2016高三英语语法复习大全 (2) 60页

零冠词的基本用法1．用于表示泛指的不可数或复数名词前。Keepingadiaryisagoodhabit，bywhichyou’llmakegreatprogress.记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。2．用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。Areyougoingtherebyplaneorbyship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？3．用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。Afteryearsofhardwork，TomturnedengineerwhileMarygoodmanager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一个好经理。Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．(2015·辽宁沈阳育才中学一模)Englishisnow_______internationallanguage.Itisusedinmanyaspects.2．(2015·广西南宁一模)Thevillagershavebeensearchingfor____________buriedpeoplewithoutstopsincetheaccidenthappened.3．Theexperimentturnedouttobe____________completefailure,whichwasn’twhattheywanted.antheaⅡ.单句改错1．(2015·甘肃武威一模)ThreeyearsagoIfailedanimportantexaminmylifeandbecameastudentinaordinaryschool.________________2．(2015·辽宁葫芦岛一模)LastSundayIsawa worststorminyears.Itcamesuddenlyandwentonformorethanthreehours.________________3．(2015·四川绵阳中学模拟)Hikingisgreatfun.Youwillgetclosetothenatureandtakeexerciseatthesametime.________________第二个a→ana→the去掉第一个the考点四　冠词用于固定搭配中1．(2015·云南曲靖模拟)Ifyoudon’thave_______goodknowledgeofEnglish，it’soutofquestionforyoutouseitflexiblyandfluently.2．(2016·吉林四平高三联考)Itis______wasteoftime，attimesthefoodisnotfreshanddoesnottastedelicious.aa3．(2015·四川成都七中模拟)—Wouldyoumindgivingmeadviceonhowtoimprovemyrecord?—Ifyoumake__________mostofyourpotential，therewillbeariseinyourachievement.4．(2015·贵州模拟)In____________eyesofchildren，playingontheInternetcanonlybringthemgreatfun.thethe一、常用固定结构1．用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。—It’ssaidJohnwillbeinajobpayingover$60，000ayear. ——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。—Right，hewillalsogetpaidbytheweek.——是的，他的工资将按周支付。2．用于“the＋比较级．..the＋比较级．..”(越……越……)结构中。Themorecarefulyouare，thefewermistakesyouwillmake.你越小心，就会越少犯错误。二、冠词用在固定短语中1．不定冠词用于固定搭配中ataloss不知所措，困惑allofasudden突然inahurry匆忙的asarule通常beonavisit参观；拜访asamatteroffact事实上asaresult因此beonadiet节食haveagiftfor在某方面有天赋have/catchacold感冒makealiving谋生have/takearest休息inaway从某种意义上说givesb.alift让某人搭便车2．定冠词用于固定短语中atthemoment此刻；目前atthesametime同时notintheleast一点也不onthecontrary相反onthewhole总的来说totellthetruth说实话inthedistance在远处ontheotherhand另一方面tothepoint中肯；切题makethemost/bestof充分利用bytheway顺便说一下gotothecinema/theater去看电影/戏剧inthemiddleof在……中间 3．零冠词用于固定短语中onpurpose故意地bychance碰巧catch/onfire着火atdawn/dusk在黎明/黄昏makeroomfor让位outofdate过时的bysea乘船单句语法填空1．(2015·海南文昌模拟)Withthedevelopmentofsociety，ourcountryisbadlyinneedofthosewith____________bettercommandofcomputerskills.2．(2015·吉林省实验中学二模)Isaid，“Youtellyoursweetnephewthattherearestillnicepeopleleftwhowantedtogivethem____________handinthisworld.”aa3．(2015·甘肃兰州高三统考)Andtheheadmasterhad_______hardtimewithallthehomework!4．(2016·贵州七校联考)Thetourwillprovide_____uniqueopportunitytostaywithaBritishfamilyforaweekin_______hopethatyouwillbetterunderstandthelifethere.aathe(1)判断设空后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数。(2)根据语境或语法结构确定是泛指还是特指。复数名词或不可数名词表泛指不加任何冠词，单数可数名词表泛指时其前需要加不定冠词；表特指须用定冠词the。专题1名词、冠词和代词专题强化训练 2016高考导航——适用于全国卷Ⅱ专题1名词、冠词和代词考查点201520142013命题趋势名词1.全国卷Ⅱ43题[名词的词性转换]2.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第一处[名词单复数]全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第五处[名词单复数]1.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第九处[名词单复数]2.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第十处[动词→名词]名词主要考查名词单复数变化以及名词的词性转换。专题1名词、冠词和代词考查点201520142013命题趋势冠词的基本用法1.全国卷Ⅱ42题[the用于最高级前]2.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第八处[the]未考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第五处[the]1.语法填空和短文改错主要考查冠词的特指、泛指以及冠词在习惯用语或固定搭配中的用法。2．短文改错中常考查冠词的错用和漏用。冠词的习惯用语或固定搭配未考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第七处[allkindsof＋n.]未考专题1名词、冠词和代词考查点201520142013命题趋势人称代词、物主代词及反身代词的用法全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第九处[形容词性物主代词his]全国卷Ⅱ49题[人称代词宾格me；名词性物主代词mine]未考 2014年之后高考对代词的考查有所变化，主要考查it和人称代词的用法。这一专题在语篇型语法填空题中重点考查在语境中运用正确的代词；在短文改错中主要考查正确区分人称代词的主格和宾格以及指代一致。it的用法未考未考未考不定代词的用法未考未考未考考点一　名词的单复数1．(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)Whilethereareamazingstoriesofinstanttransformation，formostofusthe____________(change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.changes2．(2016·吉林长春高三联考)InkeepingadiaryinEnglish，wecertainlyrunupagainstmany____________(difficult)．3．(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错，节选)Sincethen－foralltheseyear－wehavebeenallowingtomatoestoselfseedwheretheyplease._______________difficultiesyear→years名词的单复数1．可数名词的数(1)可数名词单数变复数的规则变化可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾后加s或es，规则的复数构成形式如下：变化规则例词一般情况下以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在词尾直接加stable→tablespark→parks在词尾加esbus→busesbox→boxeswish→wisheswatch→watches变化规则例词 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词以元音字母加y结尾的名词将y变为i再加esfamily→familiesbutterfly→butterfliesdictionary→dictionaries在词尾直接加sday→daysholiday→holidaysmonkey→monkeys变化规则例词以o结尾的名词以f或fe结尾的名词一般在词尾加sphoto→photosradio→radioszoo→zoos有些在词尾加espotato→potatoestomato→tomatoeshero→heroes一般变f或fe为v，再加esknife→knives　wife→wives　life→livesleaf→leaves少数直接加sroof→roofsbelief→beliefs(2)有些名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的不规则构成形式如下：变化规则例词变内部元音词尾加en或ren单复数同形man→men　woman→women　foot→　feetmouse→mice　goose→geese　tooth→teethox→oxen　child→childrenfish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)，series，Chinese，Swiss2.不可数名词的数一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk，homework，housework，weather，news，information，bread，advice，progress，equipment，meat, fun，luggage，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room(空间)，man(人类)等。特别注意1．word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。