2012最新高考英语语法专题复习资料汇编【决胜版】 191页

最新高考英语语法专题复习资料汇编【决胜版】一、名词【要点点拨】一.可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s,-es;辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;(1)keys,threeHenrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs;gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;tomatoes;Negroes;dingoesA(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如:someVIPs(VIP’s);inhis50s/50’s;inthe1990s/1990’s;Therearetwot’sintheword“letter”.2.不规则变化:(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen等;(2)单复数形式相同:sheep;deer;fish;means;works(工厂);Chinese;Japanese;Swiss;(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes;ashes;contents(目录);goods;customs(海关); arms(武器);(4)复合名词的复数形式:shoeshops;lookers-on;grown-ups;passers-by;daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:Chinese/Japanese)B:把man变成men:Englishmen;Frenchmen;C:其它加s(包括Germans)一、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;aloafofbread;abarofchocolate;twoheadofcattle2.不可数名词具体化：Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses;Thepartywasagreatsuccess.二、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加’s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s:JackandTom’sroom(两人共有的房间);Jack’sandTom’srooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：thewindowsoftheroom;( 但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s:China’sindustry;today’spaper;tenminutes’walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmyaunt’s(house);atthedoctor’s(office);gotothechemist’s(shop);3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+…..’s/名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：afriendofhermother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）afriendofhermother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）apictureofhisbrother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)apictureofhisbrother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）一、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop(s);storybook(s);coffeecup(s);physics teacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：salesmanager;sportsmeet;由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/womendoctors;(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表五.英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof只修饰不可数名词:agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof)既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/largequantitiesof【各个击破】1.Noregularadvertiserdareproduceanythingthatfailstosticktothe_____ofhisadvertisement.A.standardB.levelC.message D.promise2.-----Whatdoyouthinkofhiscomposition?------Muchbetter,butthere’sstillsome______forimprovement.A.spaceB.roomC.areaD.place3.Sometimesdoctorsmakehigher______fortheirworkthantheyshould.A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices4.The______ofabigsnakemadeherfrightened,soshesattherestill.A.sightB.lookC.viewD.scene5.No______shefellill,consideringthatshehadbeenoverworkingforyears.A.problemB.wayC.wonderD.matter6.-----Howisitthatyoulostyourway?------WhenIcametothecrossroads,Iwentthewrong________.A.wayB.directionC.distanceD.path7.LittleTomaskedmeforsmall_________forhis _________piece,soIgavehim________.A.change;tenpennies;tenpenceB.changes;tenpennies;tenpenceC.change;tenpence;tenpenniesD.changes;tenpence;tenpennies8.Willyoupleasetellme_______youaretalkingabout?A.whichZhangYimou’sfilmB.whichfilmofZhangYimouC.whichfilmofZhangYimou’sD.zhangYimou’swhichfilm9.Thebabybrokea_______whichismadeof_____justnow.A.teacup;glassB.cupoftea;glassC.tea’scup;glassesD.teacup;glasses10.Look,Motherhasjustboughtthree_______and_______.A.fruit;lotsofvegetablesB.fruits;anumberofvegetablesC.fruit;agreatmanyofthevegetablesD.fruits;agreatamountofvegetables11.Ifyougetthejobyou’llhavetomakebusiness______everynowandthen.A.journeysB.tripsC.travelsD.voyages 12.Ilistenedtohislectureaboutbiology,butImissedthekey______.A.messagesB.senseC.notesD.points13.Heisalwaysfullof______asthoughheneverknewtiredness.A.strengthB.forceC.powerD.energy14.Therehasbeenagreat_______inthenumberofcarsinourcityinthepastfiveyears.A.increaseB.improvementC.resultD.effect15.Idon’tthinkit’smy______thattheTVdoesn’twork.Ijustturneditoff.A.mistakeB.faultC.dutyD.error16.----What’sthe______ofthispairofshoes?----500yuan.----Oh,it’sreallytooexpensive.----Butit’scomfortable,soIthinkit’sgood_______formoney.A.cost;valueB.price;valueC.price;costD.cost;price17.Howdidyoulikethe________oftheinterpreter( 口译员)attheconferenceonTV?A.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words18.Sheisnotingood_______forsuchheavywork.A.stateB.conditionC.positionD.situation19.It’sbad_______foramantosmokeinpublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.A.mannersB.actionC.movementD.manner20.Johnsonisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishashadalotof_______inthepastfewyears.A.agreementsB.salesC.dealsD.bargains3年寒窗苦读不如只学3天!2011中高考英语,火箭式提分有秘方!高考、中考英语高分的秘诀：不注意的细节和模棱两可处的处理和词汇辨析能力(需有专业老师帮你汇总,自己仅背3600词对考高分用处不大)是关键. 全新的单选技巧，将避开语法的干扰，平均轻松提高5分！彻底解决完型“一错错一串”和“发挥不稳定”两大难题。平均提高6分！不读文章直接做题，准确率70%以上；只读一遍，准确率达到90%！解决同学们“做题慢、浪费时间”和“准确率低”等困难。平均提高8分！核心教案65%出自吴老师（男,英文名Peter）9年教学经验，35%参考了育才、实验、2中、新东方、飞跃、哈师大附中、大连8中等系统教案或试题，并配套全国历届中、高考真题和育才、实验、2中等名校的各类试题，更全面、更概括、更系统。一处学习，以一顶十！在他这里，一天提高几十分的弟子，竟然比比皆是！而且几乎他是辽宁省仅有的能做到“当堂上课，当堂提分”的非在职家教专家哦！一名学生感触颇深：吴军老师水平就是不一样，做几千道几万道题，都不如吴军老师一句话来得直接！成绩马上看的见,讲完后,马上拿高考真题或模拟题验证!也欢迎自己带题进一步验证!3年寒窗苦读不如只学3天!很多让学校老师，品牌家教机构和家长都束手无策的英语“落后分子”，经过吴军老师的指点，竟然95%以上的人都能取得中考110分以上、高考110-130分的好成绩，让人不得不感叹吴军老师《英语高分密码》系统教案有着神奇的效果！“学什么、怎么学”，“考什么、怎么考”是核心主题！在他这里，孩子将捕捉到必考点的主、次主体特征，实现考点定向；通过考点全诊断，找出考生考点漏洞，实现对考生定向；最终达到考点和考生双向定向，即备考有针对性。利用独创的解密系统，对思维和记忆规律进行解码；结合辽宁省内一线特级教师多年经验形成的教案库，信息化归纳高考命题规律，对高考考点和命题规律进行解密；让考生解密高考，实现知识和思维双向解密，达到科学备考。通过10-20次课及 三步骤四部分系统训练，能够快速让学生“抓考点记考点”，并形成良好的记忆习惯，用最短的时间记最多的考点，迅速提分。四部分有机结合，环环相扣，形成一整套提分系统，做到真正定向解密备考。吴军高端一对一英语家教为每位VIP学员提供量身打造的个性化提分方案，一本、二本不再是梦！2011年高考全托文化课培训现在高二的你，是否也感觉到了高考的压力。但是因为种种原因（学校，同学，老师等人际关系；学艺术，学体育等等），你的成绩总是摇摇欲坠，令人担忧。我们为有各种问题而不能很好地继续在学校完成高三学习的同学提供另外一种学习环境。我们根据你的特点，制定学习计划。我们拥有轻松的学习氛围，我们提供一对一的VIP教学辅导；我们用更融洽的方式沟通，为高考打下坚实基础。学习形式：(全日托管)，招生对象：1：艺术；2：体育生；3：在学校学习毫无效率的同学；4：因各种原因离开学校而想参加考高的同学。学生全天在我部上课，根据孩子情况，制定学习计划。一对以辅导教学。欢迎家长咨询！“当时学习，当时提分”的超实战家教！抚顺2中的徐金良同学,来时成绩是71分左右,2009年高考成绩为117分;沈阳4中的刘洪鹏同学来时成绩是46分,2009年高考成绩为100分;黑山1中的高三刘璐同学来时成绩是50-70分,2010年高考成绩为113分！………………………. 孩子从小学开始，学习英语已经多年，孩子天天背单词、做习题、记笔记，做过的卷子岂止几百套，上千套，那么孩子的英语成绩一直在稳步提高吗？还是一直没有提高，甚至越学越落后、越学越迷茫？如果孩子的英语成绩一直提高不了，如果孩子一直抓不住重点、找不到感觉，就来找“神奇”的吴军老师吧！在这里孩子马上就会体验到英语学习成绩“突飞猛进”的快乐！在这里一天提高几十分的孩子比比皆是！鲁美附中、沈音附中7人全部考取国本！热烈庆祝吴军一对一家教学员---2010届鲁美附中1班王巨龙、冯潇潇，沈音附中李同学（女，不愿公开全名）及沈阳2中补习班姜雯悦等7人考取鲁美和沈阳音乐学院！为什么一个英语烂到家的学生，在不到2-3个月内成绩突飞猛进？为什么英语基础几乎为零的学生经过他辅导10到20次课，成绩就能迅速提升30-70多分？走捷径考高分的窍门是什么？沈阳高端英语快速提分名师吴军老师将为您咨询谜底。艺术类国本，英语小分很关键！9年的高分经验能成就了他们，同样也可以成就暂时停止成功的你！只学习5-10次课，英语成绩就提高了30多分！　　能接触到吴军老师《英语高分密码》的人太幸运了！如何把握中心，猜测题意，一听就会！融会贯通，举一反三！沈阳83中高二的金柏岑同学来时成绩是82分,2010年学习5次课后的期末成绩为108分;现就读于沈阳4中高二文科班的胡兢元同学来时成绩是91分,13次课后的期末成绩为125分;现就读于皇姑区沈阳10中高一的高雅慧同学来时成绩是90分左右,2010年高一下学期期中考试的成绩为127分;现就读于沈阳东北育才高中本部高二的戴冠宇同学来时成绩是107分,学习后的成绩稳定在125－140分之间，最好成绩是由倒数到班里前6名。2010年沈阳中考距离满分竟然只差了7分! 2010届杏坛中学初三6班的周千会同学（女），2010年沈阳市铁西区一模才120分左右，其中一大半还是‘懵’来的。跟吴军老师学习3-4次后，自己很快找到了英语学习的感觉，好像一下子容易了很多，二模考了135分。10次课后，中考距离满分竟然只差了七分，考了143分。她说没想到她的最高纪录竟然创造在2010年沈阳中考中！2010中考冲刺,没想到效果居然这么好!2010届43中学初三13班的李圣同学（男），初三后成绩与其他同学突然拉大，成绩一直在80分左右，很少达到及格线90分，对自己没有信心，对英语家教更是排斥。跟吴军老师学习20次后，虽与好学生还有5-7分的差距，但又找到了初一前十名时的感觉。2010年沈阳中考虽然发挥不算理想（非选择手写部分基础不好），也达到了129分！英语一对一家教授课内容单项选择13条经典实战技巧,助你避开语法的干扰轻松得高分;完型填空11个重要特点,10种判断技巧,彻底解决一错错一串、发挥不稳定两大难题;阅读理解9大要点,9种提高方法轻松解决做题慢准确率低等难题;短文改错6大应试策略,6大提高方法让你拿分如探囊取物;书面表达“黄金写作模型”,精辟独到的讲解,写出让阅卷老师无可挑剔的高分作文!以下情况不能提分: 单词量要达到初二牛津8B水平（目标高考分数是70-95分），初二牛津9B水平（目标高考分数是95-115分），当次见效（通过现场实战做题，题也可以自己带,明显感觉提了8-10分），一般8-20次课达到目标！什么也不会（连羊sheep和睡觉sleep都分不清就别浪费家里的钱了），家里有钱也没用，”神”也帮不了你!心里形成强烈“自己不行”思维定势，不能迅速扭转的，应先找心理医生或另寻他法；一模40分,二模50分以上可以来,30分左右的得包5-8天,费用得1.5万起,否则拒访!不走心,每次课都没有问题,甚至连给的课后专项题或语境化词汇题都不做的,拒访!非要学可以,成绩变化不大,就别来找我!仅上3-5次课就想提30-50分的别来,当次课提分是因为阅读或完形有了技巧性突破,但考点还没系统化,所以只能提10-15分.提30-50分不是3-5次而是包3-5天!他的诚信宣言：1.我只能帮助孩子提高英语分数，而不能提高孩子基本功！2.现成绩125分以上的同学，建议不要参加。因为他们只有10~15分的提分空间，性价比不合适！3.听完1小时内不满意，保证不问原因、不问理由、无条件地、全额退费！超过了，则按一课收取。讲课当中或讲完后，提供试题或自己带题，马上答题验证！再于下次补交10-20次的费用，3课内不满意可以退回未上课的所有费用，因用大量时间为您的孩子做个性化教案，故3课后恕不退还！本承诺已坚持了四年半！ 4．保分”需要过程,中考高考结束后才能验证,到时就算退回了学费也买不回来孩子的时间和未来。Peter高分英语“立竿见影”当次课见效!每次课后都可以拿高考真题和你的期中/末考题来验证高分教案，答的正确率高或方法好使，就可以证明我们的教案有效！一般情况下，85分以上来的，都能在6-20课内提到105-135分。2009-2010年（吴军亲授的学生）高考130分以上的有39人，3个月内提高了50-70分的有17人。基本上不看短文内容仅看选项，2010年高考有人竟然过了100分！高考有没有瞬间大幅度提分的可能？谁能让你不用花很多时间和心思学习，英语就能提高至少20- 30分？要是真的话，简直是白捡的分数！不仅如此，当你了解了高考真题答案的所有内幕规律，看到了绝密的解题招式，就会豁然开朗。哇！原来也可以这么做题！你的思路因此将会被彻底打通，提高的分数将不仅仅是20-30分！无论现在的英语成绩是60分，还是110分，任何人都可以做到！这些绝密招式是太简单、太震撼了！所以，如果你看到了，切勿告诉他人，否则，他们会在高考中轻松超过你！请注意 !如果你不相信这世上有考试秘诀，请立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你习惯于按照传统思路做题，不希望有思维上的突破，请你立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你现在的成绩已接近满分，甚至已是满分，请你立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你患有心理疾病或心脏病，请您立即将您的眼睛离开；如果你选择留下来，那么接下来的事，很可能让你目瞪口呆！如果我告诉你N个秘诀，在做完形填空和阅读理解题时，不用看文章和题干，只是简单的比较四个选项，就能瞬间选出正确答案，你是否想看？请先看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题的第36题，是一个完形填空题.在此我只列出它的四个选项,试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在3秒之内选出正确答案?36.A.worriedB.sadC.surprisedD.nervous正确答案是C,ABD都是一个人状态不好的倾向词，而C则为中性词，表述态度不一致者是答案。.如果你知道了这个秘诀，可以解决很多类似的完型填空题! 看一下辽宁卷2010年完形填空真题的第52题:52.A.LargelyB.GenerallyC.GraduallyD.Probably正确答案是C,ABD都是含义不肯定的副词，排除表述不明确的选项,答案就水落石出了.如果你知道了这个秘诀，你更是可以解决很多类似的完型填空题!试想一下,知道了全部36个完形秘诀之后,您的分数会怎么样呢?请再看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题阅读理解题的第56题，在此我只写出它的题干和四个选项.也试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在5秒之内选出正确答案?56.FromParagragh1welearnthatthevillagers.A.workedveryhardforcenturiesB.dreamedofhavingabetterlifeC.werepoorbutsomewhatcontentD.livedadifferentlifefromtheirforefathers正确答案是C,选项中表述的内容前后相互矛盾的是答案!思路很简单，如果你掌握了其中的秘诀，抛开文章，你也可以很快选出正确答案.掌握此类瞬间解题秘诀，不仅缩短了答题时间，还能保障近乎100%的准确率！请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!吴军英语高分密码，让您第一次课就提10分！20次课提25-62分！ 模棱两可处和看不懂，该怎么办？要知道，如果对文章似懂非懂，那么，在文章中寻找答案线索就像大海捞针一样的难,更谈不上做对题！吴军英语高分密码将会告诉你此类瞬间解题秘诀,帮助你辨识选项中的诸多暗示点，瞬间找出正确答案,或者瞬间排除错误选项.请记住!在英语完型填空和阅读理解题的选项中，从头到尾都充满了暗示点,善于利用这些暗示点，可以快速做对题!无论任何人，在考试中，总会遇到吃不准选项的题，或可以称之为不会做的“难题”,那么，如果遇到“难题”，你会怎办？是放弃？不可能，怎么着也要“猜”出一个答案!那么，是“瞎猜”吗？如果是“瞎猜”，其正确率仅是25%，是可想而知的低！那么，如何“猜”才能有高的准确率呢？如果我告诉你N个秘诀,让你在做“难题”时，猜出的答案的准确率由25%提高至95%，甚至是100%,你愿意继续看下去吗?35.A.eatupB.dealwithC.throwawayD.sendout35题在B和C模棱两可处到底选哪个?当然选范围大的,能包括另一个的,即选B.再举个例子，假如2010年辽宁卷高考英语完形填空的47题,不知选哪个,怎么办？AsIfoundout,thereis,46,oftennoperfectequivalence(对应)betweentwo47intwolanguages.Myauntevengoessofarasto48thataChinese“equivalent”cannevergiveyouthe49 meaningofawordinEnglish!47.A.wordsB.namesC.ideasD.characters很简单，选A，勿须有任何的犹豫,为什么？复现法则!吴军英语高分密码会告诉你具体原因以及更多的解决“难题”的秘诀,都是非常的简单和直接.请记住!遇到“难题”，即使“猜”答案，也要“猜”的有理有据,切勿盲目的“猜”! Themomenthewasaboutto47thehospital,hesawonthedeskthe48newbook,justashehadleftitone49ago. 48.AmuchBstillChardlyDquite很简单，选B，为什么？答案高频词汇倾向归纳让你笑逐颜开!高频形容词副词:suddenly,even,finally,first,last,again,also,however,though,although,yet,instead,eventhough,but,still等.吴军英语高分密码真的有这么神奇吗？是！一点儿没错！效果是绝对的真实！作为一种标准化考试，选择题本身是有很多缺陷的,这些缺陷就是暗示点，就是解题的突破口!吴军英语高分密码通过对历年真题的长时间的研究，对这些暗示点进行了全面、深入、细致的挖掘和整理,将其转化为超级解题秘诀!每一个秘诀的准确率都在95%以上，甚至是100%吴军英语高分密码,真正做到了立竿见影！甚至是一剑封喉！单选280个考点,42个诀窍;阅读16大满分攻略;完形36绝招;七选五6大原则;改错36个规律;作文4大模板6-8页;不想考上一本、二本都很难!马上用吴军英语高分密码对照历年所有的高考真题进行逐一的验证吧!遇到吴军老师，您太幸运了！请上www.sypeterwu.com或 上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!“当时学习，当时提分”的超实战家教！抚顺2中的徐金良同学,来时成绩是71分左右,2009年高考成绩为117分;沈阳4中的刘洪鹏同学来时成绩是46分,2009年高考成绩为100分;黑山1中的高三刘璐同学来时成绩是50-70分,2010年高考成绩为113分！……………………….孩子从小学开始，学习英语已经多年，孩子天天背单词、做习题、记笔记，做过的卷子岂止几百套，上千套，那么孩子的英语成绩一直在稳步提高吗？还是一直没有提高，甚至越学越落后、越学越迷茫？如果孩子的英语成绩一直提高不了，如果孩子一直抓不住重点、找不到感觉，就来找“神奇”的吴军老师吧！在这里孩子马上就会体验到英语学习成绩“突飞猛进”的快乐！在这里一天提高几十分的孩子比比皆是！鲁美附中、沈音附中7人全部考取国本！热烈庆祝吴军一对一家教学员---2010届鲁美附中1班王巨龙、冯潇潇，沈音附中李同学（女，不愿公开全名）及沈阳2中补习班姜雯悦等7人考取鲁美和沈阳音乐学院！为什么一个英语烂到家的学生，在不到2-3个月内成绩突飞猛进？为什么英语基础几乎为零的学生经过他辅导10到20次课，成绩就能迅速提升30-70多分？走捷径考高分的窍门是什么？沈阳高端英语快速提分名师吴军老师将为您咨询谜底。艺术类国本，英语小分很关键！9年的高分经验能成就了他们，同样也可以成就暂时停止成功的你！ 只学习5-10次课，英语成绩就提高了30多分！　　能接触到吴军老师《英语高分密码》的人太幸运了！如何把握中心，猜测题意，一听就会！融会贯通，举一反三！沈阳83中高二的金柏岑同学来时成绩是82分,2010年学习5次课后的期末成绩为108分;现就读于沈阳4中高二文科班的胡兢元同学来时成绩是91分,13次课后的期末成绩为125分;现就读于皇姑区沈阳10中高一的高雅慧同学来时成绩是90分左右,2010年高一下学期期中考试的成绩为127分;现就读于沈阳东北育才高中本部高二的戴冠宇同学来时成绩是107分,学习后的成绩稳定在125－140分之间，最好成绩是由倒数到班里前6名。2010年沈阳中考距离满分竟然只差了7分!2010届杏坛中学初三6班的周千会同学（女），2010年沈阳市铁西区一模才120分左右，其中一大半还是‘懵’来的。跟吴军老师学习3-4次后，自己很快找到了英语学习的感觉，好像一下子容易了很多，二模考了135分。10次课后，中考距离满分竟然只差了七分，考了143分。她说没想到她的最高纪录竟然创造在2010年沈阳中考中！请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!2010中考冲刺,没想到效果居然这么好!2010届43中学初三13班的李圣同学（男），初三后成绩与其他同学突然拉大，成绩一直在80分左右，很少达到及格线90分，对自己没有信心，对英语家教更是排斥。跟吴军老师学习20次后，虽与好学生还有5-7分的差距，但又找到了初一前十名时的感觉。2010年沈阳中考虽然发挥不算理想（非选择手写部分基础不好），也达到了129分！请上www.sypeterwu.com或 上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!英语一对一家教授课内容单项选择13条经典实战技巧,助你避开语法的干扰轻松得高分;完型填空11个重要特点,10种判断技巧,彻底解决一错错一串、发挥不稳定两大难题;阅读理解9大要点,9种提高方法轻松解决做题慢准确率低等难题;短文改错6大应试策略,6大提高方法让你拿分如探囊取物;书面表达“黄金写作模型”,精辟独到的讲解,写出让阅卷老师无可挑剔的高分作文!以下情况不能提分:单词量要达到初二牛津8B水平（目标高考分数是70-95分），初二牛津9B水平（目标高考分数是95-115分），当次见效（通过现场实战做题，题也可以自己带,明显感觉提了8-10分），一般8-20次课达到目标！什么也不会（连羊sheep和睡觉sleep都分不清就别浪费家里的钱了），家里有钱也没用，”神”也帮不了你!心里形成强烈“自己不行”思维定势，不能迅速扭转的，应先找心理医生或另寻他法；一模40分,二模50分以上可以来,30分左右的得包5-8天,费用得1.5万起,否则拒访!不走心,每次课都没有问题,甚至连给的课后专项题或语境化词汇题都不做的,拒访!非要学可以,成绩变化不大,就别来找我! 仅上3-5次课就想提30-50分的别来,当次课提分是因为阅读或完形有了技巧性突破,但考点还没系统化,所以只能提10-15分.提30-50分不是3-5次而是包3-5天!他的诚信宣言：1.我只能帮助孩子提高英语分数，而不能提高孩子基本功！2.现成绩125分以上的同学，建议不要参加。因为他们只有10~15分的提分空间，性价比不合适！3.听完1小时内不满意，保证不问原因、不问理由、无条件地、全额退费！超过了，则按一课收取。讲课当中或讲完后，提供试题或自己带题，马上答题验证！再于下次补交10-20次的费用，3课内不满意可以退回未上课的所有费用，因用大量时间为您的孩子做个性化教案，故3课后恕不退还！本承诺已坚持了四年半！4．保分”需要过程,中考高考结束后才能验证,到时就算退回了学费也买不回来孩子的时间和未来。Peter高分英语“立竿见影”当次课见效!每次课后都可以拿高考真题和你的期中/末考题来验证高分教案，答的正确率高或方法好使，就可以证明我们的教案有效！一般情况下，85分以上来的，都能在6-20课内提到105-135分。2009-2010年（吴军亲授的学生）高考130分以上的有39人，3个月内提高了50-70分的有17人。请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!主谓一致（主备人：张菊贤）【要点点拨】 英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,noone,nothing,nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect.Everythingaroundusismatter.(注意：none,neither,all,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)Noneofthemowns/ownacar.Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.Allarehere.Andallthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Fiveminutesisenough.Fourhundredfrancsisalotofmoney.3：each…andeach…，every…andevery;no…andno;manya…andmanya…等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。 EachboyandeachgirlhasgotanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Nosoundandnovoiceisheardforalongtime.4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.（tosaysomething,todo是不定式）“Howdoyoudo?”isnotaquestionbutagreeting.（Howdoyoudo?是句子，作主语）(注意：what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)Whatweneedismoretime,whilewhattheyneedaremoredoctorsandmedicines.5：oneandahalf后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。Oneandhalfbananasisleftonthetable.6：用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。TheheadmasterandPartysecretaryisgoingabroadnextmonth.Breadandbutterismyusualbreakfast.7：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。 Thenewsisdisappointingthatachemicalworksistobebuiltinthewestofthecity.8：名词由and或both…and连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop.9：people,public,police,cattle做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Andpeoplearetalkingaboutthenews.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Yourtrousersaretoolong,buttheseshoesfityouquitewell.但有apairof连接时，谓语动词使用单数。Apairofglovesisanicepresentforher.11:不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Threemilliontonsofoilareexploitedeveryyearintheoilfield.12:在or,either---or---,neither---nor---,notonly---butalso---,not---but---,therebe 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.考点13 :下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致:aswellas;ratherthan;like;except;besides;with;alongwith;including;such---as---;;NoonebutJackandMaryknowsaboutit.Iaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.考点14：someof;plentyof;alotof;mostof;therestof;all(of);half(of);分数或百分之+of+名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。Alotofstudentsarewaitingoutside.Andlotsofthetimehasbeenwasted.Morethan70%oftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.Therestofthestoryneedsnotelling.Hestayedathomeandtherestoftheboyswereoutatplay.15：由akindof;thiskindof;manykindsof和名词+ofthiskind等以及与kind意思相近的type,sort等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。