英语语法大全谓语的47种类型 77页

《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》Ⅰ．概说A．英语句子结构相对简单1．5种类型的谓语1326在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：Hecame．Mywifecried．第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：Johnlikesme．Hisunclewroteletters．第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：TheyteachmeEnglish．IboughtMarysugar．第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）：Heisateacher．Shelookssad．第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：Wemadehimking．Sheleftthehousedirty．2．动词的短语形式1327不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：Helostheart．（他灰心了。）Thishabithasstruckroot．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：Ilookedformylostdictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。）Hepaidattentiontohislesson．（他很注意他的功课。）Hegaveupdrinking．（他戒酒了。）Heisafraidofblood．（他怕血。）Hecan"tgetalongwithanyone．（他和谁都处不好。）下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：Iwaitedforhimtocome．（我等他来。）详见1182—1206节。3．宾语的9种形式1328此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：IknowJohn（名词）．Shekeptthefloordirty．IwillteachJohnChinese．Iknow《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 him（代词）．Shekeptitclean．Thatdependsuponthem．Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord（名词短语）．IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade．Iamnotfondofwildgoosechase．Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor（the+形容词或分词）．Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded．Iknowthelongand（the）shortofthiscase．Hewantstogotocollege（不定式）．Sherefusestomarryme．Iaskedtoseeafriendinprison．Heisfondofswimminginthemorning（动名词）．Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends．Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor．Iknowthatshelovesme（that引起的从句）．Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed．Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated？Iwonderwhathewants（疑问词引起的从句）．Iaskedwherehehadbeen．Idon"tknowwhichwayIshouldgo．Idon"tknowwhattodo（疑问词引起的不定式）．Iamdoubtfulhowtosettlethisproblem．Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner．4．补语的15种形式1329不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。名词及名词等同体作补语：Heisaking（名词）．Wechosehimchairman．Itisme（代词）．Hebecameafishoutofwater（名词短语）．Ifinditamootpoint．Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor（the+形容词）．Torespectothersistoberespected（不定式）．Seeingisbelieving（动名词）．Hispurposeisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated（that引起的从句）．Theproblemiswhoistoblame（疑问词引起的从句）．Myproblemishowtolearn（疑问词引起的不定式）．形容词及形容词等同体作补语：Heseemshappy（形容词）．Youlookyoung．Hemakesmeangry．Heisout（地点副词）．Theshowisover．Timeisup．Heisathome（介词短语）．Weareongood《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 terms．Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder．Itseemsinteresting（现在分词）．Thesituationgrowsencouraging．IsawMarysmoking．Iamastonished（过去分词）．Helookedfrightened．Ihadmyclotheswashed．Heistoblame（不定式）．Itistobethrownaway．Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman．5．再复杂的句子也可简化1330因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把Iknowthathedoesnotliketoliveinthiscountry．中的10个斜体词和IknowJohn．中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把Hebeggedtoseeafriendinprison．中的6个斜体词和Hebeggedpardon．中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。同样，我们也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight．中的7个斜体词和Heispunctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：Helikeschocolate．（他喜欢巧克力。）Heisfondofteaching．（他爱教书。）Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness．（约翰关心他的买卖。）Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。B．何种谓语类型用何种动词1．47种谓语类型1331我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这47种类型可列举如下：IV有3种类型TV＋O有15种类型DV＋IO＋DO有5种类型LV＋C有13种类型FV＋O＋C有11种类型5类谓语共有47种类型2．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中1332为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：a．Iknowhimtoworkhard．b．Wewanthimtocome．c．Sheletustouseher《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 car．d．Theysupposeallofustoobey．e．JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy．所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b．句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：a．Itriedadvisingher．b．Iaskedseeingtheboss．c．Hethinksgoingwithyou．d．Wewishmovingtoanotherplace．e．Theyrefusedhelpingus．上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a．句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。1333从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：IknowJohn．（及物动词+名词）（正确）IknowJohntocometomorrow．（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）IknowthatJohncomestomorrow．（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）Iknowtoanswerthisquestion．（及物动词+不定式）（错误）Iknowtheworkeasy．（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion．（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）Iknowtheworktobeeasy．（宾补动词+名词+tobe+形容词）（正确）IknowJohncoming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）．（错误）Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty（及物动词+动名词）．（错误）从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。3．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词1334有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。C．谓语类型与句型1335关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：1．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S＋TV＋N”，“S+DV＋N＋N”，“S＋FV＋N＋A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。2．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：Johnknowshowtoplayfootball．Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty．3．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：Heknowswhatyouaredoing．Iaskedwherehegot《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 it．4．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：Ihavedecidedtogo（一个句型）andhewillgotoo（一个句型），butshedecidestoremainathome（一个句型）．（共包含三个句型）D．修饰语与独立成分1336句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型：Isawahouse．Isawabighouse．Isawabighouseontheoppositeside．Isawabighouseontheoppositeside，whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost．YesterdayIsawabighouse…．YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouse…．修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：Thatmaniscrazy．Oh！thatmaniscrazy．Oh！thatmaniscrazy，Iamsure．Oh！thatmaniscrazy，youmaybesure，Mary．E．句型的用法1337在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。1338偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：Ihaveagoodmind（=intend）topunishyou．（haveagoodmind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。）Hewillhaveit（=insists）thatIhavecheatedhim．（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句）“Whohastakenmypen？”“John（hastakenyourpen）．”（I）Beg（your）pardon．（Itwas）Nosoonersaidthan（itwas）done．（You）Liveandlet（others）live．（Iwishyou）Goodluck！1339确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：1．IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived．（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句）2．Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing．（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句）3．Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）4．Heisafraidbeingassassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）5．Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow．（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）6．Wewant《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 peaceful．（主语+及物动词+形容词）这些句型应改正如下：正确句型正确句子1．主语+及物动词+that引IhearthatJohnhasar-起的从句rived．2．主语+及物动词+名词+Ipaidattentiontowhat介词+疑问词引起的从句hewasdoing．3．主语+系动词+形容词+Heisafraidthathewillthat引起的从句beassassinated．4．主语+系动词+形容词+Heisafraidofbeingas-介词+动名词sassinated．5．主语+及物动词+疑问词Iknowwhohasbroken引起的从句thewindow．6．主语+及物动词+名词Wewantpeace．其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。F．47种句型的公式1340每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S＋IV”，“S＋TV＋N”，“S＋LV＋AP”，“S＋FV＋N+PaP”，“S＋DV＋N＋that－Cl”．下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：S=Subject（主语）PaP＝PastParticiple（过O=Object（宾语）去分词）C=Complement（补语）N=NounorPronoun（名IO=IndirectObject（间接词或代词）宾语）R=ReflexivePronoun（反DO=DirectObject（直接身代词）宾语）A=Adjective（形容词）IV=IntransitiveVerb（不P=Preposition（介词）及物动词）AP＝AdverbofPlace，orTV＝TransitiveVerb（及AdverbialParticle，as物动词）in，out，up，awayDV=DativeVerb（双宾动（地点副词或副词性小词）品词）LV＝LinkingVerb（系动词）W－Cl=Interrogative-FV=FactitiveVerb（宾补Clause，（疑问词引起的动词）从句，由whether，I=Infinitive（不定式）what，which，who，G=Gerund（动名词）whom，whose，where，PrP=PresentParticiplewhen，why，how引（现在分词）起）That-Cl=Noun-Clauseinn．＝innumreable＝hun-（that引起的名词从dredsorthousands（无句）数，成百上千）“·”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV．P，LV．A．P．，TV．N．P，LV．PaP，它们包含2个或3个词。1341一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：S+IV《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 S+IV．AP2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：S+TV+NS+IV．P+that－ClS+LV．A．P+G或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：S+LV+AS+LV+that-ClS+LV+P．N3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：S+DV+N+NS+DV+N+W-ClS+DV+N+that-Cl也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：S+FV+N+AS+FV+N+PaPS+IV．P+N+I这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。Ⅱ．47种谓语类型（附公式及图解）A．各种不及物动词1．S+IV（Johnlaughed．）1342不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：Theysmiled．Johndied．Marywalkedslowly．Fireburns．Idreamedlastnight．Heweptbitterly．Youmustdressfordinner．Thatdepends．Itdoesnotpay．1343通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：Atractorcancut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carryandspray．Theblinddonotsee．Wemusteat．Iwillchange（mydress）．Theknifecutswell．Iwillconsider．Iftimepermits．Hecanread．Don"ttrouble（yourself）．Thestainshows（itself）．Theymarried（eachother）．1344有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：Thethermometerrose（orfell）twodegrees．Hewaitedtenminutes．Theweddinglastedthreedays．Iwalkedfivemiles．1345图解：2．S+IV．AP（Johnmovedin．）1346无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（AdverbialParticle）．a．Don"tanswerback（=answerrudely）whenasuperiorspeakstoyou．Hebacksaway（=drawsback）fromherbecausehehasmadeherangry．Don"tworry，Iwillneverbackout（=failtofulfilapromise）．Inordertosurvive，wemustbandtogether（=unite）．Hebargedin（＝inter－ruptedrudely）whileweweretalking．Thestormwillsoonblowover（=passawaywithoutinjuriouseffect）．Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblewup（=exploded）．Heblowsup（=loseshistemper）ateverysmallincident．Quick！Thesoupisboilingover（=over－flowingthesideofa《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 pan）．Braceup（=takecourage）ifyoureallywanttogetmarried．Manyprisonersbrokeaway（=suddenlyescaped）．Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown（=failedtofunction）onourwayhome．Afirebrokeout（＝startedsuddenlyandviolently）onSixthStreet．Tearsburstforth（=suddenlyappeared）．b．Shecoloursup（=blushes）ifwementionherlove．Anaccidentlikethiscomesabout（=happens）everyday．MywifeandIcometogether（＝arereconciled）aftertenyearsofquarrel．Theseedshavecomeup（=shotupabovetheground）．Whenweweretalking，ayoungmancameup（=approached）．Threedaysafterthequarrel，Icooleddown（=becamecalm）．Shewasshockedatthebill，butshehadtocoughup（=pay，perhapsunwillingly）．Hardlyaweekhadhelearnedcomputersciencewhenhecrackedup（=sufferedamentalbreakdown）．Anerrormaycreepin（=stealinunnoticed）．Thisoldempirecrumbledaway（=disintegratedgradually）becauseofmisrule．Ishouldnottakemuchsugar，butIcannotcutdown（=lessen）．c．Allmembersofmyfamilydineout（=eatawayfromhome）everySunday．Theydrinkliquoreverydayandcan－notdowithout（=dispensewithit）．Wedressedup（=putonformalclothes）forabanquet．Iwilldropby（=callcasually）whenIamfree．Theproductionofricedroppedoff（=decreased）lastyear．Hedroppedout（=leftschoolbeforefinishinghiscourses）atfifteen．Thewellhasdriedup（＝becomedry）．Theroadisrough，weshouldeasedown（=lessenspeed）．Letuseasedown（＝workless，makelesseffort）．Hisreputationfadedout（=graduallydisappeared）afterhisdeath．Thecountryfellapart（=felltopieces）becauseofcivilwar．Ineverfallback（=re－treat）beforedifficulties．Ourcountryfallsbehind（=dropsbehind）inscienceandtechnology．Letusfallto（=begintoeatortowork．）d．Wewereunabletogetby（=pass）becausetheroadwasblocked．Shegotdown（=dismounted）fromherhorse．Thetraingotin．Wegotoff（＝startedajourney）．Howareyougettingon？Igetupatsixinthemorning．AtlastIhavetogivein（=yield）．Riceisgoingdown（=becomingcheaper）．Arumourwentforth（＝becamepublic）．Thegunwentoff（=exploded）suddenly．Ourworkwenton（=continued）．Thecandlehasgoneout（=ceasedtoburn）．Iwon"tholdback（=keepbehind）ifeveryonegoesforward．SinceIhavestarted，Ican"tleaveoff（=stop）．Lookin（=Payashortvisit）asyoupass．Whileallarebusy，don"tlookon（=beamerespectator）．Lookout（=Takeprecaution），herecomesatruck！Imovedin（=movedintoahouse）afterhemovedout．Alltroublewillpassaway（=ceasetoexist）．Shepassedaway（=died）amonthago．e．Theclockrandown（=stoppedrunning，becausethebatteryhadexhausteditself）．Sheranon（=talkedincessantly）．Supplieshaverunout（=becomeexhausted）．Badweathersetin（=began）．Wesetout（=setoff）onFebruary16．Hesettleddown（=establishedhimself）atasmallvillage．Idon"twanttolistenanymore，soshutup！Hestoodaside（orapart，aloof）whilewewerequarrelling．Somestoodback（＝retreated），somestoodout（＝refusedtoyield）．Theproposalwillstandover（=bepostponed）tillnextFriday．AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfromsurprise．Thetyrantshouldstepdown（=re-sign）．Manyvolunteerssteppedforward（=offeredhelp）．Mybrothersquarrelled，butmyfatherneversteppedin（=interfered）．Hestowedaway（=hidinashiporplanetogetafreeride）．Thebandstruckup（＝begantoplay）．Hesummedup（=summarized）afteradebate．Thesontaggedbehind（oralong）（＝followedclosely）whereverhismomwent．BeforeIthinkahead（=anticipate），Ithinkback（=recall）．Ourbusinessisjusttickingover（=gettingoninaroutineway）．Wetoucheddown（=landedafteraflight）at6p．m．Manyworkerswalkedout（=re-fusedtowork）．1347图解：3．S+IVp（Thisclothworewell．）1348《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用：a．Thisplayactsexcellently．Thefigureswillnotaddup．Thebreadbakeswell．Thedoorblewopen．Thecandleblewout．Thisbottledoesnotbreak．Thedustwon"tbrushoffthehat．Theluggagecarrieseasily．David"sraincoatcaughtonthenail．Someofthedocumentsdon"tseemtocheckwiththefacts．Thiscannotcompare（favourably）withthat．Someofthesentenceswon"tconstrue．Potatoeswillcookslowly．Everyminutecounts．Thesepeoplemostlycountfornothing．Thepotatoescroppedwelllastyear，butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear．Thislightwoodcutslikebutter．Thepineappledoesn"tcuteasily．Thispieceofclothwillcutupintotwosuits．Instinctderivesfromancestors．Milkdigestseasily．Thiewinedrinkswell．Thetoothdrawseasily．Thefrogeatslikechicken．b．Thisdressfastensdowntheback．Thetoiletdoesnotflush．Theeggshatchouteasily．Thisricewon"tgrindfine．Waterheatsreadily．Thisclothironseasily．Thishouseletswell．Thedoorwillnotlock．Thesebookspackeasily．Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars．Thesepotatoespeeleasily．Shephotographs（takes）well．Thelandploughshard．Thefilmdoesnotprintwell．Thisstoryreadsill（orwell）．Thephotoreproduceswell．c．Hishouserentsat＄800amonth．Thispoemdoesnotrhyme．Ashamedoes．notruboff．Thisplasticscratcheseasily．Theplayscreenbadly（=isunfitforfilming）．Thebooksellswell．Thisdoorwon"tshut．Thiscigarettesmokesbetterthanothers．Thiswoodsplitstraight．Thismaterialstainseasily．Theshipsteerswithease．Thematchwillnotstrike．Thispaperwillnottear．Hisde－scenttracedbacktoaking．Thispoemtranslateseasily．TheTVsetwon"tturnon．Thisboardwillneverwarp．Thismaterialwasheseasily．Suchshoeswearbadly．Theplanworkedoutwell．Thephotowashesoutalittle．d．Drumsarebeating（=arebeingbeaten）．Thebookisbinding（=isbeingbound）．Sometroubleisbrewing．Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimmingwithnewideas．Thehouseisbuilding．Thebridgeiscompletingnow．Themealisdigestingwell．Whatisdoingnow？Thetaskisfinishing．Gunsarefiring．Friendshipisforming．Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwithpeople．Thefishisfrying．Thehouseisleasing．Thecowsaremilking．Oneboyismissing（orwanting）．Hepaidwhatwasowing．Musicwasplaying．Somethingispreparing．Myapplicationisprocessing．Theproblemissettlingthisway．Anewfilmisshowing．Theboyisshapingwell．Theseedsoftroublearesowing．Thefruitsarespoilingquickly．Measuresaretaking．1349图解：B．各种及物动词＋各种宾语4．S+TV+N或S+TV．N（JohnlearnedJapanese．）1350无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：Johnhasaplan．Doyoulikehim？WhataninterestingbookIamreading！HespeaksEnglish．Ilovecats．1351不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：Helosthope（=despaired）．Hegaveground（=retreated）Theaccidenttookplace（=happened）thismorning．Hemadethegrade（=succeeded）．Wemadeourway（=advanced）tothejungle．在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：a．Hewillbearwitness．Herbeautybeggarsdescription（=makeswordspoor）．Don"tborrowtrouble（=worryabouttroublethatwon"tcome）．Webrokeground（=ploughed，untilledground，begananundertaking）．Ourboatcastanchor．Ioftencaughtcold．Hecaughtfever（orinfection）．Herhousecaughtfire．Hechangedcolour（=be－camepale）．Hispersonalitycommandsesteem（orrespect）．Heneverdidevil（orill，wrong）．Noneofuscarewhethertheydo《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 rightorwrong，goodorharm．Wedid（=produced）RomeoandJuliet．Jandid（=acted）Juliet．Idid（=prepared）omelette（orbreakfast）．Tomdid（=wrote）poetry．Hisbrotherdid（=translated）FrenchintoEnglish．Idid（=studied）electricity．Theycrywolf（=giveafalsewarning）justforarmsaid．b．Onemustexercisepatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisesauthorityanddiscipline．Hefeltregret，butnotsatisfaction．Hefoundtime（orleisure）tostudy．Hehasfinishedcollege．Afterhetookthelead，wefollowedsuit．Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers．Mywatchgainedtime．Wehavegainedground（=gotanadvantage）．Wewillsoongainpower，ifwearepatientenough．Hegaveevidenceinthelaw－court．Hegaveear（orheed，credit）totherumour．Hegavejudgement（oradvice，notice，warning，trouble）．I"vehadit（=can"tsufferanymore）．Youhitit（=saidtherightthing）．Thistheorydoesn"tholdwater（=isn"tvalid）．Thecriminaljumped（orskipped）bail（=gaveupthebailmoneyandranawaytoavoidtrial）．c．Mymotherkepthouseandkeptbooks．Beinghospitablehekeptopenhouse（=providedhospitabilityforanycomer）．Hecannotkeepbodyandsoultogether（=keepawayhunger）．Hekeptbadcompany（=associatedwithbadpeople）．Mywatchdoesnotkeep（good）time，soIamlate．Hekilledtimebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting．d．Heleftschoollastyear．Wemaylosegroundbutwillneverlosehope．Ineverlostcourage（orheart）afterIfail．Bequick，don"tlosetime．Helostself-contrcl（orhimself）inmomentsofstress．e．Mothermakesdinner．Itseemedlate，buthemadegoodtime（=travelledfastandarrivedontime）．Hedoesn"tworkhard，buthemakesgoodsalary．Makehaste（orspeed）．Hecanmakemoney（orprofit），butspendmuch．Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace．Imadetea（orhay）．Wemadeway（＝stoodaside）forotherstopassthrough．Wemadeway（orheadway）（=advanced）inthefaceofdifficulty．Hemarkedtime（=spentidlehours）whilewaitingforhiswife．f．Thesoldiersmounted（orkept，relieved，stood）guard．Hemovedheavenandearth（=dideverything）toattackhisopponent．Theyopenedfire（=startedshooting）andkilledthreeofus．Thechildrenoftenplayhavoc（=dogreatdamage）．Heplayspolitics（＝attainspoliticalaimsbyhookorbycrook）．Hehadbrokenthewindow，soheplayedpossum（keptquiettoavoidattention）Heplayedsecondfiddle（=heldasubordinateplace）．Hefailedbe－causehehadoftenplayedtruant．g．Weraisedmoneyforagreatproject．Icanreadcharacterfromhandwriting．Hecanreadmusic．Imustsaygoodbyenow．Wesaidgrace（＝saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal）．Weset（ormade，struck）sail（=beganavoyage）inFebruary，1969．Herefusedtoyield，heshowedfight．Heshowedcourage（orfear）．Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies．Hestruckoil（=hadgoodluckinsomeenterprise）．Hesuffered（orsustained）defeat．h．Don"ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews．Hehastotakebreathafterclimbingupstairs．Hetookcoldandcouldnotwork．Hetakesdrinkanddrugs．Takeheart，don"tbeafraid．Thelawwillsoontakeeffect（＝beeffective）．Takeexerciseeverymorningandkeephealthy．Hetookflightaftermurderingawoman．Hetookmedicine（orpoison）．Don"ttakeoffence（=beoffended）．Somethingstrangetookplace（=happened）inthisoldhouse．Let"stakerest．Wetakestockeveryweek．Theevilhastakenroot（=becomeestablished）．Mydreamwilltakeshape（=materialize）nextyear．Hetooktroubletohelpme．i．Don"ttemptprovidence（=takeanunnecessaryrisk）．Hehastouchedbottom（=isbeginingtoprosperafterhisworstdays）．Theboatturnedturtle（=turnedupsidedown）．在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：j．Heoftenactedadoublepart（=wasdeceitful）．SinceIcriticizedhim，hehasbornea《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 grudge（=nursedagrievance）．Theenemybeata　retreat（=retreatedinahurry）．ThomasEdisonblazedatorch（=startedsome－thingnew）invariousfields．Don"tbreatheaword（=sayaword）aboutthissecret．Whenangry，hecallsnames（=callsomebodybyabusivenames）．Iwouldliketocrossswords（=argue）withthisboaster．Youhavedoneagoodjob（=donesomethingwell）．Idrewablank（=failedtogetanyinformation）whenIreturnedtotheoffice．Wemustdrawaline（=distinguish）betweenrightandwrong．Wedowntools（=stopwork）atsix．k．Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration．ThiseveningIhaveadate（oranengagement）（=haveasocialmeeting）withher．Ihaveajob（oratime）（=havetrouble）writingthisfirstloveletter．（但：Ihavemyselfatime［＝haveagoodtime］writingit．）Astheydidn"tliftafinger（orahand）（=didn"tgivehelp），Ilent（orgave）ahand（=gavehelp）totheoldlady．1．Imadeanappointment（=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone）for3p．m．Hemadeaboast，butwhobelievedhim？Hemadeacalloverthephone．Hemadeaface（=twistedhisface），andthenwewerenomoreangry．Don"tmakeafuss（=getexcitedaboutatrifle）．Johnmadeahit（=gaveagoodimpression）attheexhibitionofhisworks．Shallwemakeamove（=start）rightnow？Dickmadeapublicappearanceafternineyearsinprison．Thomasmakesaquickbuck（＝earnsmoneyquickly）．Wemakearow（orascene）（=startedaviolentquarrel）fromtimetotime．Assoonaswearrivedwemadereservationsforhotelrooms．Imustmaketracks（=setoff）beforeitislate．Williammadewaves（=createdasensationtoimpressothers）attheparty．m．Abigbossbehindpullsstrings（=secretlyexertsinfluence）．Don"trunarisk（=putyourselfindanger）．Thepatientranatemperature（=hadafever）．Thecriminalhasservedasentence（ortime）（=passedtermofimprisonment）．Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea．Westruckahappymedium（=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes）．Asyoucommittedmistakesforthefirsttime，wemightstretch（orstrain）apoint（=allowanexceptiontotherules）．n．Iwouldwillinglytakeabackseat（=occupyanunimportantposition）．