WordcamethatthemeetingwillbeheldonFriday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。2．名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变成复数形式。mandoctor→mendoctors男医生womanwaiter→womenwaiters女服务生名师指津1．不定冠词a、an后用名词单数形式。2．有some、many、all、both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。3．名词前有oneof时，名词用复数形式。4．谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．(2016·重庆高三联考)Thelittleboyatesomany___________(potato)andsomuchmeatthathethrewupatdawn.2．(2016·辽宁大连一中高三诊断)TheALSmakespeople’smusclesbecomehard.Itishardforthepatientstomove.StephenHockingisoneofthe____________(suffer)．3．(2015·乌鲁木齐诊断)SoIhopetherewillbemoreandmorecharityshopsin ther__________(place)．potatoessuffersplacesⅡ.单句改错1．(2016·辽宁重点中学协作体联考)Planthadtobeonlandbeforeanimalsarrived.__________________2．(2015·南宁第二次适应性测试)Whenmyunclearrivedwithasmile，Ithrewmyarmaroundhimtogivehimawarmhug.__________________3．(2015·四川师大附中考前适应性练习)—Ifeelterrible，Ididn’tdowellinthemathtest.—Don’ttakeittoohard.you’realreadymakingprogressesandwillsurelylearnitwell.______________________Plant→Plantsarm→armsprogresses→progress考点二　词性的转换1.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir____________(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.ability2．(2015·云南昆明高三统一考试)Howdolearninghabitsinfluencelearningresults？It’susefulandnecessarytodiscusslearninghabits.Thereisafamous___________(say)“Good habitsleadtogoodendings”，whichshowstheimportanceofhabits.3．(2015·海南海口二模)Besuretobewithastrong____________(aware)thatyouarewhatyoueat!sayingawareness一、形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-age-cy-domshort→shortage　　不足；短缺efficient→efficiency　　效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私，私密free→freedom　　自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧后缀例词-ence-ness-th-y-ty-itydifferent→difference　　差异silent→silence沉默weak→weakness　虚弱；弱点kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意strong→strength　力气；强项warm→warmth温暖；热情difficult→difficulty　困难cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴safe→safety安全responsible→responsibility责任二、动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-al-ance-enceapprove→approval　赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来；到达survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提议；建议 appear→appearance　出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；节目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考；查阅后缀例词-ion-tion-ation-(ss)ion-ingattract→attraction　吸引invite→invitation邀请；请柬graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期待；期望compete→competition比赛；竞争explain→explanation解释discuss→discussion　讨论；辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳；准许入学hear→hearing　听力；听觉start→starting开始后缀例词-ment-ure-ture-y其他achieve→achievement　功绩；成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗fail→failure　失败；没做到press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发recover→recovery　恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现choose→choice　选择vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency 趋向；趋势名师指津1．根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空前的限定词判断词性:冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。2．根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。3．确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成适当的形式。1．(2015·贵州贵阳一模)The____________(protect)andimprovementofthehumanenvironmentisamajorissuewhichaffectsallthepeopleandeconomicdevelopmentthroughouttheworld.2．(2015·甘肃兰州模拟)JustimaginehowterriblyshyIwasthemomentIthoughtofthatwithsomanyeyesfixeduponme.Ihadnoother____________(choose)，though.protectionchoice3．(2015·长春质量检测二)Thecustomerthoughtforamoment，butdidn’trespondbecausehedidn’twanttostartan____________(argue)．4．(2015·哈尔滨二模)Britishfamiliesstartedgoingonholidaytotheseasidearoundthemiddleofthe19thcentury.The____________(invent)oftherailwaysmadethispossible.argumentinvention 考点三　冠词的基本用法1．(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)Theadobedwellings(土坯房)builtbythePuebloIndiansofAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven____________mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.2．(2015·宁夏银川调研)Someinventionshappeninstrangeways.Thepotatochipisoneofthem.Moon’sLakeHousewas____________restaurantinNewYorkinthe1850s.thea3．(2016·贵州七校联考)Wecanbroadenourhorizonsandknowmoreabouttheworldbywatching____________latestnewsandreports.4．(2014·高考辽宁卷，短文改错，节选)Besides，Cleotendstobarkaaverageofsixhoursaday.__________________5．(2015·海口二模)LionelMessi，_____playerfromtheSouthAmericancountryofArgentina，isthegreatestsoccerplayeralivetoday.thea第一个a→an一、不定冠词的基本用法1．用在第一次提到的人或物的名词前，表泛指。Atthattime，Iwasworkinginafactory.Thefactoryproducescarparts.那时，我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车零部件。2．表示数量“一”或“任何一个”。—What wouldyoulike?——你想喝点什么？—Iwouldlikeacoffeeandtwobeers.——我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。3．用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。Hemissedthegoldinthehighjump，butwillgetasecondchanceinthelongjump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。二、定冠词的基本用法1．特指前面已提及的人或物，或双方都知道的人或物。Takeyourtime—it’sjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.不着急——从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离。2.用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前,表“一类人或物”。Theexplosionsawpeoplerushtohelptheinjured.爆炸发生后，人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前。YangLiweiisthefirstmanwhohasbeenintospaceinChina.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前。(2015·高考重庆卷，单项填空，改编)IjustheardthebankwhereDoraworkswasrobbedbyagunmanwearingamask.我刚听说多拉工作的银行被一个戴面具的持枪人抢劫了。 形容词和副词2016高考导航——适用于全国卷Ⅱ考查点201520142013命题趋势词类转换1.全国卷Ⅱ45题[形容词→副词]2.全国卷Ⅱ49题[名词→形容词]3.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第十处[形容词→副词]1.全国卷Ⅱ43题[动词→形容词]2.