初中英语语法之十二 非谓语动词 5页

非谓语动词一.定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语形式。二.分类：动词不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词。（一）动词不定式1)构成：(not)todo/(not)do2)句法功能：（1）作主语：　　Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.　Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.灰心意味着失败。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.灰心意味着失败。常用句式：It+be+形容词+todosth.Ittakessb.+sometime+todosth.It+be+形容词+of/forsb+todosth.常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式；It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.（necessary修饰tostudyhard，表示学习努力是有必要的）而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.（foolish修饰逻辑主语him）（2）作表语：　　Herjobistocleanthehall.她的工作是打扫大厅。seem作连系动词，其后的tobe不定式可省。Sheseemstobeilltoday.=Sheseemsill.=Itseemsthatsheisill.（3）作宾语：　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,Ihopetogetgoodgrades.Iwanttohelpyou.注意：①如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。Ifounditdifficulttolearnmathwell.②动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.我只能留在这里，别无选择。　　HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。③动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用。　　HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.他给了我们一些学英语的建议。（4）作宾语补足语：　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.　　有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,　Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.（6）作状语：　　①表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。　　Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。　　②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外)，常位于句尾。　　Hearrivedlateonlytofindthetrainhadgone.他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。　　Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.我去拜访他，只见他出去了。　　③表原因：heywereverysadtohearthenews.他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。　　④表程度：It"stoodarkforustoseeanything.太暗了，我们什么也看不见。　⑤表条件：不定式表条件常位于句首。Tobeheated，liquidwillchangeintogas.如果受热，液体就会变成气体。 ⑥表方式:不定式可接在asif/asthough之后Hemovedhismouthasiftosaysomething.他嘴唇动了动，好像要说什么事。　（7）不定式做独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikeit.告诉你实话，我不喜欢它。（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。　Ifyoudon"twanttodoit,youdon"tneedto.如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。　Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.他希望学医并成为医生。（二）.v-ing形式1）分类：v-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词，2）句法功能：（1）作主语：　Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。（2）作表语：　Intheantcity,thequeen"sjobislayingeggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语：Theyhaven"tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：　　enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），deny（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）,bebusy,beworth,feellike,can"tstand,can"thelp（情不自禁地）,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…（from）,protect…from,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,insiston,（4）作定语：Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?你们学校有游泳池吗？（三）.过去分词1）构成：-ed2）句法功能：（1）做定语OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。（2）做宾语补足语Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。（3）做表语Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：1.