Wetakeacoffeebreak（=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile）aftertwohoursofwork．Hetook（ordrew）alongbreathbeforehespoke．Thesituationtookaturn（=changed）forthebetter．Hewouldn"tturnanhonestpenny（=makemoneybyhonestmeans）．在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：o．Actyourage（=Don"tbechildish）．Mywarningmerelybeattheair（=madeuselessefforts）．Imustbidemytime（=waitforagoodchance）．Someoneblackedhiseye（=gavehimablow）．Heblewhisowntrumpet（=praisedhimself）．Hehasblownhismind（=becomeswildlyenthusiasticbecauseofdrugs）．Hebossedtheshow（＝con-trolledeverything）．Sheboxedhisear（＝smackedhimontheear）．Ihavetobreak（orcancel，change，postpone）theappointment．Afterhalfanhourofsilence，Ibroketheice（＝overcomereserve）．Thenewsbrokeherheart．Hebrokehisword（=failedtokeephispromise）．Ibrokethenews（=announcedthenews）toher．Theybrokethepeace（=quarrelled）．Heburnedhisfingers（=sufferedalossthrougharashaction）．Weburiedthehatchet（=madepeace）．Iamnotbuyingit（=amnottobedeceived）．p．Hecallstheroll（=callsthenamestocheckwhoareabsent）．Dickcarriedtheball（orthecan）（=didthehardestpartofthework）．Icarried（orgained）mypoint（=succeeded）．Wecarried（orgained）theday（=won）．Icaughtmybreath（=restafterhardbreathing）afterrunning．Hetriedtocatchthetrainbutmissedit．Thisadvertisementcatchesmyeye．Hechangedhiscoat（=becameaturncoat）．Don"tchangeyourmind．Hechangedhistune（＝changedhispolicy）．Heclearedhisreputation（=freehisnamefromreproach）．Hecrackedthewhip（=suddenlybecamebossy）toimpressme．WecrossedtheRubicon（=tookadecisivestepforward）．Whennobodycouldsettletheproblem，hecuttheGordianknot（=settleitinanunusualrapidway）．q．Ididthesights（orthetravel）（=wentsightseeingortookatrip）．Thelittlegirlcando（=make《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 cleanandtidy）herhair，herteeth，hernails，eventhelaundry，thebed-room，thedishes．Shedoes（=learns）herlessonswell，andcando（=solve）anysum（orproblem）．Shedoesherbit（＝doeshershareofduty）splendidly．Hedoggedmyfootsteps（=constantlyfollowedme）becausehesuspectedIwasaspyworkingforforeigners．Hedragshisfeet（orheels）（=hesitates）whenaskedtowork．Wedrewtheswords（=werereadytofight）．Hehastoeathiswords（=takebackhiswords）．Althoughsmall，thistablefillsthebill（=isjustright）．Ihavetofacethemusic（＝facetrouble）．Heisfeelinghisway（=proceedingcarefullybutslowly）．Althoughtheywerecripples，theyfoughtthewayupthehill．Weallfollowthecrowd．Don"tworry，I"llfootthebill（=payalltheexpenses）．Thisnumberofpersonswillnotformthemajority．r．Hegotthesack（=wasdismissed）．Hegottheupperhand（=gainedcontrol）．Hehasthecourageofhisconvictions（=actsbravelyaccordingtohisbelief）．Thiscarhashaditsday（=fallenintodisuse）．Thissmallaffairhitstheheadlines（=becomesimportantnews）inthissmalltown．Themusichitsthepublictaste．Hehitshisstride（＝exhibitshisbestability）whenhetellsastory．Wewillholdthefort（=defendtheposition）tothelast．Holdyourtemper（=Don"tgetangry）．Ihavetoholdmytongue（ormypeace）（＝keepsilent）．Imustholdmyown（=keepwhatIhave）．Wemusthold（orkeep，maintain）ourground（=keepwhatwehave）．Hehasalwayshusbandedhisresources（=beenfrugalagainstanemergency）．s．Ijoggedhismemory（=remindedhim）．Hejumpedthegun（=startedtorunbeforethestarter"sgun），andjumpedthetraces（=didn"tobeytherules）．Thetrainjumpedtherails（orthetrack）（=suddenly，lefttherails）andmanywerekilled．Dickslippedbutkepthisfeet（=keptstanding）．Heknowshiswayabout（oraround）（=understandsthewaysoftheworld）．Heknowstheropes（orthescore）（=knowsthespecialrules）intheexportbusiness．Hewillleadtheway（=beaguide）totheoldcastle．Ileftthebeatentrack（＝didnotfollowthecrowd）．Helosthisreason（=becamemad）．t．Hemadethegrade（＝succeeded）inbusiness．Thedoctormakes（orgoes）therounds（=goesfromplacetoplacetoinspect）everymorning．Wemadeourway（＝advanced）throughtheforest．Hemendedhisfences（＝madepeacewithpeoplewhodislikehim）．Youmissedtheboat（＝missedtheopportunity）．Thecompanyopeneditsdoors（＝starteddoingbusiness）in1950andcloseditsdoors（=stoppeddoingbusiness）in1983．Thisexhibitionopenedoureyes（=madeusseethetruth）．Ipickedmyway（=proceeded）upasteephill．Imustplaythegame（=dowhatisright）．Youplayedyourcardswell（=actedcleverly）．Dickplayedthemarket（=boughtandsoldstocks）andlostlotsofmoney．Jimpocketedhisdignity（=laida-sidehispride）andevenpocketedaninsult（＝acceptedit）．Hehaspoisonedyourear（ormind）sothatyoucan"tbefair．u．Everymembershouldpullhisweight（＝doeshispart）．Don"tpullmyleg（=foolme）．Onceyousucceed，neverpushyourluck（=expecttocontinuetobelucky）．Hehastorunthegauntlet（=receiveaseriesofilltreatment）．Heruledtheroost（=lordeditover）．Wemustsavethesituation（=dosomethingtoimprovethesituation）．Anewmethodwillseethelight（=bedisclosed）．Thisservesmyturn（orpurpose）．Ihaveservedmyapprenticeshipforsevenyears．Shesetthetablefortenpersons．Heshowshisfaceaftertenyearsofabsence．Iwillshowtheway．Everyonesingshispraises（=praiseshimstrongly）．Hesowedhiswildoats（=ledadissipatedlifewhenyoung）．Iwillspeakmymind（=speakcandidly）．Hestoletheshow（=actedsowellthattheaudienceignoredtheotherperformers）．Hestolethespotlight（=madepeoplewatchhiminsteadofwhattheyshouldwatch）．Youstolemythunder（=saidbeforemewhatIintendedtosay）．Jimhasstrainedeverynerve（=usedeveryeffort）．Heswallowedthebait（=wasofferedabigpromiseandwascaught）．v．Marytookit（=endureditwithoutcomplaints）thoughshewasill－treated．Youcantakeyourease（oryourowncourse）（=actyourpleasure）．Thedoctortookmypulseand《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 temperature（＝ascertainthem）．Wheredoesthiscustomtakeitsrise（=originate）？Takeyourtime（=Don"trush）．Wemustnottieourownhands（=restrainour－selvesfromaction）．Wehavetotightenourbelts（=eatlessandspendlessthanusual）．Justonevotetippedthebalance（orthescale）（=turnedthescale，decidedsome－thingdoubtful）．Iwouldtrymyhand（=try）．ShouldIturntheothercheek（=bepatientandnothitback）whenIaminjuredorinsulted？Hissuccesshasturnedhishead（=madehimactfoolishly）．Thedeadbodyturnedherstomach（=madehersick）．Thereinforcementsturnedthetide（=changethesituationfavourably）．Heturnedhisthoughttosomethingmuchmoreimportant．Hejusttwiddledhisthumbs（=didn"tdoanything）．w．Shewalkedthefloor（=walkedbackandforth）allnight，shewassoworried．Hewalkedtheplank（=wasforcedtoresign）．Watchit（=Becareful）．人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说“Icook．”“Helaughed．”“Wechatted．”“Tomrepairs．”“weacted．”而说“I　dothecooking．”“Hegavealaugh．”“Wehadachat．”“Tommakesrepairs．”“Wetakeaction．”也就是把一个词换成了两个词，用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。下面是一些这类短语的例子：x．IDOthecleaning，thereading，theshopping，thetranslating，alittlesewing；anap，atry，abriskwalk．HeGAVEacry，agroan，ajump，ashout，ashrug，alongsigh，asatisfiedsmile．WeHADabath，adream，afight，aninterview，aquar-rel，ashave，ashower，asmoke，aswim，atalk，ataste，atry，awalk，awash，achat，ago，arest，asleep．SheTOOKabath，breath，anap，alook，notice，objection，recreation，arest，asolitarystroll，alongwalk．PaulMADEanannouncement，ananswer，anapplication，anappointment，anattack，anattempt，abeginning，abid，acall，acheck－up，acomment，acomparison，acopy，criticism，adecision，adeclaration，ademand，experiments，anexplanation，aguess，inquiries，investigations，notes，payment，preparations，progress，aproposal，arecovery，aremark，arequest，repairs．re-searches，asacrifice，aselection，aslip，aformalstatement，anotherstart，alongstay，adeepstudy，ahelpfulsuggestion，ageneralsurvey，severalvisits．1352图解：5．S+TV+R或S+TV．R或S+TV+（R）（Johnhidhim-selfbehindit．）1353无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（S+TV+R）：Shereproachedherself．Hekilledhimself．Hepraisedhimself．Don"tdeceiveyourself．Hecuthimself．Thedogchokeditself．1354有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（S+TV．R）：Heavowed（ordeclared）himself（=showedhischaracteropenly）；collectedhimself（=regainedself－control）；concealhimself（=hid）；enjoyedhimself（=hadagoodtime）；exertedhimself（=endeavoured）；can"tfindhimself（=providehisownliving，orfindouthisabilitiesandusethem）．Ilostmyself（＝demeanedmyself，lostmyway，orbecameabsorbedinsomething）；pulledmyselftogether（＝becamecomposed）；seated（orsettled）myself（=satdown）；washedmyself（=bathed）．1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：Ioverworkedmyself，oversleptmyself，overatemyself．Hedisported（＝amused）himself．Heperjuredhimself．Hebusiedhimself．Heabsentedhimselffromschool．Bestiryourself．Ibethoughtmyselfofit．Youmustdemean（orbear，comport，deport，conduct，acquit，quit）yourselfproperly．Helpyourself（=Serveyourselfwithfood）．Herelievedhimself（=wenttothe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 bathroom）．1356约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟（S+TV+（R））：a．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：Thebubblebursts（itself）．Thecloudsdispersed（themselves）．Hedressed（himself）foraparty；engaged（himself）inacontest（oraquarrel）．Thehorsefed（itself）ongrass．Heguarded（himself）againstvice；hid（himself）behind；neverintruded（himself）onanybody"scompany．CanIqualify（myself）forthepost？Ireformed（my-self）．Irested（myself）onthecouch．Heset（himself）upasascholar．Heshaved（himself）foradinner；stripped（himself）forashower－bath．Icouldnotsubmit（orsurrender）（myself）totheenemy（orinsult）．Itrained（myself）fortherace．Inevertroubled（myself）tohelpanyone．Heturned（himself）tomeforadvice．Hewashed（himself）．Heworried（himself）aboutnothing．Hewrapped（himself）beforegoingout．b．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：NosuspicionattachestoJohn．Achickendevelopsintheegg．Theroadextendsformiles．Hisheartfillswithsorrow．Don"thurry．Keepquiet．Makesurethatthejourneyissafe．Wemademerry．Don"tmisbehave．Icannotrefrainfromlaughing．Weremovedfromplacetoplace．JohnseparatedfromMary．Iwithdrawfromsociety．c．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：Thechilddoesnotbehave（himself）（=showgoodmanners）．Hebehavedwell（orgallantly，properly）．Hedrewhimselfup（=assumedanerectattitude）．Hedrewup（=camenear）．Hegorgedhimselfwithmeat．Hegorgedonmeat．Heindulgedhimselfwithwine．Heindulged（himself）inwine．Wehavetoprepareourselves．Wehavetoprepare（ourselves）fortheworst（ortheexam）．d．Heisrecoveringhimself（=becomingcalm）．Heisrecoveringfromillness（ormadness，fatigue，shock，fright）．Hesethimselftowriteletters（ortowritingletters）（=begantowriteletters）．Hesettowork（=begantowork）．Hesetouttodoit，setaboutdoingit（=begantodoit）．Hesettledhimslef（=becamecalm）．Hesettledhimself（=satdown）inachair．Hesettled（himself）down（=becameestablishedinanewwayoflife）inLondon．It（Thing）willsettle．1357图解：6．S＋TV＋N（Johnlivesahappylife．）1358约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（CognateObject），这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：Sheblushedaninnocentblush；bowedalittlebow；coughedaterriblecough；dancedasillydance．Hediedanaturaldeath（orathousanddeaths，thedeathofamartyr，thedeathhedeserved）；dreamedasweetdream；laughedaheartylaugh；livedahappylife；lookalookofweariness；couldnotsayhissay．Hesighedadeepsigh（orasighofsatisfaction）；sleptasoundsleep（orthesleepofthejust）．Itsmelledastrangesmell．Hesmiledasadsmile；talkedfoot－balltalk；thoughtallgoodthought．1359《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：Itblewabriskgale．Hedancedaphantomballet；didagreatdeed；foughtabravewar（orfight，battle，action）；wentalongway（oradangerousjourney）；harvestedagoodcrop；livedahand－to－mouthexistence；playedasillygame；played（oracted）agreatpart；plodawearyway；prayedanearnestprayer；sawastrangesight；ranalongrace．Thebellrangamerrypeal．Hesangabeautifulsong；struckadeadlyblow．1360有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：Hebeamedsatisfaction（=beamedabeamofsatisfaction，showedsatisfactionbybeaming）；bowedhisobedience（orhisthanks）（=showedhisobedienceorthanksbybowing）；dancedhisjoy（=dancedhisdanceofjoy，showedhisjoybydancing）；gesticulatedhislove；giggledagreement；laugheddissent；lookinquiry（orhisthanks）；noddedhisassent（orwelcome）；roaredapproval；shoutedapplause；sigheddisappointment；smiledhiswelcome（orhisrelief，hisapproval，histhanks）；whistledhiscontempt，wepttearsofjoy．1361有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：Thefireblazeditsbrightest（blaze）．Hebreathedhislast（breath）；didhisbest（deed）；foughthisbravest（war）；laughedhisloudest；lookedhisbest；ranhisfastest；shoutedhisloudest；sanghissweetest；triedhishardest．1362在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：Hebraved（orbrazened）itout（＝facedtroublebravely［orshamelessly］）．We"llfaceitoutandfightitout．Asitwasgettingdark，Ihadtohotel（orinn）it．Shequeenedit（=domineer）overthem．Heusedtoroughit（=liveanuncomfortablelife）．I"llgoitalone（=actindependently）．He"sstarringitinafilm．Asthere"snocab，I"vetotrudge（orwalk，foot）it．1363图解：7．S＋TV．AP＋NorG（Johngaveuphisplan．）1364无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点副词（AdvorbofPloce）多不表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词（AdverbialParticle），可以用AP来代表：Hegaveuphisplan．Ihavetothinkoutnewmethods．Shefoldeduphiscoat．Wemaypassoverthedetails．Theplaguesweptoffmanypeople．Hehastakenoverabusiness．Hegaveinthepaper．Hecloseddownthestore．Thebellbellowed（orpealed）forththeanniversary（orthevictoryofourarmy）．有些“动词＋地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如1340节中句子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词：Anammunitiondumpblewup（=exploded）．（作不及物动词）Theenemyblewup（=destroyedbyexplosion）thebridge．（作及物动词）ThenoisychildrenclearedoffwhenIcame．（作不及物动词）Ihavetoclearoffthosenoisychildren．（作及物动词）Ourconversationbrokeoffasaladycamein．（作不及物动词）Thatfellowbrokeoffourconversation．（作及物动词）Heshowedoffbeforegirls．（作不及物动词）Heshowedoffhisnewcar．（作及物动词）如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此（可参阅1497节）：Putthemoneyby．Shecalledhimback．Don"tbreakitoff．Hedreamedhishoursaway；slepttheclockaround；criedhisheartout；laughed（ortalked）themdown．Heateitup；closeditup；packeditup；tieditup．Hesentmeaway，sawheroff，calledmeout，drewus《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 aside．1365其它例子：a．Theybackedup（=supported）Johnsonandhispolicy．Theybailedouttheirfriend．Theybeatbackourattack．Imustbeatup（=beatseverely）thosemischievouschildren．Iblewout（=extinguished）thecandles．Webolsteredup（=supported）thisoldsystem．Ibookeddown（=wrotedown）thesum．Webookedup（=fixedanengagementwith）severalsingers．Theybossusabout（=orderusabout）．Thenewsbowledover（=overwhelmed）myfamily．Webrokeup（=dispersed）themeetingat11∶00p．m．．Themistakebroughtabout（=caused）alotoftrouble．Canyoubringdowntheprice？Thetaxbroughtintenmilliondollarsayear．Theexamplesbringout（=explainclearly）themeaningofthisword．Shebrushedoff（=jilted）herlover．Wemustbuildupourownarmedforces．Hewillbuyoff（=paymoneytogetridof）myinterest．b．Thisstrongmeasurecalledforth（=provoked）arevolt．Wecalledinadoctor．Wehavetocalloff（=cancel）thepicnic，whichwehavepreparedforsomanydays．Call（=Wake）meupat6a．m．．I"llcallyouup（=telephonetoyou）．Themusiccarriedoff（=moved）everyone．Hecarriedoff（=won）alltheprizes．Let"scarryon（=continue）thework，Wecarriedout（=performed）theplan．c．Hecandigup（=discover）someimportantinformation．Hedrewon（=pulledon）hissocksaftergettingup．Idrewup（=prepared）abill（oralist）．Thetaxidroppedmeoff（=letmegetoff）atmyhotel．Thenoisedrownedout（=madeinaudible）ourconversation．d．Themotherfedup（=gaveextrafoodto）hersicklyson．Wefilledin（orout，up）theform．Hefencedoff（=builtbymeansofafence）agarden．Figureout（=count）thesum．Hefiredoffmanyquestions，whichnobodycouldanswer．Theyfittedouttheirsonwitheverythingnecessary．Wefittedup（=installed）themachine．Wefixedup（=arranged）atrip．Heflaggeddown（=stoppedbywavingtoit）apassingcar．Followup（=Continue）yoursuccesswithsomethingmoreambitious．e．Hegambledawayhislastcent，evenallhehadwonbe-fore．Hewillgetover（=finish）hisjob．Hegaveaway（=gavefreeofcharge）hisproperty．Hegaveaway（=betrayed）hisfriends．Wegavein（=handedin）theexercisebooks．Thefoodgaveoff（=emitted）abadsmell．Hegulpeddownhiscoffee．Heatup（=re－heat）theleftovers．Hehelpedmeout（=helpmegetoveradifficulty）．Sheheldback（=keptback）hertears．Canweholddown（=keepdown）costs？Wecouldnotholdoff（=keepatadistance）theattackers．f．Theenemykeptup（=maintained）theattackforthreemonths．Iknockedoff（=ateupquickly）fivebowlsofrice．Ilaidaside（orby）（=savedforfutureneeds）somedollars．Ilaiddown（=stateclearly）somerulesfortheoffice．Ourcompanylaidoff（=dismissed）fiveworkers．Leaveoff（=stop）fighting．Heleftout（=didn"tinclude）Maryintheinvitation．Don"tletdown（=disappoint）yourparents．Thedriverletoff（=dropped）aladyatthehotel．Thejudgelethimoff（=didnotpunishhim）．Iwilllookyouup（=visityou）tomorrow．Themanagerlookedtheapplicantupanddown（=examinehimcarefully）．Agirlwilllivenup（=makelively）ourparty．Helivedouthisyears（ordays，life）（=livedallhislife）inthissmallvillage．Hewillmakeout（=writeout）acheque．Myfathercan"tmakeout（=see）thesesmallletters，forheisfarsighted．Hemakesup（=invents）allkindsoflies．Thebossmarkeddown（=reducedthepriceof）allarticles．Hemessedup（=putindisorder）mydesk．Inailedup（=closedupwithnails）thewindow．g．Hepackedoff（=sentawayhurriedly）allhischildrentothecountry．Partitionoff（=Dividewithpartition）yourlivingroom．Passon（=Hand）thisnoticetootherpeople．Wepassedover（orup）（=overlooked）thechance．I"vepaidoff（=paidthewagesof）theworkers．Ihavetopayoff（=payforsafety）theblackmailers．Iwillpickout（=select）thebestnecktieforyou．Hepicked《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 up（=found）acabatthecross-roads．Hepickedhimselfup（=gotupafterafall）．Hepickedup（=learnedwithoutteachers）Englishsoquickly．Ipinnedhimdown（=gothimtocommithimself）astothequestionofsocialism．h．Iplayedbacktherecording，sothatwhathasbeenrecordedaboutherspeechcouldbeheard．Heplayeddown（=madelessemphatic）thedefectsofhisfactoryproducts．Plugin（=Makeconnection，bymeansofaplug，with）theradio．Hecanpolishoff（=finishoff）allthesegrapes．Hepulledon（=puton）hispantsandthenwentout．Ipulledup（=stopped）mycaratthepostoffice．Hisbrotherpusheshimabout（oraround）（=ordershimabout）．Iputaside（orby）（=saved）afewthousandpounds．Afterfivehoursofwork，Iputaway（=re－placed）thetools．Putforwardyourviewpoint．Iputin（=spent）fivehoursrepairingthisradio－set．Heputin（=submitted）anapplicationmonthsago．Wehavetoputoff（=postpone）thetripuntilnextmonth．InsteadoflosingweightIputonsomeweightlately．Weputon（=presented）ashow．i．I"llringyouup（=telephonetoyou）．Theyroaredouta21－gunsalute．Rollupthesleepingbagbeforeweleave．Weropedoff（=enclosedwitharope）aspacefordancing．Roundup（ordown）theprice（=Bringittoawholenumberbyraising［orlowering］it）．j．Wesaveupsomemoneyforfutureneeds．Iwillsee（=ac－company）youback（orhome）．Shesentaway（=dismissed）allhersuitors．Sendin（=Submit）yourphotosforthecontest．Hesentoutinvitationstohiswedding．Hisdeparturewassetbacktwoweeks．Thisdiscontentsetoff（=caused）arevolt．Wesetout（=arranged）thegoodsforsale．Wesetup（=establish）asmallstoreonthethirdfloor．Canheshakeoff（=getridof）hisbadhabit？Sheshowedoff（=displayedtoimpresspeople）herhands．Heshuthimselfaway（=confinedhimself）inhisattic．k．Hesignedaway（=soldbysigninglegalpapers）allhishouses．Hesignedhishouseovertome．Let"ssizeup（=makeajudgementof）thesituation．Thissmallaccidentsparkedoff（=touchedoff）histemper．Hesortedout（=arrangedinclasses）allthebookshehadcollected．Switchoff（=Turnoff）thetaperecorder．Sumup（=Statebriefly）youropinion．l．Takedown（=Writedown）myspeech，please．Iwilltakeoverthebusinesshedecidestogiveup．Itookup（=gotinterestedin）paintinglastyear．Thisbedtakesup（=occupy）toomuchspace．Youcantakeup（=mentionanddiscuss）thematterwiththeboss．Icantalkround（=persuade）anybodywhorefusestocooperate．Ihavetoteardown（=taketopieces）thebrokenmachine．Hewilltearup（=teartopieces）thecontractwhenitisnomoreusefultohim．Hetoldoff（=reproached）hisemployees．Hecanthinkup（=devise）allkindsoflies．Hethrewon（=puton）hisgown．1366在上面所有例句中，及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有些也可用动名词作宾语：Hekeptonaskingme．Heputoffgoingtothedoctor．HeleftoffstudyingFrench．Hegaveover（orgaveup）smoking．1367注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动词，换言之，不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。1368图解：这个符号表示，上方所有的词（动名词短语）应看作是一个词类（名词），尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词，以me作宾语，而me和kepton没有直接关系。8．S＋IV．P＋NorG或S＋IV．P．N（Johnlaughedatme．）1369无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：a．Youmustabideby（=keep）yourpromises．Theriveraboundswith（=hasmany）fish．Iagreedtohisview．Weaimatsuccessintheexamination．Thisansweramountstorefusal．Imustapologizeformyfault．Iaskfor（=demand）nothingluxurious．Hedependeduponmeforadvice．He《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 dreamedofhisgrandfather．Hegotintopolitics．Don"tgambleonit．Heimposedon（=deceived）her．Helaughedat（=derided）me．Shelooksafterherchild．Helookedinto（=examined）thematter．Hesentfor（=summoned）them．Ithoughtof（=considered）thismatter．Don"ttriflewith（=mock）her．b．Heabstainedfromdrinking．Hisreplyamountstorefusingherdemand．WebeganwithlearningABC．Happinessconsistsinbeingeasilypleased．Mysuccessdependsonmyfriendhelpingme．Hediedfromdrinkingtoomuch．Ifeltlikebeatinghim．Hegottodrinking．Hegoesabout（=isbusy）repairingacar．Heheardofhisbrotherhavingsucceeded．Welooktomovingtoamorepeacefulcountry．Heobjectedtobeingtreatedlikeadog，aslave．Hetooktoreadingnovels．Thepapertellsoftheenemyhavingcapturedthcity（=Thepapersaysthattheenemyhascapturedthecity）．Hethoughtofgoingabroad．Hewonderedatbeingpraisedfordoingnothing．1370无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以看作是不及物动词，因为它们后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。a．这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词：Theyburstintolaughter（=suddenlylaughed）．Asteamercameintosight（=appeared）．Whendidthisworldcomeintoexistence（=comeout）？Thenewlawcomesintoforce（=functions）nextSeptember．Mysoncameofagelastyear．Hecametogrief（=sufferedmisfortune）．Yourletterhascometohand（=arrived）．Hecriedoverspiltmilk．Everythingendedinsmoke．Hefellintopoverty．Thelawhasfallenintoabeyance（=beennolongerobserved）．Manyslangwordshavefallenoutofuse（＝beennolongerused）．Theygotintotrouble．Wegotintohotwater（=becameinvolvedindifficulty）becauseofjealousy．Iwentonsickleave．Hehasgonethroughfireandwater（=undergonethegreatestperils）Theygotolaw（=appealtocourt）．Theschoolwenttogreatexpense（=spentverymuch）．Iwillgotosea（=beasailor）．Hewillgotorackandruin（=perish）．Robberslayinwaitforus．Welivefromhandtomouth（=cansavenothing）．Theshipputtosea（=beganavoyage）thismorning．Don"tstandonceremony（=beformal）．b．有些名词为复数形式：Sheburstintotears（=suddenlycried）．Thebuildingburstintoflames（=suddenlyburned）．Hefishedintroubledwaters（=lookedforpersonaladvantageintimesofnationalcalamity）．Thefencefellintopieces．Theyfoughtagainstodds（=foughtwithmenmuchmorethanthey）．Weshouldkeepwithinbounds（=actwithpropriety）．Theyplayedatcrosspurposes（=opposedeachother）．Theyplayedintothehandsofanother（=actedsoastogivesomeadvantagetoanother）．Don"tplaywithedgedtools（=playwiththingsdangerous）．Wetooktotheboats（=usedthelifeboatstoescape）．c．有些名词前加“a”：Wecametoaconclusion．Hisplancametoabadend（ornogood）（=failed）．Businesshascometoastandstill（=stopped）．