全国卷Ⅱ50题[形容词→副词]全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第十处[形容词作表语]1.语法填空对形容词和副词考查的重点是词性转换，其次是比较等级的运用以及连接副词的使用。2．短文改错则以形容词和副词的混用、同根副词的混用为考查重点专题2　形容词、副词、介词和介词短语考查点201520142013命题趋势句子副词未考辽宁卷短文改错第五处[besides]未考1.语法填空对形容词和副词考查的重点是词性转换，其次是比较等级的运用以及连接副词的使用。2．短文改错则以形容词和副词的混用、同根副词的混用为考查重点比较等级未考未考未考其他未考未考1．(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)As_____________(nature)architects，thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.2．(2015·高考广东卷，语法填空，节选)_________(lucky)，healsohadacowwhich producedmilkeveryday.考点一　词类转换naturalLuckily3．KeepingadiaryinEnglishisoneofthemost__________(effect)waystoimproveourEnglishwritingability.　effective高考对形容词或副词的考查重点为能根据提示词写出正确的形容词或副词词形，以及能正确分辨同根词的形容词和副词的用法区别。解题重点在于了解语篇型语法填空要填的词或短文改错中要改的词在句中所作的成分、所起的作用。形容词用来修饰名词，副词用来修饰形容词或动词。形容词在句中可作定语、表语或补足语，副词在句中作状语。这就要求考生在日常学习中要熟记形容词、副词构词法。1．形容词的构成常见的形容词后缀后缀意义例词－ful充满……的;有……性质(或倾向的)useful有用的successful成功的plentiful丰富的helpful有帮助的meaningful有意义的peaceful和平的powerful强大的thankful感激的hopeful有希望的forgetful健忘的后缀意义例词－y－ish－less多……的greedy贪婪的wealthy富有的healthy健康的……国家的；有……性质的；像……似的childish孩子般的foolish愚蠢的无……的，没有……的speechless哑口无言的 harmless无害的hopeless绝望的meaningless没有意义的后缀意义例词－ous－able/－ible有……性质的dangerous危险的glorious光荣的能……的，可以……的enjoyable高兴的movable可移动的available可利用的comfortable舒服的valuable有价值的reasonable合理的accessible可接近的affordable支付得起的后缀意义例词－al与……有关的；表示过程或状态cultural文化的personal私人的musical音乐的natural自然的special特别的digital数码的environmental环境的original起初的；原创的后缀意义例词－ary/－ory－tive与……有关的有……倾向的；有……属性的attractive迷人的talkative健谈的constructive建设性的sensitive敏感的productive多产的effective有效的instructive有教育意义的imaginary虚构的；想象的revolutionary革命性的contradictory矛盾的后缀意义例词－ic－ant/－ent与……有关的；动作(或行为)……的historic历史性的；有重大历史意义的heroic英雄的；英勇的是……的；处于……状态frequent频繁的 significant有重大意义的resistant抵抗的；反对的important重要的permanent永久的convenient方便的evident明显的efficient生效的后缀意义例词－(e)d－ly有……的；以……为特征的colored有色的limited有限的surrounded被……围绕的wooded木制的pointed尖的以……方式；具有……性质manly有男子气概的brotherly情同手足的friendly友好的后缀意义例词－like－some－ar像……的引起(或易于)……的childlike　孩子般的troublesome引起麻烦的tiresome令人厌烦的带有……属性的regular规则的；有规律的2.形容词变副词的规则(1)一些以辅音字母加－y结尾的形容词变为副词形式时，把－y改为－i，再加－ly，如：easy—easily，angry—angrily，noisy—noisily。(2)以－ble或－le结尾的形容词变为副词形式时去－e加－y，如：possible—possibly，terrible—terribly，simple—simply，comfortable—comfortably。(3)以－ue结尾的形容词变为副词形式时去e加－ly，如：true—truly。(4)以－l结尾的形容词变为副词形式时在词尾加－ly，如：usual—usually，careful—carefully。 (5)以－ll结尾的形容词变为副词形式时在词尾加－y，如：full—fully。单句语法填空1．(2015·辽宁鞍山调研)Hewashappytoseethecustomerwalkoutoftherestaurant____________(angry)．2．(2015·海南海口调研)Crumreactedinhis_________(usually)way.Hecutthepotatoesverythinandcookedtheminhotoil.angrilyusual3．(2015·大庆质量检测二)Atthetime，Isuppose，IthoughtIwaspoor.Sometimes，wedon’trealizehow____________(fortune)weare，dowe?4．(2015·四川遂宁4月模拟)HisnamewasFleming，andhewasapoorScottishfarmer.Oneday，hesaveda_________(terrify)boyfromablackbog(沼泽)byaccident.fortunateterrified1．(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ，语法填空，改编)ItwasraininglightlywhenIarrivedinYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn’tcare.Afewhours____________(early)，I’dbeenathomeinHongKong，withitschokingsmog.2．(2015·云南玉溪质量检测)IcanhardlybelievethatBettycanspeakChineseas____________(fluent) aswedo.3．(2014·高考辽宁卷，语法填空，节选)The__________(hard)youtrytobeathim，themorelikelyyouwillgethit.考点二　形容词、副词比较等级earlierfluentlyharder一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则1．规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级单音节词末一般直接加－er和－est单音节词以－e结尾，只加－r和－stgreatgreatergreatestbravelatebraverlaterbravestlatest构成法原级比较级最高级闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需先双写这个辅音字母，再加－er和－est以辅音字母加－y结尾的词，先变－y为－i，再加－er和－est双音节和多音节词在前面加more和mostbighotbiggerhotterbiggesthottesthappyhappierhappiestdifficultexpensivemoredifficultmoreexpensivemostdifficultmostexpensive易错警示以－er，－ow结尾的双音节形容词末尾加－er和－est，如：clever和narrow等。2.不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbad/badly/illmany/much(多)little(少)far(远)oldbetterbestworseworstmoremostlessleastfarther(多指距离)/further(多指程度)farthest/furt－hest older/elderoldest/eldest易错警示further不仅可以指“距离更远”，还可指“程度更深”。如：furthereducation(深造),furtherinformation(进一步的信息)等。二、形容词、副词比较级用法1．表示“……比……更……”用“形容词/副词的比较级＋than”结构。—GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.——从国外进口的产品并不一定比中国的好。—Yes.Someofthegoodsmadeinourcountryareofhighquality.——是的，国内制造的一些东西质量也很好。2．the＋比较级＋ofthetwo(两者中较……的一个)。Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrother.两个男孩中较高的那位是我哥哥。介词和介词短语专题2　形容词、副词、介词和介词短语2016高考导航——适用于全国卷Ⅱ专题2　形容词、副词、介词和介词短语考查点201520142013命题趋势介词全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第二处[in]全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第四处[for]未考 介词的考查形式多样，除了单纯考查介词的基本用法外，还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外，在定语从句中，也常考查“介词＋关系代词”的用法。在短文改错中以考查介词的误用和漏用为主。因此在学习时要注意介词的一词多义；介词短语搭配；熟记考查频率较高的介词短语；掌握语境语义。介词短语全国卷Ⅱ47题[atthesametime]1.全国卷Ⅱ44题[(next)to]2.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第九处[(listen)to]全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第七处[(haveaconnection)with/to]1.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)Whenanewdaybreaks，thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday；____________thesametime，theywarmupagainforthenight.2．(2015·云南昆明三模)Thewatchesarrivedinstores____________lateApril.Theyaresoldatdifferentprices，beginningat$349.考点一　高频介词atin3．(2016·辽宁葫芦岛高三联考)Thelargestquantityofillegaldrugseverwasfound____________aLondonflatyesterday.4．(2015·海口二模)____________hisincredibletalent，Messihassurprisedtheworld.inWith1．at(1)表示时间的一点，时刻等，如：at12：00，atnoon(在中午)，atnight(在夜里)，atmidnight(在半夜)，atdawn/daybreak(在黎明，破晓)，atsunrise/sunset(在日出/日落)，at dusk(在黄昏)。(2)固定搭配：laughat，atthesametime，besurprisedat，begoodat等。2．in(1)表示在某个较长的时间内(如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等)，如：inthe1980’s/1980s，intheQingDynasty，inOctober，inthemorning/afternoon/evening。