ThiskindofapplesellswellinChina.Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.16：morethan开头的句子，看其后面的名词。Morethanoneansweriswrittenontheblackboard.Morethantwohundredsoldierswerekilledinthebattle.17:定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveappearedthisyear.Sheistheonlyoneofthosewomenwhodoesn’tknowathingaboutknitting(编织).18:population;company;class.team;family;group;nation;world;government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。Ourfamilyhasareunioneveryyear.Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.19：the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse. 真实应与假相区别。(thetrue/thefalse表单数概念)20：anumberof+复数名词结构应用复数动词。thenumberof+复数名词结构应用单数动词。如：Anumberofpeoplewerekilledandinjuredintheexplosion.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledinthetsunami(海啸)hasgrownto160,000.【各个击破】1.——HaveyouheardthatTianLiang,alongwithhisparents,_______toCanada?——Really?NowonderIhaven’tseenhimthesedays.A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.havebeenD.havegone2.Overthree-quarterofthecity_______destroyedintheIraqWar.A.isB.areC.wereD.was3.Thiskindofstories________instructivewhilestoriesofthatkind________harmfultochildren.A.is;seemsB.are;seemC.is;seemD.are;seems4.Everybodyinourhometown,menandwomen,youngandold,________sportsandgames. A.arefondofB.joinsC.enjoysD.goinfor5.TheWhites’family,which_______ratheralargeone,________veryfondoftheirhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was6.Nothissonbuthistwodaughters________toCanada,nevertobeseenagain.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen7.Whentheinjured_______tothehospital,,theycameto________.A.wasrushed;lifeB.wererushed;lifeC.rushed;livesD.wererushed;lives8.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthat_______notfullyunderstood.A.areB.wereC.isD.was9._________visitorstoHongKongwereaskedbynewspaperreporterswhattheirimpressionsofthepeoplewere.A.ThenumberofB.AnumbersofC.NumbersofD.Anynumbersof10.Thoughsmall,theantisasmuchasacreatureas _________allotheranimalsonearth.A.areB.isC.doD.have11.Betweenthetworowsoftrees_______theteachingbuilding.A.haveB.hasC.standsD.are12.Everypossiblemeans_________triedbutwithoutmuchresult.A.havebeenB.hadC.hasD.hasbeen13.Therestofthestory________notelling.Halfofthestudents_______nointerestinit.A.need;hasB.needs;haveC.needs;hasD.need;have14.JohnandMary,___suretocometoourpartythisevening.A.beB.areC.isD.tobe15.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksonthesubject________everbeenwritteninEnglish.A.thathasB.whichhaveC.thathaveD.whichis16.Everyboyandeverygirlaswellassometeacherswho____tovisitthemuseum____askedtobeattheschoolgatebefore6:30inthemorning. A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are17.Agreatmanypeople_______presentatthemeeting.Butmanyaman________lateforthemeetingbecauseofthetrafficjam.A.are;areB.is;isC.were;wasD.was;are18.Heistheonlyoneofthechildrenwhooften________illofothersbehindtheirbacks.A.havespokenB.werespeakingC.speaksD.speak19.It’sIwho________theChristmasgifttoyou.A.hassentB.havesentC.isgoingtofetchD.aregoingtofetch20.Whatwereyourproblemsayearago_______minenow.A.hasbecomeB.havebecomeC.becomesD.became二、介词(主备人：张菊贤)【要点点拨】复习时要把握三点：A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。Hehasn’tcomeforamonth.(for持续时间)ThedayiswarmforApril.（for就……而言）B.要突破几个关键介词in,on,at,with,by,from,of,to,for.1.表示时间的：at;in;on,since,from,to,after,within,during,throughout,towards,over,by,till;2.表示穿越的:through,across,over3．表示地理位置的：in;on;to;4．表示原因、目的的：for;with;from;5.表示关于的:about,concerning,regarding,withregardto,asfor,asto;6.表示根据：on;accordingto;7.inthecorner;onthecorner,atthecorner的区别8．between和among9．besides;except;but;exceptfor10．in和withC.要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。1.固定与to构成搭配的名词：key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,note,etc.2.与on有关的：mercy,congratulations3.与at有关的：angry,good,bad,clever,terrified, surprised;4.与of有关的：afraid,sure,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy,certain;5.与with有关的：angry,strict,careful,busy,poplar;6.与to有关的：next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,anxious,married,close,near,similar,due;7.与for有关的：sorry,good,free,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry;8.与from有关的：far,different,free,safe,absent,tired.【各个击破】1.---Whatdoyouwant_______thoseoldboxes?---ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat.A.byB.forC.ofD.with2.Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptain________aninch.A.byB.atC.toD.from3.Thetrainleavesat6:00pm,soIhavetobeatthestation_______5:30pm.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around4.Thelittleboywasquitealoneintheworld________an auntintheUnitedStates.A.exceptforB.exceptC.besidesD.exceptthat5.________hisgreatsurprise,hisshopwasrobbed________computers.A.To;ofB.For;ofC.From;withD.To;with6.Weofferedhimourcongratulations_________hispassingthedrivingtest.A.atB.forC.ofD.on7.Einstein’sspecialtheoryofrelativityisquite_______me.A.forB.beyondC.toD.against8.Howmuchdidyoupay________thetickets________tonight’sNewYearConcert?A.for;forB.for;toC.for;ofD.to;for9.Hehasbeencaught________therainandiswet________skin.A.by;toB.in;toC.in;throughD.with;in10.---Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis? ---_______lastFriday.A.FromB.SinceC.InD.After11.Besidesbeingabletowalkonforthreedayswithoutdrinking,camelscanalsoliveforalongtime________smallquantitiesoffood.A.withB.onC.byD.without12.I’msorryit’s________mypowertomakeafinaldecisionontheproject.A.overB.aboveC.offD.beyond13.---Didyoulosethematch?---Yes,welostthematch_______onegoal.A.byB.atC.withD.only14.Thestudyyouhavebeenmaking________thelivingthingsintheoceanisaninstructivejob.A.toB.forC.ofD.from15.Ifeltitratherdifficulttotakeastand________theopinionofthemajority.A.toB.byC.inD.against16.---Yourdaughteristallenough________herage.---Yes.Iwasmuch________whenIwasherage. A.for;tallerB.at;tallerC.at;shorterD.for;shorter17.---Whenwillthegamebegin?---Itwillbeginlaterthanusual_______tenminutes.A.inB.onC.byD.at18.---Isyourgrandmastillwithyou?---No.Shestillpreferstoliveinthecountryside_________allitsdisadvantages.A.forB.exceptC.withD.to19.Let’skeepintouch.Youcanreachme________thisnumber.A.atB.onC.fromD.in20.---MissLi,Jackisill,sohecan’tcometoschool.---Thenwe’llbeginourclass_________him.A.exceptforB.apartfromC.exceptD.without21.---It’ssonoisyupstairs.Peter,bettergoandseewhattheyhavebeenup________.---OK.A.toB.inC.withD.for22.---What’syourfavoritesport?---Jogging.Irun_________therivereverymorning. A.aroundB.onC.alongD.in23._________running,learningEnglishneedswill.A.AswithB.AstoC.AsforD.Asif24.________leftbeforethedeadline,itdoesn’tseemlikelythathewillfinishthejob.A.ThoughsuchashorttimeB.BecausesuchashorttimeC.WithsuchashorttimeD.Assuchashorttime25.Heremindedme_______thetime_______themeeting.A.at;atB.of;ofC.in;inD.at;in26.Thesunwillrise________aboutaquarterofanhour.A.onB.inC.afterD.at27.LiuXiang’sparentswereoverjoyedandburst______tears_______thenewsoftheirson’svictoryintheOlympicGames.A.into;atB.out;forC.forth;onD.to;after28.Hellenusedtobeashygirl,butshehasgrown_______ itnow.A.withoutB.overC.awayD.outof29.ThisistheAudicar__________shecamehere.A.bywhichB.bythatC.inwhichD.withwhich30.Myhouseis________astone’sthrowfromschool,soIoftengotoschool_______foot.A.within;onB.to;byC.on;onD.of;with31.Wewentonapicnic________theheavyrain.A.althoughB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.for32.---CanIborrowsomemoneyfromyou?---You’realreadyindebt_________meforsixtydollars.A.toB.forC.fromD.by33.Hisbest-knownworkthatis________allpraisecanbeseeninthemuseum.A.withoutB.beyondC.withD.within34.Helikeshiscoffeewithsugar;Ilikemine________.A.notB.ofnoC.none D.without35.Withoutathoroughgrasp________biology,astudentcannothopetostudymedicine.A.inB.forC.ofD.with36.Wedecidedtoclimbthemountain,but_______secondthoughtrealizedthatitwastoodangerous.A.afterB.onC.inD.at37._________successIdon’tmeanwhatisusuallythoughtofwhenthatwordisused.A.InB.ByC.WithD.For38.Mr.Smithapologized_________thechildren________thelady________whattheyhaddone.A.for;to;toB.for;to;forC.to;to;forD.to;for;for39.Welive_______asmallriverthatflows________theThames.A.in;intoB.on;intoC.at;ontoD.in;onto40.________curiosity,Iwenttothecustomerservicecounterandaskedwhy.A.BeyondB.BesidesC.Apartfrom D.Outof41.Mr.Johnsongoestoworkveryearlyinthemorningandgoesonworkinguntillateintheafternoon_________abreakatmidday.A.withB.forC.asD.through42.Themannedspacecraft“ShenzhouV”,________Chinagreetsthe21stcentury,marksnewprogressinthecentury’sspaceprogram.A.forwhichB.fromwhichC.inwhichD.withwhich43.Hemighthavebeenkilled________thearrivalofthepolice.A.exceptforB.apartfromC.butforD.inspiteof44.Isn’t_________rude______himtotalktohismotherlikethat?A.that;forB.that;ofC.it;forD.it;of45.Theoryisbasedonpracticeand______turnservespractice.A.onB.inC.byD.at 三、代词（主备人：倪建辉）【要点点拨】1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he/she/those/anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用who,指物时用that。e.g.Thosewhoknowtheanswercangoonwiththeotherexercises.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.Anythingthatbenefitsthepeoplewillbeaccepted.2、all(both,every,each)……not=notall(both,every,each)构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none,neither,noone(nothing)e.g.Notallthestudentscouldunderstandhisexplanation.Eachchildcannotgotoschoolinthemountainvillage.3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebodyelse’s,anybodyelse’s,nobodyelse’s;whoelse’s=whoseelse4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it（指物）、he （指人）、they（指人、物）e.g.Everyoneknowshowtodoit,doesn’the/don’tthey?4、all作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”解释时，不可数，动词用单数。5、身代词：byoneself:亲自、独自、自动地；ofoneself:自动地；beoneself:身体好helponeself(to…):自助、自己拿……；initself:本质上、就其本身而言。e.g.Themanistoooldtolivebyhimself./Thedoorclosedofitself.I’mnotquitemyselftoday./Thequestioninitselfisnotverydifficult.6.用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。e.g.----Whoisknockingatthedoor?----Me,Tom.MetoplayPingpongwithhim?7.Therest、Theremainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。e.g.Ihavereadhalfofthebook.Therestistobefinishedinaweek.Severalpeopleweresaved,buttheremainderwerestillinsidetheburninghouse.区别以下几组词： 1、none,nothing,noone(nobody)none：（指三个以上之中）没有任何（人、物），常用来否定回答以Howmany/Howmuch…?引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。e.g.----Howmanysheepdidyouseeonthehill?----None.----Pleasegivemesomeink.----Sorry,thereisnone(noink)left.Noneofthestudentscouldanswerthequestion,whichmadetheteacherdisappointednothing：（视为单数）没什么，无事e.g.Afterthefire,nothingwasleftonthehills.Nothingdidhesayandhewenthomesilently.noone=nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。e.g.----Whobrokethewindow?----Noone.Itbrokeofitself.2、it/they，one/ones，theone/theones，that/thoseit/they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；e.g.Heboughtapen.Itcosthim50yuan./Hehas twobrothers.Theyarebothworkers.one/ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指;还可以泛指人。e.g.----Doyouhaveacamera?----No,butmyfatherhasone.Achairmadeofironisusuallyheavierthanonemadeofwood.Onecannotbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.theone/theones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。e.g.----I’mlookingforapen.----Howdoyouliketheoneinthebox?----Whoaretheboys?----Youmeantheonesplayingbasketball?that/those：“that”用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数=theone或不可数名词，以避免重复；“those”用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数=theones，以避免重复。e.g.Thepriceofapenisoftenhigherthanthatofapencil.TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinShanghai. ThestudentsinClassTwoaremorehard-workingthanthose(theones)inClassOne.3、some/any,everybody/anybody习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和anybody用于疑问、否定句。但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为“大家、每个人”。e.g.Iseverybodypleasedwiththeshow?试比较：Doyouhaveanywater?(对water持怀疑态度)----Doyoulikesomemorewater?----No,thanks.(对water持肯定态度)any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。e.g.----Whenshallwemeetagain?----Anytimeyoulike.Anybodyhereknowshowtotreatastranger.4、who/whoever,what/whatever,which/whichever,whom/whomeverwho/what/which/whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever 是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。e.g.WhowillteachusEnglishisstillunknown.Whoeverdiditwillbepunished./Whoeverdidit,hewillbepunished.Whatwouldyoudoifyouhadthatsumofmoney?/Whateveryoudo,doitwell.5、other/others;theother/theothers;anotherother：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any,some,no等连用。e.g.HeisnootherbutTom./Theseareallwehave,wehavenoother(s).others：常与some连用，表示：一些……其它的……。e.g.Somepeoplelikefishing,somelikeboating,othersskating.theother:与one连用，构成词组：one…theother：指两者中“一个……另一个……”theothers:指在一定范围中的“其余的”。e.g.Inourclasssomestudentsaregoodatmaths,somearegoodatChinese,theothersaregoodatphysics.another:是形容词，“另一个、在一个” ，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。e.g.WestayedinNewYorkforanotherthreeweeks./Pleasehaveanotherapple.当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。e.g.Aftereatinganapple,Ihadanother(one).6、all;both;each;every;eitherall：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。both：指“两者都”，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。e.g.Therearetreesoneachside/bothsidesoftheriver.Eachofushasachancetogotouniversity.Weeachhaveadictionary. every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。either：指“两者中一个”或“两者中无论哪一个”，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。e.g.Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitoneitherendoftheboat.Idon’tlikeeitherofthem.Doyouhaveanyotherblouse?【各个击破】1.----Doyouwantteaorcoffee?----_____.Ireallydon’tmind.A.BothB.NoneC.EitherD.Neither2.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother,doesitmatter______itwas?A.whereB.whatC.howD.which3.----You’realwaysworking.Comeon,let’sgoshopping.----_______youeverwanttodoisgoingshopping.A.AnythingB.SomethingC.AllD.That 4.Thebossdecidedtodismisstwoworkers:________.A.youandTomB.IandyouC.MaryandID.sheandyou5.Idon’tcarefor______ofthehats.Wouldyoushowmeathirdone?A.allB.noneC.eitherD.both6.Inowdonotaccept______thatisofferedtome,Ionlychoosethoseuseful.A.anythingB.anyC.whateverD.everything7.Aschoolisanexcitingplace,____inwhichnewtalentsarebeingdiscoveredeveryday.A.andB.thatC.thereD.one8.----Howmuchvinegardidyouputinthesalad?----I’msorrytosay,_______.Iforgot.A.noB.nothingC.nooneD.none9.----Isthisumbrellayours?----No,mineishere.Itmustbe________.A.someone’sB.someone’selseC.someoneelse’sD.someone’selse’s10.Ourfeelingswere___________. A.thesameastheyB.sameastheirsC.sameastheyD.thesameastheirs11.Youcanreachthetown______roadyoutake.A.whateverB.whatC.whicheverD.which12.______whowishtogoswimmingmaysignuphere.A.AnypersonB.ThoseC.AnyoneD.These13.Nowthatthenewmachineshavebeenbought,_____willyoudowiththeold_____?A.how;onesB.how;oneC.what;oneD.what;ones14.Thethievesranawayseparately,_____carryingabag.A.allB.eachC.everyD.either15.----Didanybodyaskformeduringmyabsence?----Yes,______calledBlackaskedtoseeyou.A.heB.itC.oneD.that四、冠词（主备人：沈翠微)【要点点拨】一．不定冠词中的主要用法： 1.表“一个”“每一个”（=per）“某一个”（=acertain/some）,如:eighthoursaday;aMr.Smith2.a/an+抽象名词表示具体的人或物（如：apleasure/success/failure/comfort/shame等）;a/an+某些物质名词表示“一阵”“一份”等,如:aheavyrain;3.a/an+有些名词=thesame+n.如:Thestudentsstandingthereareofanage(=ofthesameage.)二．定冠词的主要用法:（一）1.特定的或上文提到的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词);2.一些习惯用语及固定词组中;（二）1.世界上独一无二的物,或表示方位及发明物前:theuniverse;thesun;themoon;Heinventedthewheel;2.乐器名词前:playtheviolin;3.表计量单位的名词前,表示”按……”:bythedozen/yard/hour;4.与形容词或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人):theold/sick/Chinese;（三）1.用于姓的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人:theBrowns 2.年代的名词前表示”某十年代”:inthe1990s（四）1.在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前：theYellowSea;theEnglishChannel;theRockyMountains;2.在由普通名词构成的表示机构、国家、建筑、历史朝代、三军、报刊,、杂志等名词前：theSongDynasty;theWorldTradeCenter;thePeople’sDaily;theTimes;theUniversityofBeijing(BeijingUniversity)（五）1.用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:myfirstvisittotheGreatWall);2.对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级):Heisthetallerofthetwins;3.