox的目的是为了keepthelittlesickbird，因此选D表示目的状语。A项构成使役用法，大竹盒无生命力，不能执行这个动作；B项是谓语词，与句中made冲突；C项是伴随状语，表示made与keep同时进行。根据句意选D。21.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Andy在一部新影片中扮演重要角色，这就有了成名的机会。”offersb.sth.(主动)提供某人某物。句中Andy与offer之间存在着被动关系，故选C。22.答案A[解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“据政府官员说，为了唤起人们对食品安全的关注，将制作更多的电视节目。”raising表示伴随；tohaveraised表示动作已发生；havingraised表示动作先发生；toraise表示目的状语，事情还没有发生，是前面“将制作更多的电视节目”的目的，因此，选A。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法23.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Michael在他的床头贴了姚明的照片提醒自己不要忘了自己的梦想。”空格前的himself与动词remind之间存在着被动关系。故选C。[来24.答案D解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“Claire在登机前一小时她携带的行李接受了检查。”havesth.done“让…被做”。逻辑主语是herluggage，和check的关系是被动关系，所以答案选择D。25.答案A解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“中国修建了越来越多的高速公路，人们更加方便从一个地点到另外一个地点。”空格后面是it，说明是主动关系，排除B；不能选择C的原因是todo做目的状语，不符合句意；答案选择A，表示结果。26.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。句意为“想法重要，提出想法的能力也同样重要。”express修饰的是ability,为主动关系，排除B和D表示被动的选项；ability作为一个抽象名词，通常使用动词不定式做定语，联系到短语beabletodosth，不难推断正确选项为C。27.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词做定语的用法。句意为“人们期待着从全国各地挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。”select修饰players,为被动关系，只有C选项表被动。故选C。28.答案C[解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“每天早上醒来后，你是否感到精力充沛，并为新的一天作好了准备？”wakeup作句子的谓语，句中没有连词，排除谓语动词feel。tofeel表将来，与wakeup组成一先一后的动作关系，felt作为过去分词表被动，与you这个逻辑主语矛盾，故选C，feeling作伴随状语。29.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“游客们围绕在火堆旁边，与当地人一起跳舞。”gather的动作由thetourists执行,用主动形式,并与dance同时进行,故选C，表示伴随情况。[来源:com]30.答案C解析：考查非谓语动词。“在接到妻子的电话说她摔倒后，Gorden先生立刻从办公室冲回家。”非谓语动词修饰phonecall，前后动词的动作在同一时间发生，表主动进行用现在分词的形式。选C。31.答案C解析：考查疑问副词+todo的用法。句意为“有二十名学生想听旨在提高阅读速度的课程。”fast提示了方式，how+toreadfast等同于名词，作teach的宾语。故选C。12年答案1.【答案】A2.【答案】A3.【答案】B4.【答案】B5.【答案】A6.【答案】A7.【答案】A8.【答案】D9.【答案】D10.【答案】C11.【答案】A12.【答案】C13.【答案】A14.【答案】A15.【答案】D16.【答案】17.【答案】18.【答案】C19.【答案】B20.【答案】A21.【答案】C22.【答案】C23.【答案】B24.【答案】B25.【答案】D26.【答案】B27.【答案】C28.【答案】A29.【答案】D32.【答案】B31.【答案】D30.【答案】D十、名词性从句一、概念：名词性从句的功能相当于名词（词组），在复合句中充当主语、表语、宾语和同位语。分为：主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句二、引导名词性从句的有：从属连词：that无词义,宾语从句的that有时可省；if/whether是否；asif/asthough好像。这一类连词都不作成分连接代词：who谁/whoever不管谁、无论谁(可做主语、宾语、表语)；whom谁/whomever不管谁、无论谁(可做主语、宾语、表语)；what什么/whatever无论什么（事物），所---的事物(可做主语、宾语、表语、定语)；which哪一个(些)/whichever无论哪一个（些）(可做主语、宾语、表语、定语)；whose谁的（可做定语）。连接副词：when什么时候---的时候/whenever无论什么时候,where哪里---的地方/wherever无论哪里,how怎么样/however无论怎样、不管怎样,why为什么,howsoon/often/long——这一类都作状语三、分类：（一）主语从句在复合句中作主语，一般可置于谓语之前，但多数情况，由it作形式主语，而把主语从句置于主句之后(if不能放句首，that不可省)Whatyouneedismorepractice.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Whetherornothewillgoisnotknown.=Itisnotknownwhether/ifhewillcome.1.常用it作形式主语的结构1.Itis＋名词(apity/shame,afact,anhonor,apleasure)＋that从句It’sashamethatshedidn’tcomewithus.It’ssuchapleasurethatyouarehere.2.Itis＋形容词(clear,obvious,possible,important,necessary,true,strange等)＋that从句注意：在“Itisnecessaryimportantsurprisingstrangeunthinkableunbelievableincredible+that从句”结构中，从句常用should+动词原形，其中should可省。Itisstrangethathe(should)notattendthemeeting.3.Itis＋过去分词＋that从句注意：在“Itbe+suggestedadvisedorderedrequestedrequiredinsisteddemanded+that从句”结构中，从句常用should+动词原形，其中should可省。Itissuggestedthatyou(should)spendmoretimeinstudying.4.Itdoesn’tmatter+wh--从句Itdoesn’tmatterwheretheyhavegone.Itdoesn’tmatterwhatpeoplethinkofme（二）宾语从句即在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语Iheard(that)hejoinedthearmy.Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.2.作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother3.作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.A.it可以作为形式宾语：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.B.否定的转移：若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine,fancy,guess等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词放在主句谓语前，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：Iwedon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell，doesit?我认为这条裙子不适合你，是不是？总结：如果主句主语是第一人称，反义疑问句要和宾语从句保持一致。C.that在宾语从句中的省略与保留：①.在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+（adjn.-ed）宾补+that从句(真正宾语)的句型中不省.Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.②.由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,第二个that不省.Hetoldmethathewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.4.双重疑问句双重疑问句用来询问对某一问题的看法、认识、希望等，结构是：疑问词+doyouthinkbelievesupposeimagineproposehope等+主语+谓语+其余部分。例如：Whydoyouthinkhe’supset?当前面的疑问词是疑问代词时，疑问代词同时作主语：Whodoyouguessletoutthedog?5.宾语从句的时态：如主句谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句可用任何时态；如主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句用相应的过去时态；如宾语从句表达客观真理，无论主句是什么时态，从句都用一般现在时。(三)表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等，引导表语从句的连词有：thatwhetherwhenwherebecause等。suggestionadviceorderdemand等的表语从句谓语动词常用should+动词原形，should可省。1.Myadviceisthatyou(should)thinkitoverbeforeyoumakeadecision..2.Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.3.Thereasonwhyforwhichhewaslateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法注意:Thereasonwhyforwhich+定语从句+iswas+that表语从句表示：“---的原因是----”，that不能换成because.（四）同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作一些表示抽象概念的名词(fact,news,promise,idea,truth,hope,belief,thought,doubt等)的同位语的从句。suggestionadvicerequestorderdemandrequirement等的同位语从句谓语动词常用should+动词原形，should可省。1.同位语从句说明名词的具体内容，一般由that,whether,when,how,where,why引导，如：1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.3)Ihavenoideawhenweshouldgo.2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，又在从句中作主语或宾语，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。另外，如果是同位语从句，在前一个名词和后面从句中间加一个be动词，通常句子意思通顺。ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear(前面的that引导定语从句，后面that引导同位语从句）ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）2)When,where,why引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别Istillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether.Ihavenoideawhenweshouldgo.四、高考主要考查内容考点之一：考查名词性从句的语序：名词性从句应用陈述语序。1.Thephotographswillshowyou____.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike2.Youcan’timagine____whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited答案BB考点之二：考查that与what的区别：that在从句中不作成分，无词义，宾语从句中有时可省，（戏称为“三无人员”，而what在从句中作成分，有词义：“什么所----的事物”。1._____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what2.___causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where3.AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,____ourastronautsdesiretodoiswalkinspace.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.How4.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether答案AABB考点之三：考查what与which的区别：which表一定范围的选择1.IthinkFatherwouldliketoknow____I’vebeenuptosofar,soIdecidetosendhimaquicknote.A.whichB.whyC.whatD.how2.Perseveranceisakindofquality----andthat’s____ittakestodoanythingwell.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.why3.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother,doesitmatter___itwas?A.whereB.whatC.howD.which4.Doyouhaveanyidea______isactuallygoingonintheclassroom?73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.thatB.whatC.asD.which答案CADB考点之四：考查that，if与whether的区别1.下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：A.引导主语从句(在主句前)、表语从句和同位语从句时。B.引导宾语从句作介词宾语C.从句后有“ornot”时。D.后接动词不定式时。E.discuss后只能用whether引导。2.that表陈述，if/whether表疑问。动词doubt用于疑问句或否定句时，后面的从句常用that引导；用于肯定句时，用whetherif引导。3.whether（---）ornot/whether---or---都可表“不管------”，引导让步状语从句。1.____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That2._____we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where3.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether4.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether答案CBBC考点之五：考查it作形式主语或形式宾语1.___isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It2.Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them3._____isourbeliefthatimprovementsinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger,moreprosperouseconomy.A.AsB.ThatC.ThisD.It4.Hedidn’tmake____clearwhenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.A.thisB.thatC.itD.these答案DADC考点之六：Who/whoever,what/whatever与nomatterwhat/who...A.一般说来，what/who等含特指或疑问意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，范围广、语气重，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。B.whatever,whoever，whichever...既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；而nomatterwhat/who/which...只能引导让步状语从句１.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof____sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho2.____hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.A.WhoB.TheoneC.AnyoneD.Whoever3.Itwasamatterof_____wouldtaketheposition.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomD.whomever答案CDA考点之七：Where,when,why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的意思。1.--IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.--Isthat____youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.thatD.where2.Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisis____Idisagree.A.whyB.whereC.whatD.how3.Wecannotfigureout____quiteanumberofinsects,birdsandanimalsaredyingout.A.thatB.asC.whyD.when4.—Doyouremember____hecame?—Yes,Ido,hecamebycar.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.HowB.whenC.thatD.if答案　ABCA考点之八：查名词性从句的虚拟语气表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等词后面的宾语从句、同位语从句、主语从句中及表语从句要用虚拟语气（should）+动词原形。Itisdesired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/apity+that从句，从句中的谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。1.Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent____atleastaforeignlanguage.A.mastersB.shouldmasterC.masteredD.willmaster答案　B2..---Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythathe________toMiamibuttoNewYork?---Iagree,buttheproblemis_______hehasrefusedto.A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldnotbesent;whatD.shouldnotsend;what　　答案　B2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——名词性从句（11北京）1._______BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whom（11北京）2.Theshockingnewsmadmerealize_______terribleproblemswewouldface.A.whatB.howC.thatD.why(11上海)3.Thereisclearevidence_____themostdifficultfeelingofalltointerpretisbodilypain.A.whatB.ifC.howD.that(11上海)4.Themessageyouintendtoconveythroughwordsmaybetheexactoppositeof_____othersactuallyunderstand.A.whyB.thatC.whichD.what（11山东）5.Iamafraidhe’smoreofatalkerthanadoer,whichis______heneverfinishesanything.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.why（11山东）6.We’veofferedherthejob,butIdon’tknow______she’llacceptit.A.whereB.whatC.whetherD.which（11江西）7.Thevillagershavealreadyknown______we’lldoistorebuildthebridge.