(2)表示地点：inBeijing，intheclassroom。3．on(1)用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如：某日、某节日、星期几等)，如：onOctoberthefirst，onarainyday，onNationalDay等。(2)用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上，如：onChristmasEve(在圣诞前夕)，onthemorningofJanuarythethird等。(3)准时，按时：ontime。4．by(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词。如：bysea，bywater，byland，byair等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：bybike，bytaxi，byplane，byship/boat，bytrain，byspaceship等。5．with含义例句和……一起,和,同，跟具有，带有Putthisbagwiththeothers.把这个包和其他的包放在一起。ThedictionaryiswhatIwant，butIdon’thaveenoughmoneywithme.这本字典正是我想要的， 但是我没带够钱。含义例句(表示同时或同一方向)随着(2014·高考江苏卷，书面表达，节选)WiththenumberofEnglishlearnersontherise，it’snotdifficultforthemtounderstandthesewordsinChinesecontexts.随着英语学习者的数量越来越多，对他们来说在汉语的上下文里理解这些英语单词并不是很困难。含义例句由于，因为(表示方式)用(2014·高考北京卷，书面表达，节选)Therewasaproblemwiththeparkingplaceforbikesinourschool.在我们学校自行车存放处有一个长久以来就存在的问题。Whatwillyoubuywiththemoney？你会用这笔钱买什么？单句语法填空1．(2015·大庆市二轮复习检测)Theadvertisementsaidthatasuitablehouseinaquietareawasupforsale____________areasonableprice，andthehousewaswithinastone’sthrowofarailwaystationfromwhichtherewerefrequenttrainstothebigcity.2．(2015·重庆顶级名校5月模拟)Afarmer，Mr.Tan，saidthatthestormbeganearly____________themorningandlastedforoveranhour.atin3．(2015·云南保山高三针对性训练)Theysaythatcomparedtochildrenwhogrow upinhomes____________smokers，childrenwithparentswhosmokehavesmallerlungsandmoreillnesses.4．(2015·四川乐山模拟)____________itsfirstdayoftrading，ShakeShackwentfrom$21asharetojustunder$46ashare.withoutOn1．(2015·吉林松花江中学调研)Hesearched_________thebagdayandnight.Healsosenthisworkersinsearchbutnonecouldfindit.2．(2015·四川南充自主诊断)Lookbackandthinkhowoftenyou’vejudgedroughly，saidunkindthings，pushedyourselfahead____________thecostofafriend.考点二　介词短语forat3．(2015·哈尔滨二模)Atfirst，theywentonadaytrip，takingadvantage____________specialtripticketsontherailways.of一、介词与某些词类的搭配1．形容词与介词的固定搭配形容词＋at形容词＋of形容词＋withangry，mad，good，bad，clever，surprised，excited，disappointed等afraid，frightened，ashamed，aware，convinced，short，full，fond，proud等angry，connected，content，familiar,patient, pleased，popular，satisfied，strict等形容词＋in形容词＋to形容词＋for形容词＋aboutweak，different，rich，interested，successful，absorbed，disappointed，experienced，confident等good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，close，similar，familiar等sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungry，responsible等sorry，anxious，careless，certain，curious，enthusiastic，particular，optimistic等2.名词与介词的固定搭配名词＋to名词＋in名词＋onkey，answer，visit，apology，introduction，attitude，monument，devotion等interest，expert等congratulations，effect等3.动词与介词的固定搭配动词＋about动词＋for动词＋at动词＋fromspeak，talk，think，worry等answer，call，apply，beg，care，charge，hunt，hope，wish，long，search，seek等aim，call，glare，glance，knock，laugh，point，stare等date，die，differ，hear，keep，stop，prevent，learn，protect，result，separate，suffer等动词＋of动词＋on动词＋in动词＋into动词＋toapprove，complain，consist，die，dream，think等 call，carry，depend，feed，insist，pass，try，rely等break，call，cut，drop，fill，get，hand，join，persist，result，succeed等burst，change，divide等agree，attend，belong，compare，devote，get，lead，object，point，refer，reply，see等二、高频介词短语荟萃1．表示“状态”的介词短语ataloss不知所措　　　　　atdinner在吃晚餐atpeace处于和平状态atwar在战争中atwork在工作inhighspirits情绪高昂inneed处于困难中inorder整齐inrags穿着破烂insurprise吃惊introuble在困难中onbusiness因公出差onduty在值班onholiday/vacation在度假onsale在出售onshow在展出onstrike在罢工ontheway在途中outofbalance失去平衡outofcontrol失去控制outofdanger脱离危险outofdate过期outoforder出故障outofwork失业2.表示“方式”的介词短语byaccident偶然地bychance偶然地byhand手工地bymistake错误地bynature天生地bythemonth按月算byturns轮流byweight按重量incash用现金支付indetail详细地insize在大小上withease轻易地withjoy高兴地withpleasure愉快地 3．表示“超出……；难以……”含义的介词短语beyondcompare无与伦比beyondcomprehension难以理解beyondcontrol失控beyonddescription难以描述beyondexpression难以表达beyondreach够不到专题强化训练2．不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no，all，any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。Heisalwaysthefirsttoarriveattheschoolandthelasttoleavetheschool.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。单句语法填空1．(2015·辽宁抚顺模拟)Forestfiresareoftencausedby____________(break)glassorbycigaretteendswhichpeoplecarelesslythrowaway.2．(2014·高考山东卷，单项填空，改编)There’sanotepinnedtothedoor____________(say)whentheshopwillopenagain.3．(2014·高考北京卷，单项填空，改编)Therearestillmanyproblems____________(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.brokensayingtobesolved1．(2015·高考福建卷，单项填空，改编)___________(learn)moreaboutChineseculture，JackhasdecidedtotakeChinesefolk musicasanelectivecourse.2．(2015·高考四川卷,单项填空,改编)LittleTomsat________(amaze)watchingthemonkeydancinginfrontofhim.考点四　非谓语动词作状语Tolearnamazed3．(2015·高考重庆卷，单项填空，改编)____________(raise)inthepoorestareaofGlasgow,hehadalong，hardroadtobecomingafootballstar.4．(2014·高考天津卷，单项填空，改编)Anxiously，shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton，only_________(find)itdidn’tfit.Raisedtofind专题4　非谓语动词专题强化训练2016高考导航——适用于全国卷Ⅱ考查点201520142013命题趋势非谓语动词作宾语、主语、补语和表语1.全国卷Ⅱ44题[动名词作宾语]2.全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第四处[动名词作宾语]1.全国卷Ⅱ41题[动名词作宾语]2.全国卷Ⅱ46题[不定式作宾语]3.全国卷Ⅱ47题[动名词作宾语]全国卷Ⅱ短文改错第二处[动名词作主语]非谓语动词的考查仍是今后语篇型语法填空的必考点以及短文改错的考查重点：1．从形式上看，不定式是考查的重点，分词、动名词是常考点。 2．从功能上看，非谓语动词作宾语是考查的重点，作状语、宾补、表语、主语、定语是常考点。专题4　非谓语动词考查点201520142013命题趋势非谓语动词作状语全国卷Ⅱ46题[不定式作状语]未考未考非谓语动词的考查仍是今后语篇型语法填空的必考点以及短文改错的考查重点：1．从形式上看，不定式是考查的重点，分词、动名词是常考点。2．从功能上看,非谓语动词作宾语是考查的重点,作状语、宾补、表语、主语、定语是常考点。非谓语动词作定语全国卷Ⅱ41题[过去分词作定语]未考未考专题4　非谓语动词1．(2015·高考安徽卷，单项填空，改编)__________(ignore)thedifferencebetweenthetworesearchfindingswillbeoneoftheworstmistakesyoumake.2．(2014·高考全国卷Ⅰ，语法填空，节选)Buttheriverwasn’tchangedinafewdaysorevenafewmonths.Ittookyearsofwork____________(reduce)theindustrialpollutionandcleanthewater.考点一　非谓语动词作主语、表语Ignoringtoreduce3．(2014·高考广东卷，语法填空，节选)Wegotalittle____________(sunburn)，butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn’tmind.4．