句型”the+比较级……,the+比较级”中:Thehigheryoustand,thefartheryou’llsee.三．不用冠词的场合:（一）1.抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时);2.星期,季节,月份的名词前(比较:inwinter/inthewinterof2000;onSunday/onaSundayinMay);3.三餐饭前(比较:havelunch/haveabiglunch);4.球类或棋类名词前(playcards/chess);5.表示学科的名词前; 6.by+交通工具的名词前(bycar=inacar);7.表示节假日的名词前(但:theMid-AutumnFestival或可说成Mid-AutumnDay);（二）1.在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略);2.指家中雇佣的cook,nurse,teacher等时不用冠词并且大写:Hewasmademonitorofourclass;What’sthematter,Grandpa?（三）1.动词turn后的名词前不用冠词（但become后接可数名词单数时要加冠词）:turndoctor=becomeadoctor;2.word表示“消息”“诺言”时不用冠词:leaveword/keepone’sword/amanofhisword;3.man表示“人类”时不用冠词;4.连词as(虽然)引导倒装句中的名词前不用冠词;（四）在一些表示街名,广场名,公园名,大学名,国名,人名等专有名词前:NanjingRoad;TianAnMenSquare;HydePark(但:thePeople’sPark);YaleUniversity(theUniversityofYale)（五）下列短语中有无冠词意义大不一样:at(the)table;in(the)prison;at(the)sea;by(the)sea; by(the)hand;goto(the)hospital;on(the)earth;outof(the)question;by(the)day;in(the)frontof;(the)threeofus;the/anumberof;haveaword/wordswithsb.;asingerand(a)dancer;aknifeand(a)fork;a/thesecondtime;a/themostbeautifulcity四．冠词的位置:1.all/both/half/many/double/such/what/quite+冠词+(形容词)+名词:halfthebooks;manyastudent;suchafineday;Whatalovelypresent!quiteabigmeal2.as/so/how/too+形容词+冠词+名词:sofineaday;toodifficultaproblem;ascleveraboyasyou【各个击破】1.-----Jack,there’s______Mrs.Smithon______phoneforyou.------I’minthebath.A.a;theB.the;aC.a;/D.the;/2.Tellhernottostayin_____hotelnexttimeshecomeshere.Icanfind_____bedforherinmyflat.NowI’msleepyandIwanttoheadfor_______.A.the;/;/B.a;/;aC.the;a;/D.the;a;the 3.AfterIleft_______university,Iturned_______lawyer.A.an;aB.a;aC./;/D.the;the4.------Whatabout______lecturethismorning?------Oh,itwastoodifficult________lectureforme.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;a5.Themanagerdecidedtoput_____planinto______practicebecausehethoughtitwas______mostpracticalone.A.the;the;aB.a;/;theC.the;/;aD.a;the;the6.Peopleof_______kindfallinto______samegroupandthingsof_____kindflocktogether.A.the;the;theB.a;the;aC.a;/;aD.the;a;the7.------Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor_____breakfast?------Somemilkandbread.-----WhataboutJim?------Heneverhas______breakfast,forhealwaysgetsuptoolate,butthismorninghehadquite________bigbreakfast.A./;/;/B./;/;aC.the;the;aD.the;the;/ 8.Hetoldmethatitwas_____pleasuretohelpothersandhewoulddoitwith______pleasure.A.a;aB./;/C.the;aD.a;/9.----Ihavetelephonedhimforthreetimesthismorning,butitseemsthatheisstillin_____hospital.----Whynotcallhimfor_______fourthtime?Maybehe’sbacknow.Hetoldmeyesterdaythedoctorallowedhimtocomehomethismorning.A./;aB.the;theC.a;aD./;the10.It’softenlessexpensivetobuygoodsin______quantity,butyou’dbetterexamine_______qualitybeforebuyingthem.A./;theB.the;/C.a;theD.the;the11.Timcouldn’tremembertheexactdateoftheearthquake,butheknewitwas_____Sundaybecauseeverybodywasat________church.A./;theB.a;theC.a;/D.the;/12.Thepriceof________jewelisdecidedbythesortof______materialused.A.the;theB.the;/C./;theD./; /13.Applesareusuallysoldby______weightandeggsaresometimessoldby______dozen.A.the;theB./;aC./;theD.the;a14.----Ihearasmanyas50childrenwerekilledintheaccident.----Yes,_____newscameas_____shocktome.A.the;theB.the;aC./;/D./;a15.----Areyouusedtoourfoodhere?----Moreorless,but______knifeand_______forkisstillaproblem.A.the;theB.a;aC.the;/D./;/16.KarlMarxfirstdiscovered______politicaltheoryknownas_______communism.A.a;aB.the;theC.the;/D.a;/17._____librarybuildinginourschoolwascompletedin_____Mayof1998,notin_______April,1997.A.A;/;/B.The;the;/C.A;the;/D.The;/;/18.----Whatdoyouthinkof______president?----Ididn’tcareforhimatfirst,butafter______time Igottolikehim.A.the;aB./;theC.the;theD./;a19.In______SaharaDesert,_______rainwasscarce,butinmyhometownthereis_______heavyrainnowandthen,andtheriveraroundthetownrisesalotafter_______.A.the;the;a;aheavyrainB.the;/;a;heavyrainsC./;/;/;aheavyrainD.the;the;a;heavyrains20.----Hesent______wordthatyoushallgotohisofficeafterclass.----Iknow.And______wordhascomethatyouarethenextpersonhewantstosee.A./;/B.the;/C.a;/D.a;the五、形容词和副词（主备人：沈晓红）【要点点拨】一:形容词1．作定语1).多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词（冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等）＋描绘性形容词（beautiful,interesting…）＋大小、长短、高低＋形状＋年龄、新旧＋颜色＋国籍、地区、出处＋材料性质＋用途、类别＋名词中心词。acharmingbigroundnewblackFrenchwoodenwritingdesktheman’sfirsttwointerestinglittleredFrenchoilpaintings2)定语后置A）形容词短语作定语alanguagedifficulttomaster,aleaningtowerabout180feethighB）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如achildasleep,thegreatestmanaliveC）修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时eg.Isthereanythinginterestingintoday’snewspaper?D）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。Whatelsedoyouknow?E）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，但修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。 2.作表语1)系表结构。与系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep.smell，taste，sound，turn，remain,go,come,stay,stand,run,prove等连用2)表语形容词。常见的有以a-起首的afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive以及well,ill(生病)，fond,sorry,unable,worth,glad,sure等注意：以a-起首的词除了作后置定语外还作补语。eg.Keepthefishalive修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quitealone,verymuchalone,wideawake,fast/soundasleep,verymuchafraid3.作状语形容词或形容词短语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如：        Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.        Afraidoftroubles，hewouldnotaccepttheduty.4.复合形容词1）形容词+名词+edkind-hearted好心的，fair-haired金发的2)形容词+形容词red-hot炽热的，dark-blue 深蓝的3）形容词+现在分词good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的4）副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的5）副词+过去分词hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的6）名词+形容词life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的7）名词+现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的8）名词+过去分词snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的9）数词+名词+edfour-storeyed4层楼的，three-legged3条腿的10）数词+名词（名词用单数）ten-year10年的,two-man两人的二：副词1．频度副词如often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom,never,rarely,frequently,occasionally等在be 动词、助动词、情态动词后，行为动词前。eg.Weusuallygoshoppingonceaweek./Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.2。多个副词同时出现的顺序方式副词＋地点副词＋时间副词/小的时间/地点＋大的时间/地点三：比较形容词和副词1.形容词＋ly,有时会构成意义完全不同的副词hard(困难的)—hardly（几乎不）　　dead(死的)—deadly(致命的)late(晚的)—lately(最近)　　　　fair(公平的)—fairly(相当)２．注意：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的．例如：        l)close接近地    closely仔细地，密切地        2)free免费地    freely自由地，无拘束地        3)hard努力地    hardly几乎不        4)late晚，迟    lately近来        5)most极，非常    mostly主要地        6)wide广阔地，充分地    widely广泛地        7)high高    highly高度地，非常地        8)deep深，迟    deeply抽象意义的“深”         9)loud大声地  loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)    10)near邻近    nearly几乎３.以-ly结尾的形容词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、manly、timely等。eg.（×）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（∨）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.四：比较级和最高级1.构成：大部分双音节词、加后缀构成的词（如slowly,useful）、源于分词的形容词（如tired）、所有的多音节词，加more构成比较级，加themost构成最高级，副词的最高级可省去the.请注意：作表语的形容词最高级前，如果不是和别人、他物相比，常不加the.eg.WearebusiestonMonday.2．修饰比较级、最高级的程度词1)even/still/rathermuch/far/alot/agreatdeal＋比较级alittle/abitWeareworkingstillhardernow.现在我们工作更加努力。2)数词+名词＋比较级eg.Heistwoinchestallerthanhisfather. 他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说Heistallerthanhisfatherbytwoinches.)Shecouldnottakeastepfurther.她一步也不能走了。3)比较级＋byfar在前面，应在二者中间加“the”．如:Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.        Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.4)thesecond/third＋最高级byfar3.无比较级和最高级的形容词有些形容词本身含义无程度差别,因此没有比较级和最高级．常见的有：right,wrong,perfect,possible,impossible,mistaken,dead,favourite等。这些词不能被程度副词修饰，但可以被quite(完全地)，completely等修饰。eg.quiteright/impossible，　completelydead.4.和冠词连用　　the＋形容词原级＋v(复)，指一类人或物　　the＋　形容词比较级，指两者中“较…的”的那一个，eg.theyoungerofthetwo a/an＋形容词比较级eg.Thepenisexpensive.Iwantacheaperone.(a)＋most＋形容词最高级　“非常…”　eg.amostbeautifulcity5.相关结构1)原级比较：肯定句as….as….,否定句notso/as….as…..2)比较句：比较级＋than….或more(less)….than…..Thefurnitureinthisshopislessbeautifulthanthatinthatshop.(注意代词that的用法)3)比较级＋and＋比较级或moreandmore＋比较级“越来越…”richerandricher,moreandmoreinteresting4)Themore…..,themore…..“越…，越…”Themoreyoulookatthepicture,thebetteryouwilllikeit.5)比较级＋thananyother＋n.（单）（适用于范围一致时）(all)other＋n.（复）any＋n.(单)（适用于范围不一致时） Heistallerthananyotherstudent/allotherstudentsinhisclass.anystudentinmyclass.6)倍数表达法。Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。7)more…than…结构，其意往往是…ratherthan…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。 Thatlittlegirlismoretiredthanhungry.那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。Sheismoreamotherthanawife或Sheismoreofamotherthanawife.她是贤妻，更是良母。8)AistoBwhatCistoDA和B的关系就像C和D的关系Airistomanwhatwateristofish.空气对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。9)nomorethan=only“只不过”，言其少notmorethan=atmost“不多于”，“至少”，指事实。nomore…than…和…一样不…如单音节使用比较级形式notmore…than…不比…更…　　nolessthan=asmuchas“多达”　nofewerthan=asmanyaseg.Ihavenomorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的钱只不过5元。Ihavenotmorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的钱不多于5元。HeisnoricherthanI.他和我一样穷。 Heisnolessdeterminedthanyou.他的决心不亚于你。(nolessdeterminedthan等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大)Heisnotlessdeterminedthanyou.他的决心不比你小。(notlessdeterminedthan等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义)10)最高级＋of/in/among….Heisthetallestofthethree/amongthem/inisclass.五．相关词语辨析1.very和muchA）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；,much修饰比较级；　修饰动词用much或verymuch,eg.IverylikeEnglish.(×),因改为：IlikeEnglishverymuch.B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。averyfrightenedboy,averytiredchild.一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、verymuch/greatly等修饰。如：Weweregreatly/muchshockedbythenewsaboutTom..C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：veryinteresting/worrying/excitingD）too前用much/far,不用very。Youaremuch/far/alottoonice.另外，在toomany/much,toofew/ little前用far。We’vegotfartoomanyeggsandfartoofeweggcups.　E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much.eg.bewellworthdoing,bewellabovethetree2.so和suchA)so…that…与such…that…的区别。so+形容词/副词+ that…so+形容词+a（n）+单数可数名词+that…so+many/much/little/few+名词+that…such+a(n)+形容词+单数可数名词+that…such+形容词+不可数名词+that…such+形容词+复数名词+that…注意：但当little表示“小”时用such。如：Thesearesuchlittleboysthattheycan’tdressthemselves.下列so的用法是错误的：soadifficultproblem,sodifficultproblems,sohotweather。B)some/any/every/no/each/all/another/several/few/many/one/two+such+n.eg.nosuchword3.betoomuch+n.bemuchtoo+adj.betoomuchforsb.对…太过分了4.can’tbetoo+adj.=can’tbe+adj.+enough“ 无论…都不为过”Youcanneverbecarefulenough.=Youcanneverbetoocareful.你越小心越好。【各个击破】1.Johntoldmethat_____nothingimportanthaveeverhappened.A.hardlyB.rarelyC.nearlyD.almost2.---Whydon’tyouliketheshirt?---Itsneckisnotbigformeatall.Haveyougotashirtofthiskindwith_____neck?A.thebiggestB.afarbiggerC.byfarthebiggestD.amorebigger3.---Thetemperaturetodayis10℃belowzero.---Oh,it’s____cold.A.themostB.themoreC.mostD.muchmore4.---Doyouthinkhimnaughtyenough?---I’mafraidhe’s___thannaughty. A.morecleverB.cleverC.muchcleverD.muchmoreclever5.Exerciseis_____asanyothertoloseunwantedweight.A.sousefulawayB.asausefulwayC.asusefulawayD.suchausefulway6.---What’swrong?Youseemrestless.---Iwasreducedtopaying____priceforit.A.doubletheB.doubleoftheC.doubleD.doubleof7._____,theboyswereshoutingandsinging.A.HappyandexcitedB.HappilyandexcitedlyC.TobehappyandexcitedD.Tobehappilyandexcitedly8.I’mgladtosaythathe’salreadyfinished_____50%ofthebookinthesethreedays.A.nolessthanB.nomorethanC.notmorethanD.muchlessthan9.I’llgettherebysix,if______.A.notsoonerB.nosoonerC.notmorequicklyD.noquick10.TheUSisaboutthesamesizeasChina,butitspopulationisfivetimes____.A.aslittleB.smallerC.asfew D.fewer11.----Isthis____book?----Yes,it’s___whatI’mafter.A.thevery;justB.thejust;exactlyC.avery;justD.theright;only12.Hehasgivenupdrinking.Hedrinks______.A.neveragainB.notanymoreC.nomoreD.onceagain13.Hehurriedaway,_____tomeethisoldfriend.A.lookingforwardB.hopedC.anxiouslyD.eager14.Everythingwasveryexpensive.Ididn’tbuy____fruit,butI’vegotsome_____apples.A.any;bigredB.any;redbigC.much;bigredD.some;redbig15.---Areyougoingtothefootballgame?---No,theticketsare____expensiveforme.A.verymuchB.somuchC.fartooD.highly16.We’llhavetowaita____twoweekstoknowtheexaminationresult.A.otherB.furtherC.anotherD.more17.Thelittletownhasnowgrownintoamodernbigcity, andis___whatitusedtobe.A.twicethesizethanB.twotimesthesizeasC.twicethesizeasD.twicethesizeof18.Thelivingcarriedawaythedeadandthehealthyhelped____.A.theillB.thewoundedC.thebraveD.therich19.Helikesgoingfishing.Heusuallyusesa______.A.bamboolongfishingpoleB.longbamboofishingpoleC.polelongbambooandfishingD.bamboofishinglongpole20.Hewasthe_____atthatmoment.A.onlyawakepersonB.onlypersonawakeC.awakeonlypersonD.persononlyawake21.Ithinkhissuggestionis____bad,andthatofyoursis_____good.A.fairlytoo;ratherB.rathertoo;fairlyC.fairly;rathertooD.rather;fairlytoo22.Wouldyoube___totellmehetimebyyourwatch?A.sokindB.kindenoughC.enoughkindD.verykind 23.Thewinnersare_____childrenbroughtupinthecountry.A.almostB.mostlyC.mostD.nearly24.ThetechnicalcollegeeducationIplayinganimportantparttodayanditsrolewillbe____important.A.nolessB.nomoreC.nonethelessD.nomore25.Afewweeksspentintravelingcanbejust______classesinschool.A.apartofone’seducationusefulasB.asausefulpartofone’seducationasC.partofone’seducationasusefulD.apartofone’seducationasusefulas26.______,thethiefdidn’ttakeanythingvaluablebutmynotebook.A.StrangeitisB.TobestrangeC.StrangelyenoughD.Itwasstrange27.Hisattitudetowardsmeproved________.A.wellB.warmlyC.friendlyD.nicely28.Sheis______thanheryoungersister.A.lessricherB.notmorerichC.lessrichD.notrich 29.---Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?---Ifeel___thatweoughttogiveitupatonce.A.strongB.strongerC.stronglyD.itstrong30.---Didyouenjoythemovielastnight?---Yes,Ididn’texpectit______wonderful.A.moreB.asC.mostD.much六、动词时态、语态（主备人：沈翠微）【要点点拨】一、时态（一）现在进行时用法注意点：1.状态性动词不用进行时态，包括（1）be和have,或者含有be和have意义的动词，如：belongto,contain,dependon,own,possess等；（2）feel,sound,smell,taste等连系动词；（3）hear,see,find等表示结果的动词；（4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，如：believe,love,want,understand,wish等； 2.进行时态和副词always,forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等；（一）一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：1.过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：ShewaswritingareportlastnightandIdon’tknowifshehasfinishedit.(表示昨晚一直在写)Shewroteareportlastnight.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）2.过去进行时与always,forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩；Hewasalwaysthrowingthingsabout.(表示不满或讨厌)（二）将来时的几种表达：ABCDbegoingto表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”说话人说话之前已考虑过的不能用于含有条件句的主句中 时，主语只能是人主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事will表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”说话人说话时刻才考虑到的表示客观规律必然发生的可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”beto表示安排、计划要做的事与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话表示命令，相当于should/must表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”beaboutto表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加atonce,immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“beaboutto…..when”结构；还可用一般现在时、现在进行时表示将来发生的动作；（一）将来进行时与将来完成时：1.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为： will/shallbedoing2.将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，结构为：will/shallhavedone,时间状语为：by+表将来时间的词语；如：I’llbeclimbingthemountainthistimethedayaftertomorrow.Bythetimehegraduatesfromthecollege,hewillhavelearnedthreeforeignlanguages.（一）现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：1.瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与howlong,for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy-have,keep-borrow,die-bedead,marry-bemarried,begin-beon,begintoknow-know等；2.注意have/hadbeento与have/hadgoneto的区别；3.现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中，表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成，如：Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.4.by+过去时间状语用过去完成时；5.有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think,plan,mean,intend,hope,expect,suppose等；Ihadintendedtovisityouyesterday,buttherainprevented me.