高中英语语法-虚拟语气全总结 9页

虚拟语气在非真实条件句中从句主句例句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+助动词的过去式（were,did,had）主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting.IfIwereyou,Ishouldseizetheopportunitytogoabroad.与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexam.与将来事实相反的假设①If+主语+动词过去式②If+主语+wereto+动词原形③If+主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would)主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldputoffthesportsmeeting.Ifheshouldnotcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.①错综时间条件句:当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvicejustnow,youwouldbebetternow.Ifyouhadstudiedhardbefore,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.②if省略句在条件句中可以省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：IfIwereatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.→WereIatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.→Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.→Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。③用介词代替条件状语从句常用的介词有with,without,butfor。如：Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?(=ifyouhadamilliondollars)如果你有100万元，你会做什么？ Wecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftimewithoutyourhelp.(=ifwehadn’tgotyourhelp)没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。Withoutyourhelp,wecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.=Butforyourhelp,…=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,…=Haditnotbeenforyouhelp,…没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。④含蓄条件句有时在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如：Iwasillthatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeeting.(副词)Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.(连词)Amanwhostoppeddrinkingwaterwouldbedeadinaboutsevendays.(定语从句)Imighthavegivenyoumorehelp,butIwastoobusy.(连词)Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theywouldhaveraisedtheiroutputquickly.(独立主格结构)⑤evenif,eventhough也可用于虚拟语气，其形式与if从句在虚拟语气中的形式相同。习题1.Ifmylawyer＿＿＿herelastSaturday,he＿＿＿mefromgoing.A.hadbeen,wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen,wouldpreventC.were,wouldpreventD.were,wouldhaveprevented2.Ifit＿＿＿forthesnow,we＿＿＿themountainyesterday.A.werenot,couldhaveclimbedB.werenot,couldclimbC.hadnotbeen,couldhaveclimbedD.hadnotbeen,couldclimb3.Withoutelectricity(电)humanlife＿＿＿quitedifficulttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe4.Ididn’tseeyoursisteratthemeeting,ifshe＿＿＿,shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome5.Whenthepencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit＿＿＿. A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken6.Hehesitated(犹豫)foramomentbeforekicking(踢)theball.Otherwisehe＿＿＿agoal.A.hadscoredB.scoredC.wouldscoreD.wouldhavescored7.＿＿＿rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.A.WouldsheleaveB.IfsheleavesC.WereshetoleaveD.Ifshehadleft8.Hadheworkedharder,he＿＿＿theexam.A.musthavegotthroughB.wouldhavegotthroughC.wouldgetthroughD.couldgetthrough9.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe＿＿＿then.A.wouldhavebeenhereB.hadtobehereC.shouldbehereD.wouldbehere10.＿＿＿formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.A.NotbeingB.HaditnotbeenC.WithoutbeingD.Nothavingbeen11.Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe＿＿＿him.A.wouldhavecalledB.musthavetelephonedC.wouldtelephoneD.hadtelephoned虚拟语气(1)复习题1.He＿＿＿youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive2.