(2015·甘肃天水高三自主诊断)It’sneverfoolish _______________(acknowledge)youareinthewrong.Beinghuman，weallneedtheartofapology.sunburnttoacknowledge1．不定式和动名词作主语(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，而不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的行为。Facinguptoyourproblemsratherthanrunningawayfromthemisthebestapproachtoworkingthingsout.　直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。(习惯性的动作)Tocompletetheprogramneedsmucheffort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。(具体的动作)Asisknowntous，it’snousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。It’simportantforthefigurestobeupdatedregularly.定期更新数据是很重要的。2．非谓语动词作表语(1)不定式、动名词都可以作表语，但动名词作表语多指抽象的、经常性的动作；而不定式则多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。WhathedidinthemeetingwaschattingwithMary.他在会议上所做的事情是与玛丽谈话。Myjobistocleanthehousethreetimesaweek.我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。 (2)get，become，look，seem，appear等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或主语的状态。ThisquotationfromWinstonChurchilltellsusthatweshouldn’tgetdiscouragedrightafterfailures.温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句名言告诉我们，失败后我们绝不能气馁。单句语法填空1．(2015·四川成都西北中学质量检测)Scientistshavediscoveredthat____________(stay)inthecoldcouldhelpusloseweight.2．(2014·高考安徽卷，单项填空，改编)Whilewaitingfortheopportunitytoget____________(promote)，Henrydidhisbesttoperformhisduty.3．Asisknowntoall，itisnogood____________(learn)withoutpractice.stayingpromotedlearning1．(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheirabilityto“aircondition”ahousewithout__________(use)electricequipment.2．(2014·高考全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，节选)Iheardapassengerbehindmeshoutingtothedriver，butherefused_____________(stop)untilwereachedthenextstop. 考点二　非谓语动词作宾语、补语usingtostop3．(2015·高考陕西卷，语法和词汇知识，改编)Backfromhistwo－yearmedicalserviceinAfrica，Dr.Leewasveryhappytoseehismother____________(take)goodcareofathome.4．(2015·高考浙江卷，单项填空，改编)Listeningtomusicathomeisonething，goingtohearit_________________(perform)liveisquiteanother.takenbeingperformed一、非谓语动词作宾语1．有些动词或动词短语后通常接不定式作宾语,巧记如下:想要干：want，wish，hope，expect，seek，attempt，aim，claim，wouldlike/love，desire早打算：plan，prepare，arrange同意否：agree，promise，undertake，offer，refuse问问看：ask，beg决定了：decide，determine，makeupone’smind，bedetermined尽力干：manage(反义词fail)，struggle，strive努力做：makeaneffort别装蒜：pretend此外，learn，choose，afford，happen，wait等也常用不定式作宾语。Allthefactorsconsidered，wedecidedtoofferthejobtoLiWei，amanofrichexperience.所有的因素都考虑进去，我们决定把这个工作给李伟，一个很有经验的人。 2．表示下列含义的动词或动词短语后常接动名词作宾语，巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅：consider，suggest/advise，lookforwardto，excuse/pardon承认推迟没得想：admit，delay/putoff，fancy避免错过继续练：avoid，miss，keep/keepon，practice否认完成停止赏：deny，finish，stop，enjoy/appreciate不禁介意准逃亡：can’thelp，mind，allow/permit，escape不准冒险凭想象：forbid，risk，imagine此外，feellike，devoteto，be/getusedto，objectto，setabout，insiston，payattentionto，stickon，bebusy(in)，havedifficult/trouble(in)等动词短语后也接动名词作宾语。Iavoidedmentioningthesubjectincaseheshouldbeoffended.我回避提及这个问题，以免冒犯他。易错警示动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可直接跟doing作宾语；当其后有名词或代词作宾语时，需跟todo作补语。Wedon’tallowpeopletosmokehere.(宾补)→Peoplearenotallowedtosmokehere.(主补)这里禁止吸烟。二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语1．分词作宾语补足语(1)现在分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行中的主动动作，即动作过程的一部分。可以接这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，observe，feel，find，have，keep等。Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewindingitswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.我抬头注意到一条蛇正蜿蜒着爬上树去捕捉它的早餐。Listen！Doyouhearsomeonecallingforhelp?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命了吗？(2)过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑宾语，表示被动和完成，该动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。JennyhopesthatMr.SmithwillsuggestagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglishimprovedinashortperiod.詹尼希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。Whenwesawtheroadblockedwithsnow，wedecidedtospendtheholidayathome.当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。2．with＋宾语＋宾补(1)with＋宾语＋doing(表示主动且进行)(2)with＋宾语＋done(表示被动且完成)(3)with＋宾语＋todo(表示将来)Theoldcoupleoftentakeawalkaftersupperinthe parkwiththeirpetdogfollowingthem.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner，andwithhisworkfinished，hegladlyacceptedit.约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。Withtheseclothestowash，Ican’tgoout.有这么多衣服要洗，我不能出去。单句语法填空1．(2015·贵州六盘水高考模拟)OnedaywhenLaennecwaswalkinginthepark，hesawsomegirls__________(play)withasee－saw(跷跷板)．2．(2015·甘肃酒泉二模)Fromthenon，hisfearoftalkingbeforeabigaudiencedisappeared.ActuallyJackhadhisconfidence____________(build)up.Nowheturnsouttobeagoodspeaker.playingbuilt3．(2015·吉林辽源模拟)YoucanimaginehowterriblyshyIwasthemomentIthoughtofthatwithsomanyeyes________(fix)uponme.4.(2015·云南昆明一中质量检测)Withsomebooks______(buy),hewentintothebookstoreonthewayhome.fixedtobuy1.(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ，语法填空，节选)Abercrombie&Kent，atravel companyinHongKong，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople____________(live)inShanghaiandHongKong.2．(2016·黑龙江大庆高三联考)Oneday，helostasmallbag____________(contain)50goldcoins.3．(2015·吉林长春二模)AUSTVshow____________(call)AWalkinYourShoesgivespeoplethechancetotry.考点三　非谓语动词作定语livingcontainingcalled一、分词作定语1．现在分词(doing)作定语现在分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句，分词与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动、进行。单个分词作定语要前置，分词短语作定语要后置。Thereisadoorleadingtothegarden.有一座门通往花园。特别注意被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用现在分词的被动式(beingdone)作定语，表示该动作的被动和进行。Themeetingbeingheldnowisimportant.现在正在开的这个会很重要。2．过去分词(done)作定语过去分词作定语，被修饰的名词与分词在逻辑上是被动关系，表示被动或完成。