高中英语语法非谓语动词 8页

非谓语动词一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。Iwanttoreadabookwrittenbythewomanlivingthere.谓语非谓语动词非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用done;之后常用todo;同时常用doing。二、非谓语动词有三种：不定式(todo）否定(nottodo)V-ing（doing）否定(notdoing)过去分词（done）否定(notdone)三、非谓语动词功能表主语宾语定语表语补语状语Todo动名词现在分词V-ed四、不定式在句子中可以充当哪些成分？1、作主语Torunisagoodhabit.(=Itisagoodhabittorun.)2、作表语Ourplanistobuildabridgeovertheriver.3、作宾语Iwanttobuyadictionary.4、作定语Hehasachancetogoabroad.5、作状语Tofinishthework,hehadtogetupearly.6、作补语Iaskustohelphim.动名词在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？1、主语Noddingmeansagreement.2、宾语Wouldyoumindclosingthewindows?3、表语Hisjobissellingnewspapers.4、定语Thisisaswimmingpool.现在分词在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？1、表语Heissellingnewspapers.2、定语Thedancingmanismyuncle.3补语Hekeptmewaitingsolong.4状语Walkinginthestreet,Imetmyteacher.过去分词在句子当中可以充当哪些成分？1、定语Thisisoneoftheschoolsbuiltinthe1980s.2、表语Theshopisclosed.3、补语Shefoundherglassstolen.4、状语Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.8 五、非谓语动词的形式动词不定式主动态被动态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing现在分词/动名词主动态被动态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done动词不定式的形式Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.（一般式的主动态）Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.(一般式的被动态)Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.(进行式)Heintendedtohavetoldyouthat.(完成式主动态)Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedlongago.(完成式的被动态)We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.(完成进行式)现在分词的形式Hesatinachair, readinganovel.(一般式主动态)Beingcriticizedbytheboss,helistenedattentively.(一般式被动态)Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentplaying.(完成式主动态)Allthishavingbeensettled,hewenthome.(完成式被动态)过去分词的形式 Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.Thebridgebuiltlastmonthneedsrepairing.8 一、不定式与动名词做主语：1、动名词做主语往往一种经常性、习惯性的行为，不定式做主语常表示某一次具体的行为。例如：Collectinginformationaboutchildren’shealthishisjob.Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.当动名词短语或者不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语。It’snousequarrelling.It’snecessarytodiscusstheproblemwithanexperiencedteacher.2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：It"s＋adj./n.for/ofsb.todosth.(不定式的复合结构)（1）It’sdifficult(important,necessary)forsb.todo（2）It’skind(good,friendly,polite,careless,rude,cruel,clever,foolish,brave)ofsb.todo.如：Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone.Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：It’snogood(use,fun)doing.It’s(a)wasteoftimeone’sdoing.4、疑问词+不定式可以在句中充当主语，宾语或表语。Wheretobuildthefactoryhasn’tbeendesided.Hetolduswhattodo.5.注意：动名词复合结构做主语：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.(不可用He和Him)Jack"ssuddenlydisappearingmadethemworried.(不可用Jack)对比：动名词作复合结构宾语：此时，带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。（动名词复合结构做宾语）Doyoumindmy/mereadingyourpaper?Shedoesn"tlikeMary/Mary"stalkingthatway.二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1、不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.2、动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与内容；进行时表示正在进行的动作。Thetaskofthisclassispractisingtheidioms.（现在分词做表语）Withthehelpoftheteacher,thestudentsarepractisingtheidioms.（现在进行时）4、过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。Heiswelleducated.（过去分词做表语）Hehasbeeneducatedinthiscollegeforthreeyears.