大学四级英语语法汇总 235页

Booklet:语法/词汇概述一、大纲要求最新《大学英语教学大纲》（1999）对四级语法要求是："巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。"《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是："领会式掌握4200单词（其中复用式掌握的单词为2500），以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条（中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内），并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。"二、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容235 Booklet:语法/词汇概述一、大纲要求最新《大学英语教学大纲》（1999）对四级语法要求是："巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。"《大纲》对四级词汇的要求是："领会式掌握4200单词（其中复用式掌握的单词为2500），以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条（中学所掌握的词和词组均包括在内），并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。"二、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容235 语法部分共30题，一般40%考察短语和词汇，60%考察语法，每一题0.5分，共15分，时间是20分钟。从整体上看，占分比例不大，不象阅读理解那样占分多，而且每一题分值高（每题2分），但显然这15分我们也不能轻易放弃。现在的问题是：绝大部分学生在这一部分不是花的时间少了，而是多了。这一部分的考察主要靠的是知识和语感，不是说多琢磨一会儿就能答对，有时甚至恰恰相反。所以每一题40秒的时间显然可以压缩，根据经验大约可以到30秒一题（当然这里不是要你去谓每一题计算做题时间），这样节省下来的时间可以用到分值更高的阅读理解中去。四级考试对语法词汇的考查与《大纲》要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现《大纲》的。1．语法考题的涉及面宽　　近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。2．语法考试的重点突出　　语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。3．具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法、不常用的情况　1）虚拟语气的考点为：wouldrather＋that从句＋一般过去时：Itisvital／necessary／important／urgent／imperative／desirable／advisable／natural／essential＋that＋动词原形；Itistime／abouttime／hightime＋that＋一般过去时：proposal／suggestion＋that＋动词原形；lest＋that＋should＋动词原形；ifonly＋that＋would＋动词原形。　　2）235 状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用attimes，provided，solongas，incase，once等来替代if；由evenif／so，nowthat，forall等引导的让步状语从句；just／hardly…when引导的时间状语从句；morethan，as…as，notsomuchas，thesameas，asmuchas等引导的比较状语从句。　1）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。2）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。　3）定语从句重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。　　2．词汇的考查重点为　1）动词，名词与介词的搭配如：popular／patient＋with；yield／solution／adapt／transfer／access＋to；accuse／require＋of；charge＋for；under＋discussion等等。　　2）习惯用法如：confessto／setabout／beusedto＋doing；besupposedto／have／makesb．＋do等。　3）由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。4）单个的动词、抽象名词、形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。　5）介词短语在句中作状语如：intermsof；withtheexceptionof；invain等，另外还应注意ratherthan，otherthan，suchas，none／nothing＋but等词在考题中的出现。235 1．近年来考题中的新趋势为：若干考点混合出现；一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中。三、解题思路1．拿到题目，首先从语法角度考虑，因为语法考察要占70%以上（其中有与词汇考察相交部分），每一题必然是考某一个语法点，如果你在选择答案时已经知道考的是哪一个语法点，那么90%的可能这道题里做对了。2．从语法着手不行之后，在从句意着手，透彻理解句子的意思。　　3．要相信自己的第一反应，因为第一反应往往来自于语感。　　4．容易的、熟悉的题要一跳而过，难题也不要多花时间。为避免忘记，先猜一个答案，再在题目前做一个记号，等到检查时，再作考虑。也许在做其它题目时，你会得到某种启示。5．掌握语法结构和规则，记住短语搭配，用熟悉的短语去推断正确的答案。235 第四周第一次课I.Infinitives,Gerunds&ParticiplesTestPaperinClass(20minutes)1.Allthings___becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.(1999.1)A.hadbeencanceledC.werecanceledB.havebeencanceledD.havingbeencanceled2.Idon"tmind____thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.(2000.1)A.youtodelaymakingC.yourdelayingtomakeB.yourdelayingmakingD.youdelaytomake3.HadIremembered____thewindows,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.(1996.1)A.tocloseB.closing C.tohaveclosedD.havingclosed4.Yourhairwants______.You"dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.(1997.6)A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut5.Theproject____bytheendof2000,willexpandthecity"stelephonenetworktocover1,000,000235 users.(1999.6)A.accomplishedC.tobeaccomplishedB.beingaccomplishedD.havingbeenaccomplished 6.