TsinghuaUniversity，foundedin1911，ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures. 清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人物的摇篮。二、不定式作定语不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。1．不定式一般式的主动形式(todo)作定语，表示将要发生的主动动作。不定式一般式的被动形式(tobedone)作定语，表示将要发生的被动动作。WeareinvitedtoapartytobeheldinourclubnextFriday.我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会专题7　并列句和状语从句考查点201520142013命题趋势并列句未考未考辽宁卷短文改错第二处[连词so多余]1.在今后高考中，连词and，but，or是考查的重点；while与when作并列连词会是高考考查的热点。2．状语从句的考查集中在时间状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等的引导词上。状语从句未考辽宁卷69题[if]未考1．(2015·贵州贵阳高三统考)Keepitinmind，__________graduallywecangainthisgoodlearninghabitandbenefitfromit.2．Ifyourskinbecomesred，sore____________veryscaly，consultyourdoctor.3．(2015·广西桂林二模)Theycaneitherchoosetoacceptthechallenge____________donate100dollars，ordothe both.4．(2015·高考北京卷，单项填空，改编)Heisashyman，____________heisnotafraidofanythingoranyone.考点一　并列句andororbut1．表并列、递进或顺承关系：and，both...and...，neither...nor...，notonly...butalso...，aswellasTheearthisoneofthesun’splanets，andthemoonisoursatellite.地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。2．表转折关系：but，yet，whereas，neverthelessItisoftensaidthatthejoyoftravelingisnotinarrivingatyourdestinationbutinthejourneyitself.人们常说旅行的乐趣不在于你最终所到达的目的地，而是旅行本身。3．表选择关系：either...or，not...but...，or，otherwise，orelse，ratherthanNowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema.现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。4．表因果关系：for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)，so，thereforeHefounditincreasinglydifficulttoread，forhiseyesightwasbeginningtofail.由于他的视力的下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。5．when“就在这时，突然”，常用于以下句式：(1)sb.beabouttodo/onthepointofdoingsth.when... 某人正要做某事，突然……(2)sb.bedoingsth.when...某人正在做某事，突然……(3)sb.haddonesth.when...某人刚做完某事，突然……OneFriday，wewerepackingtoleaveforaweekendawaywhenmydaughterheardcriesforhelp.当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。Shehadjustfinishedherhomeworkwhenhermotheraskedhertopracticeplayingthepianoyesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业，她妈妈就让她练习钢琴。名师指津Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften，andyou’llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。and与or用于并列句祈使句＋and＋陈述句，and表顺承关系祈使句＋or＋陈述句，or表转折单句语法填空1．(2016·四川广安高三联考)Standwhereyouare，____________Iwillcomeandhelpyou.2．(2014·高考天津卷，语法填空，节选)Givemeachance，____________I’llgiveyouawonderfulsurprise.3．(2015·海口二模)Therewasawaytohelphimgrowmore，___________hisparentsdidnothaveenoughmoneytopayforhismedicalneeds.and andbut4．(2015·云南昆明三中考前适应性练习)Iwentbackinsideandfoundhim，safe____________veryfrightened.5．(2015·黑龙江齐齐哈尔二模)IwasonmywaytotheTaiyetosMountains.Thesunwassetting____________mycarbrokedownneararemotevillage.butwhen1．(2015·吉林长春六中模拟)Itisnearlyfifteenyears______Ilastsawher—sheistheownerofalocalrestaurantwhereIbrieflyworkedonesummerasawaitress.2．(2015·云南玉溪二模)ThatmorningImadesureIhadenoughtodrinkandwenttothetoiletaboutthreetimes____________weleft.考点二　常考的时间状语从句sincebefore3．(2015·广西梧州模拟)Therestaurantsarenot“fastfood”．Theyareknownas“fastcasual”．________________McDonald’sisstrugglingtogetitscustomersback，ShakeShackisdoingwellfinancially.4．(2015·海南海口高三诊断)Somedeepthoughtletsusknowthatwhenevenasmallmistakehasbeenmade，yourfeelingwillstayoutof balance____________themistakeisacknowledgedandyourregretisexpressed.As/When/Whileuntil/tillwhen，while和as的用法连词含义及用法例句when“当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生。Whenyouapplyforajob，youmustpresentyourcredentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。连词含义及用法例句whileas“当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生。Marymadecoffeewhileherguestswerefinishingtheirmeal.　客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。“一边……一边……”,常与延续性动词连用,从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生。Ashegrewolder，hebecamelessactive.随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。单句语法填空1．(2015·吉林省实验中学二模)____________Shirleywasthreeyearsold，herparentssentherandhersisterstolivewiththeirgrandmotherinBarbados.2．(2015·高考重庆卷，单项填空，改编)Ifyoumissthischance，itmaybeyears____________yougetanotherone. 3．(2016·广西南宁高三联考)Dr.AdamGoldsteinhaswarnedtobaccocompaniesaretryingtoavoidandevenweakenanti－tobaccolaws，andthefightisgoingtobedifficult.Butheadded，“Weshouldnotgiveup_________wemakesuretobaccoindustrygoesoutofbusiness.”Whenbeforeuntil/before1．(2016·大庆质量检测二)Therentformyapartmentwasreallycheap____________itwasinthemiddleofoneofthebusiestneighborhoodsintown.2．(2014·高考重庆卷，单项填空，改编)Halfanhourlater，Lucystillcouldn’tgetataxi____________thebushaddroppedher.考点三　常考的地点状语从句、原因状语从句becausewhere1．地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where，wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。IcannotheartheprofessorclearlyasthereistoomuchnoisewhereIamsitting.因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。易错警示where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分,如果作状语,则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。The littlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremainwhereshewasandwaitforhermother.那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。(状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)Thelittlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremainintheplacewhereshewasandwaitforhermother.(定语从句)　2．原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because，as，since，nowthat等词引导：(1)because译作“因为”，表直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。TheoldmanaskedLucytomovetoanotherchairbecausehewantedtositnexttohiswife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。(2)as(由于)，since(既然)，nowthat/inthat(既然)，表双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as，since和nowthat引导的从句多位于主句之前。Nowthatyouhavedonethat，stopblamingyourself.既然你已经做了，就不要自责了。单句语法填空1．