（被动语态）5、注意如下表示心理动作的动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：表心理状态的interesting,exciting,delighting,disappointing,encouraging,worrying,puzzling,satisfying,surprising,pleasing等形容词化分词作表语时，表示“令人……的”；interested,excited,delighted,disappointed,encouraged,pleased,puzzled,worried,surprised等表示“感到……”。Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.。[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.6、除bedone外，get,become,look,seem,appear,8 remain等系动词都可跟done。如remainseated/hidden，getpaid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。Whattheworkershavebeentoldisthattheygetpaidbythehour.7、下列bedone表示所处的状态（注意此类短语用做状语时，经常直接去掉be动词来使用）8beaddictedto…沉迷于……beabsorbedin…全神贯注于beaimedat…旨在/意图……bearmedwith…有……装备beburiedin…埋葬在……bebasedon/upon…以……为基础beborn…出生于……beburdenedwith…担负着becrowdedwith…挤满了……becoveredwith/by…覆盖着becoatedwith…涂抹了……becombinedwith…与……联合becomparedwith…与……相比较becaughtin…陷入……belostin…沉迷于……beconcernedabout…关心……bedressedin…穿着……bedevotedto…专心致志于……bedividedinto分成beengagedin…忙于……beengagedtosb.与……订婚befixedon…专注于……befacedwith…面临着……befilledwith…装满了……begreetedwith…受到了……问候begrownup已经长大了behiddenin…躲在……belinkedto…与……有关bepavedwith…铺着……beloadedwith…载有……belocatedin…位于……bematched很般配bemistaken弄错了bereplacedwith…更换为……berelatedto/with…与……有关beseated坐着bemarried(tosb.)与某人结婚了beseparatedfrom…与……隔开beshoulderedwith…肩负着……bestationedin…驻扎在……besurroundedwith/by…四周环绕着……besupposedtodo…应该做……berecoveredfrom…从……中康复beconnectedwith…与……相连/有关bemadeof/from/upof由……制成/组成bedesigned/meant/intendedfor…专为……而设计beknownas/for/to…以……著称/因……著名8三、不定式与动名词做宾语：1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：want,wish,hope,expect,ask,pretend,care,decide,happen,long,offer,refuse,fail,plan,prepare,order,cause,afford,beg,manage,agree,promise等。注意：如果作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，置于谓语动词的后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。TheyfoundithardtolearnEnglish.Don’tyouthinkitbettertotranslateitthisway?2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,appreciate,bebusy,beworth,feellike,can’tstand,can’thelp,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston等。在一下句型中in可以省略，其后接动名词作宾语。Havedifficulty/trouble/problem(in)doingsthThereisnopoint(good/point/sense/harm)＋(in)doingsthSpendtime/money(in)doingsth3、动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后跟doing，也可跟sb.todo。Theteacheradvisedtakingadifferentapproach.Theteacheradvisedustotakeadifferentapproach.Wewereadvisedtotakeadifferentapproach.4、need,require,want,deserve＋doing/tobedone表示被动意义。Theroadiscoveredwithsomefallentreesandtheyneedremoving/toberemoved.8 5、①有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别：forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say,tell,inform等)regretdoing对做过的事后悔trytodo努力、企图做某事trydoing试验、试一试某种办法meantodo打算，有意要……meandoing意味着goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情)goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情)proposetodo打算(要做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)②like/love/hate/prefer＋todo表示具体行为；＋doingsth.表示抽象、倾向概念。6、come/become/grow/gettolike/love/realize/understand/know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了……”Ithinkyou"llgrowtolikehimwhenyouknowhimbetter.7、do/did/does＋nothing/anything/everythingbut(except)＋动词原形，如果谓语动词不是do/did/does，but(except)，所跟的不定式须带to。（前有do后省to）LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.8、“Whynot＋动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……？”“干嘛不……？”Whynottakeaholiday?9、“wouldrather/hadbetter＋(not)＋动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。Youhadbetterhaveyoureyesexamined.