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithsomuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone______.(1996.6)A.tocorrectB.correcting C.havingbeencorrectedD.beingcorrected7.Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____his argumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.(2000.6)A.tobebasedonB.tobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobase 8.Thepressure_____causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butit alsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A.tocompeteB.competing C.tobecompetedD.havingcompeted9.______theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.(1996.6)A.HavingbelievedB.BelievingC.BelievedD.BeingBelieved235 10._______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveat leastamaster"sdegree.(1995.1)A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming11.Realizingthathehadn"tenoughmoneyand____toborrowfromhisfather,hedecidedtosellhiswatch.(1995.1)A.notwantedB.notowantC.notwantingD.wantingnot13.___itornot,hisdiscoveryhascreatedastirinscientific circles.(1997.1)A.BelieveB.TobelieveC.BelievingD.Believed 14.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman____anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.(1998.1)A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed 15.Afterafewroundsoftalks,bothsidesregardedtheterritorydispute______.(1998.6)A.beingsettledB.tobesettled C.hadsettledD.assettled16.Youwillseethisproduct____whereveryougo.(2000.6)A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.235 advertising 17.Hisremarksleftme_____abouthisrealpurpose.(1999.6)A.wonderedB.wonderC.towonderD.wondering18.WhenIcaughthim______meIstoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.(1997.1)A.cheatingB.cheatC.tocheatD.tobecheating 19.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_____onbenches,chairsorboxes.(2000.1)A.havingseatedB.seatingC.seatedD.havingbeenseated20.Thehousewasveryquiet,____asitwasonthesideofthemountain.(1999.6)A.isolatedB.isolating C.beingisolatedD.havingbeenisolated21.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo_____bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.(2000.6)A.unrecordedC.unrecordingB.tobeunrecordedD.tohavebeenunrecorded235 21.Ihavenoobjection_______yourstoryagain.(2000.6)A.tohearB.tohearingC.tohavingheardD.tohaveheard 22.Thetraditionalapproach____withcomplexproblemsistobreakdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.(1996.6)A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todeal23.Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.(1997.6)A.havetoldB.betoldC.beingtoldD.havingtold24.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen______.(1995.1)A.scoldingB.toscoldC.havingscoldedD.scolded 25.Carefulsurveyshaveindicatedthatasmanyas50percentofpatientdonottakedrugs___directed.(1996.1)A.likeB.soC.whichD.as26._____suchachance,heplannedtolearnmore.A.TobegivenC.HavinggivenB.HavingbeengivenD.Giving235 27.I"dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____ allthetime.(1997.1)A.togetworseC.tohavegotworseB.tobegettingworseD.gettingworse28.Thespeech_____alivelydiscussionstarted.(1995.1)A.beingdeliveredC.bedeliveredB.wasdeliveredD.havingbeendelivered29．_____inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.(1999.1)A.ThegirlwaseducatedC.Thegirl"sbeingeducatedB.ThegirleducatedD.Thegirltobeeducated30.Annneverdreamsof_____forhertobesentabroadverysoon.A.therebeingachanceC.therebeachanceB.theretobeachanceD.beingachance235 Objectives:I.Infinitives,Gerunds&Participles近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？