Thetwocametoanunderstanding（=begantounderstandeachother）．Wewillgoforadrive（=goinacarforrelaxation）．Yourargumentgoes（orflies）offatatangent（=changedsuddenlyinitsdirection）．Hislifehungbyathread（=dependeddangerouslyonsomethingsmall）．Provideagainstarainyday（=Prepareforanyemergencythatmayarise）．d．有些名词加“the”：Thesetwoplanscometothesamething（givethesameresult）．Heerredonthesafeside（=choseacourseerroneousbutsafe）．Hisworkshavefallenintotheshade（=ceasedtoattractattention）．Theyfoughttothebitterend（ortothedeath）．HegoesbythenameofJoo（=isfamiliarlycalledJoo）．Hewillgotothebad（=sinkintopovertyanddisgrace）．Thesituationisgoingtothebad（=isbecomingworse）．Theweakwillgotothewall（=bepushedasideashelpless）．Heneednotgotothetroubleofemployingatutor（=troublehimselftoemployone）．Don"tharponthesamestring（=keepsayingthesamething）．Keepintheshade．Herosetotheoccasion（=showedthathewas《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 equaltoit）．e．有些名词前需加物主代词：Cometoyoursenses（=Stopbehavinglikeamadman）．Hefellonhisknees（=kneltdown）．Povertyfelltohislot（=becamehisdestiny）．Heisgoingabouthiswork（=doingit）．Sheliesatyourmercy（=issubjecttoyourcontrol）．Theoldwidowlivesonherown（=liveswithouthelpfromothers）．Donotquarrelwithyourbreadandbutter（=doanythingharmfultoyourlivelihood）．Itrisesfromitsasheslikeaphoenix（=liveagain）．Herosetohisfeet（=stoodup）．Thechanceslippedthroughmyfingers（＝escaped）．Myworkwillspeakforitself（=bevisibletoall）．Hestoodonhisdignity（=insistedonbeingtreat-edwithproperrespect）．Hestoodtohisguns（=defendedhisrights）．Youtreadonhistoes（=offendhim）．Heworkedonmyfears（=causedmetodosomethingforhim，bytakingadvantageofmyfears）．1371不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：HecameonSunday．（S＋IV）Thechildrenareplayingbythetree．1372图解：9．S＋IV．AP．P＋NorG（Johnlookeddownonme．）1373无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作一个及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：a．Thelossaddedupto（=amountedto）amilliondollars．Hebowsdownto（=flatters）nobody．Hebrokeawayfrom（=cuthistieswith）allhisfriends．Carryonwith（=continue）yourwork．Leecashedinon（=madeaprofitfrom）tea．Wedon"treallycatchonto（=under－stand）thiscustom．Ican"tcatchupwith（=overtake）theclassthisyear．IcheckedoutofthehoteltwodaysafterIcheckedin（=signedtheregisteronarriving）．Thepolicecheckedupon（=investigated）thesuspect．Hecamearoundto（=agreed，afterdisagreeing，to）myviews．Theteachercamedownon（=reprimand）him．Icamedownwith（=caught）aflu．Icameneartodeath（=almostdied）．Noresultcameoutofthetest．Hecameoutwithaquestion．Lastyearnoplayscameupto（=equalled）thestandard．Myfriendcameupwithagoodidea．Weallcriedoutagainst（=opposed）favoritism．Mostimportant，youmustcutdownon（=reduceconsumptionof）sugar．Hecutinwith（=insert）aterriblysaucyremarkwhilewewerediscussing．b．Thiscustomdates（=orgoes）backtotheearlyeighteenthcentury．Weshoulddoawaywith（=getridof）allsocialevils．Everyonedoeswellwithhim（=treatshimwell）．Hedroppedinon（=madeanunplannedvisitto）myfamily．Hedroppedofftosleep（=fellasleep）．Hedroppedoutof（=quit）highschool．Heendedupas（=finallybe－came）amanager．Heendedupwithnotacentinhispocket．Ihavetofaceupto（=bravelyaccept）thesituation．Wehavetofallbackupon（=dependupon）hissup－port．Hefelloutwith（=quarrelledwith）allhisfriends．Ifeelupto（=feelcapableofundertaking）thisjob．Hewillfindoutabout（=getfactsabout）thismatter．Hedidn"tfitinwith（=liveinharmonywith）thoseforeigners．HowcanIgetawayfrom（=avoid）hernagging？Howareyougettingon（oralong）with（=livingtogetherwith）yourbride？Icannotgetoutof（=avoid）thistrouble．Haveyougotthroughwith（=finish）thatjob？Don"tgiveinto（=yieldto）yourimpulse．Hegoesalongwith（=agreeswith）ourparty．Hegoes（orplays）aroundwith（=foolsaroundwith）allkindsofgirls．Hewentinfor（=gotinterestedin）stampcollecting．Hewillgoontocollege．Thisstorewillsoongooutofbusiness（=endabusiness）．Thissweaterhasgoneoutoffashion（=isnomorefashionable）．HeoftengoesoutwiththatprettyJapanesegirl．Sheheldonto（=keptgrasping）hisarm．c．Shekeepsawayfrom（=avoids）him．Weshouldkeepinwith（=keepfriendlywith）our《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 neighbors．Icannotkeepupwith（=overtake）myclassmates．Thissmalleventledupto（=preparedthewayfor）hisdeath．Liveupto（=Actaccordingto）yourpromise．Ioftenlookbackon（=recollect）theolddays．Helookedbackover（=reviewed）hisrecord．Don"tlookdownon（=despise）smallpeople．Wearelookingforwardto（=anticipatingwithpleasure）yourvisit．Lookoutfor（=Watchoutfor）thecar．Hecannotmakeupfor（=compensate）thelossIhavesuffered．Hemadeoffwith（=stoleandhurriedawaywith）allmymoney．Doeshisschoolworkmeasureupto（=comeupto）hishopes？LastyearImetupwith（=metbychance）Jane，whoIhadn"tseenfortenyears．Thechildmessedaboutwith（=madeamessof）mydesk．d．Heplayedupto（=triedtoplease）her．Ihadtoputupwith（=bear）theseterriblenoiseseveryday．Imustsettleupwith（=getevenwith）themanwhohasinsultedme．Manysignedupfor（=joinedin）thecontest．Theguestssatdowntodinnerateight．Ican"tsitdownwith（=sufferwithoutcomplaint）thatinsult．Weshouldspeakupfor（=speakinaloudvoicefor）justice．Thispolicemanstoodinwith（=wasinsecretleaguewith）thosegangsters．Whydon"twestandoutagainst（=oppose）thisevilpractice？Weshouldstandupfor（=support）thisgoodpolicy．Ialwaysthinkbackto（=recall）mychildhood．Thinktwiceaboutitbeforeyouact．Tuneintoanotherradiostation．Weshouldwakeupto（=realize）theseriousnessofoursituation．Theywaitupforme（=TheystayawakeuntilIcomehome）．Hewalkedawaywith（=easilywon）theelection．Hewalkedoffwith（=tookaway）myumbrella．Wewalkedoutofthemeetingasanexpressionofprotest．Iwantoutof（=wanttobefreedfrom）hernagging．Iwarmedupto（=becamefriendlywith）myneighbors．Weshouldwiseupto（Am．）（=finallyunder－stand）whatisgoingon．Ican"tworktogetherwithhim．e．Hegotoutof（=avoided）smoking．Wemovedontogettingmarried．Westoodupforprohibitingnarcotics．Ineverturnasidefrom（=avoid）doinganythinggood．Hewentnearto（=narrowlyescaped）beingkilled．137410．S＋TV．N．P＋NorG（Johnfoundfaultwithme．）1375无数及物动词和特定的名词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：a．Theycaughtholdof（=seized）thethief；caughtsightof（=spied）astrangestar；declaredwaron（oragainst）aforeigncountry；foundfaultwith（=censured）me；gainedpossessionof（=got）alargeestate；gotnoticefromthepolice；gavewarningto（=warned）us；had（an）interestin（=liked）music；leftwordwiththeofficeboy；lostsightof（=forgot）theirpurpose；losttouchwith（=couldnotcommunicatewith）alltheirfriends；madewaron（=fought）aforeigncountry；putconfidencein（=trusted）me；put（orlost）faithineveryone；tookcareoftheirchildren；took（a）prideintheirwork．b．Theyaskedafavourofyou；didagoodturnto（=didaserviceto）me；didaninjurytotheirbrother；drew（orformed）aconclusionfrom（=inferredfrom）thisfact；entertainedafearfor（=worriedabout）thisadventure；extendedaninvitationto（=invited）alltheirfriends；formedanestimateof（=estimated）hisabilities；gaveanaccountof（=related）theaccident；gaveanorderto（=ordered）us；gaveatrialtothecandidate：hadalessonin（=learned）English．c．Theyaskedthefavourofanearlysupply；clearedthewayfortheQueen；got（orhad）thestartof（=gainedanadventageover）theirrivals；gotthebetter（orthebest）of（=overcame）theircompetitors；losttheuseoftheirlegs；tooktheconsequencesof（=submittedtotheresultsof）theirfolly；tooktheplaceof（=replaced）othermembers．d．Heclearedhismindofprejudice；directedourattentiontothevice；didhisdutyto（orby）his《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 country；foundhiswaytomyvillage；gavehislovetohisparents；paidhisaddressesto（=courted）her；raisedhisvoiceagainst（=opposed）themanager；sethismindon（=attendedto）hisbusiness；shookhisheadatthenews；thrust（orpoked，pushed）hisnoseinto（=meddledofficiouslyin）every－thing；tookhiseyesoffher；tookhischoiceofthebooksheneeded；turnedhisattentiontoexportation；turnedhisbackon（orto）（=forsook）hisfriends．e．Theydidmuchdamagetothecar；hadlittlenotionofthisproject；hadnoobjectiontoyourproposal；hadnopatiencefor（=couldn"tstand）thosefools；hadsomerelationswiththegovernment；made（orlost）alotofmoneyovercoffee；madesomereferencetoShakespeare；sawnoharminLSD；tooknodelightin（=didn"tlike）reading；tooksomeinterestinmusic；tooklittlenoticeofthecrime．f．Hehaddealingswith（=didbusinesswith）us；willgoshareswith（=divideprofitsorcostwith）hisfriends；madefriendswithpoliticians；madepreparations（orarrangements）forthejourney；shookhandswithus；tookpainsoverthework；tookphotographsofus；tookprecautionsagainsttheft；tooksideswith（=supported）acertainpoliticalparty．这种动词成语不仅如上面例句表示的，可以用名词作宾语，也可像下面例句表示的，可用动名词作宾语：g．Heaimedhiseffortsatstudyingnuclearenergy；boretheresponsibilityofpayingthedebtofhisson；gavehismindtobringinguphischildren；hadnopatienceforwaitingsolong；hadthepleasureofdancingwithMary；laidclaimtobeingrespectedasaman；madepreparationsforstartingat3a．m．；didn"tseehisway（clear）to（=didn"tfinditpossibleorgood）becomingamoney-lender；sawnoharminsmoking；tooknointerestinlearninganytrade；laidclaimtobeingthefatherofafamousactresswhohadbeenanorphan．1376无数及物动词可与特定的介词连用，但与作宾语的名词关系并不紧密。这种句型与其说是“TV．N．P＋NorG”这类，不如说是带状语的“TV＋N”类型：IgavethemoneytoJohn．Thankyouforyourkindness．Comparethiswiththat．Don"tthrowstonesatthatdog．Hepreparedusfortheexam．Shekeepsherchildrenfromharm．PleasetranslatethispoemintoChinese．Itremindsmeofherprettyeyes．Heasked（orbegged，implored）herforpardon（oraid）．Theybanished（ordismissed，expelled）himfromthatplace．Theycharged（orpresented，provided，supplied，furnished）himwithsomething．Whatpreventsyoufromcoming？Iwarnedhimagainstdoingevil．Ipaidhimforhavingdonesomethingforme．Imustkeepmyfeetfromgettingwet．Italkedhimintobelievingme．Theyexcusedmeformakingamistake．Theyforcedusintofighting．1377注：在上面及物动词的空格内只有gave一个词，gave下方的标记说明了它和介词to的联系。11．S＋TV．R．P＋NorG（Johnpridedhimselfonhisnewcar．）1378约有60个及物动词可和反身代词和特定的介词构成成语，整个成语可以看作及物动词：a．Iavailedmyselfof（=makeuseof）hisoffer（orthischance）．IpreparedmyselfforajourneytoSingaporeandothercountries．Ioccupiedmyselfwith（oraddressedmy－selfto，appliedmyselfto，engagedmyselfin，employedmyselfin）（=wasbusyin）literarywork（orreading，studyingaproblem）；threwmyselfinto（=tookavigorouspartin）thecontest（orteaching）．Hebetookhimselfto（=resortedto）hisoldjob（orhislegs，hisheels）；losthimselfinstudies．b．Healliedhimselfto（orwith）（=wasunitedwith）arichfamily；associatedhimselfwiththefirm（ortheparty，themovement）；engagedhimselftoabusinessman（orawoman）；concernedhimselfwith（orabout）theexam；en－rolledhimselfinthearmy．c．Hehelpedhimselfto（=stole）mywatch；servedhimselfwiththecake；possessedhimselfof（=obtained）ahorse；gorgedhimselfon《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 chicken．d．Hepridedhimselfon（=wasproudof）hisnewcar；valuedhimselfonhisbirth；plumedhimselfonhisappearance；piquehimselfonhisdress．e．Heindulgedhimself（=gratifyhimself）withwine（orinwine）；addicted（ordeliveredup，gaveup，abandoned）himselftopleasure（ordissipation，wine，drinking，gambling，grief，badhabits）；losthimselftoher；dedicatedhimselftoeducation；devotedhimselftomusic；submittedhimselftodiscipline（orhiswife）；yieldedhimselftotemptation．f．Hefamiliarizedhimselfwith（=madehimselfwellacquaintedwith）business；accustomedhimselftotheweather；accommodated（oradapted）himselftonewcircumstances；reconciledhimselfto（orwith）（=overcomehisobjectionsto）hisenemies（orhisfate，hislot，thesituation，alifeofpoverty）．g．Hetroubledhimselfaboutsuchasmallmatter；worriedhimselfabouttheeducationofhischildren．Hedelighted（orcontented）himselfwithhissuccess（ortheresult）；enjoyed（oramused）himselfwithwineandwomen；refreshedhimselfwithcoffee．Hebethoughthimselfofaplan．Hehassatisfiedhimselfofthetruthofthereport；can"tassure（orpersuade）himselfofmysincerity．h．Heintrudedhimselfonmycompany．Heavenged（orrevenged）himselfonhisenemy．Hedefendedhimselfagainstrobbery；guardedhimselfagainstvice；sethimselfagainsteveryone．Hebrokehimselfofabadhabit；freedhimselfofevil．i．Hedistinguishedhimselfforbravery．Heingratiatedhimselfwith（=flattered）hisboss．Heabsentedhimselffromschool．Heexcusedhimselffromcoming．j．Theproblemresolveditselfintoaquestionofmoney．Thistrifledevelopeditselfintoaseriousproblem．Thesnowmelteditselfintowater．Itburneditselfintoashes．Itchanged（ortransformed）itselfintoagiant．Thekingdomdivideditselfintothree．Iengagedmyselfinmakingdress．Hethrewhimselfintoteaching．Headdictedhimselftogambling．Heaccustomedhimselftolivingonthemountain．Heamusedhimselfbyreading．Youmustresign（orreconcile）yourselftolivingahardlife．Iexcusedmyselffromat－tendingtheparty．1379图解：12．S＋TV＋I或S＋TV．N＋I（Johnwantedtoswim．）1380约有90个及物动词用不定式（而不是动名词）作宾语：a．Hewished（orhoped，delighted）togo；wantedtoknowit；schemed（orarranged）tokillhisrival；tended（ordesired）tofight；meanttohelpyou；aimedtobe－comeadoctor；thought（=intended）（现在用得较少）togo；ached（oryearned，longed）tobefree；trusted（=earnestlyhoped）tohearfromyousoon．Sheadmired（=intended）（美式）tolearnRussian．Hedidnotcaretogo．b．Hevolunteeredtohelpme；offeredtobuymyhouse（ortostrikeme）；chose（orelected）toremainhere．Hehesitatedtogo；didn"tscrupletosteal；hastenedtotellme；decided（ordetermined，resolved，concluded）tomarryher；vowed（orswore）torevengehimself．Hepromised（oragreed，consented）topaymesoon．Theyhavecontractedtobuildalargetheatre．Hethreatenednottopay《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 me．c．Hecondescended（ordeigned）tohelpme（ortooffermetea）；vouchsafedtoanswer．Hesubmittedtobepunished．Herefused（ordeclined）tolendmethemoney；scorned（书面语）toacceptthebribe，disdained（书面语）tospeakwiththehypocrite．Hedemanded（orrequired）toseemypassport；asked（orapplied，begged）toseetheking；movedtopostponethedecision．d．Hecould（not）affordtowait（ortobegenerous，tobeidle）；managedtocontrolhistemper；willnevermanagetolearn；contrivedtoliveasimplelife（ortomakematterworse）．Theytried（orsought）tokilltheirenemy；endeavoured（orstrove，struggled）tobeindependent．e．Theywon"ttrouble（orbother）todosuchathing；donotcaretoseeit．Theyundertook（orguaranteed，engaged）topaymethedebt．Theyhelped（us）（to）buildthehouse．Theyexpecttobethereatnoon．Theyneverthought（orexpected）toseemeagain．Theypretended（oraffected，madebelieve）toberichmen；claimed（orprofessed）toknoweverything．f．Theydared（orventured）todoit；won"tpresumetocriticiseus．MayIventure（orpresume）（=taketheliberty）toaskyouafewquestions？Theylearnedtoswim．Theypreparedtoleavehere；startedout（orsetout）（=began）towriteareport；proceededtoplaymusic；movedtoarrestthecriminal．Theydeservedtoenjoythispriviledge．Thischildneedstobespanked．g．Hegrewtobelieveit．Howdidhecome（=begin）toknowit？Howcameyoutoloveher？Theextrajobservestoincreasemyincome．Thesesentenceswillsufficetoex－plaintheuseoftheverb．Herlookscontributetoshowherjoy．Thatjustgoestoshowyourignorance．Everymantends（orinclines）tobelieveinhimself．Theboybidsfairtosucceed（ortobeanengineer）．1381有些动词在不定式前可加for引起的短语，表示意义上的主语：Weplannedforhimtocome．Wearrangedforsomethingtobedone．Hewanted（for）hissontobehappy．Theringingofthebellmeantforthemtocometodinner．Wehavedecidedforthemeetingtotakeplaceonthe3rd（=decidedthatthemeetingshouldtakeplaceonthe3rd）．Hedoesn"tdeserveforyoutohelphim．1382在下面句子中及物动词和后面跟的名词构成成语，可以看作一个单一的及物动词，后面跟不定式作宾语：Hehadagoodmind（=earnestlywished）todoit；triedhisbest（=endeavoured）tofindoutasolution；tookthetroubletoconsultadictionary；took（good）carenottotroubleher；hadnotthehearttoleaveher；madeuphismind（=decided）togoabroad；hadtomakeshifttosetupahut；sawhisway（clear）tocriticise（orpraise）them．1383有些动词，看起来像是及物动词却不是及物动词，可以和to构成词组，起助动词的作用：Yououghtto（=should）obeyyourparents．Youwantto（=should）bemorecareful．Ishallhaveto（=must）go．I（have）gotto（=must）gonow．Iamto（=must）seehim．Hestandsto（=may）win（orlose）thegame．Heisgoingto（=will）leavehere．Hefailedto（=should，butdidno）answerher．Heappeared（orseemed）toknowit．Heusedtocomeatseven，andusedn"ttocomeateight．Hechanced（orhappened）tomeetmethere．Heturnedout（orproved）tohavediscoveredoursecret．试比较下面句子：Heiscertain（orsure）to（=willcertainly）succeed．Heislikelyto（=may）comethisevening．Heisableto（=can）speakEnglish．Heisallowedto（=may）dowhathe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 likes．Heisobligedto（=must）goatonce．Heisboundto（=must）go．Heisinaposition（orasituation）to（=can）helphisfriends．在上面所举动词之后不可加动名词：Iwantedgoingabroad．（错句）Hepromisedhelpingme．（错句）1384图解：注：不定式的图解方法和动名词一样（参阅1368节）。注：不定式意义上主语forhim的图解办法。13．S＋TV＋G（Johnenjoyedswimming．）1385约有100个及物动词用动名词（而不是不定式）作宾语：a．Youcannotavoidmakingmistakes．Theywillevadeansweringmyquestions．Howcanheescapebeingpunished？Iwillnevershirkhelpingmygoodfriends．Ican－nothelpthinkingso（orlaughing）（=Icannotbutthinksoorlaugh）．Shecouldnotresisttellinghimeverything．b．Theycommenced（orsetabout，fellto）buildingabridge．Theykept（on）waitingthere，andyoukept（on）drinking．HeresumedstudyingFrench．Hehasfinished（orcompleted，done）writingtheletters．Youmuststop（orquit）drinking．Perhapsyoucan"tbelieve；hehasrenouncedsmokingcigars，givenup（orgivenover）playingthefool，leftoffbeingidle．Ihavetodelay（orpostpone，defer，putoff）meetinghim（orgoingtothedoctor）．c．Iwillconsider（orcontemplate）cooperatingwithhim．HementionedlearningJapanese；reportedhavingdoneallhiswork；describedtheirmakingliquorwithrice．Theysuggested（you）makingatriptoJapan．Headvocated（orurged）（our）usingforce．Heencouraged（our）spendinglessandearningmore．Headvised（orcounselled）（your）tryingoncemore．Herecommended（our）increasingthesalary．d．HeenjoyedeatingVietnamesefood；relishedwatchingwomenpassingby；fanciedgoingtothemovies；adored（=likedverymuch口语体）beingpraised．Heappreciatedyourassistinghim．Idetest（orabominate，loathe）workingatnight；resentbeinglaughedat；dislikeaccompanyingher；rejectgivinghimanyaid；favouredtakingadecisivestep．Theydepreciated（=expresseddisapprovalof）buildingabiglibrary；officiallysanctionedflogging．Doyoumindopeningthedoor（orhissmoking，beingawakened，takingthislettertothepostoffice）？Idon"tmindopeningthedoor（orhissmoking，beingawakened）．e．Headmitted（oracknowledged）havingdonesomethingwrong；owned（orownedto，confessed，confessedto）killingher；deniedstealingit；disclaimedhavingtemptedanyonetodoevil．Idoubthavinganychance．f．Heriskedoffendingsomebody（orlosingallhehad，gettinghurt，beingrobbed）．Shouldhechancebeingcaught，hewouldbeputtodeath．Hefacedbeingisolatedfromsociety．Hemissedeatingagooddinner（orseeingsuchagoodplay）．Iwillawaithearingfromyou．g．Idonotunderstanddrivingacar；can"tunderstandhisbehavinglikethat．Ipractisedplayingthepiano．Sheapedbeingahigh－bornlady．h．Fancydoingeverythingfornothing（ormeetingyouhere）．Couldyoufancymeetingherhere？Icannotfancydoingsuchasillything．Icannotimaginemarryingsuchaman．Ididanticipate（=lookforwardto）havingagoodtimeatChristmas．i．Theydon"tallow（our）talkingloudinpublic；neverpermit（our）screaminginthehouse；tolerate（our）smokingandgambling；forbade（our）speakingloud；hindered（or《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 prevented）（our）committingthesamemistakes；barredsmokingandplayingcards．Ineverforgive（orpardon，excuse）spittinginpublicplaces．Hegrudgedpayingme（=wasunwillingtopayme）（orhavingtopaydoubletheprice，mylivingahappylife）；repentedlearningtoolate．Shefeltlikeswimming（orcrying）；burstoutcrying（orlaughing）．j．Thismeasuremeanschangingthewholesystem．Thevisitentailedbuyinggiftsforchildren．Theplanincludesbuildingachurch．Moneyjustifiesdoingevil．Thisproposalinvolvesincreasingtheschoolfee．Thisimpliedcondemninghimtodeath．ThenewsystemfacilitatespronouncingChinesecharacters．Thebirthofanotherbabynecessitatedearningmore．Thisprovokes（orexcites）vomiting（orcrying）．1386有些及物动词后动名词的前面须有意义上的主语，正像上面的某些句子所表现的：Icannotapprovehis（orhim）behavinglikethat．（用him的时候比用his时更多一些。）Motherwelcomedtheir（them）visitingherathervilla．Iprotesthis（orhim）treatingmelikeaslave．Ioftenpicturemyselflivingabeautifullife．Idenouncedanybody"s（oranybody）tellinglies．DennisannouncedGreg"s（orGreg）gettingmarried．WeapplaudAda"s（orAda）makingsowiseadecision．1387在某些动词后可跟therebeing这种结构：Idoubttherebeinganymistake．Headmittedtherebeingsomemistakes．Hedidn"tmindtherebeinganywildbeaststhere．1388在上面所举动词之后不可用不定式：Ienjoytoeatbananas．（错句）Heavoidedtomeether．（错句）1389图解：注：动名词意义上主语his的图解办法。14．S＋TV＋IorG（Johnlikedtoswimorswimming．）1390约有50个动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语：a．Icannotendure（orbear，stand）tobe（orbeing）cheated．Weproposed（orintended，planned，designed，purposed）toabolish（orabolishing）theoutdatedrules．Heattemptedtoget（orgetting）ridofallthebeggars．Heforboretosay（orsaying）anythingagainstanybody．Heneglected（oromitted）topay（orpaying）thefee．b．Shestartedtocry（orcrying）beforegettinghurt．Hedeclinedtospeak（orspeaking）attheparty．Hecontinued（ordiscontinued）tostay（orstaying）there．Idread（orfear）toclimb（orclimbing）themountain．Weneedtolearn（orlearning）something．Hescornedtocheat（orcheating）anyone．1391有一些动词，在某些上下文中需用不定式作宾语，在另一些上下文中需用动名词作宾语：a．He（表示人的主语）begantocry，toeat，todance（or《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 crying，eating，dancing）．It（表示物的主语）begantoboil（ortorain，tomove）（而不说boiling，raining，moving）．He（人）ceasedtowrite（orwriting）．It（物）ceasedtoharden（而不说hardening）．（不过有些作家不承认这一差别）b．Hebegantoknowit（ortoloveit，toseeit，tounder-stand，tofeelsad，tobesuspected）．（而不说knowingit，lovingit，etc．）（在表示一种被动的心理状态时，begin可用不定式作宾语，而不用动名词作宾语。）Hegot（orgrew．became）（=began）toknow（ortobelieve，tocarefor）her．但是：Theygot（=began）quarrelling（ortalking，laughing，playing）．（美式英语）c．Ipreferstudyingmusicto（介词）doingbusiness．Iprefertostudymusicratherthan（to）do（不定式）business．1392另一些动词用不定式作宾语和用动名词作宾语意义不同：a．Youmuststopthinking（=notthinkanymore）；stoptothink（=stopdoingsomethingelseandbegintothink）．Heforgotmeeting（orhavingmet）youatahotel（=hadmetyoubutforgotit）；forgottomeetyou（=oughttohavemetyou，butdidnotdoso）；remembered（orre-called，recollected）going（orhavinggone）tothepictureswithher（=rememberedthathehadgone）；willremembertoposttheletter（buthasnotyetpostedit）．b．Iregrettedtelling（orhavingtold）youthesadstory（=regrettedthatIhadtoldit；regrettotellyou（=regretthatIhavetotellyou）thatyoursonisverynaughty．Youmusttryeating（=eatforthefirsttime）thedurian；musttry（=makeefforts）tofinishthisworkbeforeSunday．Shecannothelp（=cannothelpothers）topreparethemeal；cannothelp（=cannotrefrainfrom）laughing．c．Hewentonteachinglessonfive（=didn"tstopafterteachingsomepartoflessonfive）；wentontoteachlessonfive（=beganteachinglessonfiveafterfinishinglessonfour．）Ilike（ordislike，love，hate）swimming（orstudyingthecurrentevents）（habit）；should（orwould）like（orlove，prefer）toswiminthisplace（ortodrinkcoffee）．（onerecentact）Ibegantounderstand（ortosee）mymistake（被动心理状态），startedsellingcoffeeyearsago．（主动的活动）。1393注意避免连续使用2个-ing形式或两个不定式：Heisbeginningtowork（而不是working）．Heistryingtodoit（而不是doingit）．Heseemstolikeplaying（而不是toplay）tennis．It"snecessarytostartorganizing（不要说toorganize）anewparty．1394约有10个及物动词可用被动形式的不定式或主动形式的动名词作宾语：Yourworkneedscorrecting（ortobecorrected）．Thisbabywantslookingafter（ortobelookedafter）．Itrequireswashing（ortobewashed）．Hislanguagewouldnotbearrepeating（ortoberepeated）．Itwon"tbearthinkingof（ortobethoughtof）．Thecolourwillnotstandwashing（ortobewashed）．Itdefiesexplaining（ortobeexplained）．Thecomplicatedsituationforbadeanalysing（ortobeanalysed）．Hedeservedpunishing（ortobepunished）．