＿＿＿foryourlaziness(懒惰),youcouldhavefinishedtheassignment(任务)bynow.A.HaditnotbeenB.ItwerenotC.weren’titD.Hadnotitbeen 3.IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladder(梯子)tocatchyouwhenyoufell,you＿＿＿now.A.wouldn’tbesmilingB.couldn’thavesmiledC.won’tsmileD.didn’tsmile4.Ifit＿＿＿ProfessorJohnson’srecommendation(推荐),Iwouldn’thavebeenadmittedtothegraduateschool(研究生学院).A.werenotforB.hadnotbeenforC.werenotD.haditnotbeen5.Ifwedonotdevelopanewkindofcar,airpollution＿＿＿evenmoredangerous.A.shouldhavebecomeB.willbecomeC.wouldhavebecomeD.musthavebecome6.Butforthestormyweather,we＿＿＿earlier.A.shouldarriveB.shallarriveC.shouldhavearrivedD.shallhavearrived7.Ifwe＿＿＿theirterms(条款，条件),wewouldgobankrupt(破产).A.acceptB.shouldacceptC.hadacceptedD.aretoaccept8.Johnwouldneverhavegonetothehospital＿＿＿thatTomwouldbethere,too.A.hedidnotknowB.ifhadheknownC.hadheknownD.hewouldhaveknown9.Hadhebeenmorecareful,he＿＿＿thataccident.A.wouldavoidB.wouldhaveavoidedC.avoidedD.shouldavoid10.Butthathecametohelpme,I＿＿＿thereearlier.A.couldnotarriveB.couldnothavearrivedC.didnotarriveD.cannotarrive11.Shecouldlookmoreattractive(有魅力的，吸引人的)butshe＿＿＿noattentiontoherclothes.A.paysB.waspayingC.paidD.hadpaid12.IfI＿＿＿inhisplace,Iwoulddothat,too.A.wasB.wereC.amD.hadbeen虚拟语气(2)——虚拟语气在名词从句中1.在由suggest,demand,require,request,insist,order,command,propose等表示建议、请求、命令、愿望等动词或其同根词引出的名词从句中，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律——名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省去。（特别提醒：不是用would,而是用should。） 常见的这类动词有:ask要求,advise,beg,suggest建议,command命令,demand要求，request请求,insist,require要求,order下令,propose,advice,recommend,intend,prefer宁愿,permit,persuade,expect,decide决定,instruct,object,determine,urge,appoint等等Ourteachersuggestedthatwe(should)notleavetheclassroom.老师建议我们不要离开教室。Heinsistedthatshedoitrightnow.他坚持她马上就做。在Itis/was+上述动词的-ed形式+that从句中ItissuggestedbythedoctorthatIshouldgiveupsmoking.医生建议我戒烟。当上述动词以其名词形式出现，并且被用作主语，引导一个表语从句或者同位语从句时Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)setouttomorrowmorning.我建议我们明早动身。Thesuggestionthatthesportsmeeting(should)putoff2.在Itis/wasnecessary,important等形容词+that从句中，常见的这类形容词有:necessary,important,essential,vital,advisable,urgent,desirable,natural,strange,imperative等Itisnecessarythatyoushouldattendthemeeting.你有必要参加会议。Itisimperativethatyouarrivethereintime.你必须按时到达那儿。在Itisapity(ashame,nowonder)+that从句中Itisapitythatyoufailtheexam.Itisnowonderhebelateforclass.练习题1.Iinsistthatadoctor＿＿＿immediately.A.hasbeensentforB.sendsforC.willbesentforD.besentfor2.Themanagerofthehotelrequests(要求)thattheirguests(客人们)＿＿＿after11:00p.m..A.nottoplayloudmusicB.shouldn’tplayloudmusicC.don’tplayloudmusicD.couldn’tplayloudmusic3.Mike’suncleinsists＿＿＿inthishotel.A.stayingnotB.nottostayC.thathewouldnotstayD.thathenotstay4.Itwasessential(重要的)thattheapplicationforms(申请表)＿＿＿backbeforetheheadline(截止日期).A.mustbesentB.wouldbesentC.besentD.weresent5.Itisnecessary＿＿＿thedictionaryimmediately.A.thathewillreturnB.thathereturnedC.thathereturnD.thathehastoreturn6.Itisproposed(建议)thatthematter(事情，事件)＿＿＿discussedatthenextmeeting. A.willbeB.wasC.wouldbeD.be7.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagerthatradios＿＿＿after11o’clockatnight.A.werenotplayedB.notbeplayedC.nottoplayD.didnotplay8.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion＿＿＿.A.beputoffB.wasputoffC.shouldputoffD.istoputoff9.Idon’tthinkitadvisable(明智的，可取的，适当的)thatTom＿＿＿tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.A.isassignedB.willbeassignedC.beassignedD.hasbeenassigned10.Itisessential(必要的，重要的)thatthebooksyouborrowedfromthelibrary＿＿＿backbeforethedeadline(截止日期).A.besentB.wouldbesentC.weresentD.mustbesent11.Heinsistedthathisfather＿＿＿withthem.A.goB.willgoC.willbegoingD.went12.Theworkersdemanded()thattheirwages()＿＿＿by20percent.A.raisedB.raiseC.shouldhavebeenraisedD.beraised13.Atthemeetingeverybodywasagainsthissuggestionthatanewbridge＿＿＿overtheriver.A.bebuiltB.mustbebuiltC.wastobebuiltD.hadtobebuilt虚拟语气(3)——虚拟语气的其他用法在wish后面的宾语从句中对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去时IwishIwerealittleyounger.