1、非谓语动词考查特点1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，例如：Allthings___becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.(1999.1)A.hadbeencanceledB.havebeencanceledC.werecanceledD.havingbeencanceled四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词。由于在句子和选项之间没有连词，可以判断是分词的独立主格结构，在句中作状语，所以不用考虑时态的问题，答案是D.2)谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。下列题目主要235 涉及三个方面：①谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？②既可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？③不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？如：①Idon"tmind____thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.(2000.1)A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmakingC.yourdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomake本题涉及到mind和delay的用法。mind和delay后如需接动词，只能用动名词形式。因此，只有B能满足这一要求。②HadIremembered____thewindows,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.(1996.1)A.tocloseB.closing C.tohaveclosedD.havingclosed③Yourhairwants______.You"dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut(1997.6)本题主要考察动词搭配。当主动形式的动名词跟在want,need,require等词后面时，表示被动的含义，相当于不定式的被动语态。3)做定语的非谓语动词的选择235 从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：①Theproject____bytheendof2000,willexpandthecity"stelephonenetworktocover1,000,000users.(1999.6)A.accomplishedB.beingaccomplishedC.tobeaccomplishedD.havingbeenaccomplished ②IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithsomuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone______.(1996.6)A.tocorrectB.correcting C.havingbeencorrectedD.beingcorrected只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。(2)对固定结构的考查，如：①Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____his argumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.(2000.6)A.tobebasedonB.tobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichto235 base ②Thepressure_____causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butit alsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A.tocompeteB.competing C.tobecompetedD.havingcompeted①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means,way,time,moment,reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。4)做状语的非谓语动词的选择做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：①______theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.(1996.6)A.HavingbelievedB.BelievingC.BelievedD.BeingBelieved②_______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveat leastamaster"sdegree.(1995.1)A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming③Realizingthathehadn"tenoughmoneyand____toborrowfrom hisfather,hedecidedtosellhis235 watch.(1995.1)A.notwantedB.notowantC.notwantingD.wantingnot④___itornot,hisdiscoveryhascreatedastirinscientific circles.(1997.1)A.BelieveB.TobelieveC.BelievingD.Believed 从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：(1)非谓语动词与句子之间的逻辑关系根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词，如①，答案是A。（2）状语类别的判断不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②，答案是A。(3)非谓语动词的否定形式当not否定非谓语动词时，not应置于非谓语动词之前，如③，答案是C。(4)独立成分有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成分只记忆即可。如:generallyspeaking,judgingfrom...,totellthetruth,等。④的答案是A。5)做补足语的非谓语动词的选择235 做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：①Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman____anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.(1998.1)A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed 答案是D.havesb.dosth.为固定句型。此类用法的动词有：feel,hear,listento,let,make,have,bid,see,watch,observe,notice,perceive,help,bid。②Afterafewroundsoftalks,bothsidesregardedtheterritorydispute______.(1998.6)A.beingsettledB.tobesettled C.hadsettledD.assettled答案是D。regard…as为固定搭配。