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which（11江苏）8.Itwasneverclear_______themanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner.A.thatB.howC.whenD.why（11安徽）9.Hiswritingissoconfusingthatit’sdifficulttomakeout_____itisheistryingtoexpress.A.thatB.howC.whoD.what（11四川卷）10.Ourteachersalwaystellustobelievein________wedoandwhoweareifwewanttosucceed.A.whyB.howC.whatD.which（11辽宁）11.Twentystudentswanttoattendtheclassthataimstoteach______toreadfirst.A.whatB.whoC.howD.why（11辽宁）12.Whenthenewscame_____thewarbrokeout,hedecided,toserveinthearmy.A.sinceB.whichC.thatD.because（11天津）13.Modernsciencehasgivenclearevidence______smokingcanleadtomanydiseases.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where（11陕西）14.I’dliketostartmyownbusiness–that’s____I’ddoifIhadthemoney.A.whyB.whenC.whichD.what（11重庆）15.Itisstillunderdiscussion______theoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelornot.A.whetherB.whenC.whichD.where73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（11重庆）16.Itisnotalwayseasyforthepublictosee_______useanewinventioncanbeoftohumanlife.A.whoseB.whatC.whichD.that(11湖南)17.Beforeaproblemcanbesolved,itmustbeobvious______theproblemitselfis.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.why【12陕西】1.Asmanyfivecoursesareprovided,andyouarefreetochoose______suitsyoubest.AwhateverB.whicheverC.wheneverD.wherever【12北京】2.Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfelt______hecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.A.whyB.howC.thatD.whether【12江西】3．Itsuddenlyoccurredtohimhehadlefthiskeysintheoffice.A．whetherB．whereC．whichD．that【12湖南】4.Everyoneinthevillageisveryfriendly.Itdoesn"tmatter____youhavelivedthereforashortoralongtime.A.whyB.howC.whetherD.when【12重庆】5.Evidencehasbeenfoundthroughyearsofstudy______children’searlysleepingproblemlikelytocontinuewhentheygrowup.A.whyB.howC.whetherD.that【12安徽】6.Thelimitsofaperson’sintelligence,generallyspeaking,arefixedatbirth,buthereachestheselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.A.whereB.whetherC.thatD.why【12全国新课程】7.Itisbynomeansclearthepresidentcandotoendthestrike.A.howB.whichC.thatD.what【12山东】8.Itdoesn’tmatter________youpaybycashorcreditcardinthisstore.A.howB.whetherC.whatD.why【12福建】9.Wepromiseattendsthepartyachancetohaveaphototakenwiththemoviestar.A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever【12天津】10.Itdoesn’tmatter_______youturnrightorleftatthecrossing----bothroadsleadtothepark.A.whetherB.howC.ifD.when【12辽宁】11.Thenewcomerwenttothelibrarytheotherdayandsearchedfor_____hecouldfindaboutMarkTwain.A.whereverB.howeverC.whateverC.whichever【12四川】12.Scientistsstudy______humanbrainsworktomakecomputers.A.whenB.howC.thatD.whether【12浙江】13.Imadeapromisetomyself_______thisyear,myfirstyearinhighschool,wouldbedifferent.A.whetherB.whatC.thatD.how【12江苏】14.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoon_______themeetingwouldbepostponed.A.whenB.thatC.whetherD.how11年答案：1.B2.A3.D4.D5.D6.C7.C8.D9.D10.C11.C12.C13.C14.D15.A16.B17.A12年答案：1.答案：B73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语，意思是：无论哪件，选B。其余选项与句意不符。2.答案：C从句考查，宾语从句不缺少成分用that引导。3答案：D　it作形式主语，真正的主语为thathehadlefthiskeysintheoffice。且that在句中无意义，并不充当任何成分。4.答案：C本题是一形式主语句型，考查名词性从句引导的用法。根据空后的or可知为whether…or短语。复合句名词性从句主语从句形式主语引导词whether5.答案：D分析句子结构可知，空白处后面为句子主语“Evidence”的同位语从句，在这一从句中，句意完整，不缺少成分，应该使用“that”作为引导词。因此，正确答案为D选项。6.答案：B.本题考查名词性从句，butwhetherhereachestheselimits（作句子主语）willdependonhisenvironment.7.答案：D此处it是形式主语，what引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语。What作do的宾语。句意：总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。8.答案：B此处it是形式主语，后面whether...or…引导的主语从句是真正的主语，whether...or…意为：是…还是…都行。句意：在这个商店中用现金或信用卡支付都可以。9.答案C首先本句考查的关键短语是promisesbsth“向某人承诺某事”本句指的是向参加聚会的人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会，不定式做chance的定语，然后就是参加聚会的任何人whoever=anyonewho，这样句子就很清晰了，所以划分句子成分非常关键，以前考察whoever都是做状语，而本题考查的是作promise的宾语，挺新颖的。10.A11.C12.B13.C14.B十一、动词时态与语态一、一般现在时（被动语态：amisare+done）1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。常与表示习惯的副词alwayseverytimenowandthenoccasionallyoftenseldomsometimesusually等连用。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如：I’llgothereafterIfinishmywork./Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon’tgothere.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Therecomesthebus.汽车来了。Hereshecomes.她来了。二、一般过去时（被动语态：waswere+done）表达特定的过去时间点或时间段发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。过去的两个紧接着发生的动作，也常常用过去式。过去时常与表示过去的时间状语连用如yesterdaylast---theotherdayjustnowthen----agoin+过去时间atthattime等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是近年高考的命题趋势。ThewaterfeltcoolwhenIjumpedintothepool.Duringhismiddleschoolyears,heplayedfootballnearlyeveryday.1.ItissaidinthebookthatEdison(1847—1931)____theworldleadinginventorforsixtyyears.A.wouldbeB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.was2.“Thankgoodness,youarehere!What_____you?”“Trafficjam.”A.keepsB.iskeepingC.hadkeptD.kept3.IthoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,buthe_____it.A.doesn’tmentionB.hadn’tmentionC.didn’tmentionD.hasn’tmention4.“Didyoutidyyourroom?”“No,IwasgoingtotidymyroombutI_____visitors.”A.hadB.haveC.havehadD.willhave答案：DDCA三、现在进行时(主动语态：amisaredoing，被动语态：amisare+being+done)73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法1.表示说话时正在进行的动作或者现阶段正在进行的动作。Theworkersarebuildinganewfactory.2.某些位移动词或趋向动词如gocomeleavearrivereturnbegindodielose等的现在进行时可以表示预计将要发生的动作。Myuncleiscomingbackfromabroad.MyfatheriscomingtoseemethisSaturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.while引导的时间状语从句，动词常常用现在进行时或过去进行时。WhileIwashavingmybreakfast,themorningpostcame.4.与alwaysforeverconstantlycontinuallyoftenusually等频度副词连用，表示抱怨、不满或者赞赏的情绪。YouarealwayswatchingTV.Whynotdosomethingmoreactive.5.有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：①感官动词：see,hear,feel,smell,sound,taste,look,notice等，但feel也可用于进行时态表示一时的感受。②表示属性或拥有的动词：appear,datefrom,consistof,belongto,remain,seem,exist,lie,dependon等③表示心理状态、情感的动词：like,love,hate,dislike,care,mind,wish,mean,respect,remember,believe,agree,need等④表示行为结果的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等。6.现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：前者表示动作的暂时性而后者表示动作的长期性。HelivesinBeijing.(长期性)HeislivinginBeijing.(暂时性)⑴“Isthisraincoatyours?”“No,mine____therebehindthedoor.”A.ishangingB.hashungC.hangsD.hung⑵Idon’treallyworkhere;I____untilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedoutC.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout答案：AC四、过去进行时(主动语态：wasweredoing被动语态：waswere+beingdone)1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如：Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行，或者两个过去进行时动作同时发生，常用在有whenwhileas等的复合句中。例如：TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.3.表示过去将来动作。例如：Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.4.与alwaysforeverconstantlycontinuallyoftenusually等频度副词连用，表示抱怨、不满或者赞赏的情绪。5.近年考查趋势：⑴把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。⑵过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：前者表示动作处于进行之中，尚未完成；而后者表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，动作已完成,与现在无关。①“HasSamfinishedhishomeworktoday?”“I’venoidea.He_____itthismorning.”A.didB.hasdoneC.wasdoingD.haddone②“WhatwereyoudoingwhenTonyphonedyou?”“Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand____totakeashower.”A.hadstartedB.startedC.havestartedD.wasstarting③----Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasegoon.----WherewasI?----You___youdidn’tlikeyourfather’sjob.A.hadsaidB.saidC.weresayingD.hadbeensaying④“Itwasreallykindofyoutogivemealifthome.”“Oh,don’tmentionit.I___pastyourhouseanyway.”A.wascomingB.willcomeC.hadcomeD.havecome⑤“Ouch!Youhurtme!”“I’msorry.ButI_____anyharm.I_____todrivearatout.”A.didn’tmean,triedB.don’tmean,amtryingC.haven’tmeant,triedD.didn’tmean,wastrying答案：CDCAD73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法五、现在完成时(主动语态：havehasdone被动语态：havehasbeendone)1.表示说话时已完成的动作，而且这个动作对现在产生了影响或结果，常与already,yet,now,just,bythistime等连用。例如：Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleanedtheroom.2.表示动作发生在过去，持续到现在（还可能持续下去），往往和“for+一段时间sofarbyfar(ever)sincesincethenupto(till)nowsince---(ago)bynowinthepastlast---recentlylately”等表示持续到现在的一段时间的时间状语连用。例如：HehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears./Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）共同点：动作均发生在过去；不同点：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生关系。凡是有确定的过去时间状语，只能用过去时。现在完成时对现在有影响，说明现在的情况，与现在有关。WhenIwasatcollegeI____threeforeignlanguages,butI_____allexceptafewwordsofeach.A.spoke,hadforgottenB.spoke,haveforgottenC.hadspoken,hadforgottenD.hadspoken,haveforgotten答案：B2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：Ihaveseenthatfilm.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：Whendidyouseethatfilm?Isawityesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。)不能说：Whenhaveyouseenthatfilm?Ihaveseenityesterday.4.在时间或条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。Hewillcomeassoonashehasfinishedthetask.5.现在完成时还可以用于下列句型:Itishasbeen+一段时间+since从句ThatThisItisthefirst(secondthird---)time+that从句ThatThisItistheonly---+that从句ThatThisItisthebestfinestmostinteresting---+that从句6.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/hasbeento”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/hasgoneto”.例如：—WhereisLiHua?－Hehasgonetothereading-room.—SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.－Shehasbeenthere.7.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）：begin,start,leave,go,borrow,come,return,join,die,buy,arrive(口诀：开始离去，借来还，参加人死，买到家),lose,marry,finish,complete,breakout等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：Hehasfinishedtheworkforthreehours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1）“ago法”：Hefinishedtheworkthreehoursago.2）“延续法”：Hehasbeenthrough(with)theworkforthreehours.3）“since法”：Itis/hasbeenthreehourssincehefinishedthework.记住一些短暂性动词和延续性动词的转换：come---be来；cometo---bein(at)来到某处；die---bedead死亡；goout---beout外出；buy---have买；beginstart---beon开始；borrow---keep借；leave---beaway离开；fallasleep---beasleep睡着；join---bein加入；marrygetmarried---bemarried结婚等六、现在完成进行时(havehasbeendoing)1.表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在（还可能持续下去），强调长时间做某事。例如：Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00./Ithasbeenrainingfortwodays.2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。3.现在完成进行时73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法和现在完成时的区别：前者强调动作的延续，后者往往强调动作的完成。eg.Tom____abookaboutwomeninChinasince2008,butIwonderwhetherhehasfinishedit.A.wroteB.hadwrittenC.haswrittenD.hasbeenwriting答案：D七、过去完成时(主动语态：haddone被动语态：hadbeendone)1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。使用过去完成时必须有过去的另一时间作参照，是否表达了“过去的过去”经常要根据上下文来判断。①常放在含有whenbeforeafteruntilassoonas等的复合句中考查。例如：Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup./Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning.②把过去完成时放在by+过去时间或bythetime+过去式的从句里考查。③放在scarcelyhardly---whenbefore---和nosooner---than(都意为“一----就----”)结构中考查。④放在主句是过去时的宾语从句中考查。