（一）现在/过去完成进行时的用法：强调动作延续到说话时且还在进行；结构：have(has)/hadbeendoing比较：Theyhaverepairedtheroad.(表示路已修好)Theyhavebeenrepairingtheroad.（表示路还在修）有时两者可替换：Shehastaughtinthismiddleschoolfortenyears.Shehasbeenteachinginthisschoolfortenyears.注意：完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用，如：finish,go,marry等；（二）某些固定句型中时态是固定的：1.This/That/Itisthefirsttime+从句（用现在完成时）2.It’s/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句（用过去时）3.Hardly/Nosoonerhadsb.donewhen/than+从句（用过去时）4.Itwillbe+一段时间+before从句（用一般现在时）/Itwas+一段时间+before从句（用过去时）5.It’stime+从句（用过去时或shoulddo）6.wouldrather+从句（用一般过去时/过去完成时）It’sgettinglate.I’dratheryoutookataxithere. Thefilmwasboring.I’dratherIhadn’tgonetoseeit.二、语态1.动词sell,write,read,open,lock,shut,wear,wash,keep,cook,cut,burn,run等与well,smoothly,easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；2.表示状态特征的连系动词如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：comeup,runout（用完）,giveout（耗尽）,goout（熄灭）,comeout（出版）,cometolight,belongto,breakout,loseheart,dieout,own,have,possess,happen,occur等；4.当want,require,need作“需要”解，后接doing/tobedone作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；5.beworth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；6.不定式tolet（出租）,toblame（该受责备）表示被动意义；7.在“主语+be+形容词（forsb.）+todo”结构中，todo用主动形式；8.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式todo（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与todo为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如： Ihaveameetingtoattend.【各个击破】1.------Itookaphotoofyoujustnow.-----Really?I_______withattention.A.didn’tlookB.wasn’tlookingC.amnotlookingD.haven’tlooked2.------Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewhair-style.Whatdoyouthinkofit?-----I’msorryI_______anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’spretty.A.don’tsayB.wasn’tsayingC.didn’tsayD.haven’tsaid3.------CanIhelpyou,Madam?-------No,thanks.I__________________.A.havejustlookedaroundB.justlookaroundC.amjustlookingaroundD.justlookedaround4.------Thatfamouscherrytrees_________becauseofpollution.-----Yes,wehavetodosomethingtosaveit.A.hasdiedB.haddiedC.isdeadD.isdying5.Sheoughttostopreading;shehasaheadachebecauseshe_______toolong.A.hadreadB.readC.isreadingD.hasbeen reading1.------You’retalkingtoomuch.-------Onlyathome.Noone______mebutyou.A.ishearingB.hadheardC.hearsD.heard2.-------Whathaveyoubeendoing?Iaskedyouaquestion.Whydidn’tyouanswer?-------Sorry,I___________tothenewsontheradio.A.listenedB.havelistenedC.waslisteningD.hadlistened3.-------Youshouldhavetoldhimthedateearlier.-------I_______,butheforgotaboutit.A.didB.haveC.hadD.shouldhave4.------YoucouldhaveaskedTomforhelp,forheisgoodatphysics.-----Really?Oh,awholenight__________.Whydidn’tyoutellmeearlier?A.iswastedB.waswastedC.hadwastedD.haswasted5.Thethieftriedtobreakawayfromthepolicemanwho__________himbutfailed.A.heldB.hadheldC.wouldholdD.washolding6.You_________exercisesatyourdesk!Whynottakesomeexercise?A.alwaysdoB.arealwaysdoingC.havealwaysdone D.havealwaysbeendoing12.----Whatwereyouuptowhenshedroppedin?----I____forawhileand____somereading.A.wasplaying;wasgoingtodoB.played;didC.hadplayed;wasgoingtodoD.hadplayed;did13.UntilthenI_______forhimforhoursinhisoffice.A.waitedB.waswaitingC.havebeenwaitingD.hadbeenwaiting14.-----DidyouseeMartyinthemanager’soffice?-----Yes,he______bythemanager.A.isquestionedB.wasbeingquestionedC.hadbeenquestionedD.wasquestioned15.Lookatthis!I_______somemagazinesand_______thiscard!A.waslookingthrough;foundB.amlookingthrough;hadfoundC.lookedthrough;hadfoundD.hadlookedthrough;finding16.------Tom’swifetooktheplaceofhimtoattendtheconference.-------IwouldratherTom_______there,nothiswife.A.hadbeenB.havebeenC.wasD.went17.-------Listen!------I_______butI_________anythingatall. A.listened;haveheardB.havelistened;hearC.waslistening;wasn’thearingD.amlistening;don’thear14.Theshopassistantpromisedmethatthematerial______andwhatshesaid______tobetrue.A.wouldbedriedeasily;wasprovedB.willbedriedeasily;wasprovedC.driedeasily;provedD.wasdriedeasily;proved19.-----Whatplaceisit?-----Haven’tyouseenthatwe_____backwherewe______?A.were,hadbeenB.are,wereC.were,havebeenD.are,hadbeen七、情态动词（主备人：沈晓红）【要点点拨】1.表示请求和允许:can,could,may,might.过去式使语气更委婉，答语应用原形。---CouldIuseyourcomputertomorrowmorning?---Yes,youcan.(否定回答可用：No,I’m afraidnot.)2．表示推测：理论可能性can可能性肯定句must,may,might,could疑问句can否定句can’t(不可能)，maynot(可能不)1)can表示理论上的可能性，指某事或情况可能发生，但并不说明实际上真的发生.Childrencanbeverytiring.2)反意问句。Hemayknowtheplan,doesn’the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishbefore,haven’tyou?Youcan’thavebeencaughtintherainlastnight,wereyou?3．could&beableto在肯定句中could表示过去有“能力”做，was/wereableto表示过去有能力而且确实做成了某一件事，相当于managedtodo…或succeededindoingsth.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout. 4.may/mightaswelldosth“还是…好”、“不妨”Youmightaswelltellmethetruth.你还是把真相告诉我的好。5.must和haveto1)must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而haveto强调客观需要。2）否定形式含义不同。mustn’t禁止，不许可，don’thaveto不必3)must偏要（做令人不快的事）eg.Mustyoushoutsoloudly?6.shall和should1)表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示，用于第一、三人称。Whenshallmyfatherbeabletoleavehospital?shall2)表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁以及说话人的决心。Youshallgowithme(命令)/YoushallhavethebookwhenIfinishit.（允诺）Heshallbepunished（威胁）/Nothingshallstopmefromdoingit.(决心)1)表示劝告和建议“应该” 1)“按道理应当”“估计”(=oughtto)Theyshouldbetherebynow,Ithink.3）用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。Ishouldadviseyounotdothat.我倒是劝你别这样做。should4）在条件句中表示“万一”，主句不一定用虚拟语气。AskTomtoringmeupifyoushouldseehim./ShouldIbefreetomorrow,I’llcome.5）Why/How+should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟然”，也用在某些从句中。Itseemssounfairthatthisshouldhappentome.这种事竟然发生在我身上真不公平。7.will和would1)表示意志和意愿。will指现在，would指过去。Ifyouwilllistentome,I’llgiveyousomeadvice.2)表示请求、建议，would比will委婉、客气。Will(Would)youpleasepassmethebook?3)表示习惯性动作，“总是”“惯于”，will指现在，would指过去。 Fishwilldiewithoutwater.Everyevening,shewouldsitbythewindow,deepinthought.4).表示功能，意为“能”或“行”Themachinewon’twork.5)表示预料或猜想。Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome.猜想他离开家时大约十点。8.would&usedto1)表示过去持续的状态和情况用usedto;would不与表示状态的动词连用。Thereusedtobeahospitalhere./Therewouldbeahospitalhere.(×)2)would常与often,sometimes,forhours等表示时间的副词（短语）连用。Wewouldsitintheyardeveryeveningandlistenedtohisstory.3)usedto强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有“过去怎样，而现在却不这样了”的含义.eg.Hewillnotspendthemoneyonbooksasheusedto.9.dare和need两者作为情态动词都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。习惯用语Idaresay （可能，或许，我揣测）除外。实义动词用法同于一般动词。但在否定句中，dare后的to可省略，即：don’t/doesn’tdare(to)do….need作为实义动词时，用在否定句中时，其后的to不能省略。Hedaregotherealone.(×)Hedarestogothere.Hedaresnotgotherealone.(×)Hedarenotgotherealone./Hedoesn’tdare(to)gotherealone.Hestoodtherewithoutdaringlifthishead.(×)Hestoodtherewithoutdaringtolifthishead.10．情态动词+havedone,表示过去比较：情态动词+do,表示现在或将来。cf.needn’thavedone&didn’tneedtodo…Sheneednothavecomeyesterday.她昨天本不必要来的。（但却来了）Shedidn’tneedtocomeyesterday. 她昨天不必来。（实际上也没来）【各个击破】1.Ilivedwithmysisterthissummeranddidn’thavetopayrent.SoI____savemostofmysalary.A.couldB.wouldC.wasabletoD.should2.---Look,John’sfallenasleep.---Oh,he______toolatelastnight.A.mightsitupb.shouldhavesatupc.couldsitupD.musthavesatup3.OnSundayswhenIwasachild,FatherandI____getupearlyandgofishing.A.couldB.wouldC.mightD.should4.---ManypeopleinEnglandlovetogiveadviceonweatherreporting.---Yes,butIthinktheweatheroffice’scomputers___bemoreaccurate.(精确的)A.canB.mustC.oughttoD.might5.---AreyoustillgoingtoShanghaifortheSpringFestival?---Yes,butIreally____becauseIhavealotofthingstodealwith.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.won’tD.shouldn’t6.–Well,Iforgottobringmydictionaryhereyesterday. --Actuallyyou____ithere.Youwerenotallowedtouseit.A.needn’tbringB.needn’thavebroughtC.didn’tneedtobringD.don’thavetobring7.---ShallIbookthetableforthedinner?---Yes,you____.Therestaurantisalwaysfullofpeople.A.canB.willC.mustd.need8.Thepoorboy____thetestagain;inthatcase,hismotherwillbeverydisappointed.a.musthavefailedB.mightfailC.couldhavefailedD.shouldfail9.---Why____itrainnow?I___gototheconcertat7.---Whatapity!A.can;mightnotB.should;needn’tC.must;can’tD.need;mustn’t10.--Weneedsomefreshair,butthewindowopen.--_____Ihelpyou?A.didn"t;WillB.shan"t;NeedC.mustn"t;MayD.won"t;Shall11.--Whatdoyouthinkofyournephew?--Hebeverynaughtybutatthesametimeyou__helplikinghim.A.will;willb.won’t;can’tC.may;mayD.can;can’t 12.Itwasnotpossiblethatshe____godown,stepbystepdowntheunexpectedstairsintothedarkbelow.A.shoulddareB.shoulddaretoC.mustdareD.mustdareto13.---IamtoldthatJohnhadanothercaraccidentthismorning.---Ibelievenot.He____socareless.A.shouldn’thavebeenB.wouldn’thavebeenC.couldn’thavebeenD.mustn’thavebeen14.---Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice.---____,butwhocaredwhatIsaid?A.SoIoughtB.SooughtIC.SoIdidD.SodidI15．---Writetomewhenyougethome.--______.A.ImustB.IshouldC.IwillD.Ican16.Shutyourmouth.Nothing___stopmeonceIhavemadeupmymind.A.willB.oughttoC.shallD.must17.Keepupagoodstateofmindevenifyou_____failplentyoftimes.A.mustB.willC.canD.should18.Thepolicemantoldthepupils.“You____playfootballinthestreet.” A.can’tB.needn’tC.mustn’tD.shouldn’t19.Ifyou___waitamoment,Iwillgoandfindourmanager.A.canB.shouldC.willD.must20.Don’tbelievehim.Hisstory___betrue.A.mustn’tB.needn’tC.shouldn’tD.maynot八、虚拟语气（主备人：沈晓红）【要点点拨】一：形式为(should)+v.1．宾语从句中。一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（order,command）,三条建议（advise,suggest,propose）,四项要求（demand,require,request,ask）.还有prefer，advise等词。注意：1）suggest和insist有例外Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.（“暗示”“表明”） Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.2）这类动词的名词形式后的表语从句和同位语从句中也要用(should)+v.形式。另外，还有plan,idea等词。2．主语从句中1)Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural/apity/ashame/nowonder…that….eg.Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveactedtowardshisparentslikethat.二：形式为在原本的时态上退一步，即“+过去”1.在条件句中的运用条件从句主句与现在事实相反过去式（be一般用were）would/could/might+v.与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反1）过去式2）should+v.would/could/might+v.（第一人称可用 1）wereto+v.should,以上同）1)“混合虚拟条件句”或“错综时间条件句”主句和从句时间上不一致，从句可以和过去时间相反，主句可以与现在事实相反。Ifyouhadtakenmyadvicejustnow,youwouldbebetternow.2)if省略句。在条件句中，可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式。WereIyou,Iwouldseizethechancetogoabroad.3)含蓄条件句A)with,without,butfor等介词短语代替条件句Butfortherain,thecropswouldhavedied.(=Ifithadn’tbeenfortherain)B)其他手段Iwasillthatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeeting.（副词）Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.（连词）Imighthavegivenyoumorehelp,butIwastoobusy.（连词）Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.( 分词短语)Itwouldbeamistakenottohelphim.（动词不定式）2.宾语从句中wish,wouldrather后,但wouldrather后所跟句子跟现在、将来相反用过去时，跟过去时间相反使用过去完成时。注意：不跟过去将来时。Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowinsteadoftoday.我宁愿你明天而不是今天来。3．asif(though)引导的从句中asif后的从句当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气。试比较：Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain./HetalksasifhehadbeentoAmerica,4．Itis(high)timethat…..过去时/should+v.5.用于ifonly引导的感叹句中“但愿，要是…就好了”【各个击破】1.Icouldhavecalledyouforhelp,butI____yournumber.A.couldn’thaverememberedB.didn’trememberC.shouldhaverememberedD.hadn’tremembered2.ShesuggestedtothepoliceinthepolicestationthatMr. Smith____.A.stolethenecklaceB.shouldstealthenecklaceC.hadstolenthenecklaceD.stealthenecklace3.____itwouldstopsnowing!A.IfonlyB.OnlyifC.EvenifD.Butfor4.Myadviceisthathe___somuch.A.notsmokeb.doesn’tsmokeC.won’tsmokeD.mustnotsmoke5.HowIwishI____that!Everybodypresentwasangrywithme.A.didn’tdoB.hadn’tdoneC.wouldn’tdoD.wasn’tdoing6.___ittoclearuptomorrow,thetouristswouldclimbtothetopofthemountaintowaitforthesun____.A.If;toraiseB.Were;toriseC.Should;toriseD.Because;raising7.____theexpense,I___toItaly.A.Ifitwerenot;goB.Wereitnotfor;IwouldgoC.Weren’titfor;willgoD.Ifithadn’tbeen;wouldhavegone8.Hisillnesswastooserious;otherwisehe______saved.A.couldbeB.,couldn’thavebeenc.couldhaveD.couldhavebeen9.---Ihavegreatdifficultyworkingoutthisproblem. ---___tome,you____lessdifficultywithsuchproblems.A.Ifyouhadlistened,wouldhavehadB.Ifyoulistened,wouldhaveC.Hadyoulistened,wouldhaveD.Ifyoulisten,willhave10.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?---Yes,butI___busydoingmyhomework.A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe11.___thefog,weshouldhavereachedthetopofthehill.A.InspiteofB.IftherewerenoC.ButforD.Becauseof12.Tominsistedwhathesaid____trueandweinsistedthathe____andhavealook.A.be;shouldgoB.shouldbe;wouldgoC.was;goD.was;wouldgo13.Heactsasifhe_______theownerofthehouse.A.willbeB.hasbeenC.isD.were14.It’sabouttimethatyou_____tostudyEnglish.A.beginB.willbeginC.havebegunD.began15.HowIwishit____!Ifit___inafewdays,thecropswouldbesaved.A.willrain;rainedB.wouldrain;shouldrain C.shouldrain;rainsD.wouldrain;hadrained九、非谓语动词（主备人：倪建辉）非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词、动名词一、动词不定式【要点点拨】动词不定式表现为两种形式：todo或do，在句中可作：1、主语：Tobuildthebridgeneedsmuchmoney.一般用It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。Itdoesn’tmakeanydifferencewhetheryougotodayortomorrow.2、表语：Theirtaskistobuildarailwayinayear.3、宾语：Thechildpretendedtobesleeping/asleepwhenIcamebackhome.注意：当不定式作宾语，其后接补语时，我们常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放于补语之后。Wethinkitpossibletofinishtheworkinaweek.4、定语：表示一个未发生的动作，放于被修饰的名词之后。Thebuildingtobebuiltwillbeusedasahospital.5、状语：1）目的状语：常见形式有：to…./inorderto…./soasto….Wegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.2）结果状语：常见形式有：too….to…/so….asto…./onlyto….WouldyoubesokindastohelpmewithmyEnglish?Hereturnedhome15yearslater,onlytofindhishouseburntdown.6、补语：1）宾补：Heaskedmetodoworkwithhim.2）主补：Shewasoftenheardtosingthesongwhiledoinghousework.7、独立结构，在句中作插入语。常用的有：totellthetruth,tobefrank,tomakethingsworse…二、分词：【要点点拨】分词可分为：现在分词和过去分词两类。 现在分词:现在分词和现在分词短语在句中可作：1、定语：单个的现在分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语应放被修饰的名词后，现在分词及现在分词短语作定语时均可以发展为一个定语从句。Thegirlreadingoverthere(Thegirlwhowasreadingoverthere)soonfellasleep.2、状语：现在分词作状语可分为：一般式(doing)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生；完成式(havingdone)：表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。Theoldmanpassedaway,leavingalotofdebtsunpaid.Havingfinished(Afterhehadfinished)hisexercises,hewenttoplaybasketball.3、补语：现在分词作宾语补语，表示宾语的一个正在进行的动作，用于一些常见句型中:see/hear/feel/notice/have/catch/leave/set/send….sb.doingsth.Thesalesmancaughtthethiefstealingintheshop.4、表语：现在分词作表语，表示主语的特点，可以看作形容词，是形容词化的现在分词。Thefilmwasveryinteresting. 5、独立结构：现在分词短语作独立结构时，是固定说法，不以主动、被动去分析。常见的有：generallyspeaking,judgingfrom/by,considering…Generallyspeaking,heisquiteskillfulatplayingtabletennis.过去分词：过去分词和过去分词短语在句中可作：1、定语：单一的过去分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰的名词后，过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以发展为一个定语从句。Thebrokenwindow(Thewindowwhichwasbroken)willbereplacedsoon.Thebooksboughtyesterday(whichwereboughtyesterday)areofhighquality.过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：done….：表示动作已发生；tobedone：表示动作将要发生；beingdone：表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句：Thebridgebuiltlastyear(whichwasbuiltlastyear)isverybeautiful.Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonth(whichwillbebuiltnextmonth)willbeverylong.Thebridgebeingbuilt(whichisbeingbuilt)willbecompletednextmonth. 2、状语：过去分词短语作状语可分为：一般式(done)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前；完成式(havingbeendone)：强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。Scolded(Asshewasscolded)bytheteacher,thegirlsattherewithoutliftingherhead.Havingbeenkept(Ashehadbeenkept)inprisonformanyyears,hewentmad.3、补语：过去分词作宾语补语，表示宾语与补语存在被动关系，且常用于havesomethingdone/getsomethingdone/makeoneselfdone….等句型中。e.g.Yesterdayhehadhiswatchfixedatthewatch-maker’s.4、表语：过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态，且该状态通常是由外界因素引起的。这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。e.g.I’minterestedinreadingnovelswrittenbyJinYong.注：分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果分词的逻辑主语并不是主句 的主语，而另有其逻辑主语，则应在分词前补上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。e.g.Thebabysleeping(Asthebabywassleeping)intheroom,wedarednotturnuptheTV.三、动名词【要点点拨】动名词是由动词后+ing的形式构成的，与动词的现在分词同形。它保留了动词的特征，即：它可以带自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词的特征。1、主语：StudyingEnglishwellisnoeasyjob.注意：1)在下面一些结构中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放于句末。