___________thatyouhavegotajob，youshouldlearntobeindependentofyourparents.2．(2015·甘肃白银质检)DuringtheSpringFestival，therewaslessairpollution__________fireworkswereforbidden.3．—Coach，canIcontinuewiththe training?—Sorry，youcan’t____________youhaven’trecoveredfromthekneeinjury.Nowas/becauseas/because1．(2015·高考江苏卷，单项填空，改编)Itissocoldthatyoucan’tgooutside____________fullycoveredinthickclothes.2．(2015·高考湖南卷，完形填空，节选)It’ssimplerbecause,____________youhaveacomputer，youcanfindinformationyouneedbysearchingtheInternet.考点四　常考的条件状语从句、结果状语从句和让步状语从句unlessif3．(2015·高考安徽卷，单项填空，改编)__________________________scientistshavelearnedalotabouttheuniverse，thereismuchwestilldon’tknow.4．(2015·四川师大附中二模)Youarefalling_______fastthatjustturningyourheadcansendyouoffinadifferentdirection.Thisisthewildsideofasportthathasnotfounditslimit—freeflying.Although/Though/Whileso1．条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句的常见引导词if，unless(＝if...not)，so/aslongas(只要)，onconditionthat(条件是)，so/asfaras，ifonly(＝if)，provided that(如果)，incase(万一，如果)，suppose/supposingthat(假设，如果)等均可引导条件状语从句。WewillhaveapicnicintheparkthisSundayunlessitrainsorit’sverycold.除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。专题强化训练Ⅱ)Trainingforamarathonrequirescarefulpreparationandsteady，gradualincreasesinthelengthoftheruns.1.________，buythebest－fitting，best－builtrunningshoesyoucanfind.Noonecansaywhichbrandwillworkbestforyouorfeelbestonyourfeet，soyouhavetorelyonyourexperienceandonthefeelofeachpairasyoushop.Whenyouhavefoundshoesthatseemright，walkinthemforafewdaystodouble－checkthefit.2.________．Asalways，youshouldstretch(伸展)atleasttenminutesbeforeeachruntopreventinjuries.CEDuringthefirstweek，donotthinkaboutdistance，butrunfiveminuteslongereachday.3.________，itiswisetotakeadayofftorest.Butduringthenextweek，setagoalofatleastamileandahalfperrun.4.________．Aftertwo weeks，starttimingyourself.5.________．Dependingonthekindofraceyouplantoenter，youcansetupatimetablefortheremainingweeksbeforetherace.A．AftersixdaysB．ForagoodmarathonrunnerC．BeforeyoubeginyourtrainingD．Witheachday，increasethedistancebyahalfmileE．Iftheystillfeelgood，youcanbeginrunninginthemADGF．TimespentforpreparationraisesthequalityoftrainingG．Nowyouarereadytofigureoutagoalofimprovingdistanceandtime【解题导语】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了进行马拉松训练的具体做法。首先要做好准备，购买最合适的跑鞋。同时要注意在第一周里不要考虑跑多远，而是要逐渐延长跑步时间。到第二周的时候，可以设置跑步距离,每天逐渐加长，然后再根据参赛的具体情况制订训练方案。专题二七选五2016高考导航——适用于全国卷Ⅱ年份考点　　201520142013考情分析全国卷Ⅱ全国卷Ⅱ全国卷Ⅱ主题句010 七选五(阅读补全题)以考查细节理解为主。体裁以说明文和议论文居多，且结构清晰，过程完整，适合考查标题概括、主题句和过渡句等，以达到考查学生综合阅读能力的要求。短文的特点如下：(1)选材特点：短文一般为300词左右的说明文或议论文，其中正文词数240左右，选项词数60左右；(2)短文篇章结构常为：提出问题——解决问题；(3)七个选项意义上都与短文相关，设空类型一般有标题类、段落主题句类、过渡句类、细节类；(4)选项均为完整句子，句型不一。过渡句111细节433专题二七选五“通读全文、详读段落、定位选项、通读复检、确定排除”五步骤解题法。步骤过程目的1(★)2(★★)快速浏览文章，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段(开门见山)及末段(结尾总结)。找到主题句，把握文章结构特点及主要内容。仔细阅读各个段落,在短时间内圈定线索词,并找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意，为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。步骤过程目的3(★★★)明确选项含义，抓住关键词语，筛选选项填入文中，注意句中的衔接标志词。特别提醒：检查文章内容是否完整，语意是否连贯合理，段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切。确保文章的写作线索、写作思路的连贯，使文章的每个 段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一个有机的整体。防止文章写作线索中断或前后矛盾。步骤过程目的4(★)5(★)将所选答案代入文中，通读全文，再次检查文章内容是否完整，语意是否连贯合理,各段落内容是否紧扣主题,语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切。判断和确定选择的答案是否正确,尤其通过认真分析、仔细甄别、排除强干扰项得出正确选项。检查完之后，应再次查看所排除选项，进一步确定排除理由。防止造成易混选项的误选。解答七选五题目时，首先要快速阅读全文，重点注意首尾段、首尾句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。但是由于文章空缺了五处，而且有的地方空缺的是几句话甚至是一整段，文章的整个结构和逻辑是被打断了的，考生在短时间内掌握文章要点或逻辑思路是很困难的。对此，考生可以通过关注文章挖空所在的位置，利用相应的策略来找到适当的选项回填入文。通过总结近几年的全国卷可以看出，七选五命题的焦点位置首选段中，出现频率最高，其次是段首，然后是段尾。焦点位置1：段中(★★★★★)挖空位置如果在段中，则所填句子的含义应与前句、后句保持一致。因此，考生在做题时要学会瞻前顾后，关注体现出 的前后逻辑关系和语意。再细分一下，常见的有两类考查方式：(1)无关联词类：无法依据个别关键词，只能依据前后完整的语境和句意推断出合理的答案选项。(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，节选)Trustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompastexperiences.______Trustisarisk.Butyoucan’tbesuccessfulwhenthere’salackoftrustinarelationshipthatresultsfromanactionwherethewrongdoertakesnoresponsibilitytofixthemistake.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They’vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan’tbeartoletithappenagain.BF．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn’tmeanyou’reignoringwhathappened.【解析】　第一句Trustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompast experiences.(信任是我们从以往经历中获得的习得行为。)是对trust的解释。选项B中的it指代上文出现的trust，并且继续解释trust的含义：puttingconfidenceinsomeone(对某人寄托信任)，故选B项。注意：选项B与第一句为顺承关系。(2)有关联词类：通过一些关键的关联词汇，可以推断出所填空是强调递进关系、转折关系还是因果关系等。凭借一些体现前后句逻辑关系的关联词，来突破思维局限，突现“枯木逢春”之景。①递进关系：also，inaddition，what’smore，forexample，inotherwords，second，besides等。(2013·高考全国卷Ⅱ，节选)Oneistheestablishment(制定)ofbroadbasicpolicieswithrespecttoproduction；sales；thepurchaseofequipment，materialsandsupplies；andaccounting._______Thethirdrelatestotheestablishmentofstandardsofworkinalldepartments.A．Controlincludestheuseofrecordsandreportstocompareactualworkwiththesetstandardsforwork.B．Inthisconnectionthereisthedifferencebetweentopmanagementandoperativemanagement.GC．Examplesofnonprofitbusinessesincludesuchorganizationsassocialserviceagenciesandmanyhospitals.D．However，somebusinessesonly seektoearnenoughtocovertheiroperatingcosts.E．Planninginbusinessmanagementhasthreemainaspects.F．Inthetheoryofbusinessmanagement，organizationhastwomainaspects.G．Thesecondaspectrelatestotheapplicationofthesepoliciesbydepartments.【解析】　结合前面提到的One和后面提到的Thethird，可知这里是第二条，与G项中的Thesecond可以联系起来。②转折关系：but，however，yet，otherwise，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary，inspiteof等。(2014·高考辽宁卷，节选)Practicesafewearandcareofcontactlenses(隐形眼镜)．