有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别　1）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stoptodo停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事3）remembertodo记住去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）trytodo尽全力，努力做某事trydoing尝试做某事6)meantodo打算，有意要…meandoing意味着7）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）proposetodo打算（要做某事）proposingdoing建议（做某事）9)learntodo…学着去做某事learndoing…学会做某事10)can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事11)usedtodo…过去做某事beusedtodoing…习惯做某事12）e/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为；+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念　　（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。　　Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow．13）need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；Theroomneedscleaning.+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。2.常考句式：1）see/watch/notice/hear/findsb.doingsth.强调动作正在进行see/watch/notice/hear/findsb.todosth.强调动作发生的事实2)keepsb.doingsth.让某人做某事3）finishdoingsth.做完某事4）spendtime/money(in)doingsth.花费时间/金钱做某事5）havedifficulty/troubledoingsth.做某事有困难 6）how/whataboutdoingsth?做某事怎么样？（提建议）非谓语动词——巩固练习Ⅰ.填空(A)用括号中的动词适当形式填空1.Wearesoglad________(hear)thenews.2.Isawhim________(cross)theroadsafelyand________(run)away.3.Youcan’tmakehim________(do)whatyouwant.4.Idon’tknowwhere________(meet)him.5.Whatmakesyou________(think)I’mafarmer?6.Didyouseehim________(go)upstairs?7.Itisbetter________(put)yourmoneyinabank.8.Itisdifficultfortheboy________(swim)acrosstheriver.9.Ilethim________(go)earlyashewanted________(meet)hisuncleatthestation.10.Willyouhelpme________(move)thebed?11.Ifhedoesn’tknow,how________(use)therecorder,you’dbetter________(show)him.12.Heisthelastone________(leave)theofficeeveryday.13.It’sbadmanners________(shout)inpublic.14.Theboyisoldenough________(dress)himself.15.Sheistooill________(go)toschool.(B)填入动名词的适当形式.1.Canyouimagineyourself______　inalonelyisland?(stay)2.Ican"tunderstandyour______　atthatpoorchild.(laugh)3.Shedidn"tmind_______　overtime.(work)4.Tomakealiving,hetried_______,________,andvariousotherthings,buthehadfailedinall.(write;paint)5.WearelookingforwardtoMary"s________　.(come).6.Shewaspraisedfor_______thelifeofthechild.(save)7.Sheoughttobepraisedinsteadof______(criticize).8.Isthereanypossibilityofour______　thechampionship?(win)9.Hecametothepartywithout_______(invite)　10.Don’tkeepme__________(wait)foralongtime.11.Knivesareusedfor______________(cut)things.12.Canyoufinish___________(read)thebookinthreedays?13.Thedoctorwasbusy____________(operate)ontheboyatthattime.14.Stop___________(talk)andlistentomecarefully.15.Thankyouverymuchfor____________(help)us.16.Grannyisveryillandshedoesn’tfeellike___________(eat)anything.17.Thegirlenjoys___________(listen)tolightmusic.18.Doyouremember___________(buy)meabeautifulskirtonmy13thbirthday?19.Wecouldn’thelp_________(laugh)afterweheardthefunnystory.20.Whatabout___________(go)outforawalk?Ⅱ.用不定式完成下列句子1.Haveyoudecided________（怎样度假）.2.Itisdangerous________（玩火）.3.Shewasthefirstwoman________（环球飞行的）.4.Theboywasmade________（重复他自己的故事）.5.Theoldladylookedatthechildren________（穿过马路）.6.Ittookmemuchtime________（算出这些难题）yesterday. 7.Thebossmadetheworkers________（一天工作十小时）.8.Idon’tknow________（在会上说什么）.9.Canyoutellme________（在哪里能买到这本书）?10.________（在何时何地召开这会议）hasn’tbeendecidedyet.Ⅲ．根据句意改写句子1．Theoldmanissooldthathecan’twork.Theoldmanistooold.2.Idon’tknowhowIcangettotheTVfactory.Idon’tknowtotheTVfactory.3.Mr.GreenwentbacktoEnglandforaholiday.Mr.GreenwentbacktoEnglandaholiday.4.MikehopeshecanvisittheGreatWallonday.MikehopestheGreatWalloneday.5.Doeshesayanythingforhimselfatthemeeting?Doeshehaveanythingforhimselfatthemeeting?6.Heissostrongthathecancarrytheheavybox.Heisstrongtheheavybox.7.Hespenttwohoursdoingthework.Ithimtwohoursthework.8.It’stimeforschool.It’stimeschool.9.ItseemsthatsheisanEnglishteacher.SheanEnglishteacher.10.Hisfathersaidtohim,“listentotheteachercarefully.”Hisfathertoldhimtheteachercarefully.