⑤放在“itwas+段时间+since从句”和“ItThatwasthefirstsecond---time+从句”等中考查⑴They____ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwe____onitasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.A.hadbeenworking,arestillworkingB.hadworked,werestillworkingC.havebeenworking,haveworkedD.haveworked,arestillworking⑵He____tothelabthanhesetouttodotheexperiment.A.hasnosoonergotB.nosoonergotC.willnosoonergetD.hadnosoonergot答案：AD2.常用hope,expect,think,mean,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.八、一般将来时（被动语态：willshallbegoingtobeto+bedone）一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式：1.will/shalldo（表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也指说话时临时决定去做某事）：—Whereisthetelephonebook?—Iwillgetitforyou.2.begoingtodo(说话者主观上打算做某事；或根据某种迹象认为将要发生的事):Thedarkcloudsaregatheringandit’sgoingtorainatonce.3.bedoing（即现在进行时表将来，往往指按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常有时间状语），可以这样用的动词有go,come,begin,leave,arrive,return,takeoff等:WeareleavingonFriday.4.beabouttodo(表示马上就要发生的事，一般不与时间状语连用):Theplaneisabouttotakeoff.5.betodo（表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作）：Wearetomeetattheschoolgate.6.按时间表、日程表、节目单、课程表等计划、规定将要发生的动作，且有时间状语，用一般现在时表将来。这种用法仅限于：go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come,takeoff等动词。如：Theplanetakesoffat12:30.①“DidyoutellJuliaabouttheresult?”“Oh,no,Iforgot.I_____hernow.”A.willbecallingB.willcallC.amgoingtocallD.amtocall分析：选B，shallwilldo表示临时决定去做某事。九、将来进行时willbedoing表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作；也可表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作。AtthistimetomorrowwewillbeflyingovertheAtlantic.十、过去将来时常用wouldwas(were)goingtodosth.表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句中：Hesaidhewouldtogotothenorthfortheholiday.Shethoughttheyweregoingtotheconcert.十一、将来完成时(主动语态：shallwillhavedone被动语态：shallwillhavebeendone)用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by（thetimetheendof）+73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法将来时间,when,before引导的时间状语连用。例如：WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.十二、被动语态的构成：be+过去分词或者getbecome+过去分词（表示结果）Thenursesgotpaidbytheweek.十三、主动形式表被动1.当cutreadsellwearwritewashopenlockprove(证明是)等带状语指主语性质特征时：Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.Thebookssellatahighprice;当feellooksmelltastesoundappearseem等后面接形容词时：Thedishtastesnice;当beginstartfinishendstopopencloseshutrunmoveoperate等表示动作“开始、结束、关闭、停、转、启动”等时：Thewindowwon’tshut.这扇窗关不上。2.wantrequireneeddoing动名词用主动形式表被动含义=wantrequireneedtobedone.：Theradioneededrepairing=Theradioneededtoberepaired.3.beworthdoing用主动形式表被动含义：Thebookiswellworthreading.但:beworthyofsth.beingdone或者beworthytobedone4.在“be+形容词+todo”中，句子主语和不定式动词有动宾关系，用主动表被动。如不定式动词是不及物的，必须加上介词：Thehouseiscomfortabletolivein.另外，betoblame(受谴责)betorent(出租)betolet(出租)tobeseek（寻找）也用主动形式表被动含义。5.不定式与修饰的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词代词(大多数时候是主语)有主谓关系（也就是动作的发出者）时,不定式用主动表被动。如不定式动词是不及物的，必须加上介词：Hehasnothingtoeat.(toeat修饰nothing，eat的宾语是nothing,he是动作发出者)Wouldyoubringmeabenchtositon(tositon修饰abench,siton的宾语是abench,me是动作发出者)。6.在with复合结构中:Withalotofproblemtosettle,shelooksalittleanxious.7.happentakeplaceoccurbreakoutburstoutcomeaboutcomeoutbelongtolastgiveoutgiveingooffrunoutcostremainspreadcomeintobeing等。2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——时态、语态(11全国卷I)1.Planningsofarahead_____nosense—somanythingswillhavechangedbynextyear..A.madeB.ismakingC.makesD.hasmade(11全国I)2.Iwasn’tsureifhewasreallyinterestedorifhe______polite.A.wasjustbeingB.willjustbeC.hadjustbeenD.wouldjustbe(11全国I)3.WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshe_____there.A.hadbeenlyingB.hasbeenlyingC.waslyingD.haslain（11北京）4.Experimentsofthiskind______inboththeU.S.andEuropewellbeforetheSecondWorldWar.A.haveconductedB.havebeenconductedC.hadconductedD.hadbeenconducted（11北京）5.Tom______inthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.A.worksB.workedC.hasbeenworkingD.hadbeenworking（11北京）6.--BobhasgonetoCalifornia.---Oh,canyoutellmewhenhe______?A.hasleftB.leftC.isleavingD.wouldleaving（11北京）7.--Thatmusthavebeenalongtrip.--Yeah,it______usawholeweektogetthere.A.takesB.hastakenC.tookD.wastaking(11上海)8.Aftergettinglostinastorm,amemberofthenavyteam_____fourdayslater.A.rescuedB.wasrescuedC.hasrescuedD.hadbeenrescued(11上海)9.Didyoupredictthatmanystudents______upforthedancecompetition?A.wouldsignB.signedC.havesignedD.hadsigned73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（11山东）10.WhenIgotonthebus,I_____Ihadleftmywalletathome.A.wasrealizingB.realizedC.haverealizedD.wouldrealize（11山东）11.Shewassurprisedtofindthefridgeempty;thechild_____everything!A.hadbeeneatingB.hadeatenC.haveeatenD.havebeeneating（11江西）12.Wearrivedatworkinthemorningandfoundthatsomebody______intotheofficeduringthenight.A.brokeB.hadbrokenC.hasbrokenD.wasbreaking（11江苏）13.—Ihearyou______inapub.What’sitlike?—Well,it’sveryhardworkandI’malwaystired,butIdon’tmind.A.areworkingB.willworkC.wereworkingD.willbeworking（11江苏）14.Thefactthatsomanypeoplestillsmokeinpublicplaces______thatwemayneedanationwidecampaigntoraiseawarenessoftherisksofsmoking.A.suggestB.suggestsC.suggestedD.suggesting（11江苏）15.－Tommyisplanningtobuyacar.－Iknow.Bynextmonth,he______enoughforausedone.A.savesB.savedC.willsaveD.willhavesaved（11安徽）16.—Ididn’taskforthenamelist.Why______onmydesk?—Iputittherejustnowincaseyouneededit.A.doesitlandB.hasitlandedC.willitlandD.haditlanded（11浙江）17.Themanagerwasworriedaboutthepressconferencehisassistant______inhisplacebut,luckily,everythingwasgoingonsmoothly.A.gaveB.givesC.wasgivingD.hadgiven（11福建）18.Lastmonth,theJapanesegovernmentexpressedtheirthanksfortheaidthey____FromChina.A.receiveB.arereceivingC.havereceivedD.hadreceived（11四川）19.Allvisitorstothisvillage_______withkindness.A.treatB.aretreatedC.aretreatingD.hadbeentreated(11四川）20.—Whatamistake!—Yes.Ihisdoingitanotherway,butwithoutsuccess.A.wassuggestingB.willsuggestC.wouldsuggestD.hadsuggested（11辽宁）21.I"llgotothelibraryassoonasIfinishwhatI_____.A.wasdoingB.amdoingC.havedoneD.hadbeendoing（11辽宁）22.BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hisson_____fromcollege.A.graduatedB.hasgraduatedC.hadbeenD.hadgraduated（11天津）23.Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms_______allovertheword.A.haveproducedB.havebeenproducedC.areproducingD.arebeingproduced（11天津）24.Onthenextbirthday.Ann_______marriedfortwentyyears.A.isB.hasbeenC.willbeD.willhavebeen（11陕西）25.Hisfirstnovel______goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.A.receivesB.isreceivingC.willreceiveD.hasreceived（11重庆）26.Thatpriceofmusicsoundsquitefamiliar.Who______thepianoupstairs?A.hasplayedB.playedC.playsD.isplaying（11重庆）27.LookattheprideonTom’sface.He______tohavebeenpraisedbythemanagerjustnow.A.seemedB.seemsC.hadseemedD.isseeming(11湖南)28.–John,what_______inyourhand?--Look,It’sabirthdaygiftformygrandma.A.hadyouheldB.areyouholdingC.doyouholdD.willyouhold(11湖南)29.In1942,Columbus_______ononeoftheBahamaIslands,buthemistookitforanislandoffIndia.A.landsB.landedC.haslandedD..hadlanded(11湖南)30.ItisthemostinstructivelecturethatI______sinceIcametothisschool.A.attendedB.hadattendedC.amattendingD.haveattended(11湖南)31Inthenearfuture,moreadvancesintherobottechnology________byscientists.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.aremakingB.aremadeC.willmakeD.willbemade【12江西】1．--Look!Somebodythesofa.--Well,itwasn’tme.Ididn’tdoit.A．iscleaningB．wascleaningC．hascleanedD．hadcleaned【12湖南】2.Don"tworry.Thehardworkthatyoudonow_____laterinlife.A.willberepaidB.wasbeingrepaidC.hasbeenrepaidD.wasrepaid【12重庆】3.Foodsuppliesintheflood-strickenarea______.Wemustactimmediatelybeforethere’sleft.A.haverunoutB.arerunningoutC.havebeenrunoutD.arebeingrunout【12重庆】4.--kevin,youlookworried.Anythingwrong?--Well,I____atestandI’mwaitingfortheresult.A.willtakeB.tookC.hadtakenD.take【12辽宁】5.Mum,IwaswonderingifyoucouldlendmeafewdollarsuntilIonFriday.A.getpaidB.gotpaidC.havepaidD.hadbeenpaid【12四川】6.—DidyoucatchwhatIsaid?—Sorry.I______atextmessagejustnow.A.hadansweringB.haveansweredC.wouldanswerD.wasanswering【12四川】7.Theyarelivingwiththeirparentsforthemomentbecausetheirownhouse____.A.isbeingrebuiltB.hasbeenrebuiltC.isrebuiltD.hasrebuilt【12陕西】8.—CanIcallyoubackattwoo’clockthisafternoon?—I’msorry,butbythenI______toBeijing.Howaboutfive?A.flyB.willflyC.willbeflyingD.amflying【12北京】9.Bythetimeyouhavefinishedthisbook,yourmeal______cold.A.getsB.hasgotC.willgetD.isgetting【12北京】10.Ourfriendship_____quicklyovertheweeksthatfollowed.A.haddevelopedB.wasdevelopingC.woulddevelopD.developed【12全国II】11.Themanager______theworkershowtoimprovetheprogramsince9am.A.hastoldB.istellingC.hasbeentellingD.willhavetold【12全国II】12.---DidyouaskSophiaforhelp?---I______needto–Imanagedperfectlywellonmyown.A.wouldn’tB.don’tC.didn’tD.won’t【12天津】13.Thethreeofus_______aroundEuropeforaboutamonthlastsummer.A.travelledB.havetravelledC.hadtravelledD.travel【12天津】14.Thelettersfortheboss________onhisdeskbuthedidn’treadthemuntilthreelater.A.wereputB.wasputC.putD.hasput【12全国新课程】15.Ihadbeenworkingonmathforthewholeafternoonandthenumbersbeforemyeyes.A.swimB.swumC.swamD.hadswum【12全国新课程】16."Lifeislikewalkinginthesnow",Grannyusedtosay,"becauseeverystep”A.hasshownB.isshowingC.showsD.showed【12山东】17.Themanagerwasconcernedtohearthattwoofhistrustedworkers______.A.willleaveB.areleavingC.haveleftD.wereleaving73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法【12山东】18.AfterJackhadsentsomee-mails,he_______workingonhisproject.A.hadstartedB.hasstartedC.startedD.starts【12福建】19.一Whendidthecomputercrash?一Thismorning,whileIthereadingmaterialsdownloadedfromsomewebsites.A.havesortedB.wassortingC.amsortingD.hadsorted【12浙江】20.—Alvin,areyoucomingwithus?—I"dloveto,butsomethingunexpected.A.hascomeupB.wascomingupC.hadcomeupD.wouldcomeup【12浙江】21.Peterhadintendedtotakeajobinbusiness,but_____thatplanaftertheunpleasantexperienceinCanadain2010.A.hadabandonedB.abandonedC.abandonD.willabandon【12江苏】22.Thepresidenthopesthatthepeoplewillbebetteroffwhenhequitsthanwhenhe_______.A.hasstartedB.startsC.startedD.willstart【12安徽】23.Walmart,whichisoneofthelargestAmericansupermarketchains,someofitsstoreopen24hoursonMondaysthroughSaturdays.A.keepsB.keepC.havekeptD.hadkept【12安徽】24.Inordertofindthemissingchild,villagers__alltheycanoverthepastfivehours.A.didB.doC.haddoneD.havebeendoing11年答案：1.C2.A3.A4.D5.C6.B7.C8.B9.A10.B11.B12.B13.A14.B15.D16.B17.C18.D19.B20.D21.B2.D23.B24.D25.D26.D27.B28.B29.B30.D31.D12年答案：1.答案：C考察时态解析:句意为”看,有人已经打扫了沙发.是的,不是我,我没有做.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响用现在完成时.2.A从don"t可知语境为现在，排除B、D；而laterinlife可知为将来的动作，故选A。动词的时态一般将来时态3.【答案】B【解析】分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。runout为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。4.【答案】B根据答语的后半句可知，现在Kevin正在等待测试的成绩，参加测试为一个过去的动作，应该使用一般过去时态。因此，正确答案为B选项。5.【答案】A在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，且I与pay之间是动宾关系，所以选A。【难度】一般6.【答案】D本题考查动词时态。句意为：“你听懂我所说的了吗？”“对不起。我刚刚在回短信。”根据句意及时间状语justnow可知，回短信的动作正好是发生在问话人说话的那一时间点，即表示过去某一时间点正在发生的动作，故选过去进行时态D。7.