Itisnouse/nogood/useless/nice/good/fun/interesting….+doingsth.It’sgoodhearingChinese,mymothertongue,spokenhere.2)动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：动词不定式作主语表示一个具体的动作，而动名词作主语则表示一个抽象的、一般的概念。ReadingEnglishinthemorningisofgreatuseforstudents. ToreadthisEnglishbookwilltakemuchtime.2、表语：动名词作表语是对句子主语的一种说明，主语和动名词可以交换位置，句子的意思不变。这有别于进行时：进行时句中用的是现在分词，表示主语的一个正在进行的动作，主语与现在分词不能交换位置。Whathelikesmostisplayingfootball.=Playingfootballiswhathelikesmost.Heisplayingfootballwithhisfriends.3、宾语：动名词作宾语，表示一种习惯、爱好。HelikessmokingwhileIlikedrinking.注意：动词不定式作宾语，表示一个具体的动作，不表示习惯。Ilikesmoking,butIdon’tliketosmoketoday,forI’vegotacold.有些动词后面不用不定式作宾语，而只用动名词作宾语，请记住以下口诀：memepscarfi:音译成：妹妹不吃咖啡。这里每个字母代表一个或几个单词：m-misse-enjoy;m-mind;e-escape;p-practise;s-suggest/stand;c-consider/complete;a-admit/allow/advise/appreciate/avoid;r-risk;f-finish;i-imagine，常用的词都列在里面了。 Ihighlyappreciateyourhelpingtheoldlady.动名词还作介词宾语。Idon’tfeellikegoingtothestationtomeettheguests.4、定语：动名词作定语，放于被修饰的名词前，表示该的名词的功能，并不表示动作。e.g.asleepingbag=abagforsleeping/anoperatingtable=atableforoperating区别：现在分词作定语，表示被修饰的名词的一个动作。e.g.asleepingboy=aboywhoissleeping/therunningcar=thecarthatisrunning另：1)动名词的复合结构（one’sdoing）：表示动名词动作的发出者，在句中可作主语和宾语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，可以用宾格代替所有格。e.g.WelikeTom’s(Tom)singingtheEnglishsong.Thelittleboy’scryingdrewourattention.2)有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。doingsthtodosthremember 记得做过某事，（动作已发生）记得去做某事（动作未发生）forget忘了做过某事（动作已发生）忘了去做某事（动作未发生）regret后悔过去做过的事遗憾地去做事mean意味着做某事意欲、打算做某事try试着做某事（看会发生什么）努力、设法、企图做某事stop停止做某事停下来去做另一事goon继续原来的事接着做另一件事can’thelp禁不住、情不自禁地做某事无法帮助去做某事learn学会做某事学着、开始学做某事need/want/require某事需要被做（=tobedone）需要做某事（主动意思） 【各个击破】1.Attheshoppingcenter,hedidn’tknowwhat____and____withanemptybag.A.tobuy;leaveB.tobebought;leftC.tobuy;leftD.wastobuy;leave2.Thelongandtiringtalk,filledwithargumentsandquarrels,endedindisorder,_____noagreementatall.A.arrivingB.arrivedatC.reachingD.andgettingto3.Doyouknowthedifficultyhehad______fivechildrenatschool?A.tokeepB.tohavekeptC.keepingD.havingkept4.——LetmetellyousomethingaboutmyChineseteacher.——Iremember_____aboutheryesterday.A.tellingB.beingtoldC.totellD.havingtold5.Havingnomoneybut____toknow,hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.A.nottowantanyoneB.wantednooneC.notwantinganyoneD.towantnoone6.Theoldladyneeded___asshewasinher80s.A.tolookafterB.lookingafterC.lookafter D.beinglookedafter7.——Whyareyoualwaysmakingmedrinkmilk?——______enoughcalciumforyoutogrowtallandstrong.A.GetB.TogetC.GettingD.Tobegetting8.Manystudents_____around,Iexplainedthestoryintodetails.A.stoodB.standingC.tostandD.werestanding9.Hehasfewfriendsandnevermind______alone,playingbyhimself.A.leavingB.havingC.tobeleftD.beingleft10.Iexplainedthetheoryasclearlyaspossible,____tomakeiteasy_____.A.hope;tounderstandB.hoped;understoodC.hoping;tounderstandD.tohope;tobeunderstood11.Thestudentslistenedcarefully,withtheireyes____theblackboard.A.fixingatB.fixedatC.fixingonD.fixedon 12._______togowiththeothersmadehimratherdisappointed.A.HisnotallowedB.HisnotbeingallowedC.NothisallowingD.Havingnotbeenallowed13.Iwasverypoorwhenyoungandhadnotoys_______.A.toplayB.toplaywithC.withplayingD.playingwith14.Hewenttobed_____.Thenextmorninghewokeuponly____himselflyingonthefloor.A.drinking;tofindB.drunk;tofindC.beingdrunk;findingD.todrink;finding15.WecanhardlyimaginePeter_____suchrudewordstoyou.A.sayB.tosayC.sayingD.tohavesaid16.I’dlikemychild_______inaschoolofhighquality.A.educatingB.toeducateC.tobeeducatedD.beingeducated17.Mysonpretended_______whenIcameback.A.tosleepB.sleepingC.beingsleepingD.tobesleeping18.Tomisthought______thegooddeedtotheblindman.A.ofdoingB.todoC.tohavedoneD.ofbeingdone 19.Thestrangerhasspentawholeweek______inhisroom.Nooneknowswhatheisdoing.A.lockingB.tolockC.lockedD.beinglocked十、复合句（主备人：龚辉）复合句是近十几年高考的重点、考点之一。它不仅在单项填空中考查，而且在短文改错中占很大比重；同时，在完形填空、阅读理解中也直接或间接被考查。对复合句掌握的好坏能反映考生英语综合能力的情况。根据从句在句子中的作用，复合句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。名词性从句和定语从句【考点点拨】名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。近几年高考对名词性从句的考查重点如下：【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。1．that引导名词性从句时，不在从句中充当任何成分，只起连接作用；而what是连接代词，在从句中充当成分。①______madetheschoolproudwas_______morethan 90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.(2003上海春季)A.What/becauseB.What/thatC.That/whatD.That/because2．that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略,但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。如：Shesaid(that)shehadleftschoolandthatherparentswouldfindherajob.②Wordcomes________agroupofAustralianguestswillcometovisitourschoolnextweek.A.thatB.whichC.不填D.aboutwhich(2005天津·2月)3．介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in后可用that引导宾语从句。在有it作先行词时，that可用来引导介词后的宾语从句。③Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that(2004上海春季) 【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if的用法区别。引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句可以互换的场合：Heisnotsureif/whetherhecanmanagetodoit.当与ornot分开使用时Hewonderedif/whetherwewillattendthemeetingornot.引导表语从句、同位语从句及位于句首的主语从句只能用whether不能用if的场合：引导介词后的宾语从句（有时可省略）后面紧跟ornot时后面直接跟动词不定式时④_____theflighttoNewYorkwillbedelayedis____I’mespeciallyworriedabout.(2003南京)A.If;whatB.Whether;thatC.When;thatD.Whether;what【考点3】在动词：一坚持（insist）、二命令（order，command）、三建议（suggest，advise，propose ）、四要求（demand，require，request，ask）后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用（should）do形式。⑤Iadvisedthathe_____tothehospitalatonce,butheinsistedthathe_____quitewellthen.A.besent;wasfeelingB.wassent;sentC.besent;feelD.shouldbesent;shouldfeel(2005年山东·2月)【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。⑥Theyareteachersanddon’trealize______tostartandrunacompany.(2004黄冈)A.whattakesitB.whattheytakeC.whattakesthemD.whatittakes【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引导名词性从句时不可与nomatterwho/which/what/when/where/how替换，因为后者只能引导让步主语从句。⑦——Haveanicetrip!——Thanks.I’lltelephoneyoufrom_____Igettobytomorrowevening.(2004广州) A.whereverB.everyplaceC.wheneverD.nomatterwhere定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。⑧Ishallneverforgettheday_____ShenzhouVwaslaunched,_____hasagreateffectonmylife.A.when;whichB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;that(2004北京东城)【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。指人时常只用who不用that的情况；指物时只用which不用that的情况；只用that不用which的情况；关系代词as与which的用法区别；thesame…that…与thesame…as…的区别⑨Thereisnosuchplace______youdreamofinallthisworld.(2004北京西城·5月)A.thatB.whatC.which D.as【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that引导同位语从句时，that是纯连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语等。比较：Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamearrivedsoon.Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayistrue.⑩Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?(2002上海春季)A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。⑾Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho________awinnerofscholarshipinthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen(2002上海春季)【考点10】在先行词为time，place，reason时，常可用that代替when，where，why，并常常省去。如：Thatwasthereason(that)/why/forwhichhelefthome. ⑿Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_______hesaidit.(2004湖北)A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich【趋势】近几年高考对名词性从句的考查日趋灵活，多以考查名词性从句的引导词为主，并且常与定语从句和状语从句等相关知识结合起来考查。答案：BACDADAADADA【各个击破】1．Theboydivedintothewaterandafter_____seemedtobealongtime,hecameupagain.A.whatB.thatC.itD.which2．Thesetwoareasaresimilar_____theybothhaveahighrainfallduringthisseason.A.exceptthatB.inwhichC.inthatD.sothat3．Youmaydependon______thatallthegoodswillbeshippedabroadintime.A.whichB.itC.whomD.these4．ScientistsbelievenativeAmericansarrivedbycrossing thelandbridgethatconnectedSiberiaand________morethan10,000yearsago.A.thisisAlaskaB.AlaskaisnowC.isnowAlaskaD.whatisnowAlaska5．Lookatthewatch.Don’tyouseeitis______watch_______Helenlosttheotherday?A.asthesame;asB.thesame;asC.thesame;whichD.asthesame;that6．TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,______isoftenthecaseinothercountries.A.asB.thatC.soD.it7．_____wasknowntothemallthatBobhadbrokenhispromise_____hewouldgivethemarise.A.As;whichB.What;thatC.It;thatD.It;which8．Thatisthereason______hegaveusforcarryingouttheplan.A.becauseB.whyC.howD.that9．Wasitinthevillage______weusedtolivein______theaccidenthappened? A.where;thatB.which;thatC.that;whereD.where;which10．Thehours_______thechildrenspendintheirone-wayrelationshipwithtelevisionpeopleundoubtedlyaffectedtheirrelationshipwithreal-lifepeople.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.onwhich11．Mr.SmithwillmoveintohisnewhousenextSunday,____itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.onthattimeB.bywhichtimeC.onwhichD.bythetime12．Inthebook,Newtonisshownasagiftedscientistwhostoodatthepointinhistory______magicendedandsciencebegan.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.which13．Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepoint______hecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whose14．Thequestionof_____theyareoldoryoungisnotimportant.A./B.whetherC.howD. if15．Earthisarockyplanet________liquidwater,whichisnecessaryforlife,canexist.A.asB.whichC.whereD.when十一、状语从句（主备人：龚辉）【要点点拨】近几年高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：【考点1】when，while与as的用法均可表示“当……的时候”，但有区别：when：既可接表示动作性或短暂性的动词，也可接表示状态的动词，不强调主从句谓语动作同时发生。有时还有“这时”的意思。while：常接持续性的动词，强调主从句谓语动作同时发生，常用进行时。有时还有对比意义，意为“然而”。as：强调同时发生或伴随进行。常用一般现在时或过去时，意为“一边……一边……”。有时还有“随着”含义。①Idoeverysinglebitofhousework________my husbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.A.sinceB.whileC.whenD.as(2004广西)【考点2】“一……就……”几种表达法once，assoonas，themoment/minute，immediately/directly/instantly引导的从句常用一般现在时或过去时。hardly/scarcely…when…和nosooner…than…结构中，前句常用过去完成式（常用部分倒装形式），后句用过去式。Ondoingsth.，each/every/thefirst/thelast+time后也可直接接从句，一起作时间状语。②——DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?——Yes.Igaveittoher_____Isawher.(2004北京西城)A.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once【考点3】because，as，since与for的用法比较because：表示直接的原因或理由。用于回答Why的问题。because与so不能同时并列使用。since ：表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的既成事实的理由。译为“既然”。as：表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系。for：常出现在并列句中，不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些补充说明，且不可位于句首。③_______youareleavingtomorrow,wecaneatdinnertogethertonight.(2004江苏启东)A.ForB.SinceC.WhenD.while【考点4】nomatter后可接who，whom，whose，which，what，when，where，how，whether引导的让步主语从句可用whoever，whomever，whenever，whichever，whatever，wherever，however替换，但在ever引导其它从句时不可用nomatter引导。④_______,Ihavetoputitawayandfocusmyattentiononstudythisweek.(2004上海春季)A.HoweverthestudyisamusingB.NomatteramusingthestoryisC.HoweveramusingthestoryisD.Nomatterhowthestoryisamusing【考点5】until/till的用法 ⑤Itwas__________backhomeaftertheexperiment.(2004湖北)A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidn’tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidn’tgo⑥——Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?——Yes.Hehadneverpraisedhim______hebecameoneofthetopstudentsinthegrade.A.afterB.unlessC.untilD.when(2003北京春季)【考点6】引导让步主语从句应注意等几个问题1．由although/though，evenif/though引导注意although/though引导从句时，主句不能用but，但可用yet或still。2．由whether…or(not)引导3．由though或as引导的倒装句中。4．though用作副词，可位于句末，并用逗号分开。⑦——Dad,I’vefinishedmyassignment.——Good,and_______youplayorwatchTV,youmustn’tdisturbme.(2003上海) A.wheneverB.whetherC.whateverD.nomatter【考点7】before用法注意before在下列句型中的使用Itwillbe+一段时间+before+从句Itwon’tbelongbefore+从句before一词在不同的句型中就有不同的意思，如：“在……之前”、“过了……才”、“没……就”、“不知不觉就……”等。⑧Itwillbealongtime_____Mr.Black______backabroad.(2002湖北八校)A.before;comesB.since;hascomeC.before;willcomeD.after;willcome【考点8】where引导的定语从句与where引导的地点状语从句的区别⑨——Ihavelearnedthatalargenewbuildingwillbesetup______theTwinTowersoncestood.——SohaveI.ButtheAmericanpeoplehaven’tyetgotovertheshockofSeptember11.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.that(2004江苏南通)【考点9】sothat可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句 ⑩Rosesneedspecialcare________theycanlivethroughwinter.(2004全国卷)A.becauseB.sothatC.evenifD.as【考点10】状语从句的省略用法1．当when，while，if，unless引导状语从句时，如果主从句的主语一致，且谓语部分由be动词构成（或者从句中有itis…）时，可省略主语和be动词（或省略itis）。2．在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有had，should，were时，可省略if，用“had，should，were+主语”形式。3．以as，than引导的比较状语从句可全部或部分省去。4．asif和asthough从句可用省略形式，后接不定式、分词、形容词和介词。⑾Theresearchissodesignedthatonce____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(NMET2002)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun⑿Generallyspeaking,_____accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.(2003上海)A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken 答案：BBBCCCBAABDB【各个击破】1．________,Icouldn’tliftthebox.A.AsImighttryB.TryalthoughImightC.AstryImightD.TryasImight2．Thenextmoment,_____shehadtimetorealizewhatwashappening,shewashitoverthehead.A.whenB.beforeC.sinceD.as3．——DoyouhaveanyideawhatHankdoesallday?——IknowhespeaksatleastasmuchtimewatchingTVashe__________.A.doeswritingB.writesC.iswritingD.doestowrite4．Iftheway_____youdothejobiswrong,youwillsurelyfail____goodyourideamaybe.A.how;howeverB./;howeverC.that;whateverD.inwhich;how5．Shemusthavegoneoutearly,_____shehadnotshownupatbreakfast.A.becauseB.sinceC.for D.therefore6．Idon’tthinkyou’llbeabletounderstandthat______youaremyage.A.evenB.onlywhenC.asifD.evenwhen7．——Don’tlookdownuponBob.Hehasjustownadvantages.——Oh,yes.______othersareweak,heisstrong.A.WhenB.ThoughC.WhereD.If8．Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough______outoftheoffice.A.togoB.wentC.goneD.wouldgo9．——Excuseme,isthereagasstationaround_______Icanfillupmytank?——Ofcourse,thereisoneattheendoftheroad.A.thatB.inwhichC.whereD.which10．Iwasadvisedtoarrangeforinsurance_____Ineededsomemedicaltreatment.A.sothatB.incaseC.forfearofD.though 11．Mr.Li,thoughinabadhealth,isalwayswellprepared_______studentsattendhislecture.A.inorderthatB.sofarasC.whoeverD.howevermany12．Theearthgoesaroundthesun_____themoongoesaroundtheearth.A.sothatB.justlikeC.justasD.ashow13．Doingyourhomeworkisawaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue_____it_____classroomtests.A.before;getsB.as;makesC.since;takesD.when;comesto14．Whenhereadsbooks,hishabitistomakeamark_______themeaningisuncleartohim.A.thereB.whereverC.theplaceD.inwhich15．Itwasnot______hetookoffhisdarkglasses_____Irealizedhewasafamousfootballstar.A.when;thatB.until;didC.when;thenD.until;that 十二、简单句（主备人：倪建辉）【要点提示】1、感叹句：感叹句有两个基本句式句式：1）What+N.phrase+subject+be/v.!这里的名词短语有以下三种可能：a、a/an+adj.+名词单数b、adj.+名词复数c、adj.+不可数名词e.g.Whatalovelyboyheis!Whatsweetflowerstheyare!Whatcoldweatheritis!2)How+adj.+the+N.(单数、复数、不可数)+subject+be/link-v.e.g.Howlovelytheboyis!Howsweettheflowersare!Howcouldtheweatheris!Howsmooththesilkfeels!另：上两种感叹句可以相互转换有时,在上下文明确的情况下，可以省略How后面的形容词。e.g.How(fast/well)thestudentswork!Howwell/beautifully)shesings! 2、反意疑问句：1)反意疑问句一般遵循：前面肯定，反意部分否定、前面否定反意部分肯定的原则。e.g.Helikesplayingfootball,doesn’the?Youdon’twatchTVintheevening,doyou?注：a、当前否后肯时，要注意它的答局的意思。e.g.Shedoesn’tspeakEnglish,doesshe?Yes,shedoes.(不，她讲英语的)No,shedoesn’t.(是的，不讲)2）祈使句的反意部分用won’tyou?/shan’twe?或willyou?/shallwe?但常用willyou?/shallwe?e.gLendmeahand,willyou?Letuspassthroughtheroom,willyou?Don’tmakeanynoise,willyou?Let’splaytennisnow,shallwe?3）含有否定意思的副词：hardly、no、not、never、seldom、little、scarcely等，属于准否定词，用于句中时，该句即为否定句。e.g.HehardlygoeshomeonSundays,doeshe?Thelittleboyseldomtellslies,doeshe?但是像unfair、useless、impossible、dislike 等词，虽然也有否定意思，但由于它们是在一个词前加前缀dis-/im-/un-等或在词后加后缀-less构成的，不属于准否定词。当这些词用于句中时，该句并不是否定句，即：反意部分仍然用否定式。e.g.Youdislikethewayhespeaks,don’tyou?Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkinthreehours,isn’tit?4)must表示推测时，反意部分用must后面的动词的相应助动词形式。e.g.HemustknowbothEnglishandFrench,doesn’the?Shemusthaveknowtheanswertothequestion,hasn’tshe?Theymusthavevisitedthefarmlastweek,didn’tthey?注意：a、Letme引起的祈使句，反意部分用willyou?/won’tyou?/mayI。b、当陈述部分的主语是：—body或—one构成的不定代词时，反意部分的主语用he或they；是—thing时，用it。c、Iam…..的反意部分用aren’tI?3、双宾语：有些英语动词可以接双宾语，句式为：subject+vt.+sb.(间接宾语)+sth.（直接宾语） 英语中，能接双宾语的常用动词有：ask、promise、cause、play、leave、make、do、bring、buy、reach、order、teach、offer、serve、show、tell、wish….。e.g.CanIaskyouaquestion,Sir?Shemademeamodelshipformybirthday.注：带双宾语的句子可以被改为subject+vt.+sth(直接宾语)+介词+sb.的形式。其中的介词，常用的有：to、for、of….。归纳如下：handowepaypostpromisereadreturnsendshowteach…sth.tosb.boilbuydrawchooseearnfindgatherordersavesing…sth.forsb.askrequestdemandsth.of/fromsb.