比较下面句子：Theworkisworthdoing（orworthytobe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 done）．Thisplanisworthcarryingout（orworthytobecarriedout）．1395图解：15．S＋TV＋that-CL或S＋TV＋N（=that-CL）（Johnsaidthatshewaslazy．）1396约有150个及物动词可用由that引起的从句作宾语。下面由that引起的从句都是陈述句（参阅1292节）：a．Fromthishegathered（orinferred）thathisbossdidnotlikehim（orthattheplanwasgood）．Heheard（orunderstood）thatWangwasinlovewithSu（orthatthesituationwasgrowingworse）．Heheardsaythatshewasmarried．Hefound（orsaw，perceived，felt，sensed，noticed）thatsomethingwaswrong（orthatpeoplelikedhimverymuch）．Helearned（orrealized，discovered）thattheearthisround（orthatthisplantcouldbefoundinAfrica）．Ihaveascertained（orfoundout）thathewasmurdered．Hereadsthattheearthhasexistedbillionsofyears．b．Hedoesnotdoubtbutthat（=that）I"llwin．（Butthat只用在否定及疑问句中，这种用法业已陈旧。）Youcannotdenybutthat（=that）she"sagoodplayer．Whocantellbutthatheisaswindler？Neitherofusknowsbutthat（=that）wecanmarry．Heknowsas（=that）（不规范用法）youarehonest．Icantellas（=that）heisaswindler．c．Ithink（orsuppose，assume，presume，believe，expect，imagine，fancy）thatheisaveryhonestfellow．Supposewehavesomecoffee（=Letushavesomecoffee）．Supposewetry（=Letustry）．（that可以省略）Idaresayyouarewrong．Iguess（orfigure，calculate，reckon）（Am．）hewillbeherebyseven．Iwager（orbet）hehasdonehisbest．d．Isuspectedthathewasathief．Youdidn"tdoubtthathewasathief．Butshedoubtedwhetherhewas．（=Ithoughthewasprobablyathief．Youweresurehewas．Butshewasnotsurewhetherhewas．）Hejudged（orconcluded，decided，gathered，considered）thatitwasbesttoresign（orthatnobodycouldbetrusted）．Thelawprescribesthatamanbeloweighteenmustnotgetmarried．Thejudgeruled（oradjudged）thatDavidwasinnocent．e．Hebelieves（ormaintains，holds）thattheplanisimperfect（orthatallmenarebornequal）．Iobjectedthat（=objectedbecause）hewasunjust．Iprotested（=affirmedstrongly）thatIhadsaidnothingagainstanybody．Heclaimedthathewasinnocent（orthathewasadescendantofConfucius）．f．Hedeniedthathehadstolenanything，butdidnotdenythat（orbutthat）hewasonthespot．（=Hesaidthathehadnotstolenanything，…）Wangagreed（withme）thatLeewascareless．Headmitted（oracknowledged，confessed，owned，recognized）thathewasnotqualifiedforthe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 job．Wemustallowthatheisright，andgrantthathisre-markistrue．g．Heassered（orclaimed，alleged，stated，said，re-marked）thatthesituationwasgettingbetterandbetter．Hedeclared（orannounced）thathewasplanningatrip（orthatMr．Fuhadbeenmurderedonthestreet）．Heproclaimedthatthewarwouldendafteraweek．Hereiteratedthathecoulddonothingforanyone．Hementionedthatshewouldleaveussoon．HecertifiedthatIwasamemberofaphotoclub．h．Herevealed（orleton）thatWanghadfourwives．Heemphasized（orspecified）thatIwastoblame．Hewritesthatallmenarebornequal．Ivotedthatwegoforanexcursion．Heshowed（orsignified）thathehadnothingtosayaboutthematter（orthatsomethinghadhappened）．Hehintedthathewouldliketogotothepartyandintimatedhewouldacceptifhewasinvited．HeinsinuatedthatIhadplayedhimatrick．Hisrefusaldoesnotmeanthatheisunkindtous．HisaccentbetrayedthathecamefromtheNorth．i．Hedemonstrated（orproved）thattheearthisround（orthatjusticewouldwin）．Allfactsestablishedthathewasatraitor．Heestimated（orcalculated，figured）thatitwouldtakethreedaystogettothemoon．Hetheorizesthatthehumanbeingscouldlive200years，if…Isubmittedtherewassomemistakeandjohnwastoblame．Iarguedthateverythingwaswrongwithoursystem．Heexplainedthathewastooilltocome．j．Hecannotguarantee（orwarrant，engage，undertake）thatIshallmakeaprofit．Iwillsee（orcheck）thateverythingisdone．Hepromisedthathewouldhelpyou．Hepretended（orleton，madebelieve）thathewasill（orthatthethefthadnothingtodowithhim）．Heplayedthathewasabridegroom．Heforetold（orforesaw，predicted，prophesied，di-vined）thatyouwouldbeveryrich（orthattheworldwarwouldbreakouttenyearsafter）．Heradioedthathewasseriouslyill．k．Heswore（orvowed）thathewasinnocent（orthathewouldneverdivulgethesecret）．Heforgotthatheowedyouahundreddollars，couldnotrecollectthatheowedyousomuch，butherememberedthatheowedyoutendollars．Hereplied（oranswered）thathecouldnothelpme（orthathehadnomoneytolendme）．Headded（orputin，threwin）thathemustresign．SheretortedthatIwasmoreselfishthanshe．Idon"tcarethatheshouldsayso．Herejoicedthatwehadwonthebattle，butgrieved（orexclaimed）thatmanyhadbeenkilled．Heboastedthathewastherichestmaninthecity．l．Hemurmured（ormumbled，grumbled）thathewassounlucky，andcomplainedtomethatnobodyhadtreatedhimwell．HewhisperedtomethatJohnhadbeentakenbythepo-lice．Hechargedthattheradioofhisneighbourdisturbedhis《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 sleep．Hewondered（ormarvelled）thateverythingshouldchangesoquickly．Idon"twonderthathewaskilled．Doyouwonderthathewaskilled？m．Iappreciatedthatitwaswelldone．Hedreamedthathewasonthebattlefield；littledreamedthatheshouldbecomesomiserable．Picture（orImagine）toyourselfthatyourwifeiswaitingforyouatthedoor．Heexclaimed（orcriedout，interjected）thathehadlosthisgoldwatch．Beware（orMind）thathedoesnotdeceiveyou（orlesthedeceivesyou）．Iwilllookout（orcheck）thathedoesnotcheatme．1397下面由that引起的从句表示命令、请求、建议等，可以称作命令从句、请求从句等（注意谓语由should构成，参阅1294节）：a．Hecommanded（orordered，enjoined，directed）thatweshouldstartatfour．Thelawprescribesthatnobodyshouldgamble．Hepromisedyoushouldberewarded．Hedemanded（orrequired，requested，asked，wanted）thatIshouldpayhimnextMonday．Iinsistthathestudiesmusic（=Isayitistruethathestudiesmusic）．但：Iinsistthathestudy（orshouldstudy）music．=Iadvisehimtostudyit．b．Ihad（orwould）rather（orsooner）（that）sheleft（orshouldleave）thisdangerousplace．Iwish（orprayed）thatIshouldnotfailagain．Heconsentedthathishouseshouldbesearched．Hisillesswouldnotpermitthatheshouldworkhard．Hecontrivedthathissonshouldgotocollege．Wemustsecurethateveryteachershouldbequalified．c．Hedecided（orresolved，determined，intended）thatev-erybody（should）bereadyby8A．M．．Heguaranteedthatit（should）bepaid．HearrangedwithMarythattheyshouldmeetagain．Herecommended（orsuggested，proposed）thatIshouldflee．HemovedthatJohn（should）beelected．Hewilledthathispropertyshouldgotohisdaughter．Thecontractprovidedthatthetenantshouldpayeverymonth．d．Hecannotbearthatyoushouldsayno．GodforbidthatIshouldmeetheragain．Hehatedthatthedentistshouldtouchhim．Hedreadedthat（orlest）heshouldfailHeurgedthatsomething（should）bedoneimmediately．Hepreferredthatnothing（should）besaid．1398下面的that从句表示希望或愿望（谓语多由will或may构成）：Hehopes（that）youwill（ormay）helphim；wishes（that）youwouldhelphim；expectsthatyouwillhelphim；can-notensurethatMarywillcometoday；guaranteesthatthedebtwillbepaid；fearsthatyouwillrefusetohelphim；begs（orrequests，entreats，desires）thatyouwillhelphim；trusts（=hopes）youmayhelphim（orweshallmeetagain）．Godgrantthathemaysucceed．Welongthatwemaybefree．Ibet（orhope）shearrives（=willarrive）beforenoon．1399在这类句子中，否定词not放在主句中时比放在从句中时多：Idonotsuppose（orbelieve，expect，imagine，think）thatheisright．（这样说比Isupposethatheis，not《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 right．要好）但应说：Ihopehedoesnotfailagain．1400当一个及物动词不能跟有that从句时，它后面可放一个fact，circumstance，idea这类名词，把that从句和它连接起来。这时that从句成为fact这类名词的同位语，也可以说它是由及物动词加名词构成的及物动词短语的宾语：a．Heacceptedthefact（owned）thathecouldn"triseagain．Heignoresthecircumstance（=doesn"tcare）thathehasmadethesamemistakeashisrival．Heoverlookedthefact（=failedtonotice）thatnothingintheworldisperfect．Hehadthebelief（oranidea，anotion，theimpression）（=believed）thatthekingisalwaysright．Ihadword（=heard）thattheywouldattackus．b．Wehavenodoubt（=donotdoubt）（that）heknowsit．Ihaveallthefeelingthateverythingiswrong．Hehadadread（orafear）（=feared）thatthepolicewouldarresthimoneday．Ihaveahunch（=thinkitlikely）thatitwillrain．IbroughtthechargethatJohnhadmurderedmywife．c．Hefeltgratitudethattheyhadhelpedhim．Hemakesthepoint（=pointsout）thatsomecountriesareoverdeveloped．Hegavejudgementthattheaccusedwasinnocent．Takecareyoudon"tfall．Hemadeuphismind（=concluded）thatwewereallwrong．Youbetyourboots（=canbesure）thathewillfail．1401在下面句子中that从句是it的同位语：a．Imust（orwill）see（orseetoit，looktoit）thateveryoneishappy．Heinsisted（uponit）thatheknewbetterthananyone．Hetookit（=supposed）thatIhadleftforLondon．Hetookitforgranted（=wassure）thatIcouldhelphim．Rumourhasit（=says）thatthekingisill．Heputitthatawomanmustkeepthehouse．Hewillhaveit（=insists）thatyouhaveinsultedhim．Helaysitdown（=statesclearly）thattheschoolshouldbekeptcleanandquiet．b．Youmayrely（ordepend）uponit（=besure）thathecanhelpyouanytime．Heowedittome（=wasgratefultomeforthefact）thathewasstillalive．Look（toit）thateverythingisready．Iwillanswerforit（=promise）thathewillmakenomoremistake．Hestoodtoit（=insisted）thatIwaswrong．Takethewordofscientistsforitthatanatomislikeau-niverse．1402That从句可以放在it和某些不及物动词后面：Itappearedthatheknewthesecret．（=Heappearedtoknowthesecret．）Itseemedthatheknewthesecret．（=Heseemedtoknowthesecret．）Ithappenedthatheknewthesecret．（=Hehappenedtoknowthesecret．）Itturnedoutthatheknewthesecret．（=Heturnedouttoknowthesecret．）Howdoesitcomethatyouknowthesecret？（=Howdoyoucometoknowthesecret？Howcomeyouknowthesecret？）1403在that前有些词有时省略：Notthat（=Itisnottruethat）Ihateawoman，butthat（=butitistruethat）Ihavenochancetoconsortwithany．NotthatIloveCaesarless，butthatIloveRome《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 more．1404连词that有时可以省略，特别是在1）believe，presume，suppose，think，hope，wish，expect，say，know，hear等动词后；2）在插入语中that必须省略；3）在一个that从句还包含另一that从句时，that也必须省略。下面例句中的∧表示省略的that：1）Idaresay∧hedoesnotknowit．Ibelieve∧youarewrong．2）Theyoungman，shethinks（orIknow，itseems）∧，couldbeherhusband．Theyoungmancouldbeherhusband，shethinks（orIknow，itseems）∧．Thereisayoungmanwho（关系代词在从句中作主语）shethinks（orIknow，itseems）∧，couldbeherhusband．3）Shesaid∧shewished∧Icouldseeher．Ithought∧youknew∧somethinghadhappened．Iunderstand∧heexclaimed∧hehadnotenoughtospend．1405在以下情况下连词that不可省略：1）需要表明副词或副词短语修饰哪一个词，2）在that从句中插有一个关系从句或状语从句：1）Hesaidthatyesterdayhewenttotown．Hesaidyesterdaythathewenttotown．Hedeniedthatatthepartyhespokeillofthemajor．Hedeniedatthepartythathespokeillofthemajor．2）Iknowthatyou，whoaremyfriend（主语和主要动词间插入一个关系从句）willagreewithme．（但：Iknow∧youwillagreewithme．）Ithinkthat，ifyoucan（在that和主语之间夹有一个状语从句）youwilldoit．（但：Ithink∧youwilldoit．）1406当一个及物动词后有几个并列的that从句作宾语时，后面的that必须重复（但有时这条规定会被忽略）：Theyknowthat（可省略）hestudiesmusic，andthat（不可省略）hiswifeisacountrywoman，butthat（不可省略）theyloveeachotherdearly．Itoldfatherthat（可省略）Iwouldworkhard，that（不可省略）Iwouldbeagoodstudent，that（不可省略）heneednotworry，andthat（不可省略）IwouldreturnhomeonNewYear"sDay．但：Hesaidheknewitand（连接两个谓语而不是两个从句）hadtoldittoothers．Ithinkshewillstartatninebutwillnotarriveuntiltwelve．1407在需重复一个that从句时，可以用so，not，it或asmuch等词代替它：Isheacleverfellow？SoIsee（ornotice，believe，hear）．（=Isee，notice，…thatheisacleverfellow．）SoIsaid（orhoped，supposed）．SoIhaveheard（orhaveseen，havenoticed）．Ibelieve，（orsay，pray，expect，wish，hope，think，imagine，trust，guess，suppose，assume，presume，fancy，understand，said，wastold，toldyou）so．Itseems（orappears）so．Idonotsay（orthink，suppose，expect，believe）so．Ibelieve（ornotice，expect）so（指前面句子总的意思）或it（较具体，指前面的词组。）或that。（较为强调）但：Ideny（ormean，swear）it（不可说so）．Hehasturnedhooligan，hasn"the？Isuspect（orfear）so．Ifso（=Ifhehasturnedhooligan），thatisapity．Whyso？Howso？Ibelieve（orexpect，suspect，hear）the《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 same（=so）．DidMarycommitsuicide？Ibelieve（ortrust，say，expect，hope，think，suppose，amafraid，understand）not．（=Ibelieveortrust，…thatMarydidnot）．Itappears（orseems）not．Themurdererhasbeenarrested，hasn"the？Iknow（orhear，amtold，say，guess）asmuchorsomuch（=itorso）．Hehasmadegreatmistakesandconfessed（orowned，ac-knowledged）asmuch（不要说so）．FatherwillmarryMarytoJohnandhassaidasmuch．1408图解：注：上方的词是一个名词从句，可参阅1320节，从句的图解方式和简单句相同，只是在它前面的上方加一连词。注：（=）表示里面的名词从句是这个符号前那个词的同位语。注：上面是同一句子的另一图解方法。参阅1407节。16．S＋TV＋W-CLorW-I（Johnaskedwhenhewillcomeorwhentobegin．）1409约有70个及物动词可以用疑问词引起的从句（或称从属问句）作宾语（可参阅1293节）：a．Wediscussed（ordeliberated，considered，debated）whatmightbedone（orwhetherweshouldgoonstrike）．Heasked（orinquired）whetherhecouldapply（ornot）．Iwillfindout（orcheck，ascertain，study）whobrokeit．Wedoubt（orquestion）whetherwewouldhavepeace．Imustascertain（orstudy）whyhekilledhimself．Iwonderwhetherheishappy．（=Iwanttoknowwhetherheishappyornot；or，Isupposeheisnothap-py．）Iwonderwhetherheisnothappy．（=Isupposeheishappy．）Iwonderwhether（orwhen，where，how）wecanmeetagainandspendapleasantvacationtogether．但：Idoubtwhether（但不能用when，where，how）wecanmeetagainandspend，etc．b．Watchhowyouspillit．Lookwhatamessyouaremaking．Pleasemarkwhichsyllableisstressed．Bewarewhenyoumustkeepsilence．NoticewhoiscomingwithMary．c．Hesaw（orperceived，noticed，sensed，observed）howhisfriendsweresufferingfromtheepidemic（orwhatimportantpersonswerepresentattheparty．）Hecouldnotseewhyyoucooperatedwiththisfool．Hediscovered（orfoundout）wherethethieveshidthem-selves（orwherethetreasurewaskept，whentheenemywouldstartanattack）．Helearned（orrealized）howtheearthturnsroundthesun（orwhowerebehindthescenes）．Ihear（orunderstand）whathashappened（orwhattheyareplotting）．d．Iknowwhatyouwant（orhowweshouldhandlethismat-terofmoney）．Icannotconceive（orunderstand，think，imagine，makeout，tell，guess）howhecouldsaysuchathing（orhowitcouldhappen，whytheytreatmeso．）Nobodyherebelieveshowdifficultitistocureadisease．Thecaptaindecides（ordetermines）whoshallplayinthefootballmatch．Hecouldnotjudge（ordecide，settle）whethertheanswerwasright（orwhenweshould《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 act）．e．Icannotrecollectwhenhevisitedus．Heforgotwhatshehadsaid．Idon"trecallhowhecheatedme．Istillrememberhowhekissedme．Canyousuggestwhichisthebestway（orwhenweshallstartonourjourney）？Davidcannotexpresshowgratefulheis．Wecannotagreewhoistobeourrepresentative．Idon"tcare（ormind）whetherIshallfail（orwhatmayhappen）．f．Pleasesaywhatyouwantandwhichoftheseyoulikebest．Pleaserepeatwhatyouhavejustsaid．Canyoudescribehowhelooks？Canheexplainwhyhefailed？Historyshowshowwehavestruggled，wherewearegoing，andwhatweshoulddo．HerevealedwhereJohnhadfalleninlovewithHelen（orhowtheirleadersquarrelledamongthemselves）．Hereportedhowthosepeoplewerestarving．g．Hehascalculatedhowmuchitcosts（orwhenthebuildingcanbefinished）．I"llcounthowmanyguestshavecome．Hecanprove（ordemonstrate）howmankindhavedevelopedfromloweranimals（orwhetheritistrue）．Wewillselectwhomaybeourrepresentative．Hecouldforetell（orforecast）whenitwouldrain；couldpredictwhethertherewouldbeagoodharvest；prophesiedhowChristwouldcomeagaintotheworld（orwhichcountrywouldriseandwhichwoulddecline）；divinedwhenyouwouldfailandriseagain．Ireadwhere（=that）（口语体）therewillbeastorm．1410在由疑问词引起的从句中，助动词有时可放在主语前面，句末甚至可用问号代替句号：Iaskedhowcouldwesettlethematter．（？）Heinquiredwhatshoulddo．（？）Iwonderwhendoesthewarcometoanend．（？）Iwonder，canshe（用来代替whethershecan）excuseme．（？）1411有时疑问词引起的从句可以是一个惊叹句：Hesaidhowprettyitwas．（=Hesaid，“Howprettyitis！”）Heexclaimedwhatapoemhewasreading．（=Heexclaimed，WhatapoemIamreading！”）Hecriedout（orinterjected）howhardhehadworkedandwhateviltreatmenthehadreceived．1412下面三个小段意思是一样的：JohnmetMaryatabusstop．Johnsaid，“Iamgladtoseeyou．Whereareyougoing？”（直接引语）JohnmetMaryatabusstop．Johnsaidhewasgladtoseeherandaskedwhereshewasgoing．（间接引语）JohnmetMaryatabusstop．Hewasgladtomeether．Wherewasshegoing？（这也是间接引语，但Johnsaidthat和heasked却被省略。）1413上面提到的及物动词也可用疑问词加不定式作宾语：a．Wedebated（ordeliberated，discussed，considered）whatsteptotake．Iwillask（orinquire）whentobeginourlessons．Iamlearninghowtoswim．Hewonderswhattodowhenhegrowsup．Ihavediscovered（orfoundout）howtomakethiscake．Icannotunderstandhowtodo《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 it．Icannottellwheretomeetthischeatagain．b．Icannotthinkhowtostopthisevilpractice．Idon"tknowwhomtoapplyto．Haveyoudecidedwheretostudy？Pleasesaywhichcoursetotake．Iwillexplainhowtousetheword“as”．Hewon"trevealedwhentogetmarried．Idon"tmind（orcare）whattoeat．Canyourecollecthowtodothis？Don"tforgethowtopleaseyourparents．Icannotpredictwhentomeetheragain．“S＋TV＋W-I”可以转换为“S＋TV＋W-CL”．Icannotunderstandhowto（=howIcan）doit．Iwonderwhatto（=whatIshould）do．Icannottellwhereto（=whereweoryoumay）buyacurio．Weshallconsiderwhatstepto（=whatstepwemustorshould）take．Theytoldmewhento（=whentheywereto）getmarried．1414如果疑问词引起的从句的主语并非是主句的主语，同时又无法从上下文中推想出来，且从句中又不包含can，must，may，should，beto这类助动词，则“S＋TV＋W-CL”不可转换为“S＋TV＋W-I”：Iknowwhatthegovernmentshoulddo．（不可改为Iknowwhattodo，除非thegovernment变为I．）Heaskedwherehischildrencanstudy．（不可改为Heaskedwheretostudy．除非读者知道是children这个词被省略。）Wewerediscussinghowlongamancanlive．IknowwhatIwant．（不可改为Iknowwhattowant，因为从句中没有合适的助动词。）IcannotrepeatwhatIhaveheard．（不可改为Icannotre-peatwhattohaveheard，因为从句中没有合适的助动词，have不是一个合适的助动词。）1415图解：注：What在这个句子中有双重作用，即连词的作用（括号中的what）和代词的作用，两者均应在图解中表示出来。注：how也有连词作用与副词的双重作用。注：上面是“疑问词＋不定式”结构的另一种图解法。这里不定式可以看作是疑问词从句的缩写形式，Ican（主语＋助动词）可以看作是被省略，how被看作有双重作用。17．S＋IV．P＋W-CLorW-I（Johnworriedaboutwhathewouldstudyorwhattostudy．）1416约有20个不及物动词可以和介词（常可省略）构成及物动词短语，用疑问词从句作宾语：a．Hedoubted（aboutorasto）whetherhecouldsucceed．Theymustdecide（upon）whoistorepresenttheirparty．Hissuccessdepended（orrelied）（upon）whatpeoplehemadefriendswith（orhowhehandledthematter）．Don"tfussabouthowitshouldbedone．Don"tworry（about）whatschoolyouaretogoto（orhowmuchyoucanearn）．b．Theyalreadyagreed（aboutorasto）whentheyweretostartandwhattheyweretotakewith《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 them．Iwillattendtowhattheoldmanwants．IshallthinkoverwhatIshouldsay．Hebroodedon（orover）whetherheshouldcommitsui-cide．Iamthinking（oforabout）howIcanstudyabroad（orwhichcourseIamtotake）．c．Heenlarged（orspeculated）onwhatmankindwillbe．Hetalkedof（orabout）whatweshoulddo．Hehesitated（aboutorasto）whatheshouldsay．Ireflected（on）whereIcouldlivepeacefully．Yourhappinessdependsuponhowlittleyouwantandhowmuchyouaccomplish．Wecouldnotagreeaboutwhomweshoulddependuponforoursupply．1417上面所说跟有介词的不及物动词也可用“疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语：Wetalkedaboutwhattodo．Hehasdecided（on）wheretogo．Thatdepends（on）howtohandlethematter．Heworried（about）howtomakehisliving．Theycannotagree（about）whentoact．Theyhavethoughtoverwheretostudyscience．“S＋I．P＋W-I”可以转换为“S＋I．P＋W-CL”，而“S＋I．P＋W-CL”有时可以，有时不可以转换为“S＋I．P＋W-I”．Wetalkedaboutwhatwecoulddo（whattodo）．Hehasdecided（on）wherehemustgo（wheretogo）．Heworriedabouthowhecouldmakehisliving（howtomakehisliving）．但：Wetalkedaboutwhatourschoolcoulddo．（不可改为Wetalkedaboutwhattodo．）Wetalkedaboutwhatweate．（不可改为Wetalkedaboutwhattoeat．因为从句中没有合适的助动词。）可参阅1413-14节。1418图解：18．S＋TV．N．P＋W-CLorW-I（Johngaveanaccountofhowhehadfoughtorhowtofight．）1419无数及物动词可和特定的名词和介词构成成语。这种成语起及物动词的作用，可跟有疑问词从句或“疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语：a．Hehasnointerestin（=doesn"tcare）whorulesthecountry．Hegaveanaccountof（=related）howtheyfought．Hehadalessonin（=learned）howpaperismade．Itooknonoticeof（=didn"tnotice）whathewas．Igotalookathowtherobotworked．Hesethismindonwherehecouldmakemostmoney．Hecouldonlymakeguessesatwhoshewas．Theycarriedonaquarrelaboutwhichgirlwastheprettiest．Hecan"tformajudgementastowhetherthisworldisgoingtothebad．b．Hehasnointerestinwhattostudy．Hegaveanaccountofhowtomakepaper．Hedirectedhisattentiontohowtodobusiness．Hesethismindonwhatjobtodo．Hesetupastandardofhowtowrite．Hegaveexamplesofhownottospeakillof《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 others．1420有时介词可以省略（参阅1416节）：Ihavenoidea（about）（=don"tknow）whosheis．Icannotmakeupmymind（asto）（=decide）whetherIshouldmarryher．Ihaveadoubt（asto）（=doubt）whetherourlovewilllastlong．（Cf．Ihavenodoubt（=believe）thatourlovewilllastlong．）Canyougivejudgement（asto）（=judge）whichisthebetter？Hecannotmakeadecision（asto）（=decide）whatpolicyhisgovernmentshouldadopt．Haveacare（about）whatyousaytoher．1421图解：注：上面是“疑问词＋不定式”结构的另一种图解法。在这种图解中，how被看作有副词和连词的双重作用，不定式前hecould两词省略。参阅1415节。C．双宾动词＋间接宾语＋各种直接宾语19．S＋DV＋（to）N＋N（Johngavemeadog=Johngaveadogtome．）1422约有90个双宾动词可有两个名词或代词作间接宾语及直接宾语。如果直接宾语紧跟在这些动词后面，间接宾语可变成由to引起的短语，这些动词则成了及物动词：Helentmehisknife．=Helenthisknifetome．Helefthertenthousanddollars．=Helefttenthousanddollarstoher．更多例句：a．HegaveJohnacigarette（oranEnglishlesson），offeredmetea（oraposition，abribe），handedhisbrotherthesalt（ortheletter），deliveredthemthegoods（oraletter，themessage），passedmethebutter，broughtmemybook（oracupoftea），took（orcarried）meanumbrella，leftmesomecakes（orafreechoice），returnedmethebook（oranangrylook），threwmeamagazine（oraword），tossed（orcast，flung）thebeggarapenny．b．Heprovided（orfurnished，supplied）us（with）foodandeverythingnecessary，presentedme（with）agooddictionary．（用with时较不用时为多）Itaffordedmeanopportunity（orgreatpleasure，satisfaction）．Herenderedhisbossaservice（orassistance，theaccount），tenderedmehisresignation（orhisservices），administeredmeablow，caused（oroccasioned）mesomuchpain（oranxiety，heavyloss，inconvenience，sometrouble），dealtmeascolding．c．Hegrantedmeanaudience（oracredit，aholiday，are-quest），metedusoutrewardandpunishment，allowedthemmoretime（oraholiday，tendollars），awardedmetheprize（orfullmarks），accordedhertheprivilege（orawarmwelcome，duepraise）．Herefusedmeadmittance（ortherequest，thisfavour，theloanofabook），deniedmenothing（orjustice，allcomfort，help），（be）grudgedmemysalary（ormyhonour），barrednofriendshishouse．d．Heassignedmeaduty（orasmallroom），allottedmeagarden（orafewexercises），prescribedmeamilkdiet（oraduty），apportionedusdifferentduties，issuedmeapermit（oradrivinglicense）．Thehardwarestoreshippedmeabigmachine（orsomeutensils）．Heforwarded（orsent，dispatched，posted，mailed）heraparcel．Theypaidmethesalary（orthetaxifare，thetuition，theprice），reimbursedmethecosts，advancedmeamonth"ssalary（or1000dollars），remittedmeathousanddollars，lentmesomemoney，owedmeadebt（orthanks，obligations），soldrichcustomersgooddiamondsandsoldotherspoorgoods，chargedmenotuition（oradollar），loanedmetheircar，rentedmeahouse．e．Heplayedmeatune（orapiece），sangmeaJapanesesong（=singaJapanesesongtomeorfor《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 me），extendedusawarmwelcome，stoodmechampagne，servedmeagooddinner，fedhisdogbeef．Hewishesmegoodluck（orgoodevening，everyjoy，asafejourney，thecomplimentsoftheseason，agoodnight），bademeawelcome（oradieu，goodmorning），wavedmeadieu（oragreeting），noddedmeawelcome（orapproval），bowedmehisheartiestthanks，paidthemavisit（orhisrespects）．f．Hewrotemeletters（orafewlines），answeredmenothing（ornotaword，aquestion），scrawledmeanote，readmetheletter（orapoem，alesson），toldmeastory（oreverything），foretoldmemyfuture，showedmehiscare（ormuchkindness），pointedmeoutmymistake，whisperedmeapieceofnews，telegraphed（orwired，faxed，cabled）mefulldetailsoftheresult，telephoned（orphoned）methedetails（orthecurrentprice），transmittedmeamessage，taughtmeChinese（ormusic，alesson，singing，obedience），preachedusaverygoodsermon，pledgedmehisfriendship，putmeaquestion，quotedmeaninstance．g．Hebequeathed（orwilled）hischildrenalargefortune（orallhisproperty），leftmealargefortune．Theyyieldedtheenemytheirposition，cededhimtheland，concededhimtheprivileges（orthefavoursheasked）．Theyguaranteedmesatisfaction（orregularemployment，punctualarrival），insured（orassured）mesuccess（successtomeorforme），promisedmeassistance．