【答案】A本题考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用被动语态，且house与动词rebuilt之间为被动关系，故使用现在进行时态的被动语态。8.【答案】C考查动词时态。根据问句中的twoo’clock和应答句中的bythen可知所填词表示的动作在当时正在进行，用将来进行时，选C。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法9.C.bythetime后接现在时，表示将来之前发生的动作，故用将来时。10.D。描述在过去阶段发生的动作，强调状态，用一般过去式。11.【答案】C现在完成进行时表示：过去某一动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，现在刚刚结束或还在进行。句意：经理从早上9点开始就一直在不停的告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。根据句意选C。12.【答案】C---（过去）你向Sophia寻求帮助了吗？---我没有必要向她求助。我自己就很完美的处理了。对话的内容谈论的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。13.【A】14.【A】15.【答案】C主句用过去完成进行时，所以后半句用一般过去时，只有这样才能具备“过去的过去”的条件。句意：我一整个下午都在做数学题，那些数字在我的眼前晕眩。16.【答案】C此处是奶奶过去常常说的一句话，这里是直接引语，句子的内容是生活哲理。所以用一般现在时。句意：奶奶过去常常说：“生活就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都看得见。17.【答案】D此处用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这里wereleaving表示：过去要离开。句意：听到自己最信任的两个职员要离去，经理很关注。18.【答案】C根据前半句的谓语动词用了过去完成时，可知后半句用一般过去时，这样才能符合“过去的过去”这一条件。句意：Jack发了几份电子邮件之后，他才开始研究他的项目。19.【答案】B首先根据时间状语thismorning知道是发生过的事情，去除A、C两项，然后过去完成时的使用前提是有动作的先后顺序，然而本句指的是“今天早晨我正把从网上下载的阅读材料分类时电脑坏的。”指的是过去正在进行的动作用过去进行时，B项正确。20.【答案】A根据句意：---艾琳，你要和我们一起去吗？---我想去，但是发生了点意外。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情到现在为止，且对现在造成了一定的影响，符合语境，故答案选Ａ．Ｂ，过去进行时，表示过去某段时间正在进行的的动作或所处的状态；Ｃ，过去完成时表示过去的过去；Ｄ，过去将来时表示过去将来要发生的事情，均不符合语境，故排除。21.【答案】B根据but提示，是并列句，故前后时态一致。与hadintended相呼应，可知此空应在表示过去时的范围选择，由此排除C、D选项。且abandon动作只是陈述了过去所发生的一件事而已，没有在intend之前，故排除A选项（过去的过去），由此可知答案B符合文意。一般过去时表示对过去所发生的一件事情的简单陈述而已。22.【答案】C句意为：这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。根据句意，总统开始上任是过去发生的动作，所以用一般过去时。故选C项。23.选择A。首先把which引导的非限制性定语从句删掉。三单否定B，同时也没有选择完成时的理由。24.答案：后面的overthepastfivehours意味着现在完成时，所以选择D。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”明显不正确。十二、状语从句状语从句，顾名思义在复合句中作状语，修饰主句动词或主句。分为时间状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。1、时间状语从句73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（1）as、when、while用法一览表。as表示“当……的时候、随着……”，着重强调主句与从句的动作同时发生。从句动词一般是延续性动词。ShecameupasIwascooking.(同时)Therunnersstartedasthegunwentoff.(几乎同时)when(atorduringthetimethat)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.(指时间点)Whenwewereatschool,wewenttothelibraryeveryday.(在一段时间内)。另外，在beabouttodo---when---bedoing---when---haddone---when---beonthewayto---when---beonthepointofdoing---when---等句型中，when意为“在那时（突然-----）while意思是“当……的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作和从句中的动作同时发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.Hefellasleepwhile/whenreading.Strikewhiletheironishot.(用as或when不可，这里的while意思是“趁……”)另外，while也可作并列连词“然而”，强调对比。（2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：①till,not…until…,until,before,after,sinceHewaitedforhisfatheruntil(till)itwastwelveo’clock.注意：before有“（过）---才就、没来得及----”之意：ItwillbefiveyearsbeforehereturnsfromEngland.SheofferedmeacupofcoffeebeforeIcouldsitdown.②hardly/scarcely…when,nosooner…than,assoonas,once等表示“一……就”Onceyoushowanyfear,hewillattackyou.Hardlyhadwegotintothecountrywhenitbegantorain.Ileftimmediatelytheclockstruck5.③directly,immediately,instantly,themomentminutesecondinstant(that)…一……就Hemadeforthedoordirectlyheheardtheknock.④eachtime,everytime,bythetimeEachtimehecametomycity,hewouldcallonme.2、让步状语从句（1）although与though可以引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可以与yet连用。Althoughtheyarepoor,(yet)theyarewarm-hearted.（2）evenif或eventhough引导让步状语从句，表示“即使，尽管”，用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。I’llgetthereevenif(though)Ihavetosellmyhousetogetenoughmoneytogobyair.（3）nomatter后接上who、what、where、how等疑问词，也可以在这类疑问词后面加上ever构成whoever、whatever、wherever、however等。Don’ttrusthim,nomatterwhat/whateverhesays.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepublished.Nomatterhowhardtheworkis,you’dbettertrytodoitwell.（4）as引导让步状语从句,要用倒装；though引导让步状语从句,可倒可不倒。Childas(though)heis,heknowsalot.MuchasIlikeit,Iwon’tbuy.Tryashewould,hecouldn’tlifttheheavybox.（5）while引导让步状语从句意为“尽管、虽然”（6）Whether---or(not)引导让步状语从句：“无论是-----或-----”：Whethermyparentsagreeornot,I’llstudyabroad.3、原因状语从句：because,since,as,for,nowthat既然,inthat在于（1）表示不知道的原因时用because,即说话人认为听话人不知道，因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句之后。73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法YouwanttoknowwhyI’mleaving?I’mleavingbecauseI’mfull.for虽然表示不知道的原因，但其语气较because要弱得多，是可说可不说的话，它只能置于主句之后，这时，for是并列连词。如果不是因果关系，而是对前面主句的内容加以解释或推断时，只能用for。如：It’smorningnow,forthebirdsaresinging.（很显然，鸟叫不可能是“现在已是早上”的原因。）（2）表示已经知道的原因时用as或since,即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉，因此它是句中不很重要的部分。since要比as正式一些，它们通常被置于语句之前，但有时却相反。Seeingallofthechildrenalreadyseated,hesaid,“Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sstart.”(3)只能使用because:①在回答why的问句时；②在用于强调句型时；③被not所否定时。4、地点状语从句：where,wherever前者表示特定的地点；后者表非特定的地点，wherever=toatanyplacewhereMakeamarkwhereveryouhaveanyquestions.WewillgowherethePartydirectsus.5、目的状语从句：sothat,inorderthat，so，incase“以防万一”注意：目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词maymight,cancould,will等连用，否则可能是结果状语从句。结果状语从句不可置于句首。6、结果状语从句：sothat,so…that,such…that…，so注意：so+形容词/副词+that从句；such+　名词+that从句。so+adj+aan+n（so修饰adj）such+（aan）+（adj）+n(such修饰后面的名词)somanymuchlittlefew如此多少；suchlittlechildren如此小的孩子7、方式状语从句：as,asif，asthoughI’lldoasIamtoldto.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.8、比较状语从句：than,as9、条件状语从句：if,unless,so(as)longas,incase,once,supposing=providing=provided假如，asfaras,onconditionthat条件是注意if与unless的区别：不能用and连接两个unless从句，即不能有…unless…,andunless…。但可以说if…notandif…not。10、注意状语从句中从句的省略现象（1）连词+过去分词Unlessrepaired,thewashingmachineisnouse.（2）连词+　现在分词Lookoutwhilecrossingthestreet.（3）连词+形容词/其他常见的有ifnecessary、ifpossible、whennecessary、ifany等。2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——状语从句1.（2011福建33）ItwasApril29,2011PrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.before2.（2011北京29.volleyballishermainfocus,she’salsogreatatbasketball.A.SinceB.OnceC.UnlessD.While3.(2011天津5)regularexerciseisveryimportant.It’sneveragoodideatoexercisetooclosetobedtime.A.ItB.AsC.AlthoughD.Unless4.(2011江西29)Pleasecallmysecretarytoarrangeameetingthisafternoon,oritisconvenienttoyou.A．wheneverB．howeverC．whicheverD．wherever5.(2011湖南33)Jackwasn’tsayinganything,buttheteachersmiledathim_______hehaddonesomething73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法veryclever.A.asifB.incaseC.whileD.though6.(2011山东28)Hehadhiscameraready_______hesawsomethingthatwouldmakeagoodpicture.A.evenif        B.ifonly       C.incase        D.sothat7.(2011四川4)FrankinsistedthathewasnotasleepIhadgreatdifficultyinwakinghimup.A.whetherB.althoughC.forD.so8.(2011四川6)Asitreported,itis100years_______QinghuaUniversitywasfounded.A.whenB.beforeC.afterD.since9.(2011浙江4)OneFriday,wewerepackingtoleaveforaweekendaway__mydaughterbeardcriesforhelpA.afterB.whileC.sinceD.when10.(2011辽宁25)Nomatterhow,itisnotnecessarilylifeless.A.adesertmaybedryB.dryadesertmaybeC.mayadesertbedryD.drymayadesertbe11.(2011辽宁29)Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeechthestudentsstartedcheering.A.sinceB.asC.whenD.than12.(2011全国I22)Try______shemight,Suecouldn’tgetthedooropen.A.ifB.whenC.sinceD.as13.(2011陕西19)_______allofthemarestrongcandidates,onlyonewillbechosenforthepost.A.SinceB.WhileC.IfD.As14.(2011上海36.)Ifalotofpeoplesayafilmisnotgood,Iwon’tbothertoseeit,orI’llwait______itcomesoutonDVD.A.whetherB.afterC.thoughD.until15.(2011上海37)Thepoliceofficersinourcityworkhard______therestofuscanliveasafelife.A.incaseB.asifC.inorderthatD.onlyif1.【2012全国卷II】⒒Ihadhardlygottotheoffice___mywifephonemetogobackhomeatonce.A.whenB.thanC.untilD.after2.【2012安徽】30.Whenforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaidhefounditveryinterestingandrewarding.A.askingB.askedC.havingaskedD.tobeasked3.【2012重庆】30.—Coach,canIcontinuewiththetraining?—Sorry,youcan’t______youhaven’trecoveredfromthekneeinjury.A.untilB.beforeC.asD.unless4.【2012全国】25.Idon"tbelievewe"vemetbefore,Imustsayyoudolookfamiliar.A.thereforeB.althoughC.sinceD.unless5.【2012北京】21.—Lookatthoseclouds!—Don’tworry.______itrains,we’llstillhaveagreattime.A.EvenifB.AsthoughC.IncaseD.Ifonly6.【2012北京】35.Don’thandlethevaseasifit____madeofsteel.A.isB.wereC.hasbeenD.hadbeen7.【2012福建】30.ItishardforGreekgovernmenttogetoverthepresentdifficulties______itgetsmorefinancialsupportfromtheEuropeanUnion.A.ifB.unlessC.becauseD.since8.【2012陕西】18.Hot___thenightairwas,wesleptdeeplybecauseweweresotiredafterthelongjourney.A.althoughB.asC.whileD.however9.【2012陕西】25.Allthephotographsinthisbook,_______statedotherwise,datefromthe1950s.A.unlessB.untilC.onceD.if10.【2012山东】27.Hesmiledpolitely____Maryapologizedforherdrunkenfriends.A.asB.ifC.unlessD.though11.【2012山东】32.Anumberofhighbuildingshavearisen____therewasnothingayearagobutruins.A.whenB.whereC.beforeD.until12.【2012湖南】28._______IalwaysfeltIwouldpasstheexam,IneverthoughtIwouldgetanA.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.WhileB.OnceC.IfD.Until13.【2012湖南】32.______hardyoutry,itisdifficulttoloseweightwithoutcuttingdowntheamountyoueat.A.HoweverB.WhateverC.WhicheverD.Whenever14.【2012天津】14.Everythingwasplacedexactly_____hewanteditforthegraduationceremony.A.whileB.whenC.whereD.though15.【2012江西】31.Youcanborrowmycar____youpromisenottodrivetoofast.A.unlessB.evenC.incaseD.aslongas16.【2012辽宁】30.Leaveyourkeywithyourneighbor____youlockyourselfoutoneday.A.aslongasB.eventhoughC.incaseD.asif17.【2012四川】10.Ifyouhappentogetlostinthewild,you’dbetterstay______youareandwaitforhelp.A.whyB.whereC.whoD.what18.【2012江苏】30.One’slifehasvalue_____onebringsvaluetothelifeofothers.A.sothatB.nomatterhowC.aslongasD.exceptthat11年答案1.答案B2.答案D3.答案C4.答案A5.答案A6.答案C7.答案B8.答案D9.答案D10.答案B11.答案D12.答案D13.答案B14.答案D15.答案C12年答案1.【答案】A2.【答案】B3.【答案】C4.【答案】B5.【答案】A6.【答案】B7.【答案】B8.【答案】B9.【答案】A10.【答案】11.【答案】12.【答案】A13.【答案】A14.【答案】C15.【答案】D16.【答案】C17.【答案】B18.【答案】C十三、形容词副词考纲要求掌握以下几个方面：1.形容词主要用来修饰名词或不定代词，在句中一般作定语、表语、宾补、状语。作伴随状语、原因状语时可位于句首、句中或句末。而副词主要作状语，修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。2.形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前，但下列三种情况形容词要后置：①形容词短语作定语时：Heissuchapersonreadytohelpothers.；②表语形容词作定语时；③修饰复合不定代词时3.多个形容词修饰名词排序规律。4.副词修饰形容词或其它副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但enough却要放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面5.–ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别：-ed形容词，通常说明人、人的声音或表情等，意为“(某人)感到----”；-ing形容词通常说明事物，意为“(某事物)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”6.考查与形容词同形的副词与形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别。7.形容词和副词的比较等级。8.比较等级的修饰语。一、形容词及其用法1.直接说明事物的性质或特征，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语、补语和伴随状语。例如:Tiredandhot,wehadtostoptohavearest.2.有的形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：（错）　Heisanillman.（对）　Themanisill.（错）　Sheisanafraidgirl.（对）　Thegirlisafraid.这类词有：afraid，aware，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake,ashamed,worth，well，unwell，ill，faint，upset，content,sure,drunk,ready等。3.