高中英语语法_名词 5页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:15:05 发布

高中英语语法_名词

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高中英语语法名词一.概念名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.二.相关知识点精讲1.名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watches以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies 2.其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。例如:   twoMarys    theHenrys    monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays  2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:  a.加s,如:photo---photos  piano---pianos        radio---radios  zoo---zoos;  b.加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes  c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros/zeroes。 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:  a.加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs        safe---safes gulf---gulfs;  b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves     knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves   wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;c.上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。3.名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teethmouse---mice   man---men woman---women 注意:由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women,如anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans。2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如: people police cattle等本身就是复数,不能说apeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如TheChineseareindustriesandbrave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。b.news为不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。   TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:"TheArabianNights"isaveryinterestingstory-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers等。6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。                          4.不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。比较:Cakeisakindoffood. 蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:Thisfactoryproducessteel. (不可数)Weneedvarioussteels. (可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2)抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如aglassofwater一杯水/apieceofadvice 一则建议。5.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。例如:sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室  talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:  menworkers  womenteachers  gentlemenofficials3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:  goodstrain(货车)armsproduce 武器生产    customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:two-dozeneggs 两打鸡蛋 aten-milewalk十英里路 two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan. 一个五年计划6.不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称(谓语用复数)单数复数中国人theChineseaChinese twoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustralians anAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes7.名词的格  英语中有些名词可以加""s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher"sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加""s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加""s",如theboy"sbag男孩的书包,men"sroom男厕所。2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加""",如:theworkers"struggle 工人的斗争。3)凡不能加""s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarber"s理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有"s,则表示"分别有";只有一个"s,则表示"共有"。例如:John"sandMary"srooms(两间)  JohnandMary"sroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,"s加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:amonthortwo"sabsence三.巩固练习1.Hewaseagertomakesomeextramoney,sinceduringtheseyearshecouldhardlyliveonhis_______.a.  littlewageb.fewwagec.waged.wages2.Mostofthehousesinthevillagewereburntto______duringthewar.a.     anashb.theashc.ashd.ashes3.Thestudentsatcollegesoruniversitiesaremaking______forthecomingNewYear.a.     manypreparationsb.muchpreparationc.preparationsd.preparation4.Paitingin_____isoneoftheirspare-timeactivities.a.     oilb.anoilc.oilsd.theoil5.Intheviewoftheforeignexperts,therewasn’t____oilhere.a.     muchb.lotsofc.agreatdealofd.many 6.Thelargehousesarebeingpainted,but______.a.ofgreatexpenseb.atagreatexpensec.inalotofexpensesd.byhighexpense7.Theroomwassmallandcontainedfartoo______.a.muchnewfurniturec.muchnewfurnituresb.manynewfurnitured.manynewfurnitures8.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothofthe______.a.roomsnumberb.roomnumberc.room’snumbersd.roomnumbers9.Computerscando______workinashorttime,butamancannotdo______byhimself.agreatmany…manyc.much…agreatdealb.greatdealof…muchd.many…agreatmany10.Shedidn’tknow_____hehadbeengiven.a.howmanyinformationc.howmanyinformationsb.thenumberofinformationd.howmuchinformation11.Heinvitedallofhis______tojoinhisweddingparty.a.comrade-in-armsc.comrades-in-armb.comrades-in-armsd.comrade-in-arm12.Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsc.womandoctorsb.womendoctord.womandoctor13.Aftertenyears,alltheseyoungstersbecame_____.a.growns-upsc.growns-upb.grown-upd.grown-ups14.Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.a. stander-byc.standers-byb. stander-bysd.standers-bys15.TheNazikeptthose______intheirconcentrationcamp.a.prisoner-of-warsc.prisoners-of-warb.prisoners-of-warsd.prisoner-of-war16.Themanagerwasgreatlyappreciatethat_____madebyLindalately.a.newreelb.newsreelc.new-reelsd.newsreels17.Mary’sdressissimilarinappearancetoher______.a.eldersisterb.eldersister’sc.eldersistersd.eldersistersdress18.Allthepeopleattheconferenceare______.a.mathematicteachersc.mathematicsteacherb.mathematicsteachersd.mathematic’steachers19.ProfessorMackaytoldusthat______ofleadareitssoftnessanditsresistance.a.somepropertyc.propertiesb.somepropertiesd.property20.Physics_____withmatterandmotion.a.dealb.dealsc.dealingd.are四.答案DDCCACADCDCADBBBBCCB