题干”regard…assettled”结构中settled为过去分词形式表示被动，做territorydispute的宾补。③Youwillseethisproduct____whereveryougo.(2000.6)A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising ④Hisremarksleftme_____abouthisrealpurpose.(1999.6)A.wonderedB.wonderC.towonderD.235 wonderingleave意为”使…处于…状态”,其后跟分词或形容词表示”一直…,”或“…起来”,如:Sheleftherbabycrying.她任凭她的宝宝哭个不停.Betterleaveitunsaid.话还是不要讲出来的好。leave后可以跟不定式做宾补,但意为“委托（某人）做某事”，如：Youshouldleavethelawyertosettletheproblem.你应该托律师去解决这个问题。本题中wonder动作的发出者是me,因而用现在分词形式，答案是D。⑤WhenIcaughthim______meIstoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.(1997.1)A.cheatingB.cheatC.tocheatD.tobecheating 本题考核非谓语动词的用法。Catch作“发觉”解时，可后接“名词+分词”,因此答案是A。例如：IcaughtTomreadingmyprivateletters.我发现汤姆偷看我的私人信件。Agardenerwouldimmediatelybesackedifhewascaughtsmoking.如果发现园丁在抽烟，他立即会被解雇。⑥Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,with235 theaudience_____onbenches,chairsorboxes.(2000.1)A.havingseatedB.seatingC.seatedD.havingbeenseated考查涉及到with独立分句后面的常用动词后面的宾语补足语，答案是C。6)做表语的非谓语动词的选择表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：①Thehousewasveryquiet,____asitwasonthesideofthemountain.(1999.6)A.isolatedB.isolating C.beingisolatedD.havingbeenisolated②Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo_____bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.(2000.6)A.unrecordedB.tobeunrecordedC.unrecordingD.tohavebeenunrecorded分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go,feel,seem,look,remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的用法规则是相同的。7)to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择235 to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：①Ihavenoobjection_______yourstoryagain.(2000.6)A.tohearB.tohearingC.tohavingheardD.tohaveheard ②Thetraditionalapproach____withcomplexproblemsistobreakdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.(1996.6)A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todeal③Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.(1997.6)A.havetoldB.betoldC.beingtoldD.havingtold这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项todosomething和todoingsomething，这时考查的自然是to的性质，如①和②。另一种是to在题干中，如③。①的答案是D。②的答案是A,③的答案是D。8)分词前连词的使用分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况：(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen235 ______.(1995.1)A.scoldingB.toscoldC.havingscoldedD.scolded when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词Carefulsurveyshaveindicatedthatasmanyas50percentofpatientdonottakedrugs___directed.(1996.1)A.likeB.soC.whichD.as由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。9)非谓语动词的体非谓语动词中，分词的体有完成体和进行体，即havingdone,havingbeendone和beingdone，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。动名词的体也有havingdone,havingbeendone和beingdone的结构，主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。不定式的体有tobedoing和tohavedone，主要用于pretend,happen,seem,appear,besaidto等结构中。如：①_____suchachance,heplannedtolearn235 more.TobegivenC.HavinggivenHavingbeengivenD.Givinghavingbeengiven在句中做状语,表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以答案是B。②I"dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____allthetime.(1997.1)A.togetworseB.tobegettingworseC.tohavegotworseD.gettingworse从allthetime的使用可以推断getworse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体,答案是B。③Thespeech_____alivelydiscussionstarted.(1995.1)A.beingdeliveredB.wasdeliveredC.bedeliveredD.havingbeendelivered该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。10）动名词复合结构动名词复合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：①_____inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswished235 for.