形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，如：somethingnice.alone仅仅、只有aliveafraidawakeasleepworth等常作后置定语：Manalonehasthegiftofspeech=Onlymanhasthegiftofspeech.4以-ly结尾的形容词1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错）Shesanglovely.（错）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（对）Hersingingwaslovely.（对）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.TheTimesispublisheddaily.5.用形容词表示类别和整体1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：thedead，theliving，therich，thepoor，theblind，thehungry.Thepoorarelosinghope.2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用：theBritish，theEnglish，theFrench，theChinese.　TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.6.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序口诀：限定描述大长高，形状年龄和新老。颜色国籍出处材，用途类别往后靠。限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、数词）+描绘性形容词（nicegoodbadbeautifulugly等）+大小、长短、高低形容词+形状形容词+年龄、新旧形容词+颜色形容词+国籍形容词+出处材料形容词+类别用途形容词+名词eg：anicesmallroundnewbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk一张新的漂亮的小而圆的法国棕色橡木写字台二．副词及其基本用法副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构（一）副词的位置：1.在动词之前，在be动词、助动词之后。【点拨】副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：(错)　IverylikeEnglish.(对)　IlikeEnglishverymuch.【点拨】副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。　Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.　Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.（二）兼有两种形式的副词1close意思是"近（距离）"；closely意思是"仔细地"Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.2.late意思是"迟、晚"；lately意思是"最近"Youhavecometoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?3.deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.4.high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchTheplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.5.wide表示空间宽度"宽地"、"充分地"；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.6.free的意思是"免费"；freely的意思是"自由地、自愿地"7.hard意思是"努力地"；hardly"几乎不"Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.8.near意思是"附近"；nearly意思是"几乎"9.9.most意思是"最、很"；mostly意思是"大部分"三形容词与副词的比较级(一)基本构成　73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法大多数形容词和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1.规则变化（见教材）2.不规则变化　　原级　　　　比较级　　　最高级　　　　　good(好的)/well(健康的)　　better　　　　best　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　bad(坏的)/ill(有病的)　　　worse　　　　worst　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　old(老的)　　　　　older/elder　oldest/eldest　　　　much/many(多的)　　more　　　　　most　　　　　little(少的)　　　　less　　　　　least　　　　　far(远的)　　farther/further　farthest/furthest　　（二）几组常用比较等级句型1.as+形容词或副词原级+as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用soas…as。Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.2）当asso…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+aan+单数名词+asas+many/much+名词+asThisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as或比较级的前面Yourroomisthreetimesbiggerthanthatone..　　4)倍数表示法：倍数+比较级+than=倍数+as+adjadv(用原级).+(aan+n.)+as　=倍数+the+表示高度(height)长度(length)宽度(width)深度(depth)尺寸(size)等的名词+ofThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.2.用比较级时，要注意遵循前后一致的原则。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.（三）可修饰比较级、最高级的词1）abit,alittle,rather,much,far,(by)far,many,alot,agreatdeal,any,still,even,yet等、倍数、分数或度量名词可以修饰比较级表示程度。2）最高级可以被序数词、much(by)farnearlyalmost修饰。（四）几种比较等级的特殊用法1.“比较级＋and+比较级”或“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思。Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.2.有关比较级的特殊句型①notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……典型例题：Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果②nomore…than…“---和---一样都不---”(两者都否定)；notmore---than“---不如----”指前不如后。SheisnomorecarefulthanMary.她同Mary一样不细心。SheisnotmorecarefulthanMary.她没有Mary细心。①nomorethan+数词=only,“仅仅”，强调少；notmorethan+数词“不超过”，表示客观的数量。Shespentnomorethanfiftydollarsonthecoat.她买那件大衣才花了50美元。②the+比较级表示（两者中）“较---的一个”：OfthetwoCDplayers,I’dlikethesmallerone.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法⑤比较级用于否定句，意思相当于最高级的意思：Shesingssobeautifully.Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.我从来没有听过比这更好的声音。⑥morethan+主语+cancould+谓语表示否定意义，“----不能”：ThebeautyofthecityismorethanIcandescribe.这座城市的美非我能描述。⑦morethan+数词“超过”；+名词“不只是,不仅仅”；+形容词副词动词“非常”。more---than中more后接名词形容词副词动词“与其---不如---”。eg.YaoMinghasmorethanjustsize.LvBuwasmorebravethanwise.与其说吕布聪明，不如说他勇敢。（五）比较级形式表示最高级意义时，注意比较对象的范围应用：①比较级+than+anyother+单数名词=比较级+than(all)theother+复数名词=比较级+than+anyoftheothers比较级+than+anyone(anything)else如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyoneinhisclass.只能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyoneelse(=anyotherstudent=theotherstudents=theothers)inhisclass.1.most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very如：amostinterestingbook。ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage数词+more+(名词)=数词+(名词)+more=another+数词+(名词)意为“再多----”2008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——形容词和副词（11全国II）1.Itisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitis_____anothertoplayitwellyourself.A.quiteB.veryC.ratherD.much（11全国II）2．Mr.Stevensonisgreattoworkfor—Ireallycouldn"taskfora＿boss.A.betterB.goodC.bestD.stillbetter(11上海)3.WhenMomlookedbackontheearlydaysoftheirmarriage,shewonderedhowtheyhadmanagedwith______money.A.sofewB.suchfewC.solittleD.suchlittle（11湖北）4.Theoldengineer’seyesstillshonebrightinthewrinkledbrownfaceandhisstepashecameacrosstheroomwas_______,thoughslow.A.shakyB.heavyC.casualD.steady（11湖北）5.Anunhappychildhoodmayhavesomenegativeeffectsonaperson’scharacter;however,theyarenotalways______.A.practicalB.avoidableC.permanentD.beneficial（11湖北）6.Thestate-runcompanyisrequiredtomakeitsaccountsas______aspossibleforitsstafftomonitortheuseofmoney.A.transparentB.reasonableC.secureD.formal（11江西）7.----Thefilmis,Ihavetosay,notabitinteresting.----Why?It’s______thanthefilmsIhaveeverseen.A.farmoreinterestingB.muchlessinterestingC.nomoreinterestingD.anylessinteresting（11江西）8.Thehousewastooexpensiveandtoobig.______,I’dgrownfondofourlittlerentedhouse.A.BesidesB.ThereforeC.SomehowD.Otherwise（11江西）9.Shehasalreadytriedherbest.Pleasedon’tbeto_____aboutherjob.A.specialB.responsibleC.unusualD.particular（11江苏）10.Inthatschool,Englishiscompulsoryforallstudents,butFrenchandRussianare______.A.specialB.regionalC.optionalD.original（11安徽）11._____,Imanagedtogetthroughthegameandthepainwasworthitintheend.A.HopefullyB.NormallyC.ThankfullyD.Conveniently（11浙江）12.I’vebeenwritingthisreport______forthelasttwoweeks,butithastobehandedintomorrow.A.finallyB.immediatelyC.occasionallyD.certainly73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（11浙江）13.Myscheduleisvery______rightnow,butI’lltrytofityouin.A.tightB.shortC.regularD.flexible（11四川）14.—HowareyourrecenttriptoSichuan?—I’veneverhad_______onebefore.A.apleasantB.amorepleasantC.amostpleasantD.themostpleasant（11天津）15.Theyoungmancouldn’taffordanewcar._______,heboughtausedone.A.BesidesB.OtherwiseC.InsteadD.Still（11浙江）16.Theprofessorcouldtellbythe_____lookinMaria’seyesthatshedidn’tunderstandasinglewordofhislecture.A.coldB.blankC.innocentD.fresh（11福建）17.Nowadays,____increaseinchildren’screativity,fortheyaregreatlyencouragedtodeveloptheirtalents.A.sharpB.slightC.naturalD.modest【12北京】1.Manypeoplehavedonatedthattypeofblood;however,thebloodbankneeds_____.A.someB.lessC.muchD.more【12全国II】2.Nexttobiology,Ilikephysics_______.A.betterB.bestC.thebetterD.verywell【12天津】3.Thesecretaryarrangeda(n)______timeandspacefortheapplicantstohaveaninterview.A.importantB.spareC.publicD.convenient【12天津】4.Thedogmaybeagoodcompanionfortheold.______,theneedtotakeitforwalksmaybeadisadvantage.A.Besides.B.HoweverC.ThereforeD.Instead.【12全国新课程】5.Thisrestaurantwasn"tthatotherrestaurantwewentto.A.halfasgoodasB.ashalfgoodasC.asgoodashalfD.goodashalfas【12福建】6.Anyone,whetherheisanofficialorabusdriver,shouldberespected.A.especiallyB.equallyC.naturallyD.normally【12福建】7.—CanyoulendmethebookGonewiththeWind?ks5u—Sorry.Ireturnedittothelibraryjustnow.Maybeitisstill____.A.availableB.affordableC.acceptableD.valuable【12浙江】8.Mikewasusuallysocareful,______thistimehemadeasmallmistake.A.yetB.stillC.evenD.thus【12浙江】9.Theresearchlacksevidence,andtherefore,itsconclusionsaredoubtful.A.solidB.fierceC.severeD.potential【12安徽】10.QueenElizabethⅡisoftentoberichestwomanintheworld.,herpersonalwealthseemsrathersmall.A.BesidesB.OtherwiseC.HoweverD.Altogether【12安徽】11.Interestisastolearningastheabilitytounderstand,evenmoreso.A.vitalB.availableC.specificD.Similar【12湖南】12.Bicyclingisgoodexercise;_______,itdoesnotpollutetheair.A.neverthelessB.besidesC.otherwiseD.therefore【12辽宁】13.Weusedtoseeeachother______,butIhaven’theardfromhimsincelastyear.A.especiallyB.regularlyC.particularlyD.approximately【12全国新课程】14.Theresultisnotveryimportanttous,butifwedowin,thensomuch_______.A.thebestB.bestC.betterD.thebetter【12山东】15.Be______----youcan’texpectmetofinishallthisworkinsolittletime.A.reasonableB.confidentC.creativeD.grateful【12四川】16.Thehotelisalmostfinished,butit_______needsoneortwoweekstogetreadyforguests.A.onlyB.alsoC.evenD.still11年答案：1.A2.A3.C4.D5.C6.A7.A8.A9.D10.C11.C12.C13.A14.B15.C16.B17.A12年答案：73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法1.答案D。形容词考点。比较级，根据句意即刻判断。2.答案B此处best是副词的最高级，修饰动词like。句意：除了生物，我最喜欢物理。3.答案D4.答案B5.答案A在as…as…句型中，倍数放在第一个as的前面，故A正确。句意：这家饭店不及我们去过另一家的一半好。6.答案B根据句意：无论是官员还是公共汽车司机，都应该平等的被尊敬，所以选择B项equally“平等地，公平地”；especially“尤其地”；naturally“自然地”；normally“正常地”，只有B项符合题意。7.答案A8.答案A9.答案A根据句意：研究缺乏实证（solidevidence），因此所得出的结论还有待考证。fierce激烈的；severe严重的；potential，有潜力的，均不符合语境，故排除。10答案C前面说她富有，后面说她个人财富相当少。11.答案Abevitalto表示：对.....极端重要；somethingbeavailabletosomebody表示：某人可以得到某物，Cspecific不能与to搭配；Dsimilarto表示：与.....相似。本题可以把定于tounderstand省掉，也可以把后面的evenmoreso省掉或还原。Interestisastolearningastheability这样可以确定B是错误的，D更是错误的。Interestisasvitaltolearningastheabilitytounderstand互联网对于学习极端重要，就像理解能力对于学习极端重要一样，互联网甚至比理解能力更加重要。12.答案B13.答案B14.答案D15.答案A16.答案D十四、介词介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如at,in,on,beside,to,for等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上www.ks5u.com的词组组成的短语，如infrontof,becauseof,outof,insteadof等；还有一种叫二重介词，如untilafter,frombehind等。（一）介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成高考资源网份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语：Thebookonthetableismine.2、作状语：Wehavebreakfastatseven.（表时间）；Theywerelateformeetingbecauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）；Theystartedthemachinebypressingthebutton.（表方法）3、作表语：Mydictionaryisinthebag.4、作宾语补足语：Ifoundhimintheoffice.（二）主要介词区别1、表示时间的at,in,on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at8o’clock，常用词组有：atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,attheendof,atthattime,atthewww.ks5u.combeginningof,attheageof,atChristmas,atNewYear等。in表示一段的时间，如：inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,inOctober,in1998,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。on总是跟日子有关，onMonday,onChristmas73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法morning,onthefollowing,onMayDay,onawarmmorning等；onupon+doing=at+n.