实战演练1.I’mthirsty.Willyougetmesomething____A.drinkB.todrinkC.eatD.eating2.Itwasgreatfun_____apicniconthehill.A.tohaveB.ofhavingC.haveD.had3.It’sbadforyoureyes____computergamesforalongtime.A.playsB.toplayC.playD.played4.----DoyouoftenhearJohn____inhisroom?----Yes.Listen!Nowwecanhearhim____inhisroom.A.sing;tosingB.singing;singingC.sing;singingD.tosing;singing5.Whynot____?A.lethimtogohomeB.tolethimgohomeC.lethimgohomeD.tolethimtogohome6.Theyweremade____fourteenhoursaday.A.workB.workingC.workedD.towork7.Isitalwayseasier____friendsthantokeepthem?A.makingB.makeC.tomakeD.made8.It____Jacktwentyminutes____themathproblemyesterday.A.took;toworkoutB.takes;workedoutC.hastaken;workoutD.istaking;workingout9.Whenyouleave,don’tforget____offthelight.A.toturnB.turningC.turnD.turned10.Whodoyouthinkyou’dlike____?A.tomakefriendsB.makefriendsC.tomakefriendswithD.makefriendswith11.AlthoughJefflovesKFC,hetries____ittoooften.A.toeatB.noteatC.tonoteatD.nottoeat12.----Hi,Betty.ShallwegoswimmingthisSunday?----ThisSunday?Iamsorry,Ihavealotofhomework____thisSunday.A.todoB.doneC.doD.tobedone13.Sallyhadnopen____yesterdaymorning.A.towriteB.towritewithC.writingD.writingwith14.JohnaskedDavidhow____Christmas. A.celebratingB.tocelebrateC.tobecelebratedD.celebrate15.WeallconsideredMrZhao____teacher.A.bethebestB.tobethebestC.beingbestD.beingthebest16.It’sverykind____youto____me____theheavybag.A.for;tell;totakeB.of;thank;forC.to;speak;tohaveD.of;help;carry17.Haveyoudecided____?A.togowithwhomB.whomtogowithC.whomgowithD.withwhomtogo18.Herhope____agoldmedalinthe2008OlympicGames.A.towinB.istowinC.winningD.willwin19.Themeetingroomisbigenough____onehundredpeople.A.holdingB.holdC.toholdD.holds20.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife____?A.tocutthewatermelonwithB.tocutthewatermelonC.cuttingthewatermelonD.cuttingthewatermelonwith21.Itisbettertoteachamantofishthan____himfish.A.givingB.togiveC.givesD.gave22.Thepolicemanwarnedtheyoungman____afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive23.Whatdoyouthinkisthebestway____thewildanimals?A.protectingB.toprotectC.protectedD.protect24.I’drather____ontheland____inafactory.A.work;thanworkB.work;workC.towork;thantoworkD.towork;towork25.Mygrandfatherisused____ahatinwinter.A.towearB.forwearingC.wearingD.towearing26.I’msorry____youenoughhelp.A.havegivenB.ofnotgivingC.nottohavegivenD.tohavegiven27.SomestudentsfromGrade9____dosome____fortheold.A.volunteeredto;cleanB.volunteered;cleaningC.volunteeredto;cleaningD.volunteered;clean28.Theyoungmanwasoftenseen____bythelake.A.todrawB.todrawingC.drawD.drew29.Tomis____tomakealivingbyhimself.A.veryoldB.tooyoungC.toobigD.toostrong30.Ifind____himallaboutit.A.necessarytotellB.thatnecessarytoC.necessaryittotellD.itnecessarytotell参考答案I、(A)1.tohear2.cross,run3.do4.tomeet5.think6.go7.toput8.toswim9.go,tomeet10.(to)meet11.touse,show12.toleave13.toshout14.todress15.togo(B)1.staying　2.laughing　3.working4.writing;painting　5.coming6.havingsaved7.beingcriticized　　8.winning9.beinginvited10.waiting11.cutting12.Reading13.operating14.talking15.helping16.eating17.listening18.buying19.laughing20.goingII、1.howtospendyourholiday2toplaywithfire3toflyaroundtheearth4toreporthisownstory5tocrosstheroad6toworkoutthesedifficultproblems7worktenhourseveryday8whattosayatthemeeting9wheretobuythisbook10WhenandwheretoholdthemeetingⅢ.1.towork2.howtoget3.tohave4.tovisit5.tosay6.enoughtocarry7.took,todo8.togoto9.seemstobe10.tolistento实战演练1—5BABCC6---10DCAAC11---15DABBB16---20DBBCA21—25BABAD26---30CCABD31—35BBAAC36—40DBAAD