我希望我能够年轻一点。对过去的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时(haddone)或“would/could+现在完成时”IwishIhadbeenthere.我真希望我当时在那里。IwishIhadnotattendedthatparty.我真希望我当时没参加那个聚会。对将来的虚拟，从句的谓语用“would/could+动词原形”Iwishhecouldexplainwhathemeans.在ifonly感叹句中表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了”用法和wish基本相同，只是比wish具有更强烈的感情色彩。Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(对将来的虚拟)但愿雨能停。IfonlyIweretaller.(对现在的虚拟)我的个子要是能高一点就好了。IfonlyIhadfollowedyouradvice!(对过去 的虚拟)要是我听从了你的建议就好了！在asif/asthough引导的从句中表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时Ireallydon’tlikethewayyouarespeakingtome.Itseemsasifyouweremyfather.我真的非常讨厌你和我说话的方式。你听起来就好像是我爸爸。表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时Hekepttellinguswhathadhappenedasifhehadbeentherehimself.他不停地和我们讲发生的事情，好像他当时在场一样。有时也用陈述语气，这时表示较大的真实性或可能性Itisbecomingdark.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.天变黑了，似乎就要下雨了。ItseemsasifhehadbeentoAmerica.他好像去过美国。在wouldrather结构中wouldratherdosth.表示将来或现在的事件，“主语宁愿自己做某事”Iwouldrathergotheretomorrow.我想明天去那里。Hewouldrathernotstayathometonight.他今晚不想在家呆着。wouldratherhavedonesth.表示过去的事件，“主语宁愿自己过去做了某事，但实际上没有做”Shewouldrathernothavegonetotheparty.她觉得真是不该去参加那个晚会。wouldrathersb.Did表示的是将来或现在的事件，“主语宁愿让另外一个人做某事”Don’tcometomorrow.I’dratheryoucamenextweekend.明天就别来了，我希望你下周末过来。wouldrathersb.haddone表示过去的事件，“主语宁愿别人过去做了某事，但实际上没有做”Iwouldratheryouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。在Itis(about,high)time+(that)从句中从句中用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，并含有建议的意味。Itishightimethatwebegantowork.咱们应该开始干活了。练习题1.IwishI＿＿＿youyesterday.A.seenB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee2.Ifonlyhe＿＿＿quietlyasthedoctorinstructed,hewouldn’tsuffer(忍受痛苦)somuchnow.A.liesB.layC.hadlainD.shouldn’tlie 3.HowIwisheveryfamily＿＿＿alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhad4.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!ifonlyI＿＿＿youradvice.A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowed5.Hedidn’tgototheparty,buthedoeswishhe＿＿＿there.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe6.IwishI＿＿＿longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.haveslept7.Jackwishesthathe＿＿＿businessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.A.hadstudiedB.studyC.studiedD.hadbeenstudying8.It’salreadyfiveo’clocknow.Doyouthinkit’sabouttime＿＿＿?A.wearegoinghomeB.wegohomeC.wewenthomeD.wecangohome9.“Youareveryselfish（自私）.It‘shightimeyou＿＿＿thatyouarenotthemostimportantpersonintheworld,”Jimsaidtohisbossangrily.A.realizedB.haverealizedC.realizeD.shouldrealize10.Youdon’thavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldratheryou＿＿＿onbusinessfirst.A.wouldgoB.willgoC.wentD.havegone11.I’dratheryou＿＿＿makeanycomment(评论)ontheissue(问题)forthetimebeing(目前)A.don’tB.wouldn’tC.didn’tD.shouldn’t12.Wouldn’tyouratheryourchildren＿＿＿tobedearly.A.goB.wentC.wouldgoD.does13.Themanager(经理)wouldratherhisdaughter＿＿＿inthesameoffice.A.hadnotworkedB.nottoworkC.dosenotworkD.didnotwork14.Ifonlythecommittee(委员会)＿＿＿theregulations(章程，规则，条例)andputthemintoeffect(使生效)assoonaspossible.A.approveB.willapproveC.canapproveD.wouldapprove15.Iamsureshewouldratheryou＿＿＿thebadnewsand＿＿＿yoursorrow(痛苦withher.A.willtell;shareB.tell;shareC.hastold;sharedD.hadtold;shared 16.Itishightimethatyou＿＿＿abath(洗澡，沐浴).A.willtakeB.tookC.hadtakenD.wouldtake17.Shesaidthatshewouldrathernot＿＿＿theprobleminthepresence(在场)ofsomanystrangers(陌生人).A.todiscussB.discussC.discussingD.discussion18.Iwouldratheryou＿＿＿thoseimportantdocuments(文件)withyou.A.donottakeB.didnottakeC.willnottakeD.nottake