ManyAmericansusecontactlensestoimprovetheireyesight.Whilesomefollowthemedicalguidanceforwearingcontactlenses，manyarebreakingtherulesandputtingtheireyesightatrisk._____Otherwise，youmayhaveproblemssuchasredeyes，painintheeyes，oramoreseriouscondition.A．Eatyourgreens.B．Eyecareshouldbeginearlyinlife.C．Theycanproperlyprotectyoureyes.FD．Stayingoodshapebytakingmorevitamins. E．Parentsusuallydon’tcareabouttheirowneyesight.F．Alwaysfollowthedoctor’sadviceforappropriatewear.G．Thisfrequenteyeactivityincreasestheriskforeyetiredness.【解析】　know－how类说明文中otherwise前面往往都要交代做法，多用祈使句形式。本段的主旨句部分中又出现了safewear这一关键词，据此不难判断出正确答案为F。③因果关系：why，because，so，forthisreason，thus，for，as，since，therefore，asaresult等。(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，节选)Unfortunately，we’veallbeenvictimsofbetrayal.Whetherwe’vebeenstolenfrom，liedto，misled，orcheatedon，therearedifferentlevelsoflosingtrust.Sometimespeoplesimplycan’ttrustanymore.______It’sunderstandable，butifyou’rewillingtobuildtrustinarelationshipagain，wehavesomestepsyoucantaketogetyouthere.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.EE．They’vebeentoo badlyhurtandtheycan’tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn’tmeanyou’reignoringwhathappened.【解析】　选项E与上文能形成因果关系。They’vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan’tbeartoletithappenagain.(他们曾经受过严重伤害，不能容忍这种事情再次发生。)是上一句Sometimespeoplesimplycan’ttrustanymore.(有时候人们就是不能再信任别人。)的原因。并且与下一句It’sunderstandable...(这是可以理解的……)有顺承关系。焦点位置2：段首(★★★★)(1)通常是段落主题句。认真阅读空格后内容，考生应该会发现，通常情况下段落的中心都会出现在本段的开头部分。因此可以根据段落一致性原则，推断出该段的主题句。这对考生把握本段和理解全文是有指导性意义的。(2)关注与后文的关系。着重阅读挖空后面的第一、二句，确定相关信息词，然后在选项中查找与之相关的内容。阅读时要学会瞻前顾后，以确定答案。(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ，节选)________Havingconfidenceinyourselfwillhelpyoumakebette rchoicesbecauseyoucanseewhatthebestoutcomewouldbeforyourwell－being.______Ifyou’vebeenbetrayed，youarethevictimofyourcircumstance.Butthere’sadifferencebetweenbeingavictimandlivingwitha“victimmentality”．Atsomepointinallofourlives，we’llhaveourtrusttestedorviolated.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.ACD．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They’vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan’tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn’tmeanyou’reignoringwhathappened.38．【解析】　空格位于段首，根据文章结构分析，极有可能是祈使句。并且选项A.Learntoreallytrustyourself.(学会真正信任你自己。)与空格后的Havingconfidenceinyourself形成同义复现。trustyourself相当于haveconfidenceinyourself。 39．【解析】　空格位于段首，根据文章结构分析，极有可能是祈使句。下文中Ifyou’vebeenbetrayed，youarethevictimofyourcircumstance.Butthere’sadifferencebetweenbeingavictimandlivingwitha“victimmentality”．(如果你遭遇了背叛，那么你就成为客观环境的受害者。但是成为受害者与以“受害者的心态”活着是有区别的。)反复出现victim一词，而选项C中的关键词也为victim，形成原词复现。选项C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.(不要把自己当作受害者。)起到总起本段的作用。焦点位置3：段尾(★★★)(1)直接承接逻辑类：(2013·高考全国卷Ⅱ，节选)Commonlycallednonprofits,theseorganizationsareprimarilynongovernmentalserviceproviders.________A．Controlincludestheuseofrecordsandreportstocompareactualworkwiththesetstandardsforwork.B．Inthisconnectionthereisthedifferencebetweentopmanagementandoperativemanagement.C．Examplesofnonprofitbusinessesincludesuchorganizationsassocialserviceagenciesandmanyhospitals.CD．However，somebusinessesonly seektoearnenoughtocovertheiroperatingcosts.E．Planninginbusinessmanagementhasthreemainaspects.F．Inthetheoryofbusinessmanagement，organizationhastwomainaspects.G．Thesecondaspectrelatestotheapplicationofthesepoliciesbydepartments.【解析】　空格前面提到了nonprofits，这与C项中的对于nonprofitbusinesses进行的举例说明有着密切的联系。(2)段落总结收尾类：通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的关联词。Thesestepsaren’tmagic,buttheydowork.Andifyoucanstaypositiveasyoumakeyourwaythroughatoughtime,you’llhelpyourselffeelbetterevenfaster.________　A．Askforahelpinghandtogetyouthroughthetoughsituation.B．Noticeyourfriends’feelingsandfindawaytohelpthem.C．Differentpeoplefeelstressindifferentways.D．Ah,itfeelssogoodwhenthestressisgone.DE．Youneedtofigureoutwhattheproblemis.F．Anddon’tforgetaboutyourfriends.G．Then,findawaytocalmdown. 【解析】　该空位于全文的结尾处，应该是有关结论方面的内容。空格前面说，如果你在渡过困难的过程中保持积极乐观的态度，你就会更快地帮助自己感觉更好。feelbetter和D项的feelssogood也是相对应的。名师指津总结最近几年的全国卷可以看出，七选五的文章体裁以说明文为主，这类体裁适合考查过渡句、主题句等，能综合考查考生的阅读能力，这是需要考生集中狂练的热点体裁！但是命题组的高考命题创新思维也可能会在体裁的选择上有一定的灵活体现，所以也需要考生对于“偏冷”的议论文和记叙文类做一定的训练准备，以防“爆冷”的出现！希望考生能够在多样话题、多样体裁方面做到充分备考！A(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ)BuildingTrustinaRelationshipAgainTrustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompastexperiences.1.________Trustisarisk.Butyoucan’tbesuccessfulwhenthere’salackoftrustinarelationshipthatresultsfromanactionwherethewrongdoertakesnoresponsibilitytofixthemistake.BUnfortunately，we’veallbeenvictimsofbetrayal.Whetherwe’vebeenstolenfrom，liedto，misled，orcheatedon，therearedifferent levelsoflosingtrust.Sometimespeoplesimplycan’ttrustanymore.2._______It’sunderstandable，butifyou’rewillingtobuildtrustinarelationshipagain，wehavesomestepsyoucantaketogetyouthere.3.________Havingconfidenceinyourselfwillhelpyoumakebetterchoicesbecauseyoucanseewhatthebestoutcomewouldbeforyourwell－being.EA4.________Ifyou’vebeenbetrayed，youarethevictimofyourcircumstance.Butthere’sadifferencebetweenbeingavictimandlivingwitha“victimmentality”．Atsomepointinallofourlives，we’llhaveourtrusttestedorviolated.Youdidn’tlose“everything”．Oncetrustislost，whatisleft？Insteadoflookingatthesituationfromthishopelessangle，lookateverythingyoustillhaveandbethankfulforallofthegoodinyourlife.5.________Instead，it’sahealthywaytoworkthroughtheexperiencetoallowroomforpositivegrowthandforgiveness.CGA．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidencein someone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They’vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan’tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn’tmeanyou’reignoringwhathappened.【解题导语】　本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍了人们在遭受背叛和欺骗后如何重建信任。专题二七选五