【疑难6】10、therebe的非谓语形式：作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用theretobe结构，在mind,objectto等后面用therebeing。作状语多用therebeing结构。Wedon"twanttheretobeanycomradeslaggingbehind.Idon"tmindtherebeingachairhere.Therebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself.11、为避免重复，在hope,expect,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,need,mean,forget,refuse,tell,know,haveto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,havebeen时，要保留这些词。Johndidn"tpasshisdrivingtest,butIexpectedhimto.—Hasn"thefinishedwritingthereport？　—No,butheoughttohave.—Aren"tyoutheheadmaster?—No,andIdon"twanttobe.四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：ask,tell,beg,allow,want,like,hate,force,invite,persuade,advise,order,cause,encourage,waitfor,callon,permit,forbidThedoctoradvisedhimtostayinbedforanotherfewdays.Wewishhimtoremainandacceptthepost.【特别提醒】hope,welcome,agree,suggest,demand不能跟sb.todo。(╳)hopesb.todosth.应改为→wish/expectsb.todosth.(╳)welcomesb.todosth.应改为→sb.bewelcometodosth.(╳)agreesb.todosth.应改为→allow/permitsb.todosth.(╳)suggestsb.todosth.应改为→advisesb.todosth./suggestsb.(should)dosth.8 (╳)demandsb.todosth.应改为→requiresb.todo/demandsb.(should)dosth.2、有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,hear,listento,feel,observe,和使役动词make,let,have等。Wenoticedhimenterthehouse.Thebossmadethemworktwelvehoursaday.但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,如：Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.这些感官动词和使役动词除了可以用省略了to的不定式作宾补还可以用现在分词、过去分词做宾补，要看与宾语的关系。例：Weheardhimsingthewholesong.我们听到他唱了整首歌。Weheardhimsingingthesongwhenwecamein.当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。Wehaveheardthesongsungtwice.我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。3、（1）使役动词make＋宾语＋do/done；宾语与do为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make在被动语态中，to要还原。Imademylittlebrothercry./Mylittlebrotherwasmadetocry.Ispokeclearlyandslowlytomakemyselfheardandunderstood.（2）使役动词have＋宾语＋dosth.(主动，让某人做某事)doingsth.(主动，让某人或某物一直做某事)done(被动，①叫人做某事②遭遇某事)have表示“有”时，用have＋宾语＋todo，表示“有某事要做(主语本人做)”；用have＋宾语＋tobedone，表示“有某事被做(不是主语本人做)”。Theteacheroftenhasusdebateinclass.Theyhadthelightsburningwhileworking.Nancywillhaveherhousepainted.。Iamgoingtothesupermarketandhavemanythingstobuy.Doyouhaveanythingtobebought?（3）get宾语＋doing表示“使……起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去get＋宾语＋todo＝let/havesb.do表示“让某人做某事”get＋宾语＋done＝havesth.done表示“使某事被做”Theteacheroftengetsustorecitetexts.I"dliketogetmycarrepairedbeforetheNewYear.（4）其他用法①keep/leave＋宾语＋doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)②catch＋宾语＋doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动，且正在进行。③find＋宾语＋doing(主动，正在进行)/done(被动、状态或完成)④want/order/ask/wish＋宾语＋(tobe)done(宾语与done之间为被动关系)Sorrytohavekeptyouwaitingformeforsuchalongtime.不好意思让你等了这么久。Theywenthome,leavingmuchworkunfinished.他们回家了，留下很多事情都没做。Ihaveonceseenthechildcaughtstealingmoney.我曾经看到一个小孩偷钱被抓。IfoundthelittleboylyingunderthetreewhenIpassedby.我路过的时候发现那个小男孩躺在树底下。Shefoundasmallboyseatedatthebackoftheclassroom.她发现一个小男孩坐在教室后面。Theteacherwantedthepaper(tobe)finishedinanhour.老师想让试卷在一个小时内完成。4、with复合结构小孩跟着他，他不得不回到公园。Withthechildrenfollowinghim,hehadtogobacktothepark.工作完成了，他可以回家了。Withtheworkfinished,hecouldgohome.这么多书要看，我不能外出。Withsomanybookstoread,Icouldnotgoout.天气这么热，他们入室休息了。Withtheweathersohot,theywentintohavearest.8 随着彩电价格降了50%，公司处境艰难。WiththepricesofcolorTVdownby50%,thecompanyhasaveryhardtime.他妻子走下楼梯，手里拿着一本书。Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withabookinherhand.