Herecommendedmeagoodbook（oragoodservant）．Theydidhimharm（orhonour，good，justice，wrong，credit，afavour，agoodturn，aninjustice，aninjury，akindness，aservice），causedusalotofmischief．Theymadehimavisit（oranoffer，apromise，noreply，someanswers）．1423直接宾语亦称作事物宾语（Thing-Object），而间接宾语亦称作表人宾语（Person-Object）。不过间接宾语间或也指事物：Henevergivesthematterasecondthought，doesnotgivetheplanatrial，wisheditahappyending，allowedhisimaginationafullplay．直接宾语可以是代词：Don"ttellherthat．Hetoldhisbrotherthat．Whoaskedyouthis？Whogaveit（to）you？Wegaveit（to）him．Iwillpayit（to）youall．1424尽管上面句中的间接宾语可以变作to引起的短语，但这种短语少用为宜，但在下面这类句子中，却用以to引起的短语较好：Toyou，Igivethis．（间接宾语为了强调而提前）TothePresident，Iwritethisletter．Towhomdoyougiveit？（和一个疑问代词连用）Whodoyougiveitto？Whichboydoyousingto，Mary？Themantowhomyoutoldthestoryismyuncle．（和关系代词连用）Ihavegiventohim．（直接宾语省略）Iwillwritetohim．PleasedelivertoJohn．IhavegiventhebooktoMary，thebeststudentinclass．（间接宾语比直接宾语更长更重要）IonlyteachEnglishtostudentswhoaretrulyanxioustolearn．Theletter，Ihavesenttohim．（直接宾语放在句首）Allthesevaluablethings，hegavetome．Somedictionarieshavebeengiventothe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 library．（直接宾语是被动动词的主语）Aletterwillbesenttohim．1425图解：20．S+DV+（for）N+N（Johnboughtmeadog=Johnboughtadogforme．）1426约有35个双宾动词用两个名词或代词作间接宾语及直接宾语。这种动词可变成及物动词，这时间接宾语应改作由for引起的宾语：Heorderedmeabook．=Heorderedabookforme．Shemademeadress．=Shemadeadressforme．更多例句：a．Hebuilthimselfahut．Theshoemakerturnsmeout100pairsofshoes．HunanProvinceyieldChinaalotofrice．Shewovemeagarland．ThecarpentermadeUncleabeautifuldesk．Shecookedmeeggs．Sheboiledmesomewater．Fixmeadrink．Pleasespreadmesomebreadwithbutter．Iwillcutyouasliceofbread．Pourmeoutsometea（orcoffee）．Pleasefillmesomewine．b．Pleasepullmeachairtothetable．Pleasefetchmeadictionary（oradoctor）．Hereachedmeapencil．I"llputyouachairoverthere．Hegatheredmesomestamps．Hechosehiswifeanicedress．Pickmeoutadozenoranges．Canyoumatchmethiscloth？c．Canyoufind（orget，secure，obtain）meajob？Theyreservedusahotelroom，calledusataxi，boughtusalunch．Thebookwonhimagoodname，earnedhimalotofmoney，butcreatedhimmanyenemies．Thisincidentacquired（orgained）himwealth．I"vegotmemoneyenough，willbuymesomeliquor．（口语体）Youhavesavehimsomuchtrouble（ortime，money）．Canyousparemeafewminutes（oronedollar）？Couldyouchangemethisfive-poundnote（orten-dollarbill）？Canyoucashmethisbill？1427上面句子中的间接宾语可以变作由for引起的短语，在1424节中所说情况下，必须改成这种短语：Foryoualone，Icookthisfish．Formyfamily，Imustsavesomemoney．Forwhomdoyoubuildsobigahouse？Who（m）doyouchoosethisclothfor？Thepersonforwhomyoumadeadresswasmyniece．Iwillcookfor《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 you．Pleasecall（ataxi）forme．ShepouredoutcoffeeforJohn，themanshelovedmost．IwillgetajobforJohn，whohasbeenjoblessformanymonths．Thistroubleyoucansaveformeandmanyothers．Agoodnamewillthisgoodworkgainforhim，butnotwealth．Threetaxiswerecalledforus．Amagnificentpalacewasbuiltforthekingandqueen．1428图解：21．S+DV+N+N（Johnenviedmemydog．）1429约有70个双宾动词虽然可以变作及物动词，却不在表人的宾语前用介词to或for。这时有几种情况：a．有些动词后，表人宾语前用另一介词；b．有些动词后，事物宾语前有一介词；c-f．其他动词很少变作及物动词：a．Theyplayed（orserved）Johnatrick（orabadturn），bestowedhimhonour（oratitle，praise），enjoined（orimposed）meobedience（oraduty），（=TheyplayedatrickonJohn，servedatrickonhim，bestowedhonouronhim，…）Sheflunghimawink，flashedmeaglance，shotJohnanangrylook，castmeaglance，dealt（orhit）himablow．（=Sheflungawinkathim，flashedaglanceatme，…）Theyboreusmalice（orillwill，hatred），wageduswar．（=Theyboremaliceagainstus，wagedwaragainstus，…）Heboremegreataffection（orgoodwill）．（=Heboregreataffectionforme，…）Heaskedmesomequestions（orthetime，myname，myaddress，theway，thefare，theprice，thereason，thecause）．（=Heaskedsomequestionsofme，…）Heaskedyouafavour（orpermission，akindness）．（=Heaskedafavourfromyou，…）b．HeenviedJohnhisnewcar（orhisprettywife），forgaveusoursins（orourdebt，ournegligence，ourmisconduct），pardonedmethequestion（ormyoffence），excusedmemyasking，tookmeoutawalk（oranairing，adrive）．（=HeenviedJohnforhisnewcar，forgaveusforoursins，…）Hebanishedmetherealm，dismissedmetheclub（ortheservice），expelledmetheschool．（=Hebanishedmefromtherealm，dismissedmefromtheclub，…）c．Hefinedmetendollars，wagered（orbet）metendollars（thatJohnwouldwin），bidmehalftheprice，quotedyouthebestprice（oraproverb），tippedmeonedollar（orthewink）．Itcostshimtwelvedollars（ormuchtrouble，hislife），takesmesixdays（orallmylife）todothat，willlastmethreeyears．Thebusinesslostmeallmycapital，profitedmealotofmoney，nettedhimathousanddollarsdaily．d．Istruckhimaheavyblow，fetchedhimaslap（oraboxontheear）caughtthatmantwokicksinthestomach，hithisfacearap，hithimahardblow．（所有斜体动词都是gave的意思）Shekissedhimgoodnight（orgood-bye，awelcome，aheartykiss），swepthimalook（orabow，acurtsy），blewhimakiss．Sheborehimwitness（orcompany），kepthimcompany，hasbornehimthreechildren．Theymademeapresent（orsomeallowance，arequest，anapology）．e．Itbodes（orportends）usnogood（orevil）．Heprophesiedmesuccess．Hesetusatask（ortheexaminationpaper，agoodexample）．（Cf．Hesetataskforus．）Thedoctororderedmeacompleterest（oraspecialdiet，silence）．Heforbadehischildrentobacco（ortheuseofliquorordrugs）．Hedeignedmeno《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 reply．f．Shedroppedmeafewlines（oranote，apostcard，acurtsy）．Iencloseyoualistofnewproducts．Heledmea（pretty）dance（oradog"slife）．Hecalledmenames．Heletmeblood．Hemeans（orintends）younoharm．1430图解：22．S+DV+N+W-CLorW-I（JohnshowedmewhatIshoulddoorwhattodo．）1431约有10个动词用名词或代词作间接宾语，却用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作直接宾语：Englishgrammarshowsushowweshouldmakesentences（=howtomakesentences）．Pleasetellmewhichbookweshouldchoose（=whichbooktochoose）．CanyouadvisemewhatImustdo（=whattodo）？Heaskedmewherehecouldgettheentranceticket（=wheretogettheentranceticket）．HeremindedmewhenImustgo（=whentogo）．HenotifiedmewhenJohnstartedforLondon．Pleaseinformthatmanwhetherhiswifehasbeenhere．Youmustteachyourchildrenwhentoact，whattosayandwheretostop．Sheaskedmewherecouldshebuyflowers？（注意主语前的助动词及句末的问号）IaskhimwhatmustIstudyinthiscountry？1432在这类句子中不要使用上节所提动词以外的动词，如：Icriticizedhimhowhewaswrong．（错句）Iknowhimwhenhewillsucceed．（错句）Hescoldedhisservantwhyhewassolazy．（错句）1433图解：23．S+DV+N+that·CL（JohnconvincedmethatIwaswrong．）1434约有30个双宾动词可用名词或代词作间接宾语，而用that引起的从句作直接宾语。That这个字有时可省略。整个从句在重复时可以用so代替：a．ItoldJohn（that）hewasmistaken．Everybodyhadtoldhimso．Theyinformed（ornotified，apprised，advised，wrote，wired，telegraphed，phoned）mybrotherthattheshiparrivedonFebruary2．Ihadinformedhimso．HewhisperedmethatJohnhadbeenarrested．IremindhimthatthemeetingisonFriday（orthatheshouldsendtheletter）．Heassuresmethateverythingisallright（orthatIshallbeahappyman）．Nobodyelsehasassuredmeso．Hecan"twarrantmethatitisgenuine．I"llwarrantyouthatyoushallbepaid．b．Heconvinced（orpersuaded，satisfied）herthathewouldloveheralways（orthattheycouldbehappy）．Thisaccidenttaughtusthatwewerenotcarefulenough（orthatdrivingcouldbeverydangerous）．Ientreatedhimthathemuststopsmoking．Ibeseechhimthathewillhelpmyfamily．Theyadmonishedhimthatheshouldnotdrinkliquor．Theyorderedtheirmenthattheyshouldfire．HepromisedmethatIshouldhaveagold《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 watch．Theywarnedhimthattheplacewasdangerous．Theythreatenedmethattheywouldkillallmypeople．c．Hepromisedmethathewouldcome．WethankedGood（orourstars，Heaven）thatourtrialwasended．ThankHeavenIambetter．Ithankyouthatyouhavedonethisforme．IflatteredmyselfthatIwasnottodosuchasillything．Ibet（orwager）himfivedollarsthatitwillraintoday．（Bet后跟两个直接宾语，这是英语中一个不寻常的现象。）1435上面提到的双宾动词有些可变作及物动词，这时可以用of引起的短语修饰：Theytoldhimofmysickness，informed（ornotified，apprised）himofyourvisit，remindedmeofmypromise，assuredmeofhishonesty，convinced（orpersuaded，satisfied）meofhisinnocence，admonishedmeofthedanger（ormyfault，myduty），warnedhimofthedanger．1436在这类句子中不要使用上面所提动词以外的动词，如：Icriticizedhimthathewaswrong．（错句）Isupposedhimthathekneweverything．（错句）IknowJohnthathewillarrivelate．（错句）1437图解：D．系动词+各种补语24．S+LV+AorPrPorPaP（Johnwasrich．）1438约有90个系动词可用形容词、现在分词或过去分词作补语。1439a．表示状态的系动词：1）Hewassad（orpleased，amazed，veryinteresting）．Thehousehasbeenmyuncle"s（用名词所有格作补语）．ThebookisJohn"s．Hefelthungry（orsure，bad，boundtodoit，annoyed）．Heseemsill（orhappy，tired，satisfied，pleased）．Heappearedill（orsatisfied）．Itbulkedlarge．Itloomedblack．Heisasleep（orawake，alone，alive，afraid）．（表语形容词）2）Hestoodalone（orneutral，firstonthelist，corrected，accusedofacrime）．Itstoodwell（oridle）．Thislinerunsparallelwiththat．Stillwatersrundeep．Everything（orSomething，Nothing，All）wentwell（orright，ill，wrong，amiss）．Howgoestheworld？Howthingsgowithus？Englishgoes（=runs，passes）currentinmanycountries．Hewent（=wasusually）barefoot（orbareheaded，naked，hungry，welldressed）．1440b．表示状态开始的系动词：1）Hebecamefat（orpoor，well-known，discouraged）．Thissystembecamequicklyspread．Thisbookbecamewidelyreadbyyoungpeople．Ourcountryisbecomingricherandricher，strongerandstrongerManyofthenewcomersbecameaccustomedtothiscoldclimate．Hegotsick（orangry，shy，weak，lazy，careless，wet，ready，red，rich，free，shocked，shot，killed，fired，scolded，stung，burried，confused，lost，washed，dressed，engaged，interested，married）．Hegottobe（=became）rich（orfriendly）．Itgottobedearernow．Thegumgetssore．Itgotcold（ordark，worse，better，loose）．（Become表示结果，get表示过程。）2）Hegrew（=graduallybecame）strong（orwild，faint，moreandmore《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 foolish，excited，tired，introxicatedinaminute，accustomedtoit）．Itgrewwild（orthick，tame，small）．Itgrewripe（orsweet）．Heturnedfalse（orpale，red）．Itturnedbad（oryellow，colder）．（比较：Hewasturned（of）［=waspast］sixty．）Hewentmad（orblind，deaf，bald，lame，crazy，wild，red，white，sick，pale，dry，wrong，native，distracted，drunk，lost）．Itwentbad（orsour，grey，dark，stale，rotten）．Theengine（orThetelephone）hasgonedead．Theplangoesunheardandunnoticed．3）Hisdreamcametrue．Thebillcamedue．Thedoorcameunhinged．Howcametheyacquainted？Howcameyou（tobe）sorude？Itcamecheap．Sheiscomingsixteen．Theseamcameunstitched（orunsewn）．Theknotcameuntied．Hecameawake（orsquarearewithher）．Hecameover（=grew）feverish（orsleepy）．Theweathercameovercloudy．Hecame（orranked）first．Heranwild（ormad）．Theriverrandry（orhigh，low，deep，thick）．Thepricesranhigh．Provisionsranshort（orlow）．Thebusinessdoesnotrunsmooth．Thebeastranloose．Hefellasleep（ordead，ill，tired，faint，dumb，silent，lame）．Itfellcalm（ordark，flat），Thenotefellduetome．Therentfelldue．（Cf．Tendollarsisduetoyou．Mysalaryisduetomorrow．）Thenightfe11dark．Thepostfellvacant．Thesupplyfellshort．Hefell（=began）humming（orthinking）．Theroomstruckcold（ornice，warm，comfortable）whenoneentered．Theymade（themselves）merry（orsurethattheywouldwin，boldtodoit）．1441c．表示状态结束或结果的系动词：Heproveduseful．Thewoundprovedfatal．Itturnedout（orproved，cameout）（=wasfoundout）（tobe）false（orcorrect，important，interesting）．Hecameoffvictorious（ordefeated，secondbest）．Everythingwent（=proved）wellwithhim．YourknowledgeofFrenchwillcomein（=prove）service-ableoneday．1442d．表示状态继续的系动词：Heremainedquiet（orfirm，honest，poor，unmarried，unpunished，uncared-for）．Itremaineddirty（ordark，unsettled，untouched）．Itstayedmotionless（orfresh）．Hstayedsilent（orasleep）．Hestayedyoung（orrichallhislife）．Thestorestaysopentillmidnight．Thelibrarywillstayclosed．Thepaperstayedblank．Hecontinuedfirm（orsilent，poor，lazy，unknown，unseen）．Itcontinuedstrong．Hisillnesscontinuedunchanged．Itcontinuedrainy．Hekeptcold（orsilent，still．awake，aloof）．Heheldfirm（orsilent，mute，aloof，still）．Theruleheldtrue（orgood）forthreeyears．Thegrievanceswent（=remained）unredressed．Hewentunpunished（orunrewarded）．Youmayrestassured（orsatisfied，content，confident，se－cure，certain，easy）．Thisdiseaserestsmysterious．1443e．带有被动意义的系动词：1）Helookedproud（orblack，pained，pleased，satisfied）．Itlookedfunny（orinteresting）．Itsmeltbad（orsweet，fragrant）．Ittastessweet（orbitter，sour，good，delicious）．Itfeltsmooth（orsoft，hard，cold，hot）．Howdoesitfeeltobehungry？Itsounded（=seemed）unripe（orexpensive，strange，wise，easy，allright，reasonable）．Pork《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 soundstooheavytome．2）Thecakeeatscrisp．Thecoinrangtrue（orfalse）．Hisstatementranghollow（orharsh）．Themeatcutstender（ortough）．Herdressworethin（orthreadbare）．Ithaswornsmooth．Ourfriendshiphaswornthin．Thestreetmeasureslong．Thelandscapereproducestoodark．Theskywashesoutslightly．Thebackgroundrecordsjustright．Itweighsheavy（ormuch）．Itcostsdear．（Cf．Itisworthmuch．）1444f．近似于不及物动词的系动词：1）Heactednatural（orsurprised）．（=Heacted+hewasnatural［orsurprised］=Hewasnatural［orsurprised］whenheacted．）Don"tactfoolish．Hearrivedsafe．（=Hewassafewhenhearrived．）Maryawoketired．（=Marywastiredwhenshea-woke．）Hewasbornpoor．Myheartbeatquick．Thedoorblew（orburst，crashed）open；bangedshut．Sheblushedscarlet．Theprisonersbrokeloose（orfree）．2）Stockscloseirregulartoday．Theydepartedunseen．Thefireburnedred（orbright）．Hecamerunning（orsinging，smiling，accompaniedbyhiswife）．Hecamehomehungryandtiredandsad．Misfortunenevercomessingle（orsingly）．Thedaydawnedclearandbright．Hediedhappy（oryoung，worthamillion，aged26）．Hedressesyoung．Theflamedwindledweak．3）Heentereddressedinwhiteandwearingslippers．Hefelldownunconscious（ordead）．Thesnowisfallingthick．Sheflashed（orflared，flushed，flamed）red（orscarlet）．Itfreezesbone-hardinwinter．Thewindowflewopen．Thebirdglidedpeacefulanditsfeathersgleamed（orglowed）white．Hegrowsupunmanageable（orinnocent）．Themoonhunglow．Timehangsheavyonmyhands．Hejerkedfreefromdebt．4）Helaydead（orstill，verysick，prostrate，asleep，awake，idle，dying，gasping，shivering，struggling，sleeping，hidden，buried，stretchedout）．（=Helayandwasdead；layandgasped；etc．）Somethinglayloose（oropen，waste，idle）．Thefieldlayfallow．Theroadlaylevel．Somebookslayloose．Thefallenleaveslaywet．Thesnowlaythickontheground．Theylayscattered（orconcealed）．Thecarpetlaysmooth．Helivespoor（orfast）．5）Hemarried《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 young．Manyimportantthingshavepassedunnoticed．Heplayedfair（orfoul）．Thedogplayed（orshammed）dead．Silencereignedsupreme．Heruledsupreme．Hereturnedhungryandthirsty．Sherideseasyinthesaddle．6）Thesunshinesbright（ordark）．Hesatsilent（oridle，cross-legged，thinking，writingaletter，surroundedbyfriends）．Babysleepseasyatnight．Itslid（orsprang）open．Hespokehoarse（orplain，rough，sensible）．Hestoodsilent（orfirm，mutewithrage，tallerthanme，conspicuous，gazingatsomething，singing，playingontheguitar，sixfeethigh，sixfeetinstocking）．（＝Hestoodandwassilent；stoodandgazedatsome-thing；etc．）Aglassofwaterstoodbymehalffull．Thepagodastoodoutclear．Theroomstoodempty．Thepatient"slegswellsbig．Thedoorswingsshut．Hetalkedbig（orsilly，wild，sensible，funny）．Hewalksslowandlame．Hewanderedaboutnakedandhungry．Thescrewworksloose．注：这种句子有一个起不及物动词作用的系动词，可以说是S+IV和S+LA+A的巧妙的结合。Hetalkedclever．可以说是Hetalked．和Hewasclever．的结合体。而且，它和Hetalkedcleverly．有些差别，clever作为补语，说明主语he的情况，比cleverly语气更强，cleverly为副词，修饰动词talked．1445图解：25．S+LV+N（Johnwasaboy．）1446约有40个系动词可用名词或代词作补语：a．Hewasateacher．Itwashisbook．Thatishe（orhim）．ItwasI（orme）．Iammyownman．Hefeltafool（oraking，achildagain，amillionaire，afreemanagain）．Hebecameadoctor．Hecommenced（archaic）writer（orcarpenter）．Heturned（ratherunexpectedly）thief（oroptimist，socialist，author，tailor）．Theyturnedthief（orthieves）．Itgrewtobeabigtree．Thechildhasgrowntobeman．Shegrewuptobeaprettygirl．（tobe常省略，可参阅1440节）Heturnedoutagooddoctor（orarobber）．Itturnedoutafoolishidea（oraneffectivemeasure）．Itwillturnoutadream．Heloomedupahorriblefigure．Heprovedathief（oragoodfather）．Itprovedaneffectivemeasure．Itprovedagreatsuccess（orabadproject）．Cf．1441b．Heremainedabachelor．Theycontinuedgoodfriends．Shewillstayawidowfortherestofherlife．Thecaserestsamystery．Cf．1442Helooked（sometimeslookedtobe）afool（ordaggers，compassion，thedoctorthathewas）．Myhutlooksawreck（orapalacetome）．Hedoesnotlookhimself．Heappearedathief．Heseemedagoodboy．Itsoundsagoodplan（ornonsense）．Itloomedafearfulfigure．Hefellapreytoatiger（oravictimtohisownfolly，asacrificetoyourscheme）．c．Shestoodapeonyandwalkedalily．Hestoodgodfathertome（orsentinel，sponsor）．He《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 stoodagiant（ormyfriend）．Heposedthetallestofthemall．Hesatthereaguest．Hewentanenemyandreturnedafriend．Wepartedthebestfriends．Hecameoutadifferentman．Hecameoffaloser（orawinner，againer）．Heemergedavictor．Hediedasaint（orabeggar，abachelor，aprisoner）．Helivedalonelyman（orabachelor）．Hecamehomeamillionaire．Hereturnedasadderandawiserman．Heleftschoolagoodscientist．Hedidcookanddidhost．Heplayedtruant（orthefool）．Heactedbestmanforme．Sheactedhostess．HewentcabinboytoSingapore．Hewentapprenticetoatrade．Hewillgobail（orsecurity）forthat（orforJohn）．（在很多句子中，动词和其后面的名词之间可以插入“as"）Cf．1444d．Itmeanthappiness（orloss）．Liquormeansdeath．Itspeltruin（ordeath，disaster）．AequalsB．Twoandfourmakesix．Hewillmakeagoodteacher．Theplacemakesaheaven．Johnmadeone（orthefifth）ofthecompany．Sevendaysconstituteaweek．Heconstitutesaburdenonthefamily．Didhelook（orseem，remain）ascholar？Helooked（orseemed，remained）so（=ascholar）．IamnotaslavebutIfeelso（=aslave）．Hedecidedtobeascientist，andhebecomesso（=ascientist）．1447“muchof（或somewhatof，littleof…）+名词”可以用作补语：Heismuchofagentleman（oralawyer，arascal）．（=Heisquiteagentleman，…）Heissomewhatofapolitician．（=Heisinsomedegreeapolitician．）Helooksmoreof（a）gentlemanthan（a）rogue．Hebecamelessofagentlemanthanarogue．Heisenoughofaphilosophertokeepcold．1448一个抽象名词或具体名词用在具体主语后时，有时和一个由形容词表示的补语意思相近，若和all或一些其他特别词连用，则表示“极大程度”：a．Heisallmirth，allconfusion，allattention，allkindness，allanxiety，allastonishment，alllife，alldignity，allwisdom，allpoliteness，allgratitute，allachesandpains，allairsandgraces，alltalkandnodeed．（=Heisextremelymerry，extremelyconfused，…）Sheisalltears，allthumbs，allsmiles，alleyes，allears，allskinandbones，alllegsandbreasts（=extremelysad，extremelyclumsy，extremelycheerful，extremelyattentive，…）Heisallboy（orallfarmer）（=showingallcharacteristicsofaboy，…）Thechestisall（=fullof）preciousbooks（ordiamonds）．Heisthepicture（ormodel，image，pattern，epitome，paragon）ofwisdom．Heisthespirit（orsoul，essence，crystalization）ofhonour（ormeanness，selfishness）．Hebecamecrueltyitself（orincarnate，embodied，personified，crystalized）．b．Johnisimmensefun（=fulloffun）．Mystudioischaos．Lifeisallglamour．Ishegoodpay（=financiallyreliable）？Whisperingisbadmanners（orgoodfun）．Thissentenceisbadgrammar（=grammaticallywrong）．Johnisgood（orpoor）company（=friendlyorunfriendly）．Icouldbemorehelp．Thisisnomatter（=unimportant）．Thistruckisnouse（=useless）．Thnovelisnineteenthcentury．OurpartyisMondaynight．Thiscarisagreencolour（=green），anAmericanmake．Whatyearisyourcar？《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 Thesetwoshirtsarethesamesize，butdifferentshapes．Whatdirectionisthepostoffice？Mypenistwodollars．Shedoesn"slookherage．Wearethesameage，butyoudon"tlookyourthirtyyears．Cf．1455普通名词、集体名词、物质名词也偶尔用作带形容词意义的补语。注意它们前面常常不加冠词：c．Heisfool（orrogue）（=foolishorroguish）（普通名词）enoughtosaythat．Heisgentlemanenoughtostandfirm．Hebecamefullymasterof（=proficientin）mathematics．Heisrightwing（集体名词）Histasteismiddle-class．TheclergymanischurchofEngland．JohnisCambridgeUniversity．Thiswatchisgold（物质名词）．Mydressissilk．TheimageisplasterofParis．ThispoemisShakespeare（专有名词）．1449图解：26．S+LV+AP（Johnwasin．）1450只有be可以用地点副词作补语，其他系动词很少这样用。在这里地点副词起形容词的作用，往往不表示地点而表示别的东西：a．Somebodywasabout（=near）．Hewillbeabout（=active）againafterheleavesthehospital．Heisnowup（orout）andabout（oraround）（＝activeafteranillness）．Lotsofbooksareabout（=available）inthiscity．Influenzaisabout（=hereandthere）inthisarea，Heisnotabout（=veryunwilling）（美语）toadmithisfault．b．Hehasbeenaround（=issophisticated）．c．Thehammerisaway（=putaway）inthebox．d．Nobodywasby（=near）．Noneofhisrelativesareclose（ornear）by．e．Heisnotyetdown（＝Hehasnotyetdressedandcomedownstairs）．Thetideisdown（=out）．Heisdownwith（＝illinbedwith）acold．Theriverisdown．Thesun（orThemoon）isdown．Thetyreisdown（=flat）．Therate（orTheprice，Hertemperature）isdown（=hasbecomelower）．Heseemsterriblydown（=depressed）abouthisdefeat．Heappearsdownandout（=utterlydefeated，inverybadcircumstances）．Heisdowninthemouth（＝sad）．Heisdowntotwodollars（=hasonlytwodollarsleft）．Sheisdownfor（=ontheprogramfor）asong．Hewillbedownon（=lookdownon）meforthismistake．Hewasdown（=failed）intheexam．Yourwordsaredown（＝written）inthecontract．f．Heishomefromschool．Theyarebackbysix．g．Ishein（=athomeorintheoffice）？Isthetrain（orthesteamer）in（=arrived）？Orangesarenowin（inseason）．Summerisin（＝come）．Hehasbeenin（＝inoffice，inpower）fortwoyears．Ashortskirtisin（=infashion）．Thericecropis［safely］in（＝hasbeenreaped）．Applicationsshouldbein（=received）byMay3．I"minfor（=willjoin）thecontest．Weareinfor（=willsuffer）apunishment．h．Imustbeoff（＝go）now．Thetrainisoff（=hasstarted）．Thechurchismilesoff（=away）．Christmasisnotfaroff．Theelectricity（orThewater，Thegas）isoff（=noton，nomoreavailable）．Thisgiftarticlewasoff（＝nomoreavailable）monthsago．Themeeting（orThepicnic，Theengagement）isoff（=cancelled）．Heiswell（orbadly，ill）off（=ingood［or《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 bad］circumstances）．Mywatchisoff（=wrong）．Hishatandovercoatwereoff（=hadbeentakenoff）．Thislampis30percentoff（=offitsregularprice）．Themeatisoff（=nolongerfresh）．I"moff（=freefromregularwork）today．i．Thewater（orTheelectricity，Thelight，Thetap，Theradio）ison（＝running，functioning，inaction）．Thebattle（orTherain，Theshow）ison；（＝goingon）．Whatison（=happening）inthestreet？Whatison（=onthepro-gram）atPalace？Hishatison（=onhishead）．Hiscaseison（=beingconsidered）．Dinnerison（=served）fromsixtoten．Allpassengersareon（＝inthevehicle）．f．Mybrotherisout（=notin，notathome）．Themanagerisout（＝notintheoffice）．Thesecretisout（=hasbecomeknown）．Thelatestnumberofthemagazineisout（＝published）today．Theresultsareout（=havebeenpub-lished）．Thestarsareout（=visible）．Mydaughterisal-readyout（=hasalreadybeenintroducedintosociety）．Thetideisout（=low）．Theflowersareallout（=open）．Thewine（orthecup）isout（=finished）．Mypurseisout（=empty）．Thetermisout（=finished）．Theleaseisout（=attheendoftheterm）．Schoolisout（=over）．Ishallreturnbeforetheweekisout（=finished）．Thecandle（orThefire）isout（=hasbeenextinguished）．TheRepublicanPartyisout（=notinpower）．Theroadisout（=impassable）duetosnow．Someprisonersareout（=re-leased）．Thishairdohasbeenout（=outoffashion）for5months．Thelabourersareout（=onstrike，outofajob）．Myhandisout（=outofpractice）．Twoplayerswereout（=hadlosttherighttoplay）．Youareout（=wrong）inyourguess．Mywatchistenminutesout（=toofastortooslow）．Theyareout（=atodds）witheachother．k．Thestorm（orTherain，Theshow，Thewar）wasover（=hasended-oppositetoon）．Itisallover（=allfinished）withme．Theteapartyisnearlyover．Somefriendswereover（=camehere）yesterday．Somemoneyisstillover（=remaining）．He"llbeover（=there）（口语体）atsix．l．Heisnotatallthere（orhere）（=crazy）．（俚语）m．Whenwillyoubethroughwith（=finish）mynovel？Iamthroughfortheday（=havefinishedtoday"swork）．Igetthroughwithmyworkat6p．m．．Heisthroughinpolitics（=Hispoliticallifeisfinished）．Iamthroughwithyou（=Ourfriendshipisnomore）．Youarethrough（=Telephoneconnectionhasbeenmade）．n．Themoon（orThesun）isup（=hasrisen）．