“一---就”2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday./Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.3、表示时间的in和after：两者如接时间段，都表示“在----时间后”，区别在于in用于将来时或过去时，而after用于过去时。after后接一个具体时间时，也可用于将来时。如：We’llbebackinthreedays.Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?高.考.资.源.风4、表示地理位置的in,on,to，beyond：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina./MongoliaisonthenorthofChina./JapanistotheeastofChina.beyond表示“在向---的那一边、超过晚于”如：Thehouseisbeyondthebridge.房屋在桥的那一边。beyondimagination超过了想象beyondwords无法用语言表答5、表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。如：Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper./Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper./Hedugaholeinthewall.6、表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如：Waterflowsthroughthepipe./Theoldmanwalkedacrossthestreet.高.考.资.源.风高.考.资.源.风7、inthecorner,onthecorner,atthecorner：inthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的内面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom./Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner./Hesatonthecornerofthetable.8、intheend,attheendof,bytheendof：intheend作“最后”、“终于”解，可单独使用，后不接介词of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；bytheendof作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety./Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden./TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek./bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.9、表示“关于”的about和on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述”。如：Hecametotellmeaboutsomethingimportant./Hewroteabookonscience.10、between,among：一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme./Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如：Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如：Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhighmountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarley.11、besides,except,but,exceptfor：besides指“除…还有…”包含在内（因为首字母为“b”）。如：Theotherswentoutbesidesme.（我也出去了）；except指“除了……”不包含在内，不能放在句首。如：Allwentoutexceptme.（我没出去）；but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.；exceptfor表示“除了……”，后面被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的）。如：Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.apartfrom=besidesexcept.Apartfromthesereasons,hecouldn’tsayanything.高.考.资.源.风73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法12、表示“用”的in和with：表示用具体的工具，常用with；而表示语言、声音、材料、度量、单位等的“用”，用in；by指使用的方法。如：Heiswritingaletterwithapen./Hewrotetheletterinink./Wemeasureditinpounds./Readthetextinaloudvoice./TellmethestoryinEnglish.13、inchargeof和inthechargeof：两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于：inchargeof后接被照管的人或物，而inthechargeof后面则跟照管的人。如：Whoisinchargeoftheproject?/Theprojectisinthechargeofanengineer.。14、as,like：as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Letmespeaktoyouasafather.（事实是父亲）；like作“象……一样”解。如：Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.（事实上不是父亲）。15、infrontof和inthefrontof：infrontof=before，是“在……前面”的意思（不在某物内）；inthefrontof则是“在……前部”的意思（在某物内）。如：Thereisadeskinfrontoftheblackboard./Theboysatinthefrontofthecar.。16、in,into：into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。如：Wewalkedintothepark.；in通常表示位置。如：Wewalkedinthepark；in和drop,fall,put,throw,break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。如：Ihaveputthecoinin(into)mypocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。图173 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法图2图32008--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——介词和介词短语1.（2011·湖北卷）30.Whenaskedabouttheiropinionabouttheschoolmaster,manyteacherswouldprefertoseehimstepaside______youngermen.A.intermsofB.inneedofC.infavorofD.inpraiseof2.（2011·全国II）14.Thisshopwillbeclosedforrepairs______furthernotice.A.withB.untilC.forD.at3.（2011·四川卷）8.Nick,it’sgoodforyoutoreadsomebooks_______Chinabeforeyoustartyourtripthere.A.inB.forC.ofD.on4.（2011·北京卷）35.Withnewtechnology,picturesofunderwatervalleyscanbetakencolor.A.byB.forC.withD.in5.（2011·天津卷）11.Hewasagoodstudentandscored______averageinmostsubjects.A.belowB.ofC.onD.above6.（2011·江苏卷）32．We’dbetterdiscusseverything_______beforeweworkouttheplan.A．indetailB．ingeneralC．onpurposeD．ontime7.（2011·全国新课标卷）30．Theformcannotbesignedbyanyoneyourself.A.ratherthanB.otherthanC.morethanD.betterthan8.（2011·浙江卷）5.IalwayswantedtodothejobwhichI"dbeentrained.A.onB.forC.byD.of9.(2011·安徽卷)25.Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseek______foodsafetyproblem.A.inB.toC.onD.after10.(2011·山东卷)30.I’msorryIdidn’tphoneyou,butI’vebeenverybusy_____thepastcoupleofweeks.A.beyondB.withC.amongD.over11.（2011·重庆卷）24.Shirley,arealbooklover,oftenbringshomemanybookstoread________thelibrary.A.inB.forC.byD.from12.（2011·福建卷）22.goodservice,therestaurantoffersdifferentkindsoftraditionalFujiandishes.A.FarfromB.ApartfromC.insteadofD.Regardlessof1.【2012全国卷II】⒗100℃isthetemperature______whichwaterwillboil.A.forB.atC.onD.of2.【2012安徽】25.Youcanchangeyourjob,youcanmovehouse,butfriendshipismeanttobelife.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法A.ofB.onC.toD.for3.【2012北京】34.Doyouthinkthisshirtistootight______theshoulders?A.atB.onC.toD.across4.【2012福建】26.Chinahasbeenpushingthereformofpublichospitals______allitscitizens.A.inchargeofB.forthepurposeofC.inhonorofD.forthebenefitof5.【2012福建】33.Nothingissoeasyas____parentstoraisetheirexpectationsoftheirchildrentoohigh.A.ofB.toC.byD.for6.【2012陕西】11.Anagreementseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersare_____it.A.againstB.forC.toD.with7.【2012辽宁】27.TheWellHotelstandsinaquietplace______themainroadatthefarendofthelake.A.toB.forC.offD.out8.【2012四川】14.Thistrainingprogramcangiveyoualiftatwork,____increaseyourincomeby40%.A.aswellasB.solongasC.somuchasD.assoonas9.【2012浙江】6.______alltheanimalsI’veeverhad,thesetwodogsarethemostsensitivetothespokenword.A.FromB.OfC.ForD.With11年答案:1.【C】2.【B】3.【D】4.【D】5.【D】6.【A】7.【B】8.【B】9.【B】10.【D】11.【D】12.【B】12年答案:1.【答案】B2.【答案】D3.【答案】D4.【答案】D5.【答案】D6.【答案】A7.【答案】C8.【答案】A9.【答案】B十五、省略和替代省略和替代这两种语言现象一般出现高考资源网在上下文相同的语境中,它们的共同目的都是让句子避免重复,言简意赅。一、省略（一）复合句的省略1.状语从句由（al）though,asif,until,once,unless,when,whether,where,while等引导,且同时具备下列两个条件：1）主句和从句的主语一致,或从句主语为it；2）从句中的主要动词是be的某种形式。则从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mWhen（themuseumis）completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.He’llgototheseasideforhisholidayif（itis）possible.2.比较状语从句的省略。例如：I’mtallerthanhe（istall）.Thehigherthetemperature（is）,thegreaterthepressure（is）.3.某些虚拟语气的句子可以省略should。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if,但从句要使用倒装结构。例如：WereIyou（=IfIwereyou）,Iwouldgowithher.Isuggestthathe（should）studymoreEnglishbeforegoingabroad.4.宾语从句中的连接词that,限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常省略。例如：Sheisthewoman（who/whom/that）wearetalkingabout.（二）并列句的省略为使句子简洁,在无损句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分。例如：Icouldhavestayedhome,butIdidn’t（stayhome）.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m（三）（简单句）习惯省略1.介词in,from等在搭配中的省略。例如：Theyhadgreattrouble（in）cleaningtheroom.Hespendshisevening（in）studyingChinese.Wecouldstopthem（from）movingtheheavybox.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法这类词常为waste/succeed/difficulty/trouble/hardtime/keep/prevent等。2.省略不定式符号to①不定式作动词make/let/have以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to,但变成被动语态时不能省略。例如：Thebossmadetheworkersworkalldayandallnight.Theworkersweremadetoworkalldayandallnight.②在密切联系的语境中,为避免重复,作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留to：Don’ttouchanythingunlessyourteachertellsyouto.—Didyouinvitehimtothepartyyesterday?w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m—Yes,I’dtriedto,butherefusedto.但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have:(1)–Areyouanengineer?--No,butIwanttobe.(2)–Hehasn’tfinishedthetaskyet.--Well,heoughttohave.③下列句型中要用动词原形（不定式省to）donothingbutdohavenothingtodobutdothere’snothingtodobutdo(前有实义动词do,后省to)记住：HaveThereisnochoicebuttodocan’thelpbutdocan’tbutdoprefertodoratherthando④主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的不定式的to可带可不带。Allwecandonowis(to)wait.高考单项选择题考查的主要是状语从句、不定式和问句的省略。二、替代替代有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。（一）名词性替代常用one,it,that,those,thesame和人称代词或物主代词。例如：1.MrSmithgavethetextbookstoallthepupilsexcepttheoneswhohadalreadytakenthem.2.Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.3.—Hewasnearlydrownedonce.—Whenwasthat?—Itwasin1998whenhewasinthemiddleschool4.Thehousesofthericharelargerthanthoseofthepoor.（二）动词性替代常用do,doso/it/that等。例如：1.—Itoldhimaboutit.—Idid,too.w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*m2.Hehadpromisedtopay,butfailedtodoso（it/that）.（三）分句式替代常用so,not。例如：1.Hehopeshe’llwinandIhopesotoo.2.—Willitraintoday?—Ibelievenot.（=Idon’tbelieveso.）so用于替代宾语从句的分句,表示说话者赞同前述事实。表示看法、意见等的动词有think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine,guess,say等。主语+thinksobelievesoexpect---so等变为否定形式有两种途径：1）用动词的否定形式；2）用not代替so。但beafraidso,fearso,hopeso等变为否定形式只用第2种方法。DoyouthinkTomwillattendthemeeting?“Ithinkso.”Ithinkso的否定可以用Idon’tthinksoIthinknot”“Doyouthinkitisgoingtorain?”“Ihopeso.”但Ihopeso的否定只能说Ihopenot.与so有关的两个句型：1.表示说话者赞同前述事实：So+主语+连系动词（助动词或情态动词）。例如：—Itwascoldyesterday.—Soitwas.“的确如此。”73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法2.表示前述情况也适用于另一主语的句型：a）只用于肯定情况的句型：So+连系动词（助动词或情态动词）+另一主语“---也一样”；否定情况则使用：Neither（Nor）+连系动词（助动词或情态动词）+另一主语“---也一样不”b）通用句型：Soitis（was）with+另一主语。Heisafarmer.Soitiswithhisbrother.（=Soishisbrother.）w*w*w*k*s*5*u*c*o*mIenjoyedthebookandsodidmywife.（=Soitwaswithmywife.）Shedidn’tcome.Neither/Nordidhersister.（=Soitwaswithhersister.）2007--2012年高考英语试题分类汇编—省略和替代（08安徽卷）1.-----Haveyougotanyparticularplansforthecomingholiday?-----Yes,______,I’mgoingtovisitsomehomesfortheoldinthecity.A.IfeverB.IfbusyC.IfanythingD.Ifpossible（08福建卷）2.–Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheaccident?–Theboss,nottheworkers.Theyjustcarriedouttheorder_____.A.astoldB.asaretoldC.astellingD.astheytold（08江西卷）3.MyEnglishteacher’shumorwas____makeeverystudentburstintolaughter.A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchthatD.sothat（08辽宁卷）4.Billwasn’thappyaboutthedelayofthereportbyJason,and______.A.IwasneitherB.neitherwasIC.IwaseitherD.eitherwasI（09江西）1.Someofyoumayhavefinishedunitone._____,youcangoontounittwo.A.IfyoumayB.IfyoudoC.IfnotD.Ifso（09陕西）2.Hemustbehelpingtheoldmantowatertheflowers,?A.isheB.isn’theC.mustheD.mustn’the（09江苏）3.---What’sthematterwithDella?---Well,herparentswouldn"tallowhertogototheparty,butshestill_____  A.hopesto          B.hopesso        C.hopesnot        D.hopesfor（10浙江）1．Theexperimentshowsthatproperamountsofexercise,ifregularly,canimproveourhealth.A．beingcarriedoutB．carryingoutC．carriedoutD．tocarryout（2011·江苏卷）33.Itsoundslikesomethingiswrongwiththecar’sengine.,we’dbettertakeittothegarageimmediately.A.OtherwiseB.IfnotC.ButforthatD.Ifso08年答案1-4DABB09年答案：1.D省略句的用法。