另还有：playajoke/trickonsb;playagamewith/againstsb.e.g.Excuseme,youdemandtoomuchfrom/ofme.MayIaskaquestionofyou?4、句型：Subject+link-v.+n./adj.在该句型中的系动词有特定含义，有“ 人称、数、时态”等形式变化。常用的有：显得：look,appear,seem变得：become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn持续是：continue,keep,remain,stand,stay听（闻、尝、摸）起来：sound,smell,taste,feel证明是：provee.g.Hiswordsprovedright.Thedishsmellswonderful.5、有些动词不表示动作，而表示事物的特性，用主动形式表示被动含义，这类动词有：wash,write,sell,drive,feel,hang….等。e.g.Somepicturesarehangingonthewall.Thiskindofcardrivesmoothandfast.Thepenwriteswellsosellswell.【各个击破】1.______niceweatheritis!Let’sgooutforawalk,shallwe?(04西城４月)　A.HowB.HowaC.WhataD.What2.—Nothingwrongwithit,_____?(04南京质检)—No.Yoursisaspecial-builtmodel.Drivecarefully, though.Ittakestimetoruninanewcar.A.isitB.hasitC.aretheyD.isthere3.Hehadlittleideathatitwasgettingsolate,_______?(04长春调研)A.didn’theB.wasn’titC.didheD.wasit4.Pollymustbeunhappywithoutme,_____she?A.mustB.isC.mustn’tD.isn’t5.I’mlate,____?A.amIB.amnotIC.aren’tID.aren’tyou6.Let’sgotothecinema,____?A.shallweB.willyouC.willweD.don’twe7.——Shedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday,didshe?——____,thoughshewasnotfeelingverywell.A.No,shedidn’tB.Yes,shedidn’tC.No,shedidD.Yes,shedid8.——Alice,youfeed(喂)thebirdtoday,____?——ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou9.Theboyisunlikehismother,____he? A.isB.isn’tC.doesn’tD.does10.Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet,____you?A.don’tB.aren’tC.willD.must十三、习惯用法（主备人：沈翠微）【要点点拨】1.It’sthefirsttimethat……….(从句中用现在完成时)Itwasforthefirsttimethat………(强调句，对状语forthefirsttime进行强调)It’s(high)timethat……..(从句中用过去时或shoulddo)2.It’sthesamewithsb./Soitiswithsb.表示某人也如此（用于前句中既有肯定又有否定或两个不同类的谓语动词）3.…beabouttodo/bedoing……when…….正要做/正在做……就在那时…….3.Aistwice/threetimesas+原级+asBAistwice/threetimesthen.ofB.Aistwice/threetimes+比较级+thanB5.It’sawasteoftime/moneydoing/todo… It’snouse/gooddoing………It’spossible/probable/(un)likelythat……….Itmakesgreat/nosensetodo……做某事很有/没意义6.There’snouse/gooddoing…….There’snosense/point(in)doing……Thereisnoneedforsth./todo…….Thereis(no)possibilitythat…………（同位语从句）7.The+比较级……..,the+比较级………越……..,越…….注意：前半句为从句，用一般现在时代替将来时；8.Itseems/appears(tosb.)thatsb…….在某人看来某人……….=Sb.seems/appearstobe/todo/tobedoing/tohavedone……..Itseems/looksasif……….好象/似乎……..9.It(so)happenedthatsb.……..某人碰巧……..=Sb.happenedtobe/todo/tobedoing/tohavedone…..10.Itissaid/thought/believed/hoped/supposed…….thatsb………=Sb.issaidtobe/todo/tobedoing/tohavedone……….(注意：这种句型里如带动词hope则不能变成简单句，因为无hopesb.todo结构)12…….such…….that…….如此……. 以致于（引导结果状语从句）…….such……..as……像……..的这种……(as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句里充当主、宾、表)13.DoyoumindifIdosth.?/WouldyoumindifIdidsth.?14.Thechanceisthat……../(The)Chancesarethat……….很可能…….15.Check/Makesure/Seetoit/Seethat……..(从句中常用一般现在时)确信/务必……..16.dependonitthat……..取决于seetoitthat…….负责/设法做到…….注意：除了except/but/in等介词可以直接接that从句，其它介词后必须用it做形式宾语；17．Itis/was+介词短语/从句/名词/代词等+that………How/When/Where/Whyis/wasitthat………..?注意：此句型为强调句，当被强调的为表示人的词时，还可用who连接；强调主语时，从句后的谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致；注意与定语从句的区别）18.Howisitthat……..（这几个句型都表示“怎么会…….?”“怎么发生的？”）Howcome+从句？Howdoes/didsth.comeabout?(Howdiditcome aboutthat…….?)如:Howcomeyouarelateagain?19.Thereseems/appears/happenstobe/mustbe/can’tbe/is(are,was,were)saidtobe/is(are,was,were)thoughttobe…….表示“.似乎有/碰巧有/一定有/不可能有/据说有/认为有……..”介词（如of）therebeingwant/wish/expecttheretobe要/希望/期待有……..adj./adv.enoughfortheretobe…….足够…….会有…….注意：therebeing/theretobe为therebe的非谓语形式；Itissaid/thoughtthatthereis/are……=Thereis/was/are/weresaid(thought)tobe…….如：Ihaveneverdreamoftherebeingsuchagoodchanceforme.Itwon’tbecoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight.20.疑问词+插入语+陈述语序？Whodoyouthinkhe’llhaveattendthemeeting?21.Butfor+n./pron.,sb./sth.would(not)havedone…..要不是…….,某人早就……(表示虚拟语气)=Ifithadnotbeenfor…..,……./Iftherehadnotbeen…….,……..22.Itwon(’t)belongbefore+从句（从句中用一般现在时）不久/很久就要……. Itwas(not)longbefore+从句（从句中用一般过去时）不久/很久才……..23.Thosewho………….(从句及主句中谓语动词用复数形式).Anyonewho…………=Whoever………..(从句及主句中谓语动词用单数形式)24…….主句（一般现在时或过去时）…...when从句….(might/shoulddo或might/shouldhavedone)表示”对比”,意思为“本该……(可)而却”,主句中为陈述语气,从句里为虚拟语气,如:Whyareyouherewhenyoushouldbeinschool?你本该上学的怎么在这儿?Hestoppedtryingwhenhemighthavesucceeded.本该已成功了他却停止努力了.25.Thereis./Sb.havenodoubtthat………(同位语从句,that不可省略)Thereis/Sb.havesomedoubtwhether……..(同位语从句不可用if)Sb.doubtif/whether…….Sb.don’tdoubtthat………26.immediately/directly/instantly/themoment+从句on/upon+n./doing Nosoonerhadsb.donethan…….(过去时)Hardlyhadsb.donewhen……..(过去时)注意：这几个结构都表示“一…….就”；27.everytime/eachtime/thelasttime/thefirsttime/nexttime+从句（名词性短语引导一个时间状语从句）anywhere/everywhere+从句（相当于wherever引导的地点状语从句）Youcangoanywhereyoulike.Nexttimeyoucome,pleasebringyoursonalong.28.Ifonly/Iwish+从句(用过去类时态)表示虚拟语气,“要是…….就好了”“但愿……就好了!”29.Considering+n.或pron.或that从句/Seeingthat……….考虑到/鉴于…….Given+n./pron作状语,表示“在有……的情况下”“如果有”“假定”,有时也表示”考虑到”Seeing(that)herefusedtohelpus,thereisnoreasonwhyweshouldhelphimnow.Givengoodhealth,Ihopetofinishtheworkthisyear.Giventheirinexperience/thattheyareinexperienced,they’vedoneagoodjob.30.Therewasatimewhen…….曾经有那么一度……….31.otherthan与no,not,none等否定词连用, 表示肯定意思,如:ItwasnoneotherthanMr.Smith.这正是Smith先生.32.Notuntil…….did/do/does/willsb.do……Itwas/isnotuntil……thatsb………33.It’s(un)likesb.todo/tohavedone……做某事很像某人/做某事可不像某人34.ItremainstobeseenWh--words……..是否…….还有待于看.(不用that,if作连接词)35.Itonlyremainsforsb.todo……剩下的只是要某人做某事.We’vegoteverythingready.Itonlyremainsforyoutocometodinner.36.Onemoment…….,andnow………刚才一会儿还在做……而现在却……..37.Notall/both/everyone………表示部分否定38.Suchis/are……..这(些)就是…….(谓语动词单复数由后面名词决定)39.I’drather(not)do/havedone……我宁愿…..I’drather+从句（从句中用过去时或过去完成时）40.It’simportant/necessary/strange/surprising….+that……(用陈述语气或shoulddo)41.Ilike/hate/appreciateitthat/when等从句(it 表示后面从句的这种情况)Iappreciateitifyouwillgivemeahand.42.Bythetime+从句（一般现在时/过去时），主句（将来完成时/过去完成时）43……….,asisoftenthecasewithsb./asisusualwithsb.(as引导非限制性定语从句)44incase/lest/forfearthat…….(从句中用陈述语气或shoulddo)45.While置于句首可表示Aslongas或AlthoughWhilethereislifethereishope.WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisbadones.46.cannot(never)……too+adj.(adv.)/adj.(adv.)+enough“越……越好”“非常”too+adj.(anxious/eager/willing/ready/glad等)+todo….表示肯定意思Ican’tthankyouenough.我非常感激你.Hewastoogladtoseehisfather.=Hewasverygladtoseehisfather.47.not/neve等表示否定的词与比较级连用表示最高级，如：-----Doyouagreewithhissuggestion?-------Ican’tagreemore. 48.Whatif……..要是…….怎么办？Whatifhedoesn’tcometomorrow?49.more……..than与其…….不如……..Heismorenervousthanfrightened.50.Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句(从句中如为延续性动词,则实际表示的意思相反)Itistwoyearssincehedrank.他不喝酒已两年了.【各个击破】1.Mr.Smithdidn’tunderstand______madehissonsoupsetthismorning.A.whatwasitB.whyitwasthisC.howthatwasD.whatitwasthat2.-----Didyouhaveagoodsleeplastnight?----Yes,neversleep_______.A.badlyB.betterC.worseD.best3.Weareonly_____gladtodoanythingwecan_______her.A.too;tohelpB.very;helpCtoo;helpD.very;helping4.-----Howcomeyouarelateforclassagain?-------_____________.A.BecauseImissedthebusB.Bybusandthenonfoot C.PleaseexcusemeD.It’squitewrong1._______morethan3,000languagesintheworld.A.TherearethoughttobeB.ThereisthoughttobeC.TheyarethoughttobeD.Itisthoughttobe2.-----Georgeisawiseperson.-----Butinmyopinion,heis______thanwise.A.clevererB.braverC.morebraveD.lessbrave3.-----SocanIaskyouafewfairlystraightforwardquestionsaboutyourself?-----Noproblem.Ilike________whenpeopleareopenanddirect.A.thatB.thisC.itD.them4.----______Imovethepictureoverhere?----Isupposeit’lllookbetter.A.HowifB.WhataboutC.HowaboutD.Whatif5.Chinahasproduced______thisyearasitdidin2002.A.astwicemuchsteelB.twicesteelasmuchC.twiceasmuchsteelD.asmuchsteeltwice10.-----_______wasit______youdiscoveredthesecretofhis?------Totallybychance.A.How;whenB.What;thatC.What;whenD. How;that11.-----Whoonearthcoulditbe?------Itwas_______otherthanClintEastwood.A.noneB.nothingC.notD.nobody12._____hisage,hediditquitewell,sodon’t______himanymore.AGiven;blameB.Considered;sayC.Toregard;scoldD.Considering;speak13.Nosooner_____themselvesintheirseatsinthetheatre______thecurtainwentup.A.theyhavesettled;beforeB.hadtheysettled;thanC.havetheysettled;whenD.theyhadsettled;than14.-----Didyoumeetwiththefamousspacehero,YangLiwei?------______Ihadcomehereearlier!A.IfonlyB.IfnotC.ButforD.Forfear15.Thestudentsexpected__________morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.itwouldbeB.therebeingC.ittobeD.theretobe16.Studentsshouldn’tbegivensodifficultaproblem_____theycannotworkout.A.thatB.whichC.whileD.as17.Itwastwelveo’clockatmidnight_______theyarrived atalonelyvillage.A.thatB.beforeC.sinceD.when18.-----Theexamwasn’tdifficult,wasit?------No,butIdon’tthink______couldpassit.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody19.-----Ialwaystakecarewhendoingpapersonthecomputer.-----Youmeantit!Onecannotbe_______carefulworkingonit.A.tooB.veryC.soD.quite20.-----IsMissWhiteworkingthesedays?------No.Itistwomonthssincesheworkedhere.------Oh,_____________?A.whereissheworkingnowB.wouldyoupleaseshowmethewayC.whichisherofficeD.issheill十四、交际用语（主备人：沈晓红）易错常考的日常交际用语1.问候和应答A:Howareyoudoing?B:Fine,thankyou./Just so-so.A:Pleaseremembermetoyourparents.B:Sure,Iwill.2.介绍和应答A:ThisisMr./Mrs./Miss/MsBrown.B:Hello!/Howdoyoudo?/Nicetomeetyou!3.告别Seeyou(later)!/Goodnight!(cf.Goodevening!)/Niceseeingyou.4.感谢和应答A:Manythanks!/Thanksforyourhelp!/Iappreciateyourhelp!B:That’sallright(OK)./Youarewelcome./Don’tmentionit./It’sapleasure./Mypleasure.(cf.Withpleasure.用于回答对方的求助、邀请)5.道歉和应答A:I’msorry.B:That’sallright(OK.)./Itdoesn’tmatter./Nevermind./That’snothing./Forgetit.6.邀请和应答A:Wouldyouliketo...?B:Yes,I"dloveto./Yes,withpleasure./Yes,it"sverykind(nice)ofyou./I"dloveto,butIhaveotherplans. 7.请求允许和应答A:CouldIsmokehere?/IwonderifIcouldsmokehere.B:Yes(Certainly)./Yes,doplease./Ofcourseyoumay./That"sOK(allright)./I"msorry,butitisnotallowed/You"dbetternot.A:DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?B:Notatall./Ofcoursenot./Certainlynot./I’msorry,butyou’dbetternot.8.祝愿、祝贺和应答A:Goodluck!/Bestwishestoyou./Haveanice/goodtime./Congratulations!/Haveagoodjourney.!  B:Thankyou.  A:HappyNewYear!/MerryChristmas!/Happybirthdaytoyou.  B:Thesametoyou.9.提供帮助和应答A:CanIhelpyou?/Wouldyoulikesomehelp?   B:Thanks.Thatwouldbenice/Yes,please./No,thankyouall(just)thesame./No,thankyouanyway./That"sverykindofyou,butIcanmanageitmyself.A:WhatcanIdoforyou?B:I’dliketogotothe No.3MiddleSchool.10.约会A:Shallwemeetat4:30?/Let’smakeit4:00.B:Allright.Seeyouthen.11.打电话A:Hello!MayIspeaktoTom?B:Holdon,please.A:IsthatMaryspeaking?B:Sheisn"thererightnow.CanItakeamessageforyou?12.就餐   A:Wouldyoulikesomemoremeat?/Helpyourselftosomemoremeat.   B:Thankyou.I"vehadenough./Justalittle,please.13.看病A:What’sthematter?/Whatseemstobethetrouble?B:Idon’tfeellikeeating./ I"vegotacough./Ifeelterrible（bad）./Idon"tfeelwell./I"vegotapainhere./Ithurtshere.14.购物  A:WhatcanIdoforyou?/May(CanI)helpyou?B:I"dliketobuyadictionary.    A:Howaboutthisone?B:That"sfine.I"lltakeit.15.问路和应答   A:Excuseme.Where"sthewashroom?/ Excuseme, canyoutellmethewaytothepostoffice?   B:Godownthisstreet.Turnright/leftatthesecondcrossing.Sorry,Idon’tknow.Iamastrangerhere.16.谈论天气A:What"stheweatherliketoday?/How"stheweatherinBeijing?B:It"sfine/cloudy/windy/rainy,etc./It"sratherwarm(cold/hot).today,isn"tit?17.处理交际中的障碍    Pardon.!/Ibegyourpardon./Pleasesaythatagain(moreslowly.)Whatdoyoumeanby….?/I"msorryIcan"tfollowyou.18.提醒注意Youcan’t(mustn’t)smokehere./Nosmoking!/Wetpaint!/Mindyourhead(step)/Takecare!/Becareful!/Lookout!19.同意和不同意Certainly/Sure/Ofcourse./Yes,please./  That"sagoodidea./IagreeNo,Idon"tthinkso./I"mafraidnot./Ireallycan"tagreewithyou./Noway(决不,没门)20时间或日期和应答 A:Whattimeisitnow?/What"sthetime?B:It"saboutthree.A:Whatdayisittoday?B:It"sWednesday.A:Excuseme.Haveyougotthetime?B:Yes,it"ssixtwenty.【各个击破】1.–Iexpecteverythingwillturnoutasyouwish.---_____.A.AllrightB.ThesametoyouC.No,thanksD.I’dliketo2.---I’msorrythatIcan’tattendyourwedding.---_____?Haven’tweagreedonit?A.WhatisitB.Whydon’tyouC.WhatdoyouthinkD.Howisit3---Excuseme,sir.I’mwritingaresearchpaperonChinesemedicine.Doyoumindansweringafewquestion?----______.A.Yes,pleaseB.No,ofcoursenotC.CertainlyD.Byallmeans4.----Excuseme,couldyoutellmethetime?----Sorry,Idon’thavemywatchwithme. ---_____A.ThanksanywayB.ThanksalotC.I’msorrytohearthatD.Whatapity5.----Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?----____.A.WhynotB.MakeyourselfathomeC.Oh,sorryD.It’sverykindofyou6.–Iwishyouwouldn’thaveyourTVsoloud.---____.Wereyoutryingtosleep?A.That’sallrightB.OKC.SorryD.Thankyou7.----Howiseverything,Rose?---____.A.Verywell,thankyouB.NottoobadC.I’mallright,thanksD.Notatall8.---Whydidn’tyoutellAnnthetruth?---_____.A.Yes,IwasafraidtobescoldedbyherB.No,butIwantedtoC.ButIdidD.Ialwayshatetellinglies9.---Notallpresentwouldbelievewhatthereportsaid,I’mafraid.---____.A.SodoIB.NoramIC.IagreeD.I’mafraid,too 10.---Hereyouareatlast!--____.A.AreyouallrightB.Yes,I’mhereC.SorrytohavekeptyouwaitingD.Youarehere,too11.---Pleaseexcuseme,butIreallyhavetobegoing.---Yes,ofcourse.____.A.ThesametomeB.That’sOKC.ThanksalotD.Niceseeingyou.12.---Tom,wouldyouliketocometoourdinnerparty?---_____.A.Yes,IwouldB.Yes,withpleasureC.No,Ican’tcomeD.Sure,it’smypleasure13.---___---Thankyou.Icertainlywill.A.IwishyousuccessB.WillyouhelpmewithmyworkC.PleaseremembermetoyourfamilyD.MayIhelpyou?14.---______atthenewschool?---Fine.I’vegotusedtothelifethereandI’vemadesomefriend.A.HowareyouB.HowareyoudoingC.AreyougettingonwellD.Howdoyoudo 14.---Cliff,Ilostyourbikeatschool.IsupposeIshouldpayforit.---Oh,____.Itwasanoldbikeanyway.A.ForgetitB.TakeiteasyC.OKD.Don’tsayso16.---Mum,I’vecutmyfinger.It’sbleeding.---Oh,dear.___.A.LetmeseeB.Don’tworryC.NothingwrongD.Takeiteasy17.–I’mgoingtotraveltoAmerica.Wouldyoutellmesomethingaboutyourexperiencesthere?--___.Let’sdiscussitoverdinner.A.That’sallrightB.ByallmeansC.GoaheadD.Itjustdepends18.---ShallIhelpyouwiththesuitcase?---_____.A.It’sallright,thanksB.Yes,goaheadpleaseC.Idon’twanttotroubleyoutoomuchD.No,pleasedon’tdoit19.–Youcan’tfinishthebookinlessthananhour,Isuppose?--____.A.Yes,I’msureIcanB.No,hardlyC.Sorry,Ican’tD.Idon’tthinkIcan 20.–Howarethingsgoingwithyou?--____.A.Quitewell,thankyouB.Good.Andyou?C.Good.Whynot?D.No,justso-so.名词：DBBACACCABBDDABBABAC主谓一致：BDCCBBBACACDBAACCCBB介词：DACAADBABBBDACDDCCADACACBBADCABABDCBBBBDADCDB代词：CDCACDDDCDCBDBC冠词：ACCDCBBDAACBCBCCBABA形容词和副词：DBCACAAAABACDCCBDBBBBBBADCCCCB动词时态语态：BCCDDCCABDBBDBAADCB情态动词：CDBCDCCBCDDBCCCCDCCD虚拟语气：BCAABBBDCACCDDB非谓语动词：CCCBCBBBDCDBBBCCDCC名词性从句与定语从句：ACBDBACDBABABBC状语从句：DBABCDCACBDCDBD简单句：DAADCADBBC习惯用法：DBAAACCDCDAABADDDCAA 交际用语：BDBADCBCCCDBCBADBAAA2012高考英语阅读实战练习三 问题一： 所谓就近原则，同义替换是不是也是要求学生最好把定位句就近句看懂再做选择，如果实在看不懂才另找办法？问题二：有些题目如果只按照划的关键词的模样去找的话有时候很难找到，有候甚至是不能定位的，要提高准确率最好的程序是不是学生看每段首尾句，获取文章中心以后，再边读文章边做题，可以不用每句都细看，但是如果读到和所画关键词有关联的时候就可以放慢速度，这样的方法准确率才高呢？答:定位准是第一步,可用出题题干多词定位法,一个词不行,得2-3个词以上才能定位的准,因为每个词代表不同的方向;然后找最近的名词或同义替换的短句,都没有则可能在最近的出题点上;或马上与文章中心沾边或与段落中心沾边(段首尾句或反复出现的名词)沾边;也可从选项的高频答案特征入手或从共同含有相同名词的选项入手,在选项中划名词回到文章中去核对!当然找到信息核对点时一定要放慢速度,核对选项时也一定要仔细,找到选项的相同点和不同点到文章中去核对,尤其是要核对名词,其次是动词,再次才是形副,注意是不是同义替换,看不出来的,可以用排除法,看哪项与信息点冲突或不同,排除,则答案才能水落石出!Peoplediettolookmoreattractive.Fishdiettoavoidbeingbeatenup，thrownoutoftheirsocialgroup，andgettingeatenasaresult.ThatisthefascinatingconclusionofthelatestresearchintofishbehaviorbyateamofAustralianscientists.Theresearchteamhavediscoveredthatsubordinatefishvoluntarilydiettoavoidchallengingtheirlargercompetitors.“Instudyinggobieswenoticedthatonlythelargesttwoindividuals，amaleandfemale，hadbreeding(繁殖)rightswithinthegroup，”explainsMarianWong.“Allother groupmembersarenonbreedingfemales，eachbeing510%smallerthanitsnextlargestcompetitor.Wewantedtofindouthowtheymaintainthisprecisesizeseparation.”Thereasonforthesizedifferencewaseasytosee.Onceasubordinatefishgrowstowithin510%ofthesizeofitslargercompetitor，itcausesafight负的whichusuallyendsinthesmallergobybeingdrivenawayfromthegroup.Moreoftenthannot，the_evicted_fishistheneatenup.Itappearedthatthesmallerfishwerekeepingthemselvessmallinordertoavoidchallengingthebossfish.Whethertheydidsovoluntarily，byrestraininghowmuchtheyate，wasnotclear.Theresearchteamdecidedtodoanexperiment.Theytriedtofattenupsomeofthesubordinategobiestoseewhathappened.Totheirsurprise结论，thegobiessimplyrefusedtheextrafoodtheywereoffered，clearlypreferringtoremainsmallandavoidfights，overhavingafeast.Thediscoverychallengesthetraditionalscientificviewofhowbossindividualskeeptheirpositioninagroup.Previouslyitwasthoughtthatlargeindividualssimplyusedtheirweightandsizetothreatentheirsubordinatesandtakemoreofthefoodforthemselves，sokeepingtheircompetitorssmall.Whilethehabitsofgobiesmayseemalittlemysterious，Dr.Wongexplainsthatunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweenbossandsubordinateanimalsisimportanttounderstandinghowhierarchical(等级的)societiesremainstable.Theresearchhasprovedthefactthatvoluntarydietingisahabitfarfromexclusivetohumans.