Prices（orSales）areup（=havebecomehigher）．Aquestionisup（＝arises）．Hewasup（=didnotsleep）allnight．Heisnotup（=hasnotleftbed）yet．Letusbeupanddoing（＝activeandbusy）．Thecountryisup（=rising）．Mybloodisup（＝Iamangry）．Therebelswereup．Parliamentisup（＝nolongerinsession）．Yourchanceisup（＝finished）．Timeisup（=Theallotedtimehasterminated）．Histime（orHisterm，Hisleave）isup．Whatisup（＝happening）withyou．Itisallup（=allfinished，hopeless）withhim．Heseemswellupin（=wellacquaintedwith）thissubject（orcurrentevents）．Hewillbeup（＝gotoahigherplaceoralargecity）．Hewillbeupandaround（＝well）againsoon．Heisup（=ontrial）incourt．o．Heisalone（oraway，aloof，asleep，agape）．Itisashore（oraflame，afloat，abloom）．（这些是作补语的形容词，前面带有前缀a-，有些并不是“地点”副词。）WereistheGreatWall？Whenisherwedding？Howareyou？（这里用疑问词作补语）1451图解：27．S+LV+P．NorP．G（Johnwasinabadtemper．）1452约有15个系动词可用介词短语作补语：HeisinRoomSix．Theyhavebeenattheweddingparty．Thebookseemsaboutsomeformofrevolution．Myhouseiswithoutwater．Aretheyfororagainsttheproposal？Iamfrom《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 Tibet．1453这些短语可能是通常在系动词后用的成语：a．Hewasathand（oratwork）．Hewasindebt（orinpower，inpain）．Hewasonduty，（oronedge，onthephone）．Hewasoutofoffice（oroutofwork）．Hewasunderoxygen．Hewasbeyondhimselfwithgrief．Itwasbelowsealevel（orbelowtheaverage）．Itwasbeneathcontempt（orbeneathcriticism）．Itwasbeyondrepair（orbeyondbelief）．Itwasinblossom（orinfashion）．Itwasonsale（oronice）．Itwasoutofcontext．Itwasallovertheplace（ofItissimplyovermyhead）．Itwaswithinone"sgrasp（orwithinsight）．b．Ifeelathome（oroutofsorts，uptoit，atease）．Ithasbecomeofnouse．Theygrewatvariance（oroutoftemper）．Heseemedathiswit"sends．Thenewsseemedoutofdoubt．Yourremarkappearedoutofplace．Heappearedoutofhismind．Heappearedjustoutofschool．Helooksingoodhealth．Shedoesnotlookatease．Itlookedoutofplace．Itsmellsfish．Ittastesofonion．Theykeptintouchwithme．Ourworldremainsoutoforder．Thesituationcontinuedoutoftune．Hewentoffhishead（oroutofhismind，intoecstasies）．Hestoodinterror（orinawe，indreadofit，inmeedofit）．Ilayathismercy．Thecityliesinruins．1454介词的宾语可以是一个动名词：Thatislikethrowingpearlsbeforeswine．Sheisnearcrying．Itisworthdoing．Sheisabovemarryingsuchaman．Heisagainstdeclaringwar．Heisforfightingtothelastman．Heispastrelenting．1455在系动词后，use，age，size，colour这类名词前的of常常省略：Itisofnouse（=useless）．Itisofeducationalinterest（=interestingineducation）．Itisofsomeconsequence．Itisoflittlevalue．（Of）Whatageishe？Heis（of）yourage．Theyare（of）thesameage．thesamesex，thesametaste．Theyaresocietypeople，butnotourtype；Wearenotthatsort．（Of）Whatsize（orshape，length，height）isIt？Theanimalisthesizeofanox（ortheshapeofabird）．Thesetwobuildingsarethesameheight．Thestreetistherightwidth．Thebedisjustthelengthhelikes．Heisalongfigure．Theroomisahundredfeetsquare．It"sgoodqualityandagooddesign．Whatcolouristhetable？Thetableisadarkyellow（orthecolourofyourchairs）．Whatpriceisthecar？（Cf．Howmuchisthecar？）Thecaristwentythousanddollars．Whatweightisthepork？Theporkistwokilograms．Whatuseisthisstick？Thestickisnouse．Thedogismuchservicetomen．Whatgoodisthiscat？It"snogood．Whatpartofspeechistheword“go”？1456《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 约有10个系动词可和名词连用，表示数目或尺寸。这些名词前可说省略了某些介词。不过多数字典都认为这些动词是不及物动词（若真是不及物动词，它应可以独用，在它后面不需加上日期，尺寸或重量的词。）：Thejourneycoststendays（orfivethousanddollars）．Theworkcostsalotofcare．Thesugarweighsfivekilograms．Thetablemeasurestwofeetinwidthandfourfeetinlength．Thethermometerreads（orregisters，indicates）30℃．Helooksonlytwentyyearsofage．Hestoodfivefeet．Therainfallaverages52inchesayear．Theworkersaverageeighthoursaday．Thestudentstotaltwothousand．Thetroopsnumberedtwentythousand．1457图解：注：这个符号表明它上方的介词短语起单一词类（形容词）的作用。参阅1311节。28．S＋LV＋I（Johnwastocomeatsix．）1458约有10个系动词可以用不定式作补语。1459这些系动词中最重要的是be．1460a．不定式可以用作名词型的补语，表示某个动作和抽象主语所指是同样东西：Myaim（抽象主语）istoassistyou（orforhimtoleadahappylife，forMarytogotocollege）．Hisadviceisforyoutoadmityourmistakes（ortofighttothelastman）．OurdifficultywastomasterEnglishinayear（ortohavetosmileinthepresenceofourbossallthetime）．Toteachistolearn．Toboastistocheat．Toliveistosufferandtostruggleuntilourdeath．1461b．不定式也可以用作形容词型的补语，表示主语的动作或品质。主语可以是抽象的东西，也可以是具体的东西：Thisbook（事物）istoberead（＝readable）bychildren．Thisherbisnottobeeaten（=edible）．Thehouseistoprotectusfromrain，sunshineandtheft．Moneyistobespent．We（人）aretogetmarriednextSunday．Maryistogotocollegenextyear．IamtoteachEnglishgrammar．Johnistodieat90．Music（抽象名词）istoentertainandraiseourspirit．Grammaristoassistusinwritinggoodsentences．Theworstistocome．Heistoblame（＝tobeblamed）．Thehouseistolet（=tobelet）．（有被动意义。）1462在下面句子中有be以外的系动词，后面可跟不定式：Thereportproves（orturnsout）tobetrue．Heprovedtoknowitall．Thesituationappearstobeimproving．Itlookstobeeasy．Theletterseemedtohavebeentemperedwith．Hecan"tseemtosee（=Heseemsunabletosee）．Hegrewtoknowtheworld．Hegrewtobelieveit．Hecametohateher（ortoknowher，tohearit，tobelieveit）．Thisplacehascometobeusedasaschool．Heisgettingtobe（=isbecoming）anicefellow．Kimgottobe（=became）well-known．Thistheoryremainstobetested．Hecontinuestobefaithful．Hestandsto（=issureto）win（orgain，lose）．1463如果主语是不定式，或是补语很长，那么用不定式作补语比用动名词作补语更好一些：Hispurposeistodiscover（而不用discovering）whoisthemostfaithfulofhisfriends．Hishabithasbeentoeatbreak-fastafterbrushinghis《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 teeth．Torespectothersistoberespected（而不用beingrespected）．（=Ifyourespectothers，youwillberespected．）Tokeepsilentistosaveplentyoftrouble．（=Ifyoukeepsilent，youwillsaveplentyoftrouble．）1464图解：参阅1311节。注意不定式toadmit意义上的主语foryou的图解办法。29．S＋LV＋G（John"sproblemwashavingtodoitatonce．）1465只有系动词be可以用动名词作补语：Hisproblemwashavingtogetoveralltheseobstacles．Thatistellingalie．Thatwouldbegoingtoofar．Myobjectiveisfinishingtheworkassoonaspossible．Myproblemwashavingtogeteverythingreadybysix．Hisdistresswashavingtoomuchmoneyandtoomanywives．Hisbadhabithasbeengettinguplate．Mymistakeisstudyingliterature．Leavingalargefortunetochildrenisencouragingthemtobegood-for-things．（如果主语是动名词，则用动名词作补语，比用不定式作补语时多。）Savingishaving．Seeingisbelieving．注：在这类句子中，主语必须是抽象名词或动名词，be表示主语和补语是指同样东西。但在Johnisstudying．Thewindisblowing．Thestoryisinteresting．Thischildischarming．这类句子中，动词的-ing形式表示主语的动作或特点，因此是谓语动词或是分词，而不是动名词。外形相似，但意义不同。1466图解：30．S＋LV＋That-Cl（John"sproblemwasthathehadtodoitatonce．）1467在所有系动词中只有be能用that引起的从句作补语：Hisproblemwasthathehadtogetovertheseobstacles．Thechancesarethathewillfail．Hisorderisthatevery-bodyshouldcomeatseven．NotthatshelovesBob，butthatshelovessociety．（=Itisnotthat…butitisthat…）It"snotsomuchthatIloverherasthatshelovesme．See和appear可用来代替be，但只能在主语为it时这样用：Itseemed（=orappeared）thathewasright．（=Theap-pearancewasthathewasright．）1468图解：注：这种由that引起的从句可以借助来图解，作为一个单一词类看待，而成为系动词was的名词型补语（参阅1311节）。从句的图解方法和一个简单句一样，只是在前上方放有连词that．31．S＋LV＋W-ClorW-I（John"sproblemwaswhatheshouldstudyorwhattostudy．）1469在所有系动词中只有be能用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作补语：That（orThis）iswhyIhavecome（orwhyIworry）．Theproblemiswhoistopayandwhenwecanstart．Ourproblemiswhattodo，wheretogo，howtobegin．Ourquestionishowcanwestopthisbloodshedandwhenshallweliveapeacefullife？（注意主语前的助动词和句末的问号）MyquestioniswhattodoafterIamgraduated．1470《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 图解：注：疑问词why的双重作用（副词及连词）均已在图解中表示出来。注：由疑问词引起的不定式可以看作是由疑问词引起的从句的紧缩形式，省略了从句中的主语和谓语动词be．32．S＋LV．A．P．＋NorG或S＋LV．PrP．P＋NorG或S＋LV．PaP．P＋NorG（Johnwasafraidofdogs．）1471约有30个系动词跟有一个形容词（或分词）及一个合适的介词，在语法上等于一个及物动词。有时甚至可以找出意思与这种动词短语意思相近的单一及物动词。Be是这类系动词中最重要的一个：a．Heisconsciousof[orisaliveto]（＝knows）（LV．A．P）hissituation（orbeingsuspected）．Heisshortof（＝lacks）money．Johnisdesirousof（＝desires）fame（orgoingabroad）．Thisissimilarto（＝resembles）that．Sheisvoidof（＝hasno）commonsense．Theyarefearfulof（=fear）rats（orbeingsearched）．Sheisfondof（＝likes）flowers．Heisaverseto（=dislikes）tobacco（orhelpinganyone）．Hisfaceissuggestiveof（=suggests）contempt．Heisfamousforhospitality．Heisattentivetothelecture．Thesebooksarereadablebyyoungmenonly．Hiswritingsareunintelligiblebycommonpeople．Hersingingwasaudiblebythefarthestseats．Themovieisenjoyablebyanybody．Heisequaltomeetinganycrisis．Theywerebentondoingevil．Allthingsaresubjecttodecay．Iamsorryforhim．Sheissoreatme．She"scuckooondress．b．Thisstoryisinterestingto（=interests）（LV．PrP．P）everychild．Themoviewasamusingto（=amused）theaudience．Hisexpressionwaspleasingto（=pleased）hisfriends．Theresultisshockingto（=shocks）ourteam．c．Wateriscomposedof（=comprises）（LV．PaP．P）oxygenandhydrogen．Heispleasedwith（＝likes）mygift（orplayingwithchildren）．Johnwasaccustomed（orused）tocomfortablelife（orlivinginawarmclimate）．Heisreducedtopoverty（orbegging）．Johnisgiventoimtemperance（orlying）．Hewasstarvedtodeath．Thisismadeofiron．Heisqualifiedforthejob（orteaching）．Heisinterestedinchickens（orkeepingducks）．Heistiedupinacrime．1472一些其他系动词也可用于这种结构：a．Hefelttiredoflife；seemed（orappeared）astonishedatthenews．Thingsseemhardonme．Hebecameconsciousofthedanger；gotmarriedtoher；grewintoxicatedwithlove；wentdistractedwithgrief；fell（orcame）shortofhisduty；ranshortofprovisions（orhands，goods）．Hisincomefellshortoftheexpenditure．Hisworkfellshortofthestandard（orourexpectation，therequiredamount）．Hisspeechfellflatontheaudience．Thetaxfellheavyonthetenants．Itcameright（oreasy，natural，wrong，ill）tome．Theshipgotorran，fell）fouloftherocks（orajunk）．Thesewingmachineproved（orturnedout）usefultoourfamily．b．Heremainedignorantoftheserioussituation．Thepack-ageremainsuntouchedbyanyone．Thelibrarystaysopentothepublic．Hekeptalooffromothers．ShestayskeenonDavid，ateachershemetfiveyearsago．Youmayrestcertainofhissupport（orobtainingwhatyouwant）．Itsmells（ortastes，looks）badtohim，butgoodtome．Thestatementsoundsfunnytous．Hestoodmutewithrage．Theburdensatlight（oreasy）onme．Thecustompassescurrentamongmountaineers．Theremarkspassedunnoticedbyallpresent．Shefoughtshyofhim（orcannedfood）．Hemademerryoveranother"smishap．Imustmakesureofhisaddress．Hemakesfreewithmymoney．Theymadereadyforthefight．注：某些名词，例如enemy，可以用作形容词：Heisanenemy（=averse）tofalsehood．Heisafriendto（=fondof）literature．Hemaybemasterof（=proficientin）thissubject．1473《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 图解：33．S＋LV．P．N．P＋NorG（Johnwasinfearofdeath．）1474约有5个系动词（特别是be）可以和介词、名词和介词构成成语。这种成语在语法上相当于一个单一的及物动词，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：a．Wewereatwarwith（=fought）them．Hewasattheheadof（＝headed）theprocession．Heisathomein（＝knows）English．Gamblingisatthebottomof（=causes）allevils．Heseemsatalossforwords．Theygrewatvariancewithus．Theyareatpeacewithus．Heremainsatthezenithofhisfame．Thissubjectisbeyondthereachof（=exceeds）myknowledge．Heappearedbesidehimselfwithjoy（orpraisinghim-self）．b．Theadventurerisinthedangerof（＝risks）losinghislife．Heisinafairwayto（＝approaches）success（orbeingpromoted）．Maryisinthemoodformusic（orlisteningtomusic）．Heisintheserviceof（=serves）Dr．Johnson．Heisincommandof（=commands）5000men．Sheisinthefirstblushofyouth．Heisinpartner-shipwithsomefriends．Itisaccordancewiththerules．Thedocumentsareinthehandsofajeweller．Heisinchargeofthislibrary．Thebookisinprocessofpublication．c．Heisonavisitto（=isvisiting）Japan．TheywereonanexpeditiontotheNorthPole．Theyareonthetrackof（＝arepursuing）acriminal．Iamonthelookoutfor（＝amfinding）ajob．Hewasonthebrinkof（=wasnearing）death．Heisonthehighroadtobeingpromoted．Heisonthepointofmovingtoanotherplace．Itisoutofkeepingwith（=violates）hiswords．Hebecameoutoffavourwithher．Hegrowsoutoftouchwiththetimes．Thissubjectgoesoutofthesphereofscience．Thisiswithinthereachofordinarymen．Heiswithinaninchofdestruction．1475图解：34．S＋LV．A＋I或S＋LV．PaP＋I（Johnwasanxioustostudy．）1476一个系动词加上一个表示意愿的形容词（或过去分词）可构成动词短语，如果后面跟一个不定式（作宾语），这个短语在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。约有10个系动词可以这样用：Heisanxious（orconcerned）（=longs）togoabroad．Theyareimpatient（oreager，keen）（＝eagerlywish）togetmarried．Heisdisposed（ordesirous，inclined）（=likes）tofight．Afterlivingabroadforthirtyyears，sheisdyingtoseeherfatherland．Heseemsdetermined（ordecided，resolved）todivorceher．Heisready（orprompt）tohelpthepoor．Hegrowsinterestedtogetrich．Heappearswilling（orcontent，ready，prepared）toworkhard．Weareapt（orliable）tocriticizeothers．Afterthreemonthsofillness，heremainsambitioustostandfirstintheclass．Hefeltafraidtodisturbhisboss．Attheageoften，hebecamecurioustoknowaboutsex．Davidisgoing（=intends）tostudyelectronics．Weareagreed（=haveagreed）towaitandsee．Heisallwild（orcrazy，dying，burning）（=ferventlywishes）toownamotorcycle．Heisunwilling（oraverse，loath，reluctant）（=refuses）tohelpanyone．这样用的不定式可有一个意思上的主语：HeisanxiousforMarytostudyhard．=HeisanxiousthatMarystudy（orshallstudyorshould《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 study）hard．Heiseagerforhisstudentstopasstheexamination．=Heiseagerthathisstudentspass（orshallpassorshouldpass）theexamination．Heiswillingforhisdaughtertomarryapoorscholar．Iaminnohurryforyoutogetmarried．Heispleasedforyoutocomeover．副词too可以放在上面提到的形容词前，意思和very相同。但Heistoo（=very）anxioustospeak．和Heistooangrytospeak．不同，后者的意思是Heissoangrythathecannotspeak．此外，alltoo，buttoo，onlytoo可用来代替too，表示very，但意思更强一些。1477图解：35．S＋LV．A．＋that-Cl或S＋LV．PaP＋that-Cl或S＋LV．P．N．＋that-Cl（Johnwasafraidthathismotherwouldscoldhim．）1478一个系动词和一个表示精神作用的形容词（或过去分词）可构成动词短语，在语法上相当于一个及物动词，后面可跟一个由that引起的从句作宾语。约有10个系动词能用在这种短语中：a．Iamsure（＝believe）thatheisathome．Hewasafraid（=feared）thathewouldfail．Iamnotdoubtful（=don"tdoubt）thathewillsucceed．Heisaware（＝knows）thatIcannothelphim．Iamglad（=rejoice）thatthewarisover．Hebecameangrythatyoumadethesamemistake．Imadecertain（orsure）thedoorwasclosed．Heremains（orkeeps）confidentthathewillwin．Heisignorant（orconscious，sensible，happy，thankful，…）thatevery-thingisOK．b．HeisdeeplyinterestedthatI"llstudyinFrance．Heappeared（orseemed）surprisedthatIsaid“no”．Hefelt（orgrew）worriedthatyoudidn"twrite．c．I"mamazed（orshocked，annoyed，irritated，disappointed，disturbed，upset）thatyoushouldrejectherlikethat．（在这类由that引起的从句中可用should表示感情，有时有likethat，so这类词和它一起用。）I"mglad（orpleased，grateful，satisfied）thatyoushouldreturnthemoneysofast．在书面语中的表示“不安”的词后，可用lest…should代替that…should：Heisafraidlestsheshould（ormight）revealthesecret．Ifeltuneasylestsheshouldhaveanaccident．Hewasimpatientlestheshouldbelate．1479在和虚拟语气的动词一起用时，that可有if的意思：Hewouldbehappythat（=if）youshouldfollowhisadvice．Ishouldbeastonishedthat（＝if）youcouldwinthegame．1480由于“介词+名词”有时相当于一个形容词，所以S＋LV．P．N＋that-Cl可以相当于S＋LV．A＋that-Cl。和S＋LV．P．N．P＋N一样，这种句型本可构成另一句型，但由于例句较少，为了处理上的方便，在这里一道处理：Heisundertheapprehension（=isapprehensive）thatagreatwarwillbreakout．Heisinhopes（＝ishopeful）thatyouwillrecoververysoon．Iamindread（=amafraid）thathewillfail．Hewasinfear（＝wasafraid）lestsheshouldbekilled．Iamofopinionthateverymanisagoodman．Heisundertheimpressionthatyourfamilyisveryhappy．1481That常可省略，特别是在一些常用形容词后的that从句中：Iamgladyouhavecome．Areyouafraidhewillbeangry？I"msorryyouarehurt．Sheissurehewill《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 come．1482在形容词（或分词）和that从句之间不要插入介词：Heisafraidofthathismotherwillscoldhim．（错句）IamsorryforthatIhavemadethesamemistake．（错句）1483图解：36．S＋LV．A．（P）＋W-ClorW-I或S＋LV．PaP．（P）＋W-ClorW-I或S＋LV．P．N．（P）＋W-ClorW-I（Johnwasdoubtfulwhetherhewouldsucceedorwhattodonext．）1484由系动词加表示精神作用的形容词（或副词）和介词构成的短语，如果用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作宾语，它在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。约有10个系动词可用在这种短语中。介词常常省略掉（可参阅1478，1482节）a．Heisnotsure（of）whetheryouwillsucceed．Iamforgetful（of）whatIhavedone．Heappeared（orseemed）afraid（of）whatyouwoulddo．Igrowdoubtful（of）whethershelikesme．Hebecameaware（of）howyoutreatedhim．Heseemsignorant（of）whoishisfather．Hefeltsurprised（at）whyWangwaskilled．Becareful（of）howyouwritetoher．Heseemedreckless（of）whatwouldhappen．Heremainscurious（about）whysheneglectshim．Iamamazed（at）howhehassucceeded．Heisindifferent（to）whatyousaid．Iamnotcertain（of）whenthisoughttobedone．Hegrowsfussy（about）howhismealsarecooked．b．Heisnotsure（about）howtodoit．Heiscareful（of）whattosay．Heisnotsure（of）whethertoresignornot（=whetherheshouldresignornot）．Iamforgetful（of）whattodo（=whatImustdo）．Igrowdoubtful（of）wheretofindajob（=whereIcanfindajob）．Heseemsignorant（of）whentogobacktoschoolafterthevacation．Heisindifferent（to）whatfoodtoeatandwhatworktodo．Hegrowsfussy（about）whattodrink．Johnseemspuzzled（about）whattosay．Heremaineddoubtful（of）wheretofindawife．Hegrewcurious（about）howtomakeatoy．1485由于“介词+名词”有时在语法上相当于一个形容词，在本节中将LV．P．N和LV．A合并处理可能是适当的（参阅1480）：a．Heisindoubt（=isdoubtful）（asto）whatwecoulddo．Iaminapuzzle（=ampuzzled）（about）whatstepImusttake．Iamatsea（=ampuzzled）（about）howhedidit．Iamatmywit"send（orinperplexity）（about）whichwaytotake，whethertogetmarriedornot．b．Heisindoubtwhattodo．Iaminapuzzle（about）whatsteptotake．Heisallatsea（about）howtobegin．Iamatmywit"send（orinperplexity，intwominds，inseveralminds）（about）whichwaytotake，whethertogetmarriedortocontinuemystudy．1486图解：注1：在S＋LV＋C这类句型中，还有一个句型可包含在内，那就是用as引起的从句作形容词型补语的句子。Thingsareexactlyas（=inthesamestateas）theywerebefore．ThiscountryisalmostasIleftittenyearsago．OurpolicyisstillaswedeclareditinGeneva．注2：句型32，33，34，35，36都在S＋LV＋C类句子中处理，因为它们中间都有系动词。不过放在S＋TV＋O那一类中处理也许更好，因为系动词和某些词可构成及物动词。这样安排虽然比较合乎逻辑，但容易使某些读者感到糊涂。E．宾补动词+宾语+各种补语1487《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 和S＋DV＋O＋O句型的直接宾语一样，S＋FV＋O＋C句型中的宾语通常为名词或代词（而补语可以是形容词、名词、地点副词、介词短语、分词或不定式）：IfindJohntalkingwithhischild．Iwanthimtodresslikeaniceboy．但这种句型中的宾语间或也可能是不定式、动名词或名词从句。在这种情况下，不定式、动名词或从句应用代词it代替，本身则移到补语后面去，成为it的同位语。Ifindithardtopersuadeawoman．（不可说Ifindtopersuadeawomanhard．）Heconsidersitnecessarythatamanshouldknowatleastoneforeignlanguage．（不可说Heconsidersthat…languagenecessary．）37．S＋FV＋N＋A（Johnmadethehousedirty．）1488约有200个宾补动词可用形容词作补语。a．约有50个宾补动词表示精神活动（有些结构属书面语）：1）Theyfoundthebookeasy；feltitcold；feltthemselvesguilty；sawhimsosad；learnedhergone；discoveredthehouseempty．2）Theythoughthimhonest；fanciedthemselvesright；imaginediteasy；supposedittrue；presumeditgenuine；esteemedthemselveshappy；considerediteasy；figured（orcounted）itgood；accountedthemselvesinnocent；believedittrue；judgeditgood；concludedhimdead；helditcheap；heldmedear；conceivedthemselvessafe；knewhimhonest；tookiteasy（orill，amiss）；rememberedhimstillyoung．3）Theycalled（ortermed）himgenerous；declaredhimdead；avowedthemselveswrong；pronounceditgenuine；professedthemselvesmistaken；confessedthem-selvesguilty；werereputedverygenerous．4）Theyproveditfalse；showedthemselveshonest；certifiedhiminsane（orhealthy）；guaranteed（orwarranted）itpure；passedhimhonest；rateditgood；granteditpossible；gradedhishandwrittingillegible．5）Theyfeignedthemselvesill；pretendedthemselvesinnocent；counterfeitedthemselvescrazy；boasteditprecious．6）Theywishedhimdead（orill，happy）；wantedthehousecleanandtidy；likedtheirteaverystrong；preferredthesoupfreshandwarm．1489b．约有30个宾补动词既不表示精神活动也不表示具体动作：1）Theymadehimresponsible；gotthefloordirty；hadtheticketsready；hadtheirpocketsempty；renderedtheworkdifficult；turnedthesituationfavourable；drove（orset，made）himmad（orwild）；sentmecrazy；struckhimdead（ordumb，speechless，deaf，blind）；lefteverythingtopsy-turvy．2）Theyput（orset，brought）thingsright；kepttheroomclean；placedhimfirstinmaths；bledtheirparentswhite；rankedhimhonourable；cutmedead；markedsixofthestudentsabsent．Heisagedtwenty-six．He"sbornblind．ItisdatedMay1．1490c．至少有50个宾补动词表示具体动作：1）Hepushed（orflung，threw，burst，broke，forced，kicked，held）thedooropen；slammedthedoorshut；cutthestringshort；shotherdead；boiledtheeggshard；openeditwide；beat（orhammered）itflat；washed（orbrushed，wiped，licked，swept）itclean；slittheenvelopeopen；beat（orpinched）herblackandblue，burnedhimselfdead；knockedhimselfsenseless；shookmeawake．2）Hebakedthecakebrown；pulleditlong；grounditsharp；choppeditshort；turnedthelightlow；wrappedituptight；raisedtheportraithigh；copieditfair；dyeditred；staineditblue；pumped（orsqueezed，shook，wrung，drank）itdry；rubbeditsmooth；strippeditbare；sliceditthin；stuffed（orfilled）hispocketsfull，burnedthebreadblack．1491《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 d．约有20个宾补动词（多由不及物动词变成）表示人的动作，后面常跟自身代词：Theytalked（orsang）themselvesill（orhoarse）；drankthemselvesdrunk；atethemselvessick；sleptthemselvessober；readthemselvesasleep；cried（orwept）themselvesblind；laughedthemselvesredintheface（orhoarse）；shoutedthemselveshoarse；walkedthemselveslame；strippedthemselvesnaked；dancedthemselvesweary，weptthemselvessober；studiedthemselvessilly．1492当宾补动词和形容词都是单音节词，尤其当宾语较长，或包含有疑问词或关系代（副）词时，形容词常紧跟在动词后面：Theymadegood（单音节词）theloss（ortheirpromise）；madeclear（orplain）theiropinion；letloosetheircagedbirds；laidbare（oropen）theenemy"sdesign；laidwastetheenemy"scountry．Hesetfreealltheprisonersofthecity（较长宾语），threwopentheprivategardenwhichtheyhadclosedmanyyears；brokeopenthedoorwhichtheycouldnotopenwiththekey；cutshortthesentencethatseemedtoolong．Whose（疑问词）letterareyoucopyingfair？Whichstringareyougoingtocutshort？Whatpeopledoyouconsidergreat？Hehasagreybeardwhich（关系代词）heshavescloseeveryfivedays．Hespoketoawomanwhosehusbandhewasgoingtosetfree．HespokekindlytoJohn，whomhesecretlywishedill．1493在上述句子中，宾语的补语表示宾补动词所指动作的结果。但在下面句子中，宾语的补语常是when所引起的从句的紧缩形式。例如alive意思是whenhewasalive，young意思是whenitwasyoung，约有20个动词常可这样用：Theytrappedtheanimalalive；trainedityoung．Theytook（orcaught，saved，buried，burned）himalive．Theyusuallyatetheherbraw；dranktheirteaveryweak；servedthefoodhot；roastedanoxwhole．Thesnakeswallowsitspreywhole．Theycarriedhimhalf-deadtothehospital；returnedthepurseintacttotheowner；boughtitready-made（orsecond-hand）；broughtthechildsafetoland；sentmehealthyandhappybacktomyparents．1494So可以用来代替任何形容词补语：“Isitcorrect？”“Ifinditso．”“ButIdon"tthinkitso．”“Heiscunning．”“ButIdon"tcallhimso．”Yourfuturewillbefineifyoudecidetomakeitso．1495至少有30个及物动词（大多表示精神活动），可以成为宾补动词，但要求形容词前加as：a．Theyabandoneditasuseless；acknowledgedthemselvesascareless；accepted（orannounced）thestoryastrue；censuredthischapterasunnecessary；certifiedthestatement（as）correct；construedhisreplyasunfavourable；countedthemselvesas（orfor）dead（orlost）；criticizedhimasheartless；declaredthemselvesasclever；denieditasstupid；denouncedhimastraitorous；decidedhimassilly；describedthecaseasserious；designatedhimasdishonest；couldn"tensurethebusinessasprofitable；feignedthemselvesasignorantoftherobbery；gavemeupas（orfor）dead（orhopeless）．b．Theyhelditasvaluable；labelledhimasdishonest；lookeduponthestoneasgenuine；lookeduptohimasholy；rankedShakespeareasthefirst；reckonedthechildasclever；recognizeditasimportant；regardtheplanasdifficult；representthesituationashopeless；seehimastrustworthy；setdowntheadviceasvaluable；stigmatizedhimascruel；warranttheliquorasgenuine．1496图解：asunnecessary在这里作为一个整体来图解，很难在图解中给as一个真正合适的位置。38．S＋FV＋N＋AP（Johnlaugheditaway．）1497《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 无数的宾补动词可用地点副词（或称副词型小品词）作宾语补语。这个句型38可以看作是句型7S＋TV．AP＋N的变体。句型7包含3个部分（参阅1341）。TV和AP放在一起，作为一个整体；N可能由3个或更多个重要的词构成。而句型38包含4个部分。句型7的TV变为FV，AP变为补语，起独立作用，并受强调；N包含一个（多为代词）或两个较不重要的词（参阅1364）。a．Hepulledmeaside．Theysetthedecisionaside（=didnotcarryitout）．Putitaside（=reserveit）．Hekeptthechildawayfromthedog；scoldedhismaidaway；wishedmeaway；botheredtheguestsaway；snatchedherletteraway．