(1999.1)A.ThegirlwaseducatedB.ThegirleducatedC.Thegirl"sbeingeducatedD.Thegirltobeeducated本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for(forthegirltobeeducated)，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。②Annneverdreamsof_____forhertobesentabroadverysoon.A.therebeingachanceB.theretobeachanceC.therebeachanceD.beingachance介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用therebe句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。235 Booklet:一、非谓语动词(Infinitives,Gerunds&Participles)非谓语动词为四级考试出题最多的题型，重点考查不定式、分词和动名词的句法功能，特别是作状语、定语、宾语补足语的差别，以及分词独立句的句法功能。动词不定式1.动词不定式及其形式动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,它不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。由“todo”构成，否定形式为“nottodo”。不定式在句中可作谓语以外的所有成分，有时态和语态的变化。主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing1.1不定式的时态不定式的一般式所表示的动作和谓语是同时发生的，或是在其后发生的。如：235 Thousandsofyoungpeoplearelearningtoski.不定式的进行式所表示的动作和谓语动词的动作是同时的，而且是正在进行着。如：Theyseemtogettingalongquitewell.不定式的完成式用来表示先于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态。Iintendedtohavecometoseeyou.不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。如：Shewashappytohavebeenstayingwithhisaunt.1.2不定式的被动语态１）当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般要用被动语态。不定式的被动语态有两种：一般式与完成式。例如：Shedoesn’tliketobetreatedasaguest.Heisgladtohavebeengivensuchagoodchance.２）不定式的主动语态有时也可表示被动含义a.在主语＋be+某些形容词（如hard,easy,interesting,difficult,　comfortable）等的句型中，主语同时是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：①Theboyishardtoteach.②Thestoryisinterestingtolistento.235 a.习惯用法。如：Iamnottoblame.b.therebe句型中不定式修饰主语时，用不定式和动名词均可。如：①Therearemanythingstodiscuss/tobediscussed.②Therearetwoexperimentstodo/tobedone.c.有时不定式的主动式和被动式意义不同。如：Shehassomeclothestowash.Shehassomeclotheswashed.在第一句中，不定式的主动式表示“她自己要洗一些衣服”，而第二句表示“她会让别人洗一些衣服”。2.不定式的用法动词不定式在句中可作主语、状语、宾语、宾补、定语和独立成分。２．１不定式作主语动词不定式在句中作主语时，经常用引导词it放在句首作形式主语，而把不定式短语置于后面。此处it只起语法上的作用，并没有实际的词义。在不定式前的forsb.或ofsb.235 可看作是不定式的逻辑主语。①Itis+形容词+for/of+sb.todosth.②Itiskind/polite/important/necessary…+forsb.todosth.③Itis+kind/polite/wrong,honest/cruel/clever…+ofsb.todosth.④…for+名词/代词宾格+todosth.⑤Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.例如：①Itisnecessaryformetogo.②Itiseasyforustoanswerthisquestion..③Itisverykindofyoutohelpmesomuch.④Therearemanybooksforchildrentoread.⑤Itwilltakeyouquitealongtimetofinishit.２．２不定式作状语1）表原因：…behappy(glad,sad,amazed,relieved,astonished,overjoyed,surprised)todo…例如：Ihaveenjoyedmyvisithere.I’llbeverysorrytoleave..2)表结果：①…only.tofind(learn,see,hear,make,betold)仅仅是，竟然（表示与预料相反的结果）②too…to太。。。而不能③only/buttoo非常(表示肯定的意义)④tooready/eagerto时刻准备，急于⑤soasto如此。。。以致于。。。235 ⑥such+名词+astodo…如此。。。以致于。。。⑦enoughto足够。。。能⑧not/nevertoo…to…怎么…也不过分例如：①Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.②Theyreachthestationtoolatetocatchthetrain.③Heisbut/onlytoogladtojoinus.④Weareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism.⑤Shespokesofastastomakeusnotunderstandwhatsheexpressed.⑥Hedoesn’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingforsolong.⑦Thehallisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople⑧Onecannotneverbetoocarefulinone’swork..工作越仔细越好。3)表目的：与inorderto,soasto,so/such…asto连用。例如：　①Wewenttothestationtowelcomethedelegation.②Theoldmanwalkedslowlyontheiceinorder/soasnottofalldown.2.3.不定式作宾语1)只能跟动词不定式的作宾语的动词有：235 agree,attempt,claim,choose,decide,afford,aim,consent,care,demand,decline,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hasten,hope,hurry,intend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,strive,struggle,tend,undertake,volunteer,want,wish例如：①Larrypretendnottoknowhowtosolvetheproblem.②Richardhesitatedtobelievethetruth.2)不定式与特殊疑问词构成复合宾语“…what/when/which/whether/howtodo”。