“Asyet，welackacompleteunderstandingofhowwidespreadthevoluntaryreductionoffoodintakeisinnature，”theresearcherscomment.“Dataonhumandietingsuggeststhat，whilehumansgenerallydiettoimprovehealthorincreaseattractiveness，rarelydoesit improvelongtermhealthandmalesregularlypreferfemalesthatarefatterthanthefemales"ownideal.”65．Whenagobygrowstowithin510%ofthesizeofitslargercompetitor，it______.此题按照思路容易定位到第一个510%，那段，然后发现有中文标识，就容易选B，而没有注意到下一段也有出题点的话，容易错选怎么办?定位词要划全了,最起码要划不同的名词和动词,定位就准了.A．facesdanger负的B．hasbreedingrightsC．eatsitscompetitorD．leavesthegroupitself67．Theexperimentshowedthatthesmallerfish______.A．foughtoverafeastB．wentondietwillingly=refusedtheextrafoodC．preferredsomeextrafoodD．challengedthebossfishABAndrewRitchie，inventoroftheBromptonfoldingbicycle，oncesaidthattheperfectportablebikewouldbe“likeamagiccarpet...Youcouldfolditupandputitintoyourpocketorhandbag”．Thenhepaused：“Butyou"llalwaysbelimitedbythesizeofthewheels.Andsofarnoonehasinventedafoldingwheel.”Itwasarare—indeedunique—occasionwhenIwasabletoputRitchieright.A19thcenturyinventor，WilliamHenryJamesGrout，didinfactdesignafoldingwheel.Hisbike，predictablynamedtheGroutPortable，hadaframethatsplitintotwoandalargerwheelthatcouldbeseparatedintofourpieces.AllthebitsfittedintoGrout"sWonderfulBag，aleathercase.Grout"saim：tosolvetheproblemsofcarryingabikeonatrain.Nowdoesn"tthatsoundfamiliar？Groutintendedtofindawayofmakingabike smallenoughfortraintravel：hisbikewasahugebeast.Andimportantly，thedesignofearlybicyclesgavehimanadvantage：inGrout"sday，tyresweresolid，whichmadethebusinessofsplittingawheelintofourseparatepartsrelativelysimple.Youcouldn"tdothesamewithawheelfittedwithaonepieceinflated(充气的)tyre.So，ina21stcenturycontext，istheideaofthefoldingwheeldead？Itisnot.ABritishdesignengineer，DuncanFitzsimons，hasdevelopedawheelthatcanbesquashedintosomethinglikeaslenderellipse(椭圆)．Throughout，thetyreremainsinflated.WilltheyoungFitzsimons"sfoldingwheelmakeitintoproduction？Ihaven"tthefoggiestidea.Buthisinventivenessshowstwothings.First，peoplehavebeensayingformorethanacenturythatbikedesignhasreacheditslimit，exceptforgradualadvances.It"sassillyaconceptnowasitwas100yearsago：there"splentystilltogofor.Second，ititinthefieldoffoldingbikesthatweareseeingthemostinterestinginventions.Youcanbuyafoldingbikeforlessthan￡1000thatcanbeknockeddownsosmallthatitcanbecarriedonaplane—minuswheels，ofcourse—ashandbaggage.Foldingwheelswouldmakeallmannerofthingspossible.HaveweyetgotthemagiccarpetofAndrewRitchie"simagination？No.Butit"sprogress.69．WecaninferfromParagraph1thattheBromptonfoldingbike______.A．wasportableB．hadafoldingwheelC．couldbeputinapocketD．lookedlikeamagiccarpet对比But句可排除B和B,就近原则,可选A,D多了动词looked70．WecanlearnfromthetextthatthewheelsoftheGroutPortable ______.难定位A．weredifficulttoseparateB．couldbesplitinto6piecesC．werefittedwithsolidtyresD．werehardtocarryonatrain一般爱考首尾句,转折句和有结论的句子,从ABD中划关键字separate,pieces,train,核对原文后都可排除,选C.71．WecanlearnfromthetextthatFitzsimons"sinvention______.难定位A．keptthetyreasawholepieceB．wasmadeintoproductionsoonC．leftlittleroomforimprovementD．changedourviewsonbagdesign跟文章中心foldingwheel沾边!ACAWhenwomensittogethertowatchamovieonTV，theyusuallytalksimultaneously(同时地)aboutavarietyofsubjects，includingchildren，men，careersandwhat"shappeningintheirlives.Whengroupsofmenandwomenwatchamovietogether，themenusuallyenduptellingthewomentoshutup.Mencaneithertalkorwatchthescreen—theycan"tdoboth—andtheydon"tunderstandthatwomencan.Besides，womenconsiderthatthepointofallgettingtogetheristohaveagoodtimeanddeveloprelationships—notjusttosittherelikecouchpotatoesstaringatthescreen.Duringtheadbreaks，amanoftenasksawomantoexplaintheplotandtellhimwheretherelationshipbetweenthecharactersisgoing.Heisunable，unlikewomen，toreadthesubtlebodylanguagesignalsthatrevealhowthecharactersarefeelingemotionally.Sincewomenoriginallyspenttheirdayswiththeotherwomenandchildreninthegroup，theydevelopedtheabilitytocommunicatesuccessfullyinordertomaintainrelationships.Forawoman，speechcontinuestohavesuchaclear purpose：tobuildrelationshipsandmakefriends.Formen，totalkistorelatethefacts.Menseethetelephoneasacommunicationtoolforsendingfactsandinformationtootherpeople，butawomanseesitasameansofbonding.Awomancanspendtwoweeksonvacationwithhergirlfriendand，whenshereturnshome，telephonethesamegirlfriendandtalkforanothertwohours.Thereisnoconvincingevidencethatsocialconditioning，thefactthatgirls"motherstalkedtothemmore，isthereasonwhygirlstalkmorethanboys.PsychiatristDrMichaelLewis，authorofSocialBehaviourandLanguageAcquisition，conductedexperimentsthatfoundmotherstalkedto，andlookedat，babygirlsmoreoftenthanbabyboys.Scientificevidenceshowsparentsrespondtothebrainbiasoftheirchildren.Sinceagirl"sbrainisbetterorganizedtosendandreceivespeech，wethereforetalktothemmore.Consequently，motherswhotrytotalktotheirsonsareusuallydisappointedtoreceiveonlyshortgruntsinreply.56．WhilewatchingTVwithothers，womenusuallytalkalotbecausethey______A．areafraidofawkwardsilencewiththeirfamiliesandfriendsB．canbothtalkandwatchthescreenatthesametimeC．thinktheycanhaveagoodtimeanddeveloprelationshipsD．havetoexplaintheplotandbodylanguagetotheirhusbands57．Afteravacationwithhergirlfriend，awomanwouldtalktoheragainonthephoneforhoursinorderto______.A．experiencethehappytimeagainB．keepaclosetiewithherC．recommendheranewscenicspotD．remindherofsomethingforgotten58．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusmost?D怎么排除 A．Women"sbrainsarebetterorganizedforlanguageandcommunication.B．Womenlovetotalkbecausetheyaremoresociablethanmen.C．Mendonotliketalkingbecausetheyrelymoreonfacts.绝对的不是D．Socialconditioningisnotthereasonwhywomenlovetalking.绝对的不是被动的是解,含有中心词Women和communication的是解,选ACBAManypeoplewritetonewspapersandmagazinestoexpresstheiropinions.Letterstotheeditormustcarrythewriter"sfullname，addressandtelephonenumber，althoughtheinformationisnotnecessaryforpublication.Thisrequirementtoprovidepersonalparticularsisaclearindicationthatwritersareheldresponsibleforwhattheysay.Whenawriterwantshisvoiceheard，heneedstoclaimownershipofhisvoice.Responsibilityisthenameofthegame.“Peopletodaypreferlivingtogethertoputtingtheirsignaturesonamarriagecertificatebecausetheyrefusetoacceptresponsibilityfortherelationship，”saidsocialworkerKenYip，“andthisiswhatiscausingalotoffamilyproblems.”Whenwesignapaper，forexample，abusinesscontractorabankdocument，thesignatureisasealofconsent，anagreementtotakethematterseriously.Mostgovernmentsandmanyorganisationswillnotprocesswrittencomplaintsiftheydonotbearthewriter"ssignature.Theabsenceofasignature，theyexplain，tellsusthatthewritercannotbetooseriousandthereforedoesnotdeserveareply. 就近原则中因果是考点Therearepeoplewhowishtoremainanonymous(匿名的)forvariousreasons.MultibillionaireMrKingdonatesgenerouslytocharityseveraltimesayear.Hegivessimplybecausehewantstohelpbutnotforthepublicityhisdonationsmaybring，andhedoesnotwanthisgooddeedstomakenews.Inothercases，peopleinsistonanonymitybecausetheyareafraidoftheconsequencesofrevealingtheiridentity.Crimewitnessesmaybewillingtoassistthepolice，butmostareunwillingtogivetheirnameswhenreportingacrime.Nameornoname？Theanswerisverypersonalandliesinhowmuchwewanttogetinvolved.Weallhaveaname.Itisamatterofresponsibilitytouseitwhenwemakeastatement，aclaimoranaccusation.Weallwanttohonourourownname，anditisonlybystampingourexpressionofanopinionwithourownnamethatwehonourwhatwesay.68．Whatdoesthewritermeanbysaying“Responsibilityisthenameofthegame”？A．Writersneedtoprovidetheirpersonalinformationinthegame.B．Publicationsmustbearthewriter"sfullname，addressandphonenumber.C．Writersshouldberesponsiblefortheirnames.绝对的不是解!D．Namesarerequiredtoindicatewriters"responsibilityforwhattheysay.被动的是解!voice69．Thesecondparagraphsuggeststhatapaperwithoutasignaturemay_____. 这题是不是按照细节题的做法，我当时错选了DA．helptoendarelationshipB．notgetareplyC．beacceptedallthesameD．becomeafamilyproblem就近原则中因果therefore是考点,发现B与其后句子是同义替换!70．Somepeopledon"twanttheirnamesknownbecausetheyare______.怎么定位，怎么在A与C之间排除A．hesitanttomakeadonationB．unwillingtodrawpublicattentionC．afraidofanaccusationD．readyforinvolvement定位点anonymous(匿名的),but附近发现都是负的,A和D是正的,排除;B和C对比后,发现C在原文出题点中没有,故选B.同时B是第一个but后句的同义替换!DBBHavingahusbandmeansanextrasevenhoursofhouseworkeachweekforwomen，accordingtoanewstudy.Formen，gettingmarriedsavesanhourofhouseworkaweek.“It"sawellknown_pattern，”saidleadresearcherFrankStaffordatUniversityofMichigan"sInstituteforSocialResearch.“Menusuallyworkmoreoutsidethehome，whilewomentakeonmoreofthehousework.”Hepointsoutthatdifferencesamonghouseholds(家庭)exist.Butingeneral，marriagemeansmorehouseworkforwomenandlessformen.“Andthesituationgetsworseforwomenwhentheyhavechildren，”Staffordsaid.Overall，timesarechangingintheAmericanhome.In1976，womenbusiedthemselveswith26weeklyhoursofsweepinganddusting work，comparedwith17hoursin2005.Menaretakingonmorehousework，morethandoublingtheirhouseworkhoursfromsixin1976to13in2005.Singlewomenintheir20sand30sdidtheleasthousework，about12weeklyhours，whilemarriedwomenintheir60sand70sdidthemost—about21hoursaweek.Menshowedasomewhatdifferentpattern，witholdermenpickingupthebroommoreoftenthanyoungermen.Singlemenworkedthehardestaroundthehouse，morethanthatofallotheragegroupsofmarriedmen.Havingchildrenincreaseshouseworkevenfurther.Withmorethanthreechildren，forexample，wivestookonmoreoftheextrawork，clockingabout28hoursaweekcomparedwithhusbands"10hours.45．Accordingtothe“wellknownpattern”inParagraph1，amarriedman______.A．takesonheavierworkB．doesmorehouseworkC．isthemainbreadwinnerD．isthemasterofthehouse47．Whatkindofmanisdoingmosthouseworkaccordingtothetext?A．Anunmarriedman.=SingleB．Anoldermarriedman.C．Ayoungermarriedman.D．Amarriedmanwithchildren.48．WhatcanweconcludefromStafford"sresearch?这题按照推论题，容易在最后一段找答案，就很容易会选D，有时候一时间也肯不出D有什么问题，怎么排除干扰。A．Marriagegivesmenmorefreedom.B．Marriagehaseffectsonjobchoices.C．Houseworksharingchangesovertime.D．Havingchildrenmeansdoubledhousework.首先要定位,找到出题点,D与But句信息点无关. CACGUATEMALACITY(Reuters)—Afishthatlivesinmangroveswamps(红树沼泽)acrosstheAmericascanliveoutofwaterformonthsatatime，similartohowanimalsadapted(适应)tolandmillionsofyearsago，anewstudyshows.TheMangroveRivulus，atypeofsmallkillifish，livesinsmallpoolsofwaterinacertaintypeofemptynutorevenoldbeercansinthemangroveswampsofBelize，theUnitedStatesandBrazil.Whentheirlivingplacedriesup，theyliveonthelandinlogs(圆木)，saidScottTaylor，aresearcherattheBrevardEndangeredLandsPrograminFlorida.Thefish，whosescientificnameisRivulusmarmoratus，cangrowaslargeasthreeinches.Theygrouptogetherinlogesandbreatheairthroughtheirskinuntiltheycanfindwateragain.ThenewscientificdiscoverycameafteratriptoBelize.“Wekickedoveralogandthefishjustcamecrowdingout，”TaylortoldReutersinneighboringGuatemalabytelephone.HesaidhewillmakehisstudyonthefishknowntothepublicinanAmericanmagazineearlynextyear.Inlabtests，Taylorsaidhefoundthefishcanliveupto66daysoutofwaterwithouteating.Someotherfishcanliveoutofwaterforashortperiodoftime.ThewalkingcatfishfoundinSoutheastAsiacanstayonlandforhoursatatime，whilelungfishfoundinAustralia，AfricaandSouthAmericacanliveoutofwater，butonlyinaninactivestate.ButnootherknownfishcanbeoutofwateraslongastheMangroveRivulusandremainactive，accordingtoPatriciaWright，abiologistatCanada"sUniversityofGuelph. Furtherstudiesofthefishmaytellhowanimalschangedovertime.“Theseanimalsliveinconditionssimilartothosethatexistedmillionsofyearsago，whenanimalsbeganmakingthetransition(过渡)fromwaterontoland，”Wrightsaid.49．TheMangroveRivulusisatypeoffishthat______.A．likeseatingnutsB．preferslivingindryplacesC．isthelongestlivingfishonearthD．canstayalivefortwomonthsoutofwater50．WhowillwriteupareportonMangroveRivulus?很难定位吗，怎么做A．PatriciaWright.B．ResearchersinGuatemala.C．ScientistsfromBelize.D．ScottTaylor.51．Accordingtothetext，lungfishcan______.A．breathethroughitsskinB．movefreelyondrylandC．remainaliveoutofwaterD．beasactiveonlandasinwater52．WhatcanwesayaboutthediscoveryofMangroveRivulus?文章如果不全看的话这题貌似很难作对。A．Itwasmadequitebyaccident.B．Itwasbasedonalabtestofsealife.C．ItwassupportedbyanAmericanmagazine.D．ItwashelpedbyPatriciaWright.2011年阅读理解(共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)AIntheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,pourcreamintomycoffee,orhelpmetoputon mycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,bursometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily.Theydon’tgettoseethissoftsideofothers.Often,wetryeverywaypossibletoavoidshowingourweakness,whichincludesalotofpretending.Butonlywhenwestoppretendingwe’rebraveorstrongdoweallowpeopletoshowthekindnessthat’sinthem.Lastmonth,whenIwasdrivinghomeonabusyhighway,Ibegantofeelunwellanddrovemoreslowlythanusual.Peoplebehindmebegantogetimpatientandangry,withsomespeedingupalongsideme,horning(按喇叭)orevenshoutingatme.AtthemomentIdecidedtodosomethingIhadneverdoneintwenty-fouryearsofdriving.Iputonthecarflashlightsanddroveonatareallylowspeed.Nomoreangryshoutsandnomorehorns!WhenIputonmyflashlights,Iwassayingtootherdrivers,“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.Severaltimes,Isawdriverswhowantedtopass.Theycouldn’tgetaroundmebecauseofthestreamofpassingtraffic.Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry,theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedon’tfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften,itwouldbebetterifwedon’tpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.26.theauthorhasdiscoveredthatpeoplewillfeelhappywhen______. A.theoffertheirhelpB.theyreceiveothers’helpC.theyfeelothers’kindnessD.theyshowtheirweakness27.Theauthorfeelssadsometimesbecause______.A.hehasasoftheartB.hereliesmuchonothersC.somepeoplepretendtobekindD.somepeoplefailtoseethekindnessinothers28.Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?A.Theyspeeduptopass.B.Theywaitedwithpatience.C.Theytriedtheirbesttohelp.D.Theyputontheirflashlightstoo.29.Inthispassage,theauthoradvisesusto______.A.handleproblemsbyourselvesB.accepthelpfromothersC.admitourweaknessD.showourbravery30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.AWheelchairExperienceB.WeaknessandKindness.C.WeaknessandStrengthD.ADrivingExperienceBCandogsandcatsliveinperfectharmonyinthesamehome?Peoplewhoarethinkingaboutadoptingadogasafriendfortheircatsareworriedthattheywillfight.Arecentresearchhasfoundanewrecipeofsuccess.Accordingtothestudy,ifthecatisadoptedbeforethedog,andiftheyareintroducedwhenstillyoung(lessthan6monthsforcats,ayearfordogs),itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswillgetalongswimmingly.Two-thirdsofthehomesinterviewedreportedapositiverelationshipbetweentheircatanddog. However,itwasn’tallsweetnessandlight.Therewasareportedcoldnessbetweenthecatanddogin25%ofthehomes,whileargressionandfightingwereobservedin10%ofthehomes.Onereasonforthisisprobablythatsomeoftheirbodysignalswerejustopposite.Forexample,whenacatturnsitsheadawayitsignalsaggression,whileadogdoingthesamesignalssubmission.Inhomeswithcatsanddogslivingpeacefully,researchersobservedasurprisingbehaviour.Theyarelearninghowtotalkeachother’slanguage.Itisasurprisethatcatscanlearnhowtotalk‘dog’,anddogscanlearnhowtotalk‘cat’.What’sinterestingisthatbothcatsanddogshaveappearedtodeveloptheirintelligence.Theycanlearnhowtoreadeachother’sbodysignals,suggestingthatthetwomayhavemoreincommonthanwepreviouslysuspected.Oncefamiliarwitheachother’spresenceandbodylanguage,catsanddogscanplaytogether,greeteachothernosetonose,andenjoysleepingtogetheronthesofa.Theycaneasilysharethesamewaterbowlandinsomecasesgroom(梳理)eachother.Thesignificanceoftheresearchoncatsanddogsmaygobeyondpets─topeoplewhodon’tgetalong,includingneighbors,colleaguesatwork,andevenworldsuperpowers.Ifcatsanddogscanlearntogetalong,surelypeoplehaveagoodchance.31.TheunderlinedwordswimminglyinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.earlyB.sweetlyC.quicklyD.smoothly 32.Somecatsanddogsmayfightwhen______.A.theyarecoldtoeachotherB.theylookawayfromeachotherC.theymisunderstoodeachother’ssignalsD.theyareintroducedatanearlyage33.Whatisfoundsurprisingaboutcatsanddogs?A.Theyeatandsleepeachother.B.Theyobserveeachother’sbehaviors.C.Theylearntospeakeachother’slanguage.D.Theyknowsomethingfromeachother’svoices.34.ItissuggestedinParagraph4thatcatsanddogs______.A.havecommoninterestsB.arelessdifferentthanwasthoughtC.haveacommonbodylanguageD.arelessintelligentthanwasexpected35.Whatcanwehumanbeingslearnfromcatsanddogs?A.Weshouldlearntoliveinharmony.B.Weshouldknowmoreaboutanimals.C.Weshouldliveinpeacewithanimals.D.Weshouldlearnmorebodylanguages.CAyearaftergraduation,Iwasofferedapositionteachingawritingclass.TeachingwasaprofessionIhadneverseriouslyconsidered,thoughseveralofmystorieshadbeenpublished.Iacceptedthejobwithouthesitation,asitwouldallowmetowearatieandgobythenameofMr. Davis.Myfatherwentbythesamename,andIlikedtoimaginepeoplegettingthetwoofusconfused.