五、非谓语动词做定语：1、动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有动宾关系，不定式用主动表示被动意义：Ihaveameetingtoattend.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式用被动式：Haveyougotanythingtobesent?注意：◆在表示次序的词：first,last,best等和表示时间的词time,week等以及名词wish,promise,plan,chance,attempt等词之后，用不定式作定语。It’stimetogo.Heisalwaysthefirstonetocome,thelastonetogo!◆不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Whatdidyouopenitwith?◆如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：Hehasnoplacetolive.Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。awalkingstick拐杖（动名词做定语，意为astickforwalking）asleepingcar卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为acarforsleeping）therisingsun正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为thesunwhichwasrising）thechangingworld变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为theworldwhichischanging）3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如：Themanspeakingtotheteacherisourmonitor’sfather.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。Thoseelectedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiledwater（开水）fallenleaves（落叶）newlyarrivedgoods（新到的货）therisensun（升起的太阳）thechangedworld（变了的世界）六、不定式与分词做状语：1、不定式做状语，常表示目的、结果或原因：Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen.（结果状语）◆onlytodo常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。Tomakehimselfheard,heraisedhisvoice.（目的状语）8 ◆inorderto引出的目的状语可以在句首或句末，soasto只能置于句末。Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress.(原因状语)不定式置于形容词之后做状语时，如果不定式可以和逻辑主语构成一种动宾关系，那么不定式用主动表示被动。Theroomiscomfortabletolivein.Thesechildrenaretoonaughtytolookafter.2、现在分词和过去分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果：Seenfromthetopofthehill,thetownisbeautiful.（条件状语）Comingintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry.（时间状语）Beingtired,theywentonworking.（让步状语）Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,thelittleboybegantocry.（原因状语）Heputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled,lookingratherpleased.（伴随状语）Therichmandied,leavinghiswifealotofmoney.(结果状语)注意：1、非谓语作独立成分的固定搭配：Totellyouthetruth/tobehonest/tobefrank,Idon’tlikethewayhetalked.Judgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecareful.2、be+过去分词+介词，位于句首做状语或者做定语时，把be动词删去，过去分词充当形容词表状态。Absorbed in his own work, he neglected food and sleep.ThewomandressedinredismyEnglishteacher.常见的搭配有：bebasedon,bedressedin,beconcernedabout,befilledwith,befacedwith,besatisfiedwith,beaccustomedto（习惯），beaddictedto（沉溺于），bedevotedto，beknownas,bedeterminedtodo，beabsorbedin（全神贯注），belostin（陷入），besituated/locatedin/at（位于）等。例如：3、非谓语前可以加上逻辑主语构成独立主格：Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyhead.Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.Timepermitting,we’lldoanothertwoexercises.4、非谓语与连词构成状语从句的省略Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.Whentalkingonthephone,shegavemeasmile.5、注意非谓语放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：Inordertoprotectourplanet,allkindsofpollutionshouldbereducedright:Inordertoprotectourplanet,weshouldreduceallkindsofpollution.wrong：Cleaningthewindow,myfingerwashurt.right:Cleaningthewindow,Ihurtmyfinger.6.so＋adj./adv.＋astodo或such＋(a/an)＋adj.＋n.＋astodo,可以转化为so…that或such…that引导的结果状语从句。Sheissokindastohelpme.＝Sheissokindthatshehelpsme.她和善地来帮我。Sheissuchakindgirlastohelpme.＝Sheissuchakindgirlthatshehelpsme.她是一个和善的女孩，常来帮我。7.too…todo表示肯定的情况I"monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我很高兴能帮助你。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老。8