Hetalkedthehoursaway（＝talkedsothatthehoursflittedaway）；weptthenightaway；dreamedhishoursaway（=passedhishoursindreaming）；drankhispropertyaway（=dranksomuchthathebecamepoor）；laughedmyfearsaway（=dismissedthembylaughing）；explainedmydoubtsaway．Hecalledmeback；hitmeback；answeredmeback；paidthemoneyback；frownedmeback．b．Hehelpedherdown；got（orhad）itdown（=haditwritten）；tookmyletterdown（=wroteitinshort-handwhileIdictatedit）．Theapplausebroughtthehousedown（soloudwastheapplause）．Helaughedthisideadown（=sothatitfailed）；talked（orlaughed）medown（=talkedorlaughedsothatIcouldn"tspeakoract）；haslivedthescandaldown（＝liveduntilitisforgottenbypeople）．Theyvotedthemeasuredown．Putme（ormyname）downfortendollars（giventoacharity）．c．Sendthechildhome；seeherhome．Hedrovetheargumenthome（=madethelistenersunderstanditsfullforce）．Heletusin；rangtheguestsin．WedancedtheNewYearin；bowedtheguestsin；counthimin，plugthekettlein．Shehasherpupilsinby8a．m．Hesawheroff；helpedheroffwithhercoat；couldbitehistongueoff（=regrettedhavingsaidsomethingwrong）．Heturnedthelights（ortheradio）off；slepttheheadache（orfatique）off（=sleptuntilhegotridofhisheadacheorfatigue）；walkedhismealoff；laughedtheideaoff=（down）；paidhisdebtoff；letmeoffatthestation．d．Heput（orhad）hiswhiteshirton；pulledhersockson；helpedheronwithhercoat；leftthelighton；turned（orswitched）theTVon．Heletthedogout；bowedhisguestsout；foundhiswayout；pushedthewindowout；hadaneveningout．Heblewthecandleout；broughtthemeaningout（＝madethemeaningclear）；criedhisheartout；sworehistongueout．Hetoldthesecretstraight（orright）out；haditoutwithhisenemy（=cametoasettlementwithhimbyfrankdiscussion）．Shehadhercry（orsleep）out（=criedorsleptuntilshefeltsatisfied）；sattheshowout（＝satuntiltheshowwasover）．Thewindrageditselfout（=rageduntilitwasexhausted）．e．Heknockedtheglassover；helpedherover；handedthebusinessovertome；askedmeover（＝askedmetocallonhim）；turnedthepageover．Wetalkedthematterover（＝discusseditcarefully）；thoughtthematterover；lookedtheletterover．Hecountedthetheapplesover（=again）．hedeclaredthewarover（=atanend）．HehadhisgrandsonoverinBerlin．f．Heslepttheclockround（=slept24hours）．Hecalledhismentogether；tiedalltheprisonerstogether．Hereaditthrough（=tilltheend）；sawtheeventthrough；satthenightthrough；sawyourtrickthrough（=wasnotdeceivedbyit）；wavedmethrough．Hepulledhissocksup．Hekepthisreputationup；broughthischildrenup；lookedthewordupinthedictionary；locked（orchained，nailed，packed，tore，broke）itup（=thoroughly，completely）．Theycannotkeeptherevoltunder．1498《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 图解：39．S＋FV＋N＋N（JohncalledmeLee．）1499至少有110个宾补动词用名词作补语。1500约有70个宾补动词后面不必跟as．这类动词有些后面可以加as，但也可不加：a．Theymade（orcrowned，anointed）himKing；appointed（ornominated）him（as）MinisterofFinance；consecratedhimarchbishop；constituted（orinaugurated）himpresident；chose（orelected）him（as）theirleader；promotedhimgeneral；commissionedhimgeneral．TheKingcreatedhimcount；dubbedhimaknight．Hewasnamedassistant；ordainedpriest；incorporatedamember．b．Theycall（orname；nickname，dub）himFatty；christen（orbaptize）her“Mary”；term（orstyle）themselves“Doctors”；label（orbrand）him（as）afool；entitledthebook“Words”；phrasethefailurea“success”，abbreviateNewYork“NY”；writePeking“Beijing”；markthebottle“Poison”；pronounceski[Mi:]．c．Theycount（orreckon，esteem）it（as）anhonour；consider（ordeem）ittheirduty；suppose（orthink，ac-count）heragoodgirl．d．Theyacclaimed（orhailed）him（as）ahero；votedhimagoodteacher；declaredhim（as）thesaviouroftheircountry；pronouncedhim（as）agreatphilanthropist；pro-claimedhim（as）agreatpoet．e．Theyadmit（oracknowledge，confess，feel）themselves（as）inferiors；show（profess）themselvesartists；revealhim（as）amurderer，amonster．Theywarranthim（as）averyhonestperson；certifyhimasoneofthemembersoftheirassociation；provehimacriminal；judgehimasillyfellow；knowhim（as）arascal．f．Theymadetheplananobjectofridicule；madethedistancesevenmiles（orthetotalathousanddollars）；foundthecityaprosperousplace；leftthecityaruin；leftmeanorphan（ormetheirson"sguardian）；keptnothingasecret；sawtheirsonabeggar；hadasonagreatsportsman．Hewasbornapoet（orarichman）．Theyled（ortook，made）himcaptive；tookhimprisoner．Theyentered（orenrolled）him（as）amember．g．Johnisanicegentlemanandeveryonethinkshimso（=anicegentleman）．“Isshehiswife？”“Weconsiderherso（＝hiswife）．”Therosestillsmellssweetalthoughyoudon"tcallitso（＝therose）．TheysayJohnisafunnyfellow，andIfindhimso（=afunnyfellow）．1501有许多动词（多数表示精神活动）由于使用as，变成宾补动词，这和上面的例句不同，as不能省略：a．Theydescribed（ordepicted，represented）theplaceasaparadise．Theyqualifiedhimasahypocrite；definedmeasarogue．Theyfancied（orimagined）theirleaderasagod．Theyacceptedhiswordsastherealtruthofthematter；recognizedthecountryasanindependentstate．b．Theycriticizedtheplanasafailure；denouncedhimasapublicenemy；blamedthepolicyasagreatmistake；cursedmeasamadman；lookeddownuponhimasafool；mockedmeasaclown．Theyvalueditasapreciousgift；admiredherasanintelligentgirl；lookeduptohimasanauthority；extolledhimasahero；heldhimupasanexample；thoughtmuchofmeasagoodwriter．c．Theysethimdownasafool；putitdownasapretext；regardedherasatigress；tookmeashisbestfriend；lookedtomeastheirbenefactor；relieduponmeastheiradviser；heldmygiftassomethingvaluable；contemplatedmyadviceasnothing；treatedmeasachild；lookeduponmeastheirenemy；rememberedSmithasacheat；introducedmeasamusician；spoke（orthought）ofherasanicegirl；sawmeasnothing．Theyrankhimasagreatpoet；ratehimasapedant．d．TheydesignatedWilliamsasthesuccessor；inauguratedhimasprincipaloftheschool；installed《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 himaschair-man；engagedmeasaclerk．Theyowned（orclaimed）thechildastheirown．Theycitedmanycasesasevidence；gavethenumberas72．Hisspeechstampedhimasagentleman；characterizedhimasasnob．Theydesignedtheroomasakitchen；usedatableasabed．Heisbredupasascholar；isknownasJohn；isnaturalizedasanAmerican；isregardedasaphilanthropist；isestablishedaspresidentofthecompany．这类动词之后有时用for代替as：TheybrandedJohnforahypocrite；knewhimforavillain；puthimdownforafool；gaveJohnupforadeadman；choseherfortheirservant；nominated（orelected）himforpresident；took（ormistook）thestoneforadiamond；in-tendedthehouseforahospital．1502下面4句话意思相同：Hechoseherawife．Hechoseherasawife．Hechoseherforawife．Hechosehertobeawife．下面4句也如此：Theyelectedhimpresident．Heelectedhimaspresident．Theyelectedhimforpresident．Heelectedhimtobepresi-dent．1503在这类句子中可用一个由what引起的从句作补语：Callitwhatyouwill．Ifoundthecitywhatithadbeen．Considerheraswhatyouthinkthebest．1504注意把S＋FV＋N＋N和S＋DV＋N＋N分开，试比较：WecalledhimShortie．Wecalledhimataxi．WefoundJohnagoodman．WefoundJohnajob．1505图解：Asaparadise作为一个整体来图解，也许可以当作介词短语来图解。（参阅1511图解）40．S+FV+N+P．N（Johnputeverythinginorder．）1506至少有70个宾补动词用介词短语作补语。1507这类介词短语多数都可用在系动词后（参阅1453），作为形容词型的补语。它们对宾语加以说明，对句子的完整性至关重要。它们和用作状语修饰动词的介词短语不同，后者可以省略，例如：Ithankhimforthegift．Hepaidtherenttothelandlord．中的斜体部分便是。a．TheyPUTeverythinginorder（=Theymadeeverythingorderly．Cf．Everythingwasinorder）．Theyputherinchargeofaclass（=TheycausedhertotakechargeofaclassCf．Shewasinchargeofaclass）．Theyputthepoliceonthetrackofthethief，athiefontrial，himoutofhumour，meoutofcountenance，metoshame．Theyputthepianointune，allthingsinshape，themachineinaction，thelawinforce，theirdoctrineinpractice，anewcurrencyincirculation，everythingoutoforder（orgear，joint），thelossoutofaccount（orconsideration）．b．TheySETtheprisonersatliberty（=Theymadetheprisonersfree．Cf．Theprisonerswereatliberty）．Theysetthosepeopleatodds（oratvariance）（=Theymadethosepeoplequarrel）．Theysetapersonoverthedepartment，himontherightway，Johnagainsther，themachineinorder，thetableinaroar，aprojectonfoot，ahouseonfire．c．TheyPLACEDitatmyservices（=madeitserveme），asumatmydisposal，thegovernmentintheirpower，meincommandofanarmy，thedepartmentunderaminister，anorphaninmyhands，theboyunderthecare（ortheprotection）ofhisuncle，meundertheirorder．d．TheyHELDthepropertyintrust（orinpledge）（=keptthepropertyassecurity），learninginesteem，thelessoninremembrance，themoneyintheirhands（=attheirdisposal），themselvesinreadiness，himinrespect（orveneration，disdain，contempt），theenemyincheck（orinplay，at《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 bay）．e．TheyKEPTtheirchildreningoodhealth（=kepttheirchildrenhealthy），himinprison（orcustody，chains，confinement），himincountenance，meinthedark，meinsuspense，thehouseingoodrepairs，theschoolinorder，thearticlesinstock，theirownmind（ornerve）onthestretch，theirownchildrenoutofharm"sway，someofthemadmenunderrestraint，theprisonersunderguard（orcontrol）．f．TheyLEFTitoutofaccount（orconsideration，calculation）（=ignoredit），meinthedark，theservantinchargeofthehouse，itondepositinthebank．g．HeTOOKthematadisadvantage，heratherword，hislittlechildrenintow，everysmallthingintoaccount（orconsideration，calculation），hisenemyoffhisguard，everythingshesaidontrust，thechildunderhiswing．h．HeHADfourservantsinhisemploy（=Fourservantswereinhisemploy）．Hehadherinhismercy，somethinginview（ormind），amatterinhand．i．TheyBROUGHTthecustomintobeing（=Theycausedthecustomtoexist．Cf．Thecustomcameintobeing）．Theybroughtthelawintoforce（=Theymadethelaweffective．Cf．Thelawcameintoforce）．Theybroughthisgeniusintoplay，themachineintouse，thewartoanend，thecountrytoacrisis．j．Thedoctorgotmeonthediet，thepestundercontrol．k．Theylaughedthemselvesintofits（=Theymadethem-selvesconvulsedwithlaughter．Cf．Theyburstintofitsoflaughter）．Theycried（orwept）themselvesintoafit；overworked（orworried）themselvesintoconsumption（=workedorworriedsomuchthattheybecameillofconsumption（“肺痨”的古老字）．Theydrankthemselvesin-totheirgraves；smokedthemselvesintocalmness；thoughtthemselvesintoaparadise；workedthemselvesintoatemper．Theywavedmeintotheirhouse（=mademeentertheirhousebywavingtome）；dinedhimintoagoodhumour；talkedblackintowhite；kissedafullsenseintoemptywords．l．Hetalkedmetodeath（=Hekilledmebytalkingsomuch）．Hesworemetosecrecy；cried（orsang）himselftosleep；drank（orlaughed）himselftodeath．m．Theylaughed（orlooked）heroutofcountenance（=madeherabashedbylaughingorlookingather）；laughed（orshamed）meoutofabadhabit；boughtmeoutofmyhouse；reasonedmeoutofmyplan；talkedmoneyoutofmypocket．Hedrankhimselfoutofhisjob；atehimselfoutofhouseandhome；ranhimselfoutofbreath；sinnedhimselfoutofsalvation．1508下面的介词短语表示宾补动词所表示精神活动的结果。这些短语前有时可插入tobe，例如：Theyimaginedthemselves（tobe）outofdanger．Theythoughtit（tobe）ofgreatimportance．但在C类句子中不可插入tobe：a．Iheldthematterofnoaccount（=thoughtthemattertobeunimportant），myfortuneandlifeatnothing，himinesteem（orrespect），nobodyincontempt（ordisdain）．Theyfoundtheirfamilyintears，meatwork，yououtofhumour，everythinginorder．Ifeltmyselfinthemoodforsinging（orathome，uptoswimming）．Ifelteverythinginorder．b．Theywishedthewaratanend；supposed（orthought，fancied，considered，judged）itoflittleimportance；esteemed（orcounted，accounted）themselvesontherightscent（ortherightway）；declared（orpronounced）thereportbeyondbelief；avowed（orconfessed，professed）themselvesoutofcontactwiththetimes；showed（orproved，guaranteed）itofgreatvalue；showedthem-selvesofnoblespirit．（还有一些其他动词在1512节中列出）c．Theyreferredtoitasofnovalue，lookeduponhimaspastcure，regardedtheflowersasoutofplace，thought（orspoke）ofthenewsasbeyondbelief．1509《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 就像系动词后的介词短语一样，宾补动词后的介词短语中有些介词（特别是of）有时可以省略（参阅1455）：Hefoundthemthesameshape；wisheditaredcolour；sawitnouse；paintedthedooragreencolour；madethedeskalargesize．1510上面提到的介词短语是形容词型的补语，因此是句子不可缺少的部分。下面的介词短语是修饰动词的状语，因此在语法上是可以省掉的：HestudiedmusiconSunday．HepassedhisyouthinParis．Hepronouncedeverywordwithcare．Helovedheroutofpity．1511图解：41．S+FV+N+tobeortohave（Johnbelievedyoutobehonest．）1512约有90个表示判断的动词用“tobe+补语”或“tohave+过去分词”作补语。这个句型一般表示主语认为或宣布某人或某物是什么（样）或做过某事：a．Theybelieved（orthought，figured，maintained）himtobehonest，thebooktobeuseful，himtohavebeenunruly，thebooktohavebeenuseful．Theysupposed（orpresumed，assumed，allowed[dated]，conceived）himtobeanexpert（oranhonestman），theinstrumenttobeuseless；grantedthistobetrue．Theytook（orguessed，conjectured）metobeaFrench-man．Iestimatedthesizeofthisroomtobe400sq．ft．Hemadethecosttobeahundreddollars．b．Theysuspectedhimtobeathief，tohavestolentheirthings．Theydoubtedhimtobeanhonestman．Theyconsidered（orheld，esteemed，counted，account-ed，reckoned，madeout，lookedon）themselvestobelucky，theplantobeafoolishidea．Heisreputedtobeagooddoctor．（Theyreputehim[tobe]agoodhusband．陈旧用法）Heisrecordedtohavemadethiscanal．Theyjudged（orconcluded，determined）himtobeafool，theplantobeoflittleuse．c．Theyconstruedhisreplytobeunfavourable．Theyfound（orperceived，felt，saw，discovered）thetroubletobeunavoidable，theirnewteachertohavestudiedmanysubjects．TheynotedDavidtobetooclever．Theyknew（orunderstood，realized）thesituationtobeagainstthem，theirfriendtobeasnakeinthegrass．Theyfancied（orimagined）themselvestobethebestmeninthetown，thecircumstancetobefavourable，themselvestohavebeencheated．d．Theyproved（orargued，bespoke）himtobeworthyofpromotion，ittobewrong．Theydeniedtherumourtobetrue，theaccusationtobejust，youtohavegiventhemanyassistance．Theydeclared（orproclaimed，affirmed，pronounced，announced，stated，asserted，reported）themselvestobemembersofasecretsociety，therumourtobeunfounded，thediamondtohavebeenstolen．Thediamondisallegedtohavebeenstolen．Theyshowed（orindicated，denoted）themselvestobetrustworthy．Hisconductshowshimtobeagreatman．e．Theiraccentrevealed（orbetrayed）themtobeforeigners．Theydisclosedthismattertobeaconspiracy．Theyprofessed（orclaimed）themselvestobeengineers；gavethemselvesouttobescientists；braggedofthem-selvestobetherichestmeninthe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 city．Theyrecognized（orowned）himtobetheirbosomfriend．Theyconfessed（orowned，professed）themselvestobeguilty（ormistaken），tohavemadeagreatmistake．Theyacknowledged（oradmitted）themselvestobesilly，theirideatobeadream，theaccusationtobejust．Hewarranted（orguaranteed，vouched，avouched，at-tested，ensured）ittobepure．Hecertifiedthestatementtobecorrect．f．Heboastedhimselftobeagreatscientist（ortohavedonegreatthings）；feignedhimselftobeill．Theynominated（ornamed）hertobesecretary；appointedJohntobethesupervisor；promotedhimtobeageneral；chose（orelected）himtobethepresident；votedhimtobeagoodboy．Theydescribedmetobeamysteriousperson．Theyapprehendedtheirsontobeindanger．Theydiscernedhim（ormadehimout）tobeahypocrite．Theyimpliedhimtobehonest．Theyidealizedhertobeaperfectangel．1513在上面句子中，tobe后面的形容词或名词表示某种特点，而在下面句子中，tobe和后面的现在分词表示现在正在进行或在主要动词所表示时间当中正在进行的动作，而“tohave+过去分词”表示主要动词所表示时间之前已完成的动作：Theysuspectedhimtobeplayingatrickonthem；believedhimtobetellingthetruth；imaginedthemselvestobemakinggreatprogress．Theysupposedhimtohaveseenmuchabouttheworld；judgedhimtohavestolenthewatch．Thewrinklesonhisfacerepresentedhimtohavesufferedmuch．1514在上述动词后只能用不定式tobe和tohave，其他动词的不定式一般不能用，但表示状态（而不是动作）的动词不定式可以用：Theyknewhimtogotoschool．（错句）IbelievedJohntomakepoems．（错句）IconsideredhimtoreadEnglishveryeasily．（错句）Theyknewtheboxtocontain20cigarettes．（正确）Ibelievedthesentencetomeansomethingill．（正确）Iconsiderittobelongtoanothercategory．（正确）Ifindittohaveseveraladvantages．（正确）1515在不少情况下，不定式tobe可以省略，这时句型变为S+FV+N+N或A或PN．但“tohavebeen”及“tobe+现在分词”却不能省略（参阅1488a，1500a，1508，1509）：Theysupposedhim（tobe）wrong，foundit（tobe）agoodpolicy，reportedhim（tobe）thebestmanforthejob，be-lievedhim（tobe）athief，thinkit（tobe）oflittlevalue．但：Theybelievedittohavebeenstolen．Ishouldguesshimtobeplayingatrickonme．1516此外，上面的简单句（都是书面语或正式文体）可以变为包含一个that从句的复合句，这时句子则变为非正式文体，不过有少数宾补动词不允许作这样的改变：Theybelievedhimtobehonest．=Theybelievedthathewashonest．Iconsideredthistroubletobeunnecessary．=Iconsideredthatthistroublewasunnecessary．Hedeclaredhimselftohavedonehisbest．=Hedeclaredthathehaddonehisbest．但：Henamedhertobesecretary．=Henamedthatshewassec-retary．（错句）Icountmyselftobelucky．=IcountthatIamlucky．（错句）1517《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 图解：42．S+FV+N+I（Johnwantedmetodoit．）1518约有140个宾补动词（表示“愿望”或“命令”）可以用任何不定式（包括tobe）作补语。这种句型通常表示“主语+希望或请求+名词+作某事或成为什么”：a．Theywanted（orwished）himtoteachtheirson，every-bodytobeasaint．Theyintend（ormean，desire）himtostudyabroad．Thisstoryiscalculated（=designed）tomisleadthepublic．Theyexpectedhimtoworkhard．Hedesignedthefurnituretofithisroom．Irecommendhertolearnmusic．b．Heasked（ortold）herto（please）openthedoor．Shenotifiedustomoveout．Herequired（orrequested，needed）metohelphim．HeremindedmetoshutthewindowwhenIwenttobed．Weurgedthepublictotakeprecautions．Theycaused（orgot，had，occasioned）everybodytokneeldown，theirmentodestroythebridge，provisionstobeready，theruletobeobserved．Theygavemetounderstandalltheintrigue．Themoduleprogramstheflashtoprovidetherightlight．c．Icannotbringmyselftoacknowledgethefault，toscoldher，tobelievethenews，toleavemychildrenhungry．IwishIcouldbring（=lead）youtounderstandit．Thosegangsterscompelled（orforced，constrained，coerced）metoaccepttheproposal．Povertyforcedhimtoworkhard．Hungerdrove（orgoaded）himtosteal．Hecondemnedthemtobeimprisoned．Thejudgesentencedhimtodie．Helikes（orhates，loves）hiswifetodresswell，summertocome．Ishouldprefermydaughtertostudyart，themtotalkless．d．Hechargedmetosendtheletter，metokeepthediamond．Hecommissionedmetobuyacarforhim．Hesethisservanttogotothemarket，hertocook．Hetrustsmetoarrangeeverything．Hesentmetopickgrapes．Heenjoinedustoobey．Iphoned（orcalled，wired，wrote）himtocome．Heordered（ordirected，commanded）hismentogetready．Theydelegatedhimtospeakatthemeeting．Heinstructedtheagenttosellit．Iwasassigned（orscheduled）tosing．Hesummonedthemtoappear．e．Ishouldnotobligeyoutospendyourmoney．Iamobligedtohelphim．Hepressed（orurged）metodrinkmore．Theyinvited（orasked）metospendthevacationattheircountry-house；himtospeak，tosing，todance．Hewelcomesyoutoenjoyhishospitality．f．Theybeggedhimtoaccompanythem，metohelpthem．Theyentreated（orbesought）themayortopardonthem，metodosomethingforthem．Theyconjuredhimnottocriticizethem．Theyimploredhimtosparetheirson，thekingtobemer-《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 ciful．Iadjuredhimtotellmethetruth．Theyprayedthegodtosavethem，theenemytosetthemfree．g．Headvised（orcounselled，recommended）hisfriendtoworkhard，hisfriendstotrythispill．Hepersuadedhisfriendtoworkhard，metohelpher．Theywarned（orcautioned）menottogooutthatnight，metobecareful．Ipledgemyselfnottobeunjust．Ihavecommittedmyselftosupporthisson．Iboundmyself（orhim）topaythedebt．h．Hesufferednobodytotouchhisflowers，himselftobecaught．Heallowed（orpermitted）thestudentstoplayintheclassroom，butotherteachersforbadethemtodoso．Hecannotbearanymantospeakwithhiswife．Heleftthestudentstofinditout，thereaderstojudge，themtosinkorswim．i．Theticketentitledthebearertoseethemovie．Hisabilityentitledhimtocommandanarmy．Iempoweredhimtosupervisethecity．Thelawauthorizedthejudgetosentencehimtodeath．Theypromotedhimtodirectthisdepartment．Theylicensedmetopractisemedicine．j．Hissuccessdecidedmetotry．Thecircumstancedeterminedhimtoworkhard．Weprogramedhertosing．Weenrolledhimtobeafreshman．Theweatherinfluencedhimtochangehismind．Thehighsalarydisposed（orinclined）himtotakethejob．Godhaschosenustotakeland．Iselected（orpicked，found）amantoteachEnglish．k．Iinducedhimtoaccompanyme．Nothingcouldinducehimtobelieveit．Thismatterledmetothink（orhimtomakeadiscovery）．Nothingcanmovehimtochangehismind．Hebribedthemtokeepsilentabouthiscrime．Povertymightprompt（orentice，move）metocommitacrime．Theytemptedhimtobeaplayboy．Hecoaxedhertogiveherappletohim．Hebadgeredhisfathertobuyabicycleforhim．l．Hehelpedme（to）doeverything，us（to）cookrice；aid-edustodoit（orindoingit）．Heassistedmetopreparecoffee（lesscommonthaninpreparingcoffee）．Hiswealthenabledhimtobuyabigbuilding．Theirassistanceenabledmetosucceed．Theypreparedtheirstudentstotaketheexam．Ihavetopreparehertoreceivethebadnews．m．Youprovoked（orexasperated）himtospeakrudely．Theychallenged（ordared，defied）ustofightagain．Thissuccessinspired（orprompted，encouraged）metostudyharder．Theyexcited（orincited，stimulated）thepeopletorebel．n．Theytrained（ordisciplined）himtobepatient．Theyeducate（orteach，bringup）Davidtobenice．Heconditionedthemtowatcheachother．Imustaccustommyselftogetup《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 earlier．Iwilltrouble（orbother，thank）youtodosomething．Iunderstood（ormisunderstood）himtosayso．Ihave（never）knownhimtocurse，himtohelpthepoor．o．Heused（oremployed，utilized）thecoconutshelltotakewater．Hebeckonedthemtoapproach，themtodrawnearer．Theywhisperedustobequiet．Hesigned（orsignalled）（to，for）themtowait．Henudgedhertospeak．Hehaspaid（orhired）youtodothedirtywork；bribedthepolicetoexcusehisoffence；engaged（oremployed）metotype．1519这种句型有一些变体：a．Hecaused（orordered，enabled）musictobeplayed．（在没有必要说明谁演奏时，可用不定式的被动形式）Heallowed（orpermitted）hisgoodnametobesoiled．b．Idonotwanttheretobeanotherwar（=anotherwartocome）．（anotherwas为宾语，tobethere为补语。）Helikes（orwishes）theretobeapicnic（=apicnictotakeplace）．Heheldtheretobenogod（=thatthereisnogod）．Hemeanttheretobenotrouble．Hehatestheretobeanyquarrel．Ishouldprefertheretobeameeting．Ihatetheretobesomemisunderstandingbetweenus．Iexpecttheretobesomekindofagreement．但注意：Ipromisedhimtoworkharder（=thatIwouldworkharder；不是指thathewouldworkharder）．1520图解：43．S+IV．P+N+I（Johncriedtometostop．）1521约有40个不及物动词后面跟特定的介词，可用作宾补动词，用不定式作补语：a．Iprayed（to）Godtosaveme．Itelephoned（orwrote，wired）tohertocomeimmedi-ately．Hecried（out）（orshouted）tohertostop．Thebuglecalledtothetroopstoassemble．Imotioned（orsignalled）（to）themtogoaway．Hebeckoned（to）metofollow．Hesigned（to）metotakeaseat．Inoddedtohimtodoso．Iproposed（orsuggested）toJohntoaccompanyme．Weappealedto（orcalledupon）himtodosomething．Weappliedtothegovernmenttoassistus．Welookedtohimtosupplyuswithrice．b．Theyaskedforustosettlethematter．Theygesturedandshoutedforhimtocomeback．Mostofuslonged（orhoped）forthewartobeover，butsomedreadedforapeacetocome．Iwished（orpressed）forittobedoneatonce．Iagreeforhimtopaymenext《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 week．Theplanprovidedfortherichtoassistthepoor．Ihavearranged（orplanned）forhertogotocollege．WehavefixedfortheweddingtotakeplaceonSunday．Wewaitedforthemtotellusthenews．Theysentforhimtobuildthehouse（orthedoctortocomeatonce）．Hedidn"tcareformetodoanythingforhim．Theylookedforsomeonetoassistthem．Theydidnotlookforastrangertocomeatnight．Thecompanyadvertisedforboystodothejob．c．Wecalleduponhimtoact．Wedepended（orrelied，counted）uponhimtohelpus．Everythingdependsuponhimnottointerfere．Wecountonhimnottoknowit（=countonthechancethathedoesnotknowit）．Heprevaileduponhertomarryhim．Theyfixedonhimtospeakontheirbehalf．d．Ipleadedwithhimtodosomethingforme．Theydemandofmetokeepasecret．Webegofhimtosaveourlives．Hetrustsinmetohelphim．Heyelledathertostop．试和上述句子比较：Imadesignsfor（=signed）himtocome，madeanappealto（=requested）themtohelpthevictims．Iamanxious（orwilling，impatient，inahurry）for（=entreat）Johntocome．1522图解：44．S+FV+N+I（Johnletmedoit．）1523约有20个宾补动词用不带to的不定式作补语：Imadehimstudy（不要用tostudy）hard．Iwillmakehimstay．Heletmego（不要用togo）．Lethimcomehereatseven．Letitbedestroyed．