“Waitaminute,”someonemightsay,“areyoutalkingaboutMr.Davistheretiredman,orMr.Davistherespectablescholar?”Thepositionwasofferedatthelastminute,andIwasgiventwoweekstoprepare,aperiodIspentsearchingforbriefcase(公文包)andstandingbeforemyfull-lengthmirror,repeatingthewords,“Hello,class.I’mMr.Davis.”SometimesIwouldgivemyselfanaggressivevoice.SometimesIwouldsoundexperienced.Butwhenthedayeventuallycame,mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor,butrathera12-year-oldboy.Iarrivedintheclassroomwithpapercardsdesignedintheshapeofmapleleaves.Ihadcutthemmyselfoutoforangeconstructionpaper.Isawninestudentsalongalongtable.Ihandedoutthecards,andthestudentswrotedowntheirnamesandfastenedthemtotheirbreastpocketsasIrequired.“Allrightthen,”Isaid.“Okey,herewego.”ThenIopenedmybriefcaseandrealizedthatIhadneverthoughtbeyondthismoment.Ihadbeenthinkingthatthestudentswouldbethefirsttotalk,offeringtheirthoughtsandopinionsontheeventsoftheday.IhadimaginedthatIwouldsitattheedgeofthedesk,overlookingaforestsofhands.Everystudentwouldyell.“Calmdown,you’llallgetyourturn.Oneatatime,oneatatime!”Aterriblesilenceruledtheroom,andseeingnootheropinions,Iinspectedthestudentstopullouttheirnotebooksandwriteabriefessayrelatedtothethemeofdeepdisappointment. 36.Theauthortookthejobtoteachwritingbecause______.A.hewantedtobeexpectedB.hehadwrittensomestoriesC.hewantedtopleasehisfatherD.hehaddreamedofbeingateacher37.WhatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromParagraph2?A.Hewouldbeaggressiveinhisfirstclass.B.Hewaswell-preparedforhisfirstclass.C.Hegotnervousuponthearrivalofhisfirstclass.D.Hewaitedlongforthearrivalofhisfirstclass.38.Beforehestartedhisclass,theauthoraskedthestudentsto______.A.writedowntheirsuggestionsonthepapercardsB.cutmapleleavesoutoftheconstructionpaperC.cutsomecardsoutoftheconstructionpaperD.writedowntheirnamesonthepapercards39.Whatdidthestudentsdowhentheauthorstartedhisclass?A.Theybegantotalk.B.Theystayedsilent.C.Theyraisedtheirhands.D.Theyshoutedtobeheard.40.Theauthorchosethecompositiontopicprobablybecause______.A.hegotdisappointedwithhisfirstclassB.hehadpreparedthetopicbeforeclassC.hewantedtocalmdownthestudentsD.hethoughtitwasaneasytopicDInaworldwithlimitedland,waterandothernaturalresources(资源),theharmfromthetraditionalbusinessmodelisontherise.Actually,the pastdecadeshasseenmoreandmoreforestsdisappearingandglobebecomingincreasinglywarm.Peoplenowrealizethatthisunhealthysituationmustbechanged,andthatwemustbeabletodevelopinsustainable(可持续的)ways.Thatmeansgrowthwithlowcarbonordevelopmentofsustainableproducts.Inotherwords,weshouldkeeptheearthhealthywhileusingitssupplyofnaturalresources.Today,sustainabledevelopmentisapropertrendinmanycountries.Accordingtoarecentstudy,theglobalmarketforlow-carbonenergywillbecomethreetimesbiggeroverthenextdecades.China,forexample,hassetitsmindonleadingthatmarket,hopingtoseizechancesinthenewroundoftheglobalenergyrevolution.Itisnowtryuinghardtomakefulluseofwindandsolarenergy,andisspendingahugeamountofmoneymakingelectriccarsandhigh-speedtrains.Inaddition,wearealsoseeinggreatgrowthintheglobalmarketsforsustainableproductssuchaspalmoil(棕榈油)，whichisproducedwithoutcuttingdownvaluablerainforest.Inrecentyearsthemarketsforsustainableproductshavegrownbymorethan50%.Governmentscanfullydevelopthepotentialofthesenewmarkets.First,theycansethightargetsforreducingcarbonemissions(排放)andtargetsforsavingandreusingenergy.Besides,strongerarrangementofpublicresourceslikeforestscanalsohelptospeedupthedevelopment.Finally,governmentscanavoidthehugeexpensesthataretakingusinthewrongdirection,andredirectingsomeofthoseexpensescanacceleratethechangefromtraditionalmodeltoasustainableone.Themajorchallengeofthiscenturyistofindwaystomeettheneedsof growingpopulationwithinthelimitsofthissingleplanet.Thatisnosmalltask,butitoffersabundantnewchancesforsustainableproductindustries.41.ThetraditionalbusinessmodelishumfulbecauseofallthefollowingEXCEPTthat______.A.ItmakestheworldwarmerB.itconsumesnaturalresourcesC.itbringsseveredamagetoforestsD.itmakesgrowthhardtocontinue42.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph2?A.Chinalackswindandsolarenergy.B.Chinaistheleaderofthelow-carbonmarket.C.High-speedtrainsarealow-carbondevelopment.D.Palmoilismadeatthecostofvaluableforests.43.Tofulldevelopthelow-carbonmarkets,governmentcan______.A.cutpublicexpensesB.forbidcarbonemissionC.developpublicresourcesD.encourageenergyconservation44.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatbusinesseshavemanychancesto______.A.developsustainableproductsB.explorenewnaturalresourcesC.makefulluseofnaturalresourcesD.dealwiththemajorchallenge45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tointroduceanewbusinessmodel.B.Tocomparetwobusinessmodels.C.Topredictachangeoftheglobalmarket.D.Toadvocatesustainabledevelopment. 2010年阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)AWhenIwasgrowingupinAmerica,Iwasashamedofmymother’sChineseEnglish.BecauseofherEnglish,shewasoftentreatedunfairly.Peopleindepartmentstores,atbanks,andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriously,didnotgivehergoodservice,pretendednottounderstandher,orevenactedasiftheydidnothearher.MymotherhaslongrealizedthelimitationsofherEnglishaswell.WhenIwasfifteen,sheusedtohavemecallpeopleonthephonetopretend1wasshe.Iwasfoxedtoaskforinformationoreventoyellatpeoplewhohadbeenrodetoher.Onetime1hadtocallherstockbroker(股票经纪人).Isaidinanadolescentvoicethatwasnotveryconvincing,"ThisisMrs.Tan."Andmymotherwasstandingbesideme,whisperingloudly,"Whyhedon’tsendmecheek,alreadytwoweeklate."Andthen,inperfectEnglishIsaid,"I’mgettingratherconcerned.Youagreedtosendthechecktwoweeksago,butithasn’tarrived."Thenshetalkedmoreloudly."Whathewant?IcometoNewYorktellhimfrontofhisboss."AndsoIturnedtothestockbrokeragain,"Ican’ttolerateanymoreexcuse.IfIdon’treceivethecheekimmediately,IamgoingtohavetospeaktoyourmanagerwhenIaminNewYorknext week."ThenextweekweendedupinNewYork.While1wassittingtherered-faced,mymother,therealMrs.Tan,wasshoutingtohisbossinherbrokenEnglish.WhenIwasateenager,mymother’sbrokenEnglishembarrassedme.Butnow,Iseeitdifferently.Tome,mymother’sEnglishisperfectlyclear,perfectlynatural.Itismymothertongue.Herlanguage,asIhearit,isvivid,direct,andfullofobservationandwisdom.Itwasthelanguagethathelpedshapetheway1sawthings,expressedideas,andmadesenseoftheworld.41.Whywastheauthor’smotherpoorlyserved?A.ShewasunabletospeakgoodEnglish.B.Shewasoftenmisunderstood.C.Shewasnotclearlyheard.D.Shewasnotverypolite.42.FromParagraph2,weknowthattheauthorwas.A.goodatpretendingB.rodetothestockbrokerC.readytohelphermotherD.unwillingtophoneforhermother43.Aftertheauthormadethephonecall,.A.theyforgavethestockbrokerB.theyfailedtogetthecheckC.theywenttoNewYorkimmediatelyD.theyspoketotheirbossatonce 44.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofhermother’sEnglishnow?A.ItconfusesherB.Itembarrassesher.C.Ithelpsherunderstandtheworld.D.Ithelpshertoleraterudepeople.45.WecaninferfromthepassagethatChineseEnglish.A.isclearandnaturaltonon-nativespeakersB.isvividanddirecttonon-nativespeakersC.hasaverybadreputationinAmericaD.maybringinconvenienceinAmericaBWhensomethinggoeswrong,itcanbeverysatisfyingtosay,"Well,it’sso-and-so’sfault."or"IknowI’mlate,butit’snotmyfault;thecarbrokedown."Itisprobablynotyourfault,butonceyouformthehabitofblamingsomebodyorsomethingelseforabadsituation,youarealoser.Youhavenopowerandcoulddonothingthathelpschangethesituation.However,youcanhavegreatpoweroverwhathappenstoyouifyoustopfocusingonwhomtoblameandstartfocusingonhowtoremedythesituation.Thisisthewinner’skeytosuccess.Winnersaregreatatovercomingproblems.Forexample,ifyouwerelatebecauseyourcarbrokedown,maybeyouneedtohaveyourcarexaminedmoreregularly.Or,youmightstarttocarryalongwithyoutheusefulphonenumbers,soyoucouldcallforhelpwheninneed.Foranotherexample,ifyourcolleaguecausesyouproblemsonthejobforlackofresponsibilityorability,findwaysofdealingwithhisirresponsibilityorinabilityratherthansimplyblametheperson.Asktoworkwithadifferent person,ordon’trelyonthisperson.Youshouldacceptthatthepersonisnotreliableandfindcreativewaystoworksuccessfullyregardlessofhowyourcolleaguefailstodohisjobwell.Thisiswhatbeingawinnerisallabout-creativelyusingyourskillsandtalentssothatyouaresuccessfulnomatterwhathappens.Winnersdon’thavefewerproblemsintheirlives;theyhavejustasmanydifficultsituationtofaceasanybodyelse.Theyarejustbetteratseeingthoseproblemsaschallengesandopportunitiestodeveloptheirowntalents.So,stopfocusingon"whosefaultitis."Onceyouareconfidentaboutyourpoweroverbadsituations,problemsarejuststeppingstonesforsuccess.46.Accordingtothepassage,winners.A.dealwithproblemsratherthanblameothersB.meetwithfewerdifficultiesintheirbyesC.haveresponsibleandablecolleaguesD.blamethemselvesratherthanothers47.TheunderlinedwordremedyinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto.A.avoidB.acceptC.impureD.Consider48.Whenyourcolleaguebringsaboutaproblem,youshould.A.findabetterwaytohandletheproblemB.blamehimforhislackofresponsibilityC.tellhimtofindthecauseoftheproblemD.askamoreablecolleagueforhelp49.Whenproblemsoccur,winnerstakethemas.A.excusesfortheirfailures B.barrierstogreaterpowerC.challengestotheircolleaguesD.chancesforself-development50.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.AWinner’sSecret.B.AWinner’sProblem.C.AWinner’sOpportunity.[来源:学科网]D.AWinner’sAchievement.CFoodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly,Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Certainmicroorganisms(微生物)causemosttypesoffoodpoisoning.Bacteriaandothermicroorganismscanpoisoneggs,meat,vegetables,andmanyotherfoods.Afterenteringthebody,thesetinylivingthingsrelease(释放)poisonsthatmakepeoplesick.Somechemicalscanalsocausefoodpoisoning.Theyareoftenaddedtofoodwhileitisbeinggrown,processed,orprepaid.Forexample,manyfarmersspraychemicalsoncropstokillweedsandinsects.Somepeoplemayhaveabadreactiontothosechemicalswhentheyeatthecrops.Someplantsandanimalscontainnaturalpoisonsthatareharmfultopeople.Theseinclude certainkindsofseafood,grains,nuts,seeds,beans,andmushrooms.Whenpeoplehandlefoodproperly,theriskoffoodpoisoningisverysmallMicroorganismsmultiplyrapidlyindirtyplacesandinwarmtemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshouldnevertouchfoodwithdittyhandsorputfoodonunwashedsurfaces.Foodshouldbekeptinarefrigeratortostopmicroorganismsfromgnawing.Meatneedstobecookedthoroughlytokillanydangerousmicroorganisms.Peopleshouldalsowashfoodcoveredwithchemicalsbeforeeatingit.Finally,peopleshouldnoteatraidmushroomsorotherfoodsthatgrowinthewild.Someofthesefoodsmaycontainnaturalmaterialsthatarepoisonoustohumans.Inaddition,sometypesoffishcanbepoisonous.Mostpeoplerecoverfromfoodpoisoningafterafewdaysofrestinganddrinkingextrawater.Ifpeopleeatnaturalpoisons,theymustgotothehospitalrightawaytohavetheirstomachsemptied.51.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Foodwhenpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.B.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.C.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.D.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.52.Weknowfromthepassagethatthesymptomsoffoodpoisoning.A.arealwaysaccompaniedbyafeverB.aretoocommontobenotedC.canbenoticedwithinhoursD.canbeignored53.FoodpoisoningcanbecausedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT. A.somechemicalsB.lowtemperaturesC.sometinylivingthingsD.certainnaturalmaterials54.FromParagraph5,wecanlearnthatA.mushroomsshouldnotbeeatenB.vegetablesaresaferthanmeatandseafoodC.naturalpoisonsaremoredangerousthanchemicalsD.differenttypesoffoodshouldbehandleddifferently55.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatA.naturalmaterialsaresafeinfoodprocessingB.chemicalsareneededinfoodprocessingC.foodpoisoningcanbekeptundercontrolD.foodpoisoningisoutofcontrol：　　无论是对学生进行英语阅读情况问卷调查还是对学生进行阅读能力测试，“阅读理解的准确率低，阅读速度进程慢”这一结论似乎已经成为绝大多数学生共同具有的普遍性问题；无论我们重新阅览“旧的教学大纲”还是解读现正在实施的具有重大改革的“新课程标准”，阅读理解始终都是教师教学与学生学习中必须侧重加强的一个重要内容。如果我们研究产生上述结论的原因，诚然，一方面，词汇的丰富多寡，阅读习惯的养成与发展，阅读心理品质的好与差，无不与之有着必然的联系。但是，另一方面，阅读技巧与方法的科学与否 ，是影响阅读效果的重要因素。　　我们的高考阅读，从狭义上看仅是只有5篇阅读数量的40分值的短文；从广义上而言，阅读还应当包括完形填空以及短文改错在内。这样，高考阅读就应该是80分值、占整个试卷结构约53.3%的三大部分。为此，联系阅读教学与高考阅读实际，笔者就学生需掌握与运用的基本的高考阅读方法与技巧归纳论述如下：　　一、高考阅读理解能力的考查测试目标　　按照考试大纲对阅读理解部分的规定，考生应掌握的能力有八项，即：理解主旨要义；理解文中的具体信息；理解文中的概念性含义；进行有关的判断、推理和引申；根据上下文推测生词的词义；理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系，即句际关系；理解作者的意图、观点或态度；区分论点和论据。　　高考阅读理解部分共有五篇短文，每篇短文后附4道选择题，共计20题。每题2分，总计40分。每篇阅读量约400个词左右，总阅读量约2000个词左右。考生应根据材料内容从各题的四个选择中选出一个最佳答案。整个阅读理解部分所需的时间约45分钟。　　从以上的规定可以看出，阅读理解部分的应试对整个考试的成功起着决定性的作用。但是，从近几年的高考试卷中可以看出，大部分考生的阅读理解能力还很差，其主要根源在于他们没有掌握相应的阅读技能，不了解获取文章信息的有效方法，不具备应有的应试技巧 。阅读不是一个被动的过程，而是一个积极主动的活动，需要多种阅读技巧的相互配合；阅读也是一个判断、推理、归纳、总结的过程。因此，具备较强的阅读能力和技巧是成功的关键。　　二、提高阅读理解能力的方法与策略　　阅读是一个积极主动的过程。一篇文章的意义不在于材料本身，而是读者与材料不断交流活动的结果。读者把新知识和旧知识联系起来，以便完整地理解文章的意义，这种引申意义的脑力活动不仅仅是对词汇意义的解码，而且是对文章的全面理解。要提高阅读能力，就必须从几个方面综合进行训练：　　1.语言的基本功　　我们知道，掌握一定的语言知识是非常重要的，尤其是词汇量的问题，这是学习语言的基础。如果词汇量不大，阅读过程中势必遇到的生词很多，不仅影响阅读速度，也严重地影响阅读理解的质量。　　其次是英语语法及惯用法。在阅读理解的文章中，也经常会遇到结构复杂的句子及惯用法，而这些结构复杂的长句或惯用法又恰好是求解某题的依据。　　2.阅读方法 　　有的人在阅读时总喜欢用铅笔或手指在书上的每一行左右移动，似乎怕遗漏任何一个词；有的人一边读一边念出声；有的人一边读一边逐句翻译；有的人担心没读懂，反复地回头阅读；还有人没耐心，一目十行。以上这些都不是正确的阅读习惯，不符合阅读过程的科学规律。　　基本的阅读方法有三种：略读、查读和细读。在一篇文章的阅读过程中，我们应该根据不同目的，采用不同的阅读方法。在正式考试中，阅读理解部分可遵循下列步骤：先用“略读”的方法浏览全文，以了解中心思想及大意；用“查读”的方法获取某些特定的信息；用“细读”的方法掌握确切内容或深入的理解。在阅读过程中，为方便起见，可在文章中画出关键词句，这样有助于文章的回查，以此作为答题依据。回答全部问题后，如果时间允许，可再快读一遍全文，以确定各题答案是否符合文章的精神。　　3.阅读技巧　　考试大纲关于阅读理解部分对考生规定的六种能力的要求主要是测试考生对于语篇的理解和把握作者意图的推理过程。那么如何提高这种技能，使考生能够在规定的时间内做出快速而准确的选择呢?我们认为主要可以从以下四个方面人手：　　(1)掌握文章的体裁及其特征 　　在高考阅读理解测试中，命题人出题是根据英语考试大纲以及说明的要求来选择短文，这就要求考生必须熟悉常用的体裁。在体裁上，大纲中规定的有议论文、记叙文、说明文和应用文。但近几年的实际考卷中，绝大多数是议论文(就广义而言，它包括记叙文、描述文等；约占三分之二)；其次为说明文(约占三分之一)。　　议论文的特点是对客观事物进行分析和评论，重点放在论点及论证方面，主题往往比较明确，通常文章开头点明主题，直接表明作者的观点和态度，其后段落围绕主题展开，并有影响读者的思想和行动的倾向。　　说明文是对客观事物的性质、特征、形状、构成、功能等进行介绍和解说。它不同于议论文，并不企图影响读者的思想，而是完全客观地描述，不带个人感情色彩。说明文常用的几种写作方法有下定义、举例证、析因果、分类别、做对比等。　　阅读说明文体裁的文章一定要把握短文的中心，掌握作者是从何角度、采用何种方法加以说明的。　　总之，文章的体裁不同，要求的阅读技巧也不同。相同的语言水平下，阅读技巧起着很大的作用。　　(2)分析语篇或段落的展开 　　一篇阅读理解测试材料必有一个主题即中心话题，因为阅读理解首先是对文章主旨大意的理解，它是高考阅读理解的基本规定。既然有主题就一定有主题句及围绕该主题句加以阐述的发展句。主题句与发展句在语篇或段落中相辅相成、缺一不可。找到了主题句也就找到了短文或段落展开的依据。由此来看，主题句是语篇或段落之纲，在实际阅读理解中迅速准确地辨认主题句也并不太容易，特别是语篇或段落中无明确主题句。　　(3)熟悉语段结构模式及其过渡词　　我们知道，命题人的思想框架主要以所选语篇为基础，任何语篇或段落都要有一个中心，即主题句。主题句写好了，语段内容的展开就有了依据。语段结构模式就是决定主题句以后的语段内容组织的形式。掌握语段结构模式，有助于帮助我们把握住文章的写作思路、预测语段展开的内容。　　过渡性词语能以多种方式沟通和建立前后句子间、各段落间意义上的联系。这些功能词或信号词对考生的思维起着“指示灯”的作用，随时提醒考生将要读到什么。　　三、掌握高考阅读应试技巧　　要提高阅读理解的速度和准确率，必须熟悉以下几方面的内容：　　1.解题步骤　　在做阅读理解题时，有些考生往往拿不定主意，是先读文章还是先看问题好，不同的人有不同的习惯，因而应试时采用不同的解题步骤。做阅读理解题常用的方法有： 　　(1)先读懂全文，然后一一做题，在做题过程中如遇到困难再重读与解题有关的文字。这种方法只适合阅读水平很高、记忆力较好的考生，否则是得不偿失。因为读“懂”需花一定的时间，当做题时，由于人的大脑短期记忆有限，不可能记住全部内容和细节部分，因而既浪费时间，答题准确率也不高。　　(2)先读问题，然后带着问题阅读短文。这种方法的可取性在于“有的放矢”，目标明确，节省时间。它的弊端在于：由于没有读过短文，不了解短文的结构、主题与细节的分布情况，因而如果不能很快查找到所需信息，势必又会造成浪费时间的现象。　　(3)先快速阅读短文以期获得总体印象，然后阅读问题，利用“查读”方法先解答在短文中能直接找到答案的细节和事实题。此种解题方法收效较好，它能使考生在浏览一遍的过程中了解短文的体裁及题材、文章的结构模式，从而分清短文的主题与细节，确保答题的准确率。　　2.题目类型　　近几年高考阅读部分每篇短文的四个问题排列的规律大致是(假设各种题型都可能存在)：第一题可能是询问全文大意或中心思想；接下来可能是询问有关事项或细节，也可能是词汇或短语或句子的含义；然后是推理判断或询问作者的观点和态度。如果有询问短文的标题或写作目的的题目往往放在最后。 　　熟悉各种题目类型排列顺序，可以起到一种引导作用，考生能有针对性地阅读短文，有意识地捕捉问题的答案。　　3.解题方法　　阅读理解部分的解题方法与其他测试项目的解题方法一样，主要采用直接确定法或排除法。直接确定法适用于考生能在原文中直接找到或推出问题的答案，然后做出正确的选择；排除法适用于考生仅靠问题无法解题，必须结合问题及原文，将四个选择项一一检验，排除各个干扰项，最后得出正确信息。　　解阅读理解题的另一个常用方法是进行句型或句意转换。命题人在出题时避免使用与短文中相同的词语或句子，以此来提高试题难度。学会这种转换可以提高解题速度及命中率。　　四、结束语　　阅读是一种涉及学生多方面能力、素质要求的心理、智力活动，是原始信息“输入”与经过阅读→领悟→分析→引申→综合等加工环节后新的信息“输出”相结合的复杂过程。在英语教学中，阅读必须加强，我们不但要重视阅读的数量，更要重视在科学的阅读方法的指导下提高阅读质量。