能构成这种结构的动词有：consider,discover,decide,explain,observe,know,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder。例如：①Pleasetellmehowtoanswerthequestion..②ThereisnolandinAustraliathangovernmentknows____.A.whattodowithC.todowithitB.howtodoD.todoit答案是A。2．4不定式作宾补1)能够用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：235 advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,find,force,hate,inform,invite,like,mean,need,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,send,teach,tell.,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,wish,compete,instruct,help,lead,love,prefer,prepare,press,can’tbear,forbid例如:①Ibelievehimtobeinnocent.②Iwarnhimnottobelateagain.2)在think,consider,believe,suppose,know,feel,find,prove,understand,declare,take等动词后的“宾语+不定式”的不定式短语多由“tobe+形容词”构成。例如：①Shefoundherselftobesuperiortoothers.②Theyfoundtheanswertobequitesatisfactory.2.5.不定式作定语1)不定式作定语可与被修饰的词有动宾关系。不及物动词不定式作定语时，后面应有必须的介词。例如：Couldyoufindsomeone______?A.formetoplaytenniswithC.playtenniswithB.formetoplaytennisD.playingtenniswith235 2)tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget等动词，以及个别介词后常用一个带连接代词或副词的不定式作宾语。例如：①Theytoldushowtobargainatastreetmarket.②Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichofficeroom____.(94.1)A.tosendittoC.tobesenttoB.tosenditD.tohaveitsent答案是A。3)与被修饰的词有主谓关系：thefirst(second,last,only,best,very,mostsuitable)等后面跟不定式作定语。例如：①Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.②Heisalwaysthefirstonetocomeandthelasttoleave.2．6．不定式作独立成分不定式作独立成分时，其动作的逻辑主语通常是说话者而不是句子主语，相当于一个条件句。Tobefair/frank/honest/exact/brief/precise…Totellyouthetruth,…Tospeaksincerely…Tobegin/startwith,…Tosumup,…Nottosay,…235 例如：Tobefrank,yourideaisnotgood.3．不定式符号to的省略：1．1当几个动词不定式具有同样的功能时，to只能在第一个不定式之前。如：Wearelearningtohear,speak,read,writeandtranslate.3．2在make,let,have以及感官动词如see,watch,notice,observe,feel,hear,listento,lookat等后面的“宾语+不定式”结构中，to应省略。如：Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudents___wellofhim.(99.6)A.tospeakB.spokenC.tohavespokenD.speak答案是D。可是，这类动词用于被动语态时，其后的to要还原。如：Wasanyoneseentogoout?3．3help后面的不定式可省略，也可保留。如：Shehelpedmewashsomeclothes.235 3．4主语部分含有动词do的一定形式时，作表语的不定式可以省去to,也可保留。如：Allhedidwas(to)makeotherswork.3．5下列词组中使用不带to的不定式：（《18天快训》P.20）hadbetterhadsoonerwouldratherhadratherwouldratherwouldsoonerratherthanprefertocannotbutcannothelpbutdonothingbut(=donotbut)doanythingexceptdonothingelseexceptdoeverythingexceptwouldyouplease+V?whynot+Vwhy+V例如：①Icouldn’thelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.②HedoesnothingbutwatchTVonevenings.但是，but之前如没有实意动词，则要接带to的不定式。例如：①Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.②ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut___the235 police.(96.1)A.calledinB.callinginC.callinD.tocallin动名词动名词是动词的另一种非限定形式。它在句中起名词的作用，可作主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语和定语。1.动名词的形式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式Havingdonehavingbeendone1.1动名词的时态动名词的一般式所表示的动作和谓语是同时发生的，或是在其后发生的。如：Iamconfidentofwinningthematch.动名词的完成式用来表示先于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态。如：Hedeniedhavingtakenthemoney..235 1.2动名词的被动语态１）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的承受者时，一般要用被动语态。例如：Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivensuchabook.2）need,want,require,deserve等动词后可用主动态动名词表被动意义，也可用动词不定式的被动形式表示。例如:①Theproblemdeservesthinkingabout.=Theproblemdeservestobethoughtabout.②Yourhairwantscutting.You’dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.=Yourhairwantstobecut.You’dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.2.动名词的用法2.1动名词（短语）作主语动名词作主语时，与不定式的差别在于：动名词表示一种抽象的和泛指的动作，而不定式表示一种一次性的、具体的动作。有时动名词短语较长，用it代替，而将动名词短语置于句后，但大多数限于像“Itisnouse…”,“Itisnogood…”,“Itisuseless…”等一些习惯用法中。