Ifso=Ifyouhavedonethat/so2.B考查反意疑问句。陈述句中的谓语中虽有情态动词must，但此处must表示对正在进行的动作进行推测，将其不看作情态动词。而must后有助动词be，故反意疑问句根据助动词be来构成，选B。3.A答案：C考点：本题考查if条件句中的省略情况。解析：本句的句子的主语是theexperiment；谓语动词是shows；that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主干事：properamountsofexercisecanimproveourhealth，if_____regularly是插入的条件从句，从句的主语是properamountsofexercise，此时应用it代替前面提到的主语，条件句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且含有is，故省略了itis，完整形式是：ifitiscarriedout。句意为：这项实验表明，适当的运动，如果有规律的进行，能够有助于我们的身体健康。10年答案C11年答案【D】十六、虚拟语气一、虚拟语气—表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。二、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m主从句时态虚拟条件句主句例句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were)主语+should,would,could,might+动词原形IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting.IfIwereyou,Ishouldseizethe73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法chancetogoabroad.与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should,would,could,might+have+过去分词Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexams.与将来事实相反的似设①If+主语+动词过去式②If+主语+wereto+动词原形③If高考资源网+主语+should“万一”+动词原形主语+should,would,could,might+动词原形Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifheshouldnotcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.三、使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：1．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvicejustnow,youwouldbebetternow.2．if省略句在条件句中可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首,变为倒装句式。如：IfIwereatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.→WereIatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.→Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.→Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.3．用介词短语或副词代替条件状语从句。常用的有with,without,butfor,otherwise如：Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?(=ifyouhadamilliondollars)Wecouldn"thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftimewithoutyourhelp.(=ifwehadn"tgotyourhelp)Butfortherain(=Ifithadn"tbeenfortherain),wewouldhavefinishedthework.二、虚拟语气在名词性从旬中的运用1．用于宾语从句中①wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为:过去时(表现在)过去完成时(表过去)could/would/might(都不能省)+动词原形(表将来)如：Iwish(that)Iwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.Iwish(that)Ihadmetthatfilmstaryesterday.HowIwishitweren"trainingnow.②用于表示坚持、命令、建议、要求等动词后的宾语从句中，常见的有：一个“坚持”（insist）, 两个“命令”（order，command）三个“建议”（suggest,advise,propose）四个“要求”（demand，ask,request,require），也可用“Idropcaps”来帮助记忆，即：I(insistintend),d(desiredemanddeterminedecide),r(recommendrequestrequire),o(order),p(propose),c(command),a(adviseask),p(prefer),s(suggest)。宾语从句中的虚拟语气其结构为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。如：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)startoffearlythenextday.Thedoctororderedthatthepatient(should)besenttohospitalwithoutdelay.Theyinsistedthattheboy(should)gowiththem.注意：当suggest表示“暗示、表明”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气。如：Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.当insist表示“坚持认为”的事情在时间上已经过去，不用虚拟语气；表示“坚持要---”73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法才用虚拟语气。如：Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.③在wouldrather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其构成为动词用过去式。如：Iwouldrathertheydidn"thearofthenews.2．用于主语从句中:Itisdesired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/apity+that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。如：Itissuggestedthatthemeetingshouldbeputofftillnextweek.Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveactedtowardhisparentslikethat.注意：以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。如：It’sstrangethathedidn"tcomeyesterday.在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should+动词原形”。如：Myideaisthatweshouldthinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatweshouldgotoDalianforsight–seeing.三、虚拟语气用在asif(asthough),evenif(eventhough)中如果从句表示的动作指现在状况，则用过去时；如果表示的动作发生在过去，则用过去完成时；如果指将来的动作，则用过去将来时。如：Helooksasifhewereanartist.ShespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifshehadstudiedEnglishinAmerica.四、Itis(high)time(that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原形（should不能省略）。此句型意为“（现在）该……”，用来表示提议。Itis(high)timethatyouwenttoschool.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mItis(high)timethatweshouldstartout.五、用于ifonly引导的感叹句中IfonlyIhadseenthefilm!=HowIwishIhadseenthefilm!2010---2012年高考英语试题分类汇编——虚拟语气（10上海）1.---Sorry,ProfessorSmith.Ididn"tfinishtheassignmentyesterday.---Oh,youhavedoneitasyesterdaywasthedeadline.A.mustB.mustn"tC.shouldD.shouldn"t（10安徽）2.Bobwouldhavehelpedusyesterday,buthe-_______A.wasbusyB.isbusyC.hadbeenbusy.D.willbebusy（10湖南）3.Ifhemyadvice,hewouldn"thavelosthisjob.A.followedB.shouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.wouldfollow（10天津）4.Johnwenttothehospitalalone.Ifhemeaboutit,Iwouldhavegonewithhim.A.shouldtellB.tellsC.toldD.hadtold（10江苏）5.Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhe_______moreonitsculture.A.focusB.focusedC.wouldfocusD.hadfocused（010陕西）6.Ifwe___theotherroad,wemighthavearrivedhereintimeforthemeeting.A.takeB.hadtakenC.tookD.havetaken（10湖北）7.Mr.Johnsoninsistedthattheproblemworthyofattention_______(讨论)atthemeeting.(discuss)（10北京）8.--Theweatherhasbeenveryhotanddry.--Yes.Ifithadrainedevenadrop,thingswouldbemuchbetternow!Andmyvegetables___.A.wouldn"tdieB.didn"tdiewww.ks5u.com/gaokao/beijingC.hadn"tdiedD.wouldn"thavediedwww.ks5u.com/gaokao/beijing73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（10浙江）9．HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergy.A．wouldhavebeensavedB．hadbeensavedC．willbesavedD．wassaved（2011·北京卷）10.—Wherearethechildren?Thedinner’sgoingtobecompletelyruined.—Iwishtheyalwayslate.A.weren’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeD.wouldn’thavebeen（2011·福建卷）11.——Pityyoumissedthelectureonnuclearpollution。——Iit,butIwasbusypreparingforajobinterview.A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended参考答案：1.答案：C考点：本题考查的是虚拟语气解析：此处表示和过去事实相反的情况，应该用should+have+过去分词。本来应该做，而未做2.答案：A.考点：本题考查虚拟语气与时态。解析：前句表示对过去的虚拟，而but之后表示过去的客观事实，故用一般过去时态。3.考点：考查虚拟语气。解析：根据“wouldn’thavelost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟，故选C项。4.答案：D.考点：考查虚拟语气。句意：约翰独自去了医院。如果他告诉我的话，我会跟他一起去的。解析：前一句是陈述语气，说明动发生在过去，而且后一句的主句已经是wouldhavegone说明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与之对应的从句结构，应该用had+过去分词。5.答案：选B解析：wouldrather后应用虚拟语气，表示与现在时间相反，用动词的过去式6.答案：B.解析：考查虚拟语气。所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语，根据主句的谓语动词形式mighthavearrived可知题干是与过去事实相反，故所填部分用had+过去分词形式，选B。7.答案：(should)bediscussed考点：虚拟语气解析：“insist”引导的宾语从句要用虚拟，从句结构是“should”（可省略）加动词原形，主语“problem”是要“被讨论”。8.答案：D考点：本题考查虚拟语气中对过去的虚拟。解析：第二个说话人的If条件句是我们选择正确答案的关键。要是当时下雨了，现在的情况就好的多了！我的蔬菜也就不会死了。过去没有下雨，所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发生在过去。而将句子还原则为Ifithadrainedevenadrop,myvegetableswouldn"thavedied.If+haddone,主句为couldn’t/shouldn"t/wouldn"thavedone.9.答案：A考点：本题考查虚拟语气。解析：根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：IfIhadknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergy.故选择A。句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。10.【A】11.【D】十七、改错（附）（一）近6年高考改错题题目设置特点如下：年度谓语动词名词连词冠词形容词或副词代词非谓语动词介词200612111111200721112112008111122120092212112010211112120113111273 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法合计118367846（二）解题思路：通读全文，掌握大意;按照口诀，逐句判断；先易后难，规范答题；反复通读，复查验证。（三）口诀和解析：动词形、名词数，注意形和副；冠连介，要留意，非谓动词辨别细；代词、短语、惯用法；句子成分多分析；逻辑错误须关注。1.句中各部分的结构是否完整，特别是每个句子要有动词；动词的时态（常为过去时和一般现在时的混用、过去时和现在完成时的混用）、语态；2.名词的单、复数，格的使用是否正确；3.常见非谓语动词的用法（尤其是v-ed和v-ing的混用）；不定式，动名词作主语，宾语、and连接的不定式、动名词和过去分词前后一致（尤其距离较远时）等。4.形容词（常做定语、表语）和副词（修饰动词、形容词、副词或在句首做状语）混用没有、错用没有；比较等级是否用对。5.定冠词和不定冠词是否正确(单数可数名词前面要有限定词)；介词（atoninwithoutwith等）的用法正确没有；6并列句中的并列连词（andbutor等）、复合句中的从属连词用（whenwhileasunless等）是否得当；7.代词的格和性的使用是否有误、代词的指代前后是否一致；定语从句中关系代词或关系副词（whichthatwhenwhere介词+which等）是否准确无误8.常见短语、搭配；9.前后是否逻辑一致，主要是前后是否矛盾。（三）分类练习1.动词常见错误（1）Oneday,whilemyfriendandIwastravellingthroughGermany,---(08安徽）（2）Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkathome;theywantmetodevoteallmytimetomystudies.(NMET2005)（3）Asweclimbedthemountain,wefedmonkeys,visitingtemplesandtoldstories.（NMET2004）（4）Bothmyparentsmissyoualot.Sodoourfriend,Cathy.(08福建）（5）Withsuchstoriesitmakepeoplethinkaboutlife,andthereforeattractstheaudience.(08重庆）（6）Irememberedherwordsandcalmdown.(NMET2005)（7）AnEnglishladywasfinallydecidedthatshereallyshouldlearntodrive.（10四川）（8）Theangeltouchedhisback,andhehadrecovered.（09四川）2.形容词副词的错误形容词和副词的混用或比较等级错误.(1)Iheadedforthecompany,feelingsureIwouldeasyfinish300envelopesinfivehoursandearnthemoney.(08浙江)(2)Yalwaysgavemespeciallyattentionandinspiredme.(06天津)73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法(3)Thetwomenthrewalltheirequipmentintothewatertomaketheballoonlight.(06全国)(4)Idon’twanttobeanormallyperson!(09四川)3.非谓语动词的常见错误不定式，动名词作主语，宾语，and连接的不定式、动名词和过去分词前后一致（尤其距离较远时），现在分词和过去分词的混用等。（1）Weallenjoyedthispreciousdaygreatly,rememberthetimewespenttogether.(08辽宁）（2）SoonIbegantoenjoytalktomyselfonpaperasIwas….(NMET2003）（3）Somethingassimpleasdrinksomecoldwatermayclearyourmindandrelivepressure.(2008年上海卷)（4）Throughouthistory,thelanguagespeakingbyapowerfulgroupspreadsacrossacivilization.(08上海春招）4.冠连介词错误，特别注意并列连词和从属连词错误（1）…butitdidn’tmatterthatIwouldwinornot.(NMET2000)（2）Itwasapitywhichsomeofuswerenotpresent.(08辽宁）（3）WhenIwasonthestagethenextday,IfeltsonervousasIshooklikealeaf.(NMET2000)（4）Theangeltouchedhiseyes,buthecouldseeeverythingclearly.（09四川）（5）Threemenwerefishingwhentheangelappearedintheboatwiththem.(09四川)（6）“Howdidyouchangeyourmind?”heaskedherbysurprise.(10四川)5.代词错误人称代词的误用；缺少人称代词的错误；关系代词和副词错用、混用（1）Wechosethecheapestbiscuitsandateitunderthetree.(08辽宁）（2）OnedayIwrotealittlestoryandshowedtomyteacher.(NMET2003)（3）Villagersheredependonthefishingindustry,withoutthattherewon’tbemuchwork.(2008上海春招)（4）Andaftermanyattempts,shepassedherdrivingtestandtoldherhusbandthat，torelease，hewasgoingtodrivehimovertoFranceforaholiday.（10四川）（5）Thesecondmanpointedtohisglassesandaskediftheangelcouldcureherpooreyesight.(09四川)6.语境及逻辑错误主要是前后矛盾或逻辑不一致。（1）ImustworkhardtoimprovemyspokenEnglishsothatIwillnotbeabletocommunicatefreelywithforeigners.(08天津）（2）Weallenjoyedthispreciousdaygreatly,rememberingthetimewespenttogetherandthepeopletheywerefamiliarwith.(08辽宁）（3）Butthenaweekafterthetrip,shesuddenlyannouncedthattheywouldn’ttaketheholiday.（09四川）（四）练习巩固练习1TodayIattendedameetingholdingbyourschool76．___________Atthemeetingmorethanthirtystudentspraised77．___________Forourhappiness,Bruce,monitorofourclass,78．___________whowasamongthem.Weallfeltproudofhim．79．____________73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Thentheheadmastergavethematalk.Hewanted80．___________ustolearnthesemodelstudentsandhopedthat81．___________moreandmorestudentswillbepraisedatthe82．___________nextschoolmeeting.Iwasgreatencouragedand83．___________madeupmymindtoworkharder.Nextweek84．