Hehadsomeaccidenthappentohim（=Someaccidenthappenedtohim）．Ihadmanyfriendscallonme．Iwatched（orlookedat，beheld，perceived，saw，observed，noticed）himcome．Wewatchedtheplanefly．Hefound（orwitnessed）herspeakwithsomeone．Heheard（oroverheard，listenedto）hersing．Ifeltthepressurein-crease．Hefelthimselfgrowinterestedinmusic．Ihave（never）knownhimtelllies．1524Heletsliptheopportunity（=lettheopportunityslip），letfallahint（=letahintfall），letgomyhand，letdroptheunessentialparts，letpassmymistake．1525在某些结构中，一些宾语可省略：Shehelped（me）makemyclothes．（Am．）Hehastomakedo（=manage）withatableforabed．Hemadebelieve（=pretended）nottoseeme．Ihear（people）saythatJohnhasdied，hear（people）tell（orspeak，talk）oftheaccident．1526在某些宾补动词后to可用可不用：Iwillhavehim（to）comeatonce．Wouldyouhaveme（to）believeit．He"llhelp（me）（to）carryit．Catherinehelps（me）（to）cookthe《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 dinner．（Am．）Hebademe（to）wait．Ihaveneverknown（orneverknew）him（to）behavesobad-ly．1527不要说：Imakehimstudieshard．（错句）Imakehimtostudyhard．（错句）1528图解：45．S+FV+N+Prp或S+IV．P+N+Prp（Johnkeptmewaiting．）1529至少有60个宾补动词可用现在分词作补语。a．约有40个宾补动词后面不用as：1）Theykeptmewaiting；keptthemachinerunning．Heleftmestandingoutside．Thenewsleftmewondering．Icannothave（=cannotsuffer）（orwon"thave）themwastingtheirtime．Iwillhave（=insiston）youfinishingitbyJanuary．Weshallhavetheraincoming（=Therainwillcome）．Ihadmanyfriendswaitingforme（=Manyfriendswaitedforme）．Hegothissonlearning（=madehissonlearn）English，thewaterboiling．Hegot（=had）somefriendswait-ingforhim（=Somefriendswaitedforhim）．2）Itookher（out）shopping，hunting．Thebellbroughtpeoplegatheringonthesquare．Hesenthischildtramping，begging；sentthepricesoaring，thempacking，hisenemysprawlingbackwards．Hesetthehouseburning．Thestorysetthemlaughing，roaring，gasping，trembling，thinking．Hestarted（orset）theenginerunning，theballflying，theclockgoing，themusicplaying．Hestarted（=set）melaughing．（Cf．LetussettheperiodasbeginningonJune1．）3）Icaughthim（whilehewas）stealingit．Hecaughtyoudoingthat．Imether（whileshewas）walkingwithJohn．Hesurprisedherbathingintheriver．Isensedhimdoingsomethingverymysteriously．Ifeltthehouseshaking，myheartbeating，myendapproaching；feltmyselftremblinginhisarms．Isaw（orbeheld，lookedat，observed，watched，glimpsed，perceived，descried，scanned）aratrunningpast；noticed（orfelt，found）himstealingsomething．Isaw（orheard）himtalkingwithher（=Ihappenedtoobservepartoftheaction）．Isaw（orheard）himtalkwithher（=Iobservedthewholeaction．）但：Ishouldliketohearhimtalk（不用talking）withher．4）Iheardhimgivingorders．Hisimaginationdepicts（orpictures，paints）himselfhoveringinthesky．Iimagined（orfancy）himwanderingaboutthecitylikeabeggar．（Cf．Imagineyourselfasbeingrespectedbyyourfriends．）Hethoughthimselfdoingthebestthing．Neversupposeyourselfknowingeverything．Ianticipatedsomethinghappening．Irecollected（orrecalled，remembered）herglancingatmemorethanonce．5）Newspapersreportedhimmissing．Icannotunderstand（orconceive）himdoingsuchafoolishact．Idon"tlike（orhate，dislike，detest）mywifegoingoutoften；don"twantanyonecheatingme．Isawlyingonthestreetadeadmanwhoseemedtohavebeenkilledseveraldaysearlier．（如果宾语太长，分词应放在宾语前面。）Hesetrunningtheenginewhichwehadthoughtuse-less．1530b．至少有20个不及物动词要求分词前加as才能变成宾补动词：Hefanciedherclothesasbeingmadeofgold；recognizedmeasspeakingonbehalfofall；acceptedmeashavingseenmuchoftheworld；describedthecityasexpressingamodernideaofspeed；treated《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 moneyashavinglittlevalue；dismissedthefaultasbeingtheresultofcarelessness；visualizedherashavingprettyeyes；sawlifeasbeingadream；struckmeasbeingafool．Itisregarded（orlookedupon）as（being）useless，acceptedas（being）thelargest，recordedas（being）thebest，portrayedasbelongingtoanewera．Heisquotedassayingthateducationisallimportant；well-knownasbeingupright．1531c．有些不及物动词加介词可以用作宾补动词，后面用分词作补语。由于这类句子很少，或许可以把S+IV．P+N+PrP这种句型看作是和S+FV+N+PrP一样：Theyheardofhimlivingacomfortablelife；toldofmybrotherhavingsucceeded；listenedtohersinging；thoughtoftheirbossplanningtofirethem．Ithinkofhimasrepresentingmodernwriters．Theyspokeofthefactoryas（being）thebest．Theylookeduponhimas（being）theirteacher；referredtothebookasteachingeverything．Badnovelsaresometimesreferredtoaspoisoningthemindofyoungpeople．1532图解：46．S+FV+N+PaP（Johnhaditdone．）1533约有30个宾补动词可用过去分词作补语：a．Shehadareddressmade，apicturetaken，herteethpulledout，meputinprison．Hehadhiswatchstolen．KingCharleshadhisheadcutoff．Ihadnobreathleft，noriceleft，mycarrepaired．（Shemadeareddress．=Shemadeitherself．Shehadareddressmade．=Someonemadeitforher．Hehadhiswatchstolen．=Someonestoleit．不是Hecausedsomeonetostealit．have表示状态。）Thehousehasitswindowsbroken．b．Youmustgetyourhaircut，therulesobeyed，yourhousecleaned．Hegothiswatchdislocated．Ifyoudoso，youwillgetyourselfdisliked（=becomeunpopular）．（Youmustgetyourhaircut．=Youmustcausesomebodytocutyourhair．get表示动作。）c．Hecouldnotmakehisvoiceheard．Hispowermadehimrespected．Hemadehisinfluencefeltandrecognized，thesecretknown，theproposallistenedto，itunderstoodthathewasanhonestman．Hewillkeepmewellinformed，thebitterlessonremembered，everychildwellfed，hismouthshut．Heleftthematterundecided，itunsaid，hisworkhalfdone，nomeansuntried，nostoneunturned．d．Iheardmynamecalled．HaveyoueverheardItalianspoken？I"veneverheardthissongsung．Hefelthimselfliftedup，insulted，hypnotized．Imust（orwill）see（=ensure）theworkdone，herrevenged．I"veneverseenamanhanged．Hesawthevillageburned．Hefoundtheworkalreadydone，hiscountryattackedbytheenemy，thehousedeserted，hiseyesdazzledbylight，himselfelectedpresident．Hewatched（orperceived，noticed）thesituationchanged，hiscountryoccupiedbyforeigners．e．Heimaginedhimselfinsulted；fanciedhimselfdefeated，lost，buried．Hethoughthimselfneglected（orhonoured）byhisfriends．Iconsideredmatterssettled，myselfdiscardedbymen．Iwant（orwish，desire）thepackageinsured，everythingfinishedbytwelve；likeitdoneatonce，suchthingsdiscussed；preferredgrammarstudiedfirst．Iowned（orconfessed，professed，acknowledged）myselfbeaten，myselfmistaken．f．Hebroughtmeacquaintedwithher．Hereportedsevenplanesshotdown，twentypersons《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 killed．Heorderedthembanishedfromthecity．Icannotbearthismattermentionedagain．1534间或过去分词前有一个being表示动作正在（被）进行：Isawthevillageburned．（=ThevillagewasburnedwhenIsawit．）Isawthevillagebeingburned．（=ThevillagewasbeingburntwhenIsawit．）（更形象）Hefirstdiscoveredpotatoesbeingusedasfood．Ifoundtheworkbeingdone．Iheardthesongbeingsung．1535如果宾语过长，过去分词可以放在宾语前面：Heleftuntouchedallthethingstobedoneimmediately．Heheardplayedagainthemusichehadplayedwhenyoung．1536图解：47．S+FV+it+C+IorGorCI（Johnmadeitaruletogetupearlyorthateveryoneshouldobeyhim．）1537约有40个宾补动词可用不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作宾语，但它们都由it代表，而它们本身则移到补语后面。补语可以是形容词、名词、介词短语或分词：1538a．不定式作宾语：1）Heacknowledgeditdifficult（ortroublesome）（形容词作补语）tobeginanybusiness．Heconsidered（oresteemed，held）itconvenienttocomeatonce．Heimagined（orfancied）iteasytolearnalanguage．Hesupposeditwrongtotellalie．Theybelieved（orcalled）itsillytodoso．Ithinkitfit（orwell）towaithere．Theydeclared（oraffirmed）itillegaltocriticizethegovernment．2）Hemadeitarule（orapoint，hisentirebusiness）（名词作补语）nottoeatbetweenmeals．Thesituationrendereditamatterofdifficultytotellthetruth．Shejudgeditauselessattempttoadvisehim．Theydon"tholditasintosteal．Theypronounceditacrimetosayanythingagainstthem．Heaccounteditfuntogotosea．Hethoughtitnoharmtosmoke．3）Hetook（orhad）ituponhimself（介词短语作补语）tosettletheproblem．Hetookitintohisheadtoinventatranslatingmachine．Hehaditinhismind（orhishead，histhought）totalkwithherseriously；haditinmind（orinview，incontemplation）toadviseher．Hehaditinchargetotakecareofanorphan．Hehasitinhispowertodogoodorevil．Hewisheditinhispowertodogood．Heconsidereditbeyondhispowertohelpme．Heputitinhisheadtogotosea．Hehasleftittometodecide．Heowedit（=wasunderanobligation）tohisbosstotellthesecret（ortoworkhard）．Hecouldn"tfinditinhisheart（ormind，conscience）toabandonher．4）Hesaw（it）fit（orgood）totakearest；thought（it）fit（orright，well，proper）towaitandsee（it有时省略。）Hemade（it）plainthatwewouldfightonfordemocracy．5）Heregardeditasofgreatimportanceforyoutobehumble；lookeduponitasuselessforustolearnart．1539b．动名词作宾语：1）Heconsideredituseless（形容词作补语）discussingthematterwiththem．Ifoundittiresomedoingthesamethingeveryday．2）Hethoughtitapity（名词作补语）havingtoletslipthechance．Idon"tcallitlivingbeingablindman．Ithinkitdangerousyourdoingso．1540c．That从句作宾语：1）Ithoughtitlikely（形容词作补语）thathewouldfail．Heconsidereditimportantthateverythingshouldbefinishedbyseven．Hemade（it）clear（orplain）thathecouldnothelpanybody．Hetookitamiss（orill，unfriendly，unkindly）thatIkeptreticent．2）Hewishedittobeunderstood（不定式作补语）thatsheisnothis《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 wife．3）Hehadhearditsaid（过去分词作补语）thatsomebodywouldmurderhim．Hewon"thaveitconcludedthathissonisafool．4）Thetrialputitbeyondadoubt（介词短语作补语）thathewasthemurderer．Hecast（orflung，threw）itinmyteeththatIwasatoady．HetookittoheartthatIcalledhimafool．IoweittohimthatIamstillalive．Ihaveitongoodauthority（orbyallaccounts）thatshewillmarryJohn．Theytookitforgrantedthatagirlmustmarrybeforetwenty．5）Helaiditdown（地点副词作补语）thatweshouldbemorefrugal．Hesetitaboutthatshewastomarryhim．6）Hegaveitashisopinion（补语前加as）thatallmenarealike．YoumaytakeitasarulethatIamreadytohelpanyfriend．1541d．疑问句引起的从句作宾语：1）Hedeclareditmysterious（形容词作补语）whysheshouldbekilled．2）Hefounditastonishing（现在分词作补语）howtheycouldaccomplishit．3）Ihearditdebated（过去分词作补语）whethercountrylifeisgood．Theyleftitundecidedwhowastobethechief．Hewanteditansweredhowthepicturewasdrawn．（Cf．S+FV+N+PaP）1542试比较下面句子：不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作主语时，也常用it代表它们，本身则移到句子后面（参阅1318-20）：Itisveryeasytotalknonsense．Itseemsnecessarythatweshouldknowmanypeople．1543图解：[=]这个符号表示里面的字句tobeginanybusiness与符号前的it是指同一东西，也可说是它的同位语。Ⅲ．各种谓语类型的被动结构1544在讨论完各种类型的谓语后，研究语态的变化是良好时机，因为这种变化在47种句型中表现得最为清楚。在五种动词中，不及物动词和系动词不能由主动语态变为被动语态。因此谓语类型1—3及24—36均不能变为被动结构。下面例句前的数码指第18单元中谓语类型的编号。“×”这个符号表示前面的句子不能变为被动结构。“—”这个符号表示前面句子可以变为被动结构，例句放在这个符号的后面。A．不及物动词15451．Marywalkedslowly．×Idreamtlastnight．×Itweighsfivepounds．×2．Theprisonersbrokeaway．×3．Thisstoryreads《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 well．×B．系动词154624．Helookshappy．×25．Hebecameadoctor．×26．Thestormisover．×27．Itwasbelownotice．×28．Myaimistohelpyou．×29．Seeingisbelieving．×30．Theproblemisthatthepeasantsareverypoor．×31．Thequestionis，whocandoit．×Myquestionishowtodoit．×32．Heisfamiliarwiththestreet．×33．Heisindreadofdeath．×34．Heisanxioustostudy．×35．Ifeelsurethathewillfail．×36．Heseemsignorantwhyhefailed．×1547及物动词及宾补动词，除了少数例外情况，都可变为被动语态，双宾动词还可变成两个或更多的被动结构。一般来说，跟有宾语的动词都可由主动语态变为被动语态，但在一些特定组合中却不能变。C．及物动词15484．TheyspeakEnglish．—Englishisspoken．Wemustobservetherules．—Therulesmustbeobserved．·但在及物动词和其宾语构成一个不可分的整体时不能变为被动语态。Helostheart．×Wegainedground．×Thecriminaltookflight．×·在宾语前有一物主代词和主语表示同一人或物时也不能变为被动结构：Theyclappedtheirhands．×Shedidherwork．×Johnmadehisescape．×Thetreelostitslife．×·在及物动词表示一种状态而不是一个动作时也不能变：Hehas（orowns，possesses）abighouse．×Welack（orwant）goodteachers．×Asentencemustcontainaverb．×Shemakesagoodnurse．×Sevendaysconstituteaweek．×Wordsfailedhim．×Thisjobsuitsme．×Thefoodwilllastustwodays．×Itcostsmeahundredpounds．×Twomealsadaywillsufficeme．×·当一个不及物动词加前缀be-成为及物动词时，也不能变为被动结构：Itdoesn"tbecome（orbehove，befit，beseem）agentlemantocurse．×Anaccidentbefellhim．×Hisdressbe-speakshischaracter．×Shebemoans（orbeweeps，be-wails）thelossofherson．×·当一个不及物动词加前缀out-成为及物动词时，也不能变：Johnoutlivedhiswife．×Johnoutstayedtheotherguest．×Hisexpenditureoutrunshisincome．×·有些动词，通常为不及物动词，但有时用作及物动词，这时也不能变：Heflew（orfled，roamed，ranged，roved）thecountry．×Theywalkedtheplank（orthestreets，thehospitals，theboards）．×Theystoodanassault（ortheirground，illtreatment）．×Hesatahorsewell．×Theytalkedbusiness（orshop）．×Theywentajourney．×Ishallstaydinner．×Hewaitedsupper．×Shewepthottears（orblood）．×Sheshed（orcried）hottears．×Hiseyesflashedfireandshonesparks．×Hesweatedblood．×Itraineddust．×·用自身代词作宾语时不能变为被动结构：5．Hekilledhimself．×Shehasneverpraisedherselfinallherlife．×·带同源宾语的句子有时可以变为被动结构：6．Theyarelivingaveryhardlife．—Averyhardlifeisbeinglived．Theyfoughtafiercewar（orbattle）．—Afiercewar（orbattle）was《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 fought．Theysangsomefinesongs．—Somefinesongsweresung．·带有下面这类宾语的句子不能变为被动结构：Hesmiledawelcome．×Henoddedassent．×Hebreathedhislast．×Hetriedhisbest．×Wefoughtitouttotheend．×Wehavetofootit．×7．Theygaveuptheplan．—Theplanwasgivenup．Theplaguesweptoffmanypeople．—Manypeopleweresweptoffbytheplague．·以动名词作宾语时却不能这样变：Heputoffgoingtothedoctor．×Johngaveupper－formingtheplan．×8．Shelaughedateveryboythatfellinlovewithher．—Everyboythatfellinlovewithherwaslaughedat．Weallagreedtohisview．—Hisviewwasagreedto．Someonetrodonhistoes．—Histoesweretroddenon．Nobodyhadsleptinthebed．—Thebedhasneverbeensleptin．Peoplecanclimboverthiswall．—Thiswallcanbeclimbedover．·当动词表示状态而不表示动作时不能变为被动结构：Theriveraboundsinfish．×Thehouseaboundswithrats．×Thebridgeabutsontheroad．×Thisdoesnotaccordwiththerules．×Thisfaultadmitsofnoexcuse．×ThispieceoflandbelongstoJohn．×·介词后跟有动名词时不能这样变：Iabstainedfromdrinkingliquor．×Hisreplyamountstorefusingyourrequest．×·但“不及物动词+介词+名词”为一不可分开的整体时也不能这样变：Sheburstintotears．×Mysoncameofage．×Wewenttolaw．×·“不及物动词+副词+介词”构成的成语有些可以变为被动结构：9．Heranawaywithamilliondollars．—Amilliondollarswasrunawaywith．Theylookedbackontheolddays．—Theolddayswerelookedbackon．·但宾语为动名词时不能这样变：Ilookforwardtomeetingyouagain．×10．TheschoolfurnishedJohnwithbooks．—Johnisfurnishedwithbooks．Wetranslatedthispoemintoanotherlanguage．—Thispoemistranslatedintoanotherlanguage．Theymadefunofourchildren．—Ourchildrenweremadefunof．Theytookcompassionontheoldwoman．—Theoldwomanwastakencompassionon．·其他可以变为被动结构的这类动词成语有：findfaultwith，giveeffectto，setfireto，payheedto，beartestimonyto，givechaseto，takepityon，makefun［orgame，sport］of，takeheedof，catch［orget，lay，seize，take］holdof，losesightof，makeafool［orashow，avictim，anexample，anend］of，makemuch［orlittle，slight，nothing］of．Theyattach（some，little，no，much，small）importancetoeducation．—（Some，Little，etc．）importanceisattachedtoeducation．Theyraisedobjectionagainstthemeasure．—Objectionwasraisedagainstthemeasure．·其他能这样用的成语还有：laysiegeto，giveanorderto，takepossessionof，makementionof，laystresson，setvalueon，leavewordof，sendwordof，makeallowancefor，makeallusionto，takeoffenceat．Theypayattentiontoeducation．—Educationispaidattentionto．or，Attentionispaidtoeducation．（在主语attention前有much，no，little或其他形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构就比前一种更好一些。）Theyhavenevertakennoticeofthismatter．—Thismatterhasneverbeentakennoticeof．or，Noticehasneverbeentakenofthis《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 matter，（当主语前若有much，no或另一形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构可能更好。）·其他可用两种方式构成被动构的成语有：makeshortworkof，takeadvantageof，takecareof，takeexceptionto，haverecourseto，setstoreby．）·但下面成语不宜用于被动结构：Heshookhandswithus．×Herubbedshoulderswithworkers．×Hetookrefugeinanothercountry．×·其他很少用于被动结构的成语有：giveearto，bearwitnessto，paycourtto，keepcompanywith，joinhandswith，takeexampleby，seteyeson，setfooton，takeleaveof，give[orpledge]faithto，break[orviolate]faithto．11．Hereconciledhimselftohisfate．—Hewasreconciledtohisfate．Heengagedhimselfinbusiness．—Hewasengagedinbusiness．Healliedhimselftoarichfamily．—Hewasalliedtoarichfamily．Hedevotedhimselftomusic．—Hewasdevotedtomusic．·但下面成语不能这样变：Iavailedmyselfofhisoffer．×Hehelpedhimselftothecake．×Heappliedhimselftoliterature．×Hepridedhimselfonhisnewcar．×Hevaluedhimselfonhisbirth．×12．Theyplannedtogo．—Itwasplannedtogo．Someoneofferedtobuymyhouse．—Itwasofferedtobuymyhouse．Theydecidetoreconstructthepark．—Itisdecidedtoreconstructthepark．Theymeanttoreconstructthepark．—Theparkwasmeanttobereconstructed．（两个被动式放在一起不算错误，但不是很好。）13．Youcan"tavoidmakingmistakes．×Youmuststopcrying．×Idislikeaccompanyinganywoman．×14．与第12、13句型相同。15．Theybelievethattherumouristrue．—Itisbelievedthattherumouristrue．或Theromourisbelievedtobetrue．Peoplesaid（orreported）thatmanyhaddied．—Itwassaid（orreported）thatmanyhaddied．或Manyweresaid（orreported）tohavedied．16．Icannotunderstandhow，theycangetmarriedsoeasily．—Itcannotbeunderstoodhowtheycangetmarriedsoeasily．Onewonderswhenwarwillvanishfromtheearth．—Itiswonderedwhenwarwillvanishfromtheearth．Wecannottellwhattoto．—Itcannotbetoldwhattodo．17．Wemustdecideuponwhoistodothejob．—Itmustbedecideduponwhoistodothejob．Theyhaveagreed（about）whentostarttheoffensive．—Ithasbeenagreed（about）whentostarttheoffensive．18．Theygaveanaccountofhowtheyhadfought．—Anac-countwasgivenofhowtheyhadfought．Weshouldtakenoticeofwhattobuy．—Noticeshouldbetakenofwhattobuy．但下面这类句子不能变：Hesethismindonhowhecouldmaintainhislargefamily．×Hehasnointerestinwhichcountrydefeatswhich．×图解：D．双宾动词154919．TheyteachmeJapanese．—Japaneseistaught（to）me．或Iam《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 taught（＝learn）Japanese（保留宾语）。TheygaveJohneverything．—Everythingwasgiven（to）John．或Johnwasgiven（＝received）everything．·其他可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的动词有：advance，afford，bequeath，carry，concede，deliver，do，ensure，hand，make，meteout，pass，pledge，pointout，prescribe，put，read，reimburse，remit，return，sell，sing，take，telegraph，tender，throw，wire，write，yield．Thisincidentcausesusmuchtrouble．×Henoddedmeawelcome．×（其他很少用于被动结构的双宾动词有：grudge，smile，stand．）20．Shecookedmeeggs．—Eggswerecookedforme．或Iwascookedeggs．Hecalledmeataxi．—Ataxiwascalledforme．或Iwascalledataxi．第20句型中的动词可用于被动结构，既可以直接宾语作主语，也可用间接宾语作主语。21．Hepromisedmeanewcoat．—Anewcoatwaspromisedme．或Iwaspromisedanewcoat．Theysetusagoodexample．—Agoodexampleissetus．或Wearesetagoodexample．Theyservedmeatrick．—Atrickwasserved（on）me．或Iwasservedatrick．·可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的其它双宾动词有：charge，forgive，forbid，guarantee，prophesy，vouchsafe．Shecasthimaglance．—Aglancewascast（at）him．（但不可说Hewascastaglance．）Itmeansmenoharm—Noharmismeantme．Hequotedmeaproverb．—Aproverbwasquotedme．·可用直接宾语作主语把句子变为被动结构的其它动词有：bestow，bet，impose，enclose，intend，make，set，shoot，strike，wager．Theybanishedmetherealm．—Iwasbanished（from）therealm，（但不可说Therealmwasbanishedme．）Hecalledmenames．—Iwascallednames．·可用间接宾语作主语把句子变为被动结构的其它动词有：dismiss，excuse，fine，lead．Theyansweredmenothing．×Theyenvyhimhiswealth．×·很少用于被动结构的其它动词有：avail，bear，bode，catch，cost，deign，drop，flash，fling，forbid，hit，kiss，last，occasion，lose，portent，sweep，take，tip，vote，work．22．HetoldJohnwhatIdid．—Johnwastold（=learned）whatIdid．TheyaskedmewhereIboughtit．—IwasaskedwhereIboughtit．Heremindedmewhattodo．—Iwasremindedwhattodo．23．HeconvincedmethatIwaswrong．—IwasconvincedthatIwaswrong．Theytoldherthathersisterhadcome．—Shewastoldthathersisterhadcome．图解：双宾动词在变为被动语态时成为不及物或及物动词。E．宾补动词155037．Theyfoundthebookeasy．—Thebookwasfoundeasy．Theydrovehimmad．—Hewasdrivenmad．Theycertifieditascorrect．—Itwascertifiedascorrect．但下面句子不可改为被动结构：Heshoutedhimselfhoarse．×38．Helaughedtheideaaway．—Theideawaslaughed《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 away．Wedeclaredthewarover．—Thewarwasdeclaredover．39．TheycalledhimJohn．—HewascalledJohn．Theyleftmeanorphan．—Iwasleftanorphan．Davidchoseherasawife．—Shewaschosenasawife．但下面句子不能改为被动结构：Alexacknowledgeshimselfmyinferior．×40．Heputeverythingoutoforder．—Everythingwasputoutoforder．Theysethimonmerightway．—Hewassetontherightway．但下面句子不可改为被动结构：Andycriedhimselftosleep．×41．TheysupposedhimtobeteachingEnglish，tohavetaughtEnglish．—HewassupposedtobeteachingEnglish，tohavetaughtEnglish．Theydenytherumourtobesilly．—Therumourisdeniedtobesilly．Heissaidtobeill．（这个句子不能反改为主动结构）42．Hewantseveryonetoobservetherules．—Everyoneiswantedtoobservetherules．Heintendshissontostudyabroad．—Hissonisintendedtostudyabroad．Heorderedustospend（及物性不定式）ourmoneymorewisely．—Wewereorderedtospendourmoneymorewisely．或Heorderedourmoneytobespentmorewisely．Hecausedhisstudentstohandintheirexercises．—Hisstudentswerecausedtohandintheirexercises．或Hecausedtheirexercisestobehandedin．Heallowedthemtoarresthim．—Theywereallowedtoarresthim．或Heallowedhimselftobearrested．43．Hecalleduponthemtoact．—Theywerecalledupontoact．Heprevaileduponmetogetmarried．—Iwasprevailedupontogetmarried．Weappliedtothemtooffer（及物性不定式）usajob．—Weappliedforajobtobeoffered．Iwaitedforhimtoremitsome，money．—Iwaitedforsomemoneytoberemitted．但下面句子不宜变为被动结构：Icriedtohertostop．—Shewascriedtotostop（应避免）．44．Imakehimstudy（没有to）hard．—Heismadetostudy（有to）hard．Theyhelpmecarryit．—Iamhelpedtocarryit．Theyletmedoanything．—Iwasletdoanything（不错，但少用）45．Theykeptmewaiting．—Iwaskeptwaiting．TheyheardJohnsingingKoreansongs．—JohnwasheardsingingKoreansongs．46．Theyhaveapicturetaken．×Youmustgetyourhaircut．×Theywillkeepmewellinformed．×47．Theymakeitaruletoeatonemealaday．—Itismadearuletoeatonemealaday．Theythinkitfittowaithere．—Itisthoughtfittowaithere．Ithoughtitlikelythathewouldfail．—Itwasthoughtlikelythathewouldfail．图解：宾补动词变为被动语态时成为系动词。Ⅳ．分句与从句中的谓语类型1551《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 47种谓语类型不仅出现在简单句中，也可出现在分句中，还可出现在从句（名词从句、定语从句及状语从句）中。举少数例子即可说明问题。名词从句：Iknowthathecame（IV）．····knowsit（TV＋N）····dreamsofflyingtothemoon（TV．P＋G）．····looksforajob（TV．P＋N）．····isfondofgarlic（LV．A．P＋N）．····makesfriendswithhomos（TV．N．P＋N）．····devoteshimselftomusic（TV．R．P＋N）．····isagood-for-nothing（LV＋N）．····holdsmedear（FV＋N＋A）．定语从句：Heisthemanwhocame（IV）．····knowsit（TV＋N）．····dreamsofflyingtothemoon（IV．P＋G）．····looksforajob（IV．P+N）．状语从句：Thepartywasoverwhenhecame（IV）．Hecannotusethismethodalthoughheknowsit（TV＋N）．Hegetstiredoftheearth，sothathedreamsofflyingtothemoon（IV．P＋G）．Ⅴ．非谓语动词的谓语类型1552和谓语动词一样，非谓语动词（动名词、分词或不定式）可以和各类宾语及补语结合构成47种类型。举少数例子即可说明问题。A．动名词的谓语类型Helikestalking（IV）···playingcards（TV＋N）．···praisinghimself（TV＋R）···teachingpeoplehowtobehave（DV＋N＋W-I）．　···beinginfluential（LV＋A）．···beingahighofficial（LV＋N）．···seeingpeoplesuffering（FV＋N＋PrP）．···causinghiswifetocry（FV＋N＋I）．B．分词的谓语类型Isawhimcoming（IV）．···lookingon（IV．AP）．···listeningtotheradio（IV．P＋N）．···payingattentiontohisbusiness（TV．N．P＋N）．···handingheraletter（DV＋N＋N）．···leavinghischildren《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》 smoking（FV＋N＋PrP）．C．不定式的谓语类型Iadvisedhertotrytocome（TV＋I）．····toavoidseeinghim（TV+G）．····tobecareful（LV＋A）．····tobeanurse（LV＋N）．····tobeonherguard（LV＋P．N）．····tolookuponthismistakeasnothing（IV．P＋N＋N）．1553这47种类型的非谓语动词都可用作谓语动词的主语、宾语、补语或修饰语：作主语：Readingpapers（TV＋N）isinteresting．Attendingtopatients（IV．P＋N）····Totakecareofchildren（TV．N．P．＋N）····Toteachchildrenmanners（DV＋N＋N）····作宾语：Ilikereadingpapers．··attendingtopatients．··totakecareofchildren．··toteachchildrenmanners．作主语的或宾语的补语：Hisonlyinterestisreadingpapers．Mygreatestjoyistotakecareofchildren．Ifoundhimattendingtopatients．Ilikehimtoteachchildrenmanners．作修饰语：Thewomanreadingpapersismysister．···attendingtopatients·······totakecareofchildren·······tellingthemstories·······askingyoutowait·······gettingangry····《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》