例如：235 ①_____newspaperscanincreaseourknowledge.A.ReadingB.ToreadC.TobereadD.Read答案是A。②It_____workmeansmovingabodythrongadistancebyaforce.A.DidB.DoneC.DoingD.Beingdoneisnousedoingthatwork.答案是C。③It’snogood____thestabledoorwhenthehorseisstolen.A.tolockB.lockingC.lockedD.lock答案是B。2.2动名词作宾语1）动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，要注意有些动词（短语）只能接动名词作宾语，不能接不定式。此类动词（短语）有：appreciate,enjoy,avoid,practice,consider,resent,finish,admit,imagine,deny,escape,miss,postpone,mind,quit,risk,recall,delay,suggest，endure,forgive,acknowledge,delay,practice,anticipate,fancy,permit,resent,require,giveup,risk,suggest,putoff,feellike,cannothelp,keepon，objectto,confessto,lookforwardto,be(get)usedto,feellike,approveof,dependon,giveup,worry235 about,insiston,keepon,succeedin,thinkabout,thinkof,refrainfrom,worryabout,putoff,persistin,relyon,turnto,adaptto,turnto,dreamof,beengagedin,setabout,becapableof,befondof,bekeenon,consentto,contributeto,comecloseto,getdownto,attendto,occurto,beequalto,beequivalentto,alternativeto,yieldto,exceptionto,beaccustomed/usedto,approachto,seeto,settotaketo,resortto,beimmuneto,bededicatedto,besubjectto,beopposedto,beindifferentto例如：①Headmittedhavingmadeamistake.②Tomobjectedtobeingtreatedlikeachild.③Thatyoungmanstilldenies____thefirebehindthestore.A.tostartB.havingstartedC.startD.tohavestarted答案是B。2）在”名词+介词+动名词”的结构中,“介词+动名词”作定语修饰名词。常见的名词有:way(of),method(of),chance(of),habit(of),opportunity(of)),importance(of),process(of),necessity(of),intention(of),honor(of),means(of),surprise(at),intention(of),apology(for),plan(for),objection(to),idea(of),experience(in),skill(in),impression(of),grasp(of),habit(of),excuse(of),choice(of)例如：235 ①Ihavenoobjection___theeveningwiththem.(95.1)A.tospendB.tospendingC.ofspendingD.spending答案是B。②Hegivespeopletheimpression___allhislifeabroad.(98.6)A.ofhavingspentC.ofbeingspentB.tohavespentD.tospend答案是A。2.3动名词（短语）作表语。如：Ourdutyisservingpeopleheartandsoul.2.4动名词（短语）作定语。如：①Thisisasleepingcar.②Wehavebuiltaprintingshop.3．动名词的复合结构一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语是谓语动词的主语；如果动名词动作的执行者不是谓语动词的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。235 3．1物主代词（my,your,his,our,their）作逻辑主语。如：①Hislackinginexperienceworriedhimagreatdeal.②Iwouldappreciate___itasecret.A.yourkeepingC.thatyoukeepB.youtokeepD.thatyouwillkeep3．2名词所有格作逻辑主语。如：①Wearelookingforwardtotheexpert’scomingtospeaktous.②____inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.(99.1)A.ThegirlwaseducatedC.Thegirl’sbeingeducatedB.ThegirleducatedD.Thegirltobeeducated答案是C。3．3有时直接用名词作逻辑主语。如：①Iamnotinfavorofmothersellingtheoldhome.②Iwasafraidofthetent_____downduringthenight.A.fellB.fallC.tofallD.falling答案是D。235 3．4有时用人称代词的宾格作逻辑主语。如：①Theyinsistonmestayingforlunch.②Idon’tlike____atme.A.themshoutingB.themshoutC.theirshoutD.shouting答案是A。4.与动名词有关的惯用句型：①Itisnouse(nogood/useless/useful/good/worthwhile)doing….②Thereisnouse/good/sense/harm/point/need(in)doing….③What’stheuse/good/sense/point/funofdoing…?④Whatabout/Howaboutdoing….?⑤…havetrouble/difficulty/problem(in)doing….⑥…haveagoodtime/abigtime/ahardtime/adifficulttimedoing…⑦havenobusiness(in)doing…⑧spendtime/moneydoing…⑨…bebusy/worthdoing….⑩Ondoing…,⑾…onthepointofdoing…⑿Itisawasteoftimedoing…例如：②Itisnousecrying.235 ①Thereisnopoint___thimforthismatter.A.apologizeB.inapologizingC.toapologizeD.apologized答案是B。③What’stheuseofcrying?④Howaboutlisteningtoclassicalmusic?⑤Doeshehavedifficulty____English?A.tospeakB.speakC.speakingD.spoke答案是C。⑥Ihadahard/difficulttimefindinganapartment.⑦Wehavenobusinesstalkingaboutourprivacy.⑧Ispendmysparetimegoingcycling.