___________therewillbeanEnglishexam.I’lltrytogetgoodmark.85．___________练习2Notallpeopleliketoworkandeveryonelikestoplay.Allover76._______theworldmenandwoman,boysandgirlsenjoysports.Since77._______longago,manyadultsandchildrencalledtheirfriendstogether78._______tospendhours,evendaysplaygames.Oneofthereasonswhypeople79._______liketoplayisthatsportshelpthemtolivehappily.Inotherwords,80._______theyhelptokeeppeoplestrongandfeelgood.Whenpeopleare81._______playinggames,theymovealot.Thatishowsportsaregoodactivities82._______fortheirhealth.Havingfunwiththeirfriendsmakethemhappy.83._______Manypeopleenjoysportsbywatchingtheothersplay.InAmerican84._______bigcities,thousandssellticketstowatchfootballorbasketballgames.85._______练习3Itookpartinageographyresearchstudygroupinlastterm.Our76________topicwasenvironmentalpollutionandprotection.Wetookavariety77________ofpicturesshowedthepresentpollutionconditionsofourcity.To78________oursurprised,therearestillalotofpeopledoingsillythingstoour79________surroundings.Somepeoplethrowtherubbishanywheretheylike,80________somecarsgiveoffharmfulgases,andwastewaterispouredin81________riversbysomefactories.Worsestill,peoplesometimeshadtomake82________theirwaysthroughdustywindsasaresultofpollution.Through83________ourresearch,wecometoknowwhateverybodymustpayattention84________toourenvironmentandsomemeasuresshouldbetakentoprotect.85________参考答案（1）76．holding→held77．praised前加were78．For→To79．去掉who80．them→us81．Learn后加from82.will→would83.great→greatly84．√85．mark→marks（2）76.and－but77.woman－women78.called前加have79.play-playing80正确81.feel-feeling82.how-why83.make-makes84.去85.sell-buy（3）76.去掉第二个in.77.正确.78.showed—showing或showed---whichshowed.79.surprised—surprise.80.去掉the81.in---into82.had---have.83.ways—way84.what—that或去掉what.85.protect后加it.（五）自我评价：1.现在我觉得改错题___________________________。2.我在改错练习中做错的题主要属于___________错误。3.通过进一步对_______________学习和练习，我能做好改错题！十八、英语写作（附）73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法（二）高考英语作文套用句型一、１．议论：A.Justaseverycoinhastwosides,carshavebothadvantagesanddisadvantages．B.Comparedto/Incomparisonwithletters,e-mailsaremoreconvenient.C.Whenitcomestocomputers,somepeoplethinktheyhavebroughtusalotofconvenience.However,othersholdtheoppositeidea.D.Opinionsaredividedontheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoflivinginthecityandinthecountryside.E.Asisknowntoall/Asweallknow,computershaveplayedanimportantrole/partinourdailylife.F.Whydoyougotouniversity?Differentpeoplehavedifferentpointsofview.2.书信：A.Iamwritingtoyoutoapplyforadmission(录取用)tothepositionyouoffer.B.Ireadanadvertisementintoday’sChinaDailyandIapplyforthejobyouoffer.C.ThankyouforyourletterofMay5.D.Iamveryhappytoreceiveyourletter.Iamverypleasedtohearthatyouwillpayavisittoourschool.D.HowhappyIamtoreceiveyourletterofJanuary9.E.Iamwritingtotellyouaboutthediscussionwhetherweshouldcancelthelisteningtestincollegeentranceexams.F.Hownicetohearfromyouagain.G.I’mlookingforwardtoyourreplyletterreceivingyourletterhearingfromyou.H.Imissyouverymuchandhopetomeetyouagain.I.Pleaseremembermetoyourparents.3.说明介绍、指路：1、SichuanliesstandsislocatedissituatedinthenorthwestofChina.2、Itisrichinmanykindsofnaturalresourcessuchascoalandpetrol.3、Ithasapopulationof23million.4、Itisterriblycoldinwinterandratherhotinsummerthere.5、Thepeopletherearefriendlyandhardworkingandtheirhospitalitywillneverfailtogiveyouadeepimpression.6.Hereishowyoucanfindthepostoffice.7.walkstraightontillyoucometoahospital.8.Godownalongthisstreetuntilyoureachahospital,thenturnrightleftatthefirstsecondthirdcrossingturning.9.Afterwalkingforawhileyou"llcometoabookshop.Onyourtheleftright,thereisaabookshop.10.Whenyouwalkgocomein(to)theschool,youwillseeanattractivegarden.Infrontofbehindbesideit,thereisliesstandsateachingbuilding.4.描写人：1、Maryisagirlboyof12yearsold.2、Iam16yearsoldI’ma16-year-oldstudent.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法3.I’mtallandslimwithbigeyesandblackhair.4、Beingkindandhelpful,UncleLialwaysenjoyshelpingothersout.5、Inhishersparetime,Limingspendsmuchtimelisteningtomusicandreading.6.Tomgetsonquitewellwithalmostanyoneandheisalwayswelcomewhereverhegoes.5.口头通知、演讲稿或介绍情况：A.Ladiesandgentlemen,MayIhaveyourattention,please.Ihaveanannouncementtomake.B.Attention,please.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.C.Mr.Green,Welcometoourschool.Tobeginwith,letmeintroduceMr.Wangtoyou.D.Ladiesandgentlemen,Ifeelverymuchhonoredtohaveachanceheretomakeaspeechonthesubject.二、1.开头套语：1）It"swell-knowntousthat----2）AsisknowntousAsweallknow,----3）Aswecanseefromthegraph(table,chart),----4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat---5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.”6)I’mgladpleasedtoreceiveyourletter.7)Ireadhavereadyouradvertisementinthenewspaperthatyouwantstoemploy----8)Today,Ihadawonderfulfantasticday!9)Recentlyinourclasswehadhavehadaheateddiscussionabout----10)Thereare30%ofthepeoplethinkingbelievingwhothink(believe)whoareforinfavorofagainst----11)I’mwritingthelettertoapplyforthejobthankyouforyour---expressmyappreciationforcomplaintabout----12)AttentionMayIhaveyourattention,please?13)Ladiesandgentlemen,I’mhonoredtohavethechanceto----2．表示看法：1）Peoplehaveholddifferentattitudes（态度）towardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Theopinionsaredividedwidelyonthequestion.4）Somepeoplebelieve(think)that---arefor---agreetodo----Othersarguethat---areagainst---disagreetodo---Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Theybelieveholdtheideathat----3.表示原因：1）Thereasonsforthiswhypeople----arethatpeople----.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.5）ThereareFourreasonsforthis.First,---Second,----Third,----Finally---Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people"slivingstandard（水平）hasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.4.表示好处坏处：1）Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）Itdoesusalotofgood.3）Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）Itisbeneficialtous.5）Itisofgreatbenefittous.6）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.7）Itdoesusmuchharm.8）Itisharmfultous.Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons(视野).Therefore，readingextensively（广泛地）isofgreatbenefittous.However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.5.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能：1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon,computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.6.表示措施：1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasuressteps（措施）toprotecttheenvironment..2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercomethedifficulties.3）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatwearefacedwith.73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法Thehousingproblemthatwearefacedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.7.表示变化：1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.4)Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeoplearemoreinterestedin---8.表示比较数量变化：1）ComparedwithA，B----2）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.3）Thereisastriking(显著的)contrast(对比)betweenthem.4）Ithasincreased(risen)decreased(fallen)from---to---5）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）toby800，000.6）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantages.Firstly，theydonotneednaturalresourcesofpetroleum(石油).Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople"shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportion（比例）ofpeople"sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.Fromthegraphlistedabove,itcanbeseenthatthetimestudentsspendoncomputershasincreasedfromlessthantwohoursperweekin2006to20hoursin2008.9.表示结论结尾句型：1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat----2）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat----3)Ingeneral/aboveall/withtheresultthat/asaresult,----4)AsfarasIamconcerned/asforme,----8)Inmyopinionpointofview,Ilike/preferAmuchmorethanB.9)Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakeeffortsto----10)Thankyouagain.11)Idohopethatyouwritebackasquicklyaspossible.12)I’meagertoreceiveyourletterresponsereplysoon.13)I’mlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.14)Welcometo-----15)Whatawonderfulanunforgettabledayitis!三、常用过渡连接词：1、时间顺序类tobeginwith,=(at)first=inthefirstplace=firstofall,then,later,meanwhile=atthesametime,intheend=finally。2、平行对等类and;both…and;aswellas;foronething,foranother;neither…nor;either…or.3、转折关系类but,yet,while,however,onthecontrary,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand.4、因果关系类for,so,therefore,asaresult,becauseof,dueto,owingto,thanksto.5、空间顺序类：ontheright/left,totheright/left,ononesideof,ontheothersideof,attheendof,inthemiddleof,in(the)frontof,behindbesidenextto6、解释说明类thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,suchas,forexample,forinstance,andsoon..7、递进关系类besides=what’smore=inaddition=moreover=furthermore,what’sworse=tomakemattersthingsworseworsestill,what’sbetter=tomakemattersthingsbetter,moremostimportantly。8、总结类inshort,inbrief,inaword,allinall,onthewhole,tosumup,inconclusion。（三）万能英语模板　　图标作文73 LoveEnglish,lovelife!新编实用英语语法　　Asisshownbythefigure/percentageinthetable/picture,____hasbeenonrise/decrease,significantly（重大）rising/decreasingfrom____in_____to_____in_____.Fromthesharprise/decline（下降）inthechart,itgoeswithoutsayingthat_____.　　Thereareatleasttwogoodreasonsaccountingfor（解释）_____.Ononehand,____.Ontheotherhand,_____isduetothefactthat______.Inaddition,______isresponsiblefor_____.Maybetherearesomeotherreasonstoshow______.Butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyconvincing（有说服力的）.　　AsfarasIamconcerned,Iholdthepointofviewthat_______.Iamsuremyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded.　　书信作文Dear...,　　Iamextremelypleasedtohearfromyou.AndIwouldliketowritealettertotellyouthat_____.　　……　　Iwillgreatlyappreciatearesponsefromyouatyourearliestconvenience/Iamlookingforwardtoyourrepliesatyourearliestconvenience.　　Bestregardsforyourhealthandsuccess.Sincerelyyours,　　话题作文　　Nowadays,therearemoreandmore___in___.Itisestimated（估计）that___.Whyhavetherebeensomany____?Maybethereasonscanbelistedasfollows.　　Thefirstoneis______.Besides,_____.Thethirdoneis_____.Tosumup（总之）,themaincauseofitisdueto_____.Itishightimethatsomethingweredoneuponit.Foronething,_____.Foranotherthing,_____.Allthesemeasureswillcertainlyreducethenumberof_____.　　对比观点作文　　_____isbecomingmoreandmorepopularrecently.Therearetwosidesofopinionsofit.Somepeoplesay____istheirfavorite.Theyholdtheirviewforthereasonof____.Whatismore,_____.Moreover,______.　　Whileothersthinkthat_____isabetterchoiceinthefollowingthreereasons.Firstly,_____.Secondly(besides),______.Thirdly(finally),_____.　　Frommypointofview,Ithink_____.Thereasonisthat_____.Asamatteroffact,therearesomeotherreasonstoexplainmychoice.Forme,theformerissurelyawisechoice.73