⑨Jeandidnothavetimetogototheconcertlastnightbecauseshewasbusy____forherexamination.(93-6)A.toprepareB.tobepreparedC.preparingD.beingprepared⑩____seeingthedamagehehaddone,thechildfeltashamed.(99.1)A.ByB.OnC.AtD.For答案是B。⑾Iwas____thepointoftelephoninghimwhenhisletterarrived.(99.6)A.toB.onC.atD.in答案是B。⑿Itisawasteoftimetryingtomakehimchangehismind.235 5.某些动词后面跟动名词和不定式的区别rememberdoing记得做了某事（做过了）remembertodo记住要去做某事（还没做）forgetdoing忘记过去已做过某事forgettodo忘记要去做某事regretdoing后悔做过某事regrettodo遗憾地或抱歉地要去做某事stopdoing停止做某事stoptodo停下正在做的事而去做另一件事trydoing试一试，尝试trytodo努力或设法做某事meandoing意味着，意指meantodo打算做某事例如：①I’llneverforget___youforthefirsttime.（96。1）A.tomeetB.tohavemetC.meetingD.havingtobemeeting答案是C。②IfIhadremembered___thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.（96.1）A.tocloseB.closingC.tohaveclosedD.havingclosed答案是A。③Weregret____youthatthebooksyouwanttobuyaresoldout.A.informingB.toinformC.tohaveinformedD.informed235 答案是B。④WhenIcamein,hewenton____withme.A.talkingB.havetalkedC.talkD.totalk答案是D。⑤Thedriverhasbeentrying____thecarfornearlyanhour.A.startB.startedC.tostartD.starting答案是C。⑥There’samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans___trouble.(97.1)A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmade6.动词prefer跟不定式和动名词的用法6.1prefer+不定式+ratherthan+不定式如：①Hepreferstowritehislettersratherthan(to)dictatethem.此句中ratherthan后面的不定式的to可以省去。②“Areyougoingtoleavenow?”“UnlessIwouldprefer____here.”A.tostayB.willstayC.thatIstayedD.stay答案是A。注意：动词begin,start,continue,hate,like,love,prefer235 后跟不定式或动名词的含义相同，只不过跟动名词表示“习惯性动作”，跟不定式表示“一次具体的动作”。可是，这些动词用在should,would之后时，　后面只跟不定式。6.1prefer＋动名词（或名词）＋to+动名词（或名词）这种结构要求所用的宾语平行一致，要么两边都用动词，要么都用名词。例如：Johnprefersdancingtogoingtothecinema.分词.分词是动词的又一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可作定语、表语、状语，也可作宾补。分词有两类：现在分词和过去分词。1.现在分词和过去分词的区别１．１现在分词和过去分词时态、语态的区别主动式被动式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone235 过去分词的形式：done１)时态的区别从上表可以看出，分词有自己的时态，现在分词有主动和被动，有一般式和完成式，　而过去分词本身就含有被动或完成的意义，故没有形式上的变化。例如：①Walkingalongtheroad,hefoundawallet.(现在分词一般式)②Havingfinishedsupper,hewentouttohaveawalk.（现在分词完成式）③Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.(现在分词一般式的被动)④Nothavingbeengivenenoughtime,shecouldnotcarryouttheexperiment.(现在分词完成式的被动)⑤Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(过去分词)２)　语态的区别一般说来，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或目前所处的状况，而过去分词则表示已经完成的动作或已存在的状态。如：①fallingleaves正在飘落的树叶fallenleaves已落下的树叶②boilingwater正在沸腾的水boiledwater　已烧开的水235 ２．分词的用法２．1分词（短语）作表语一般情况下，只有具有形容词特性的分词，才能作表语用。现在分词作表语时多表示主语所具有的特征；过去分词作表语时多表示主语的状态。因此，一般而言，　当主语是“人”时，　用过去分词作表语，表示“感到……”；当表示主语的性质时，　一般用现在分词作表语，　意为“令人……”，　此时主语多为“事物”。如：①Thisnewsisinspiring.②Heisinspiredbythenews.③He’s___becausehehaswontheprize.A.nervousB.excitedC.satisfyingD.exciting答案是B。④Thattheywouldgetmarriedis______.A.surprisingB.surprisinglyC.surprisingD.surprise答案是C。2.２．分词作定语如果是单个分词，一般放在它所修饰的名词前面,235 不过，单个分词作定语也可放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的作用性，但一般仅限于过去分词。例如：①Thisisanamusingstory.(单个分词作定语)②Youwillseethisproduct___whereveryougo(2000.6)A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising答案是B。如果是分词短语，通常置于被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。如：　①Heateupthecakemadebyhismother.(=…thecakewhichhasbeenmadebyhismother.)②Catshavesharpteeth___mice.A.usedforcatchingC.theiruseistocatchB.whichusedtocatchD.theyareusedforcatching答案是A。③IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasIweretheone____.A.tocorrectC.havingcorrectedB.correctingD.beingcorrected　　答案是D。２．３分词作宾补235 能带分词作宾补的常见的动词有：see,hear,notice,watch,keep,leave,find,make,get,have,feel,catch,set,observe,notice。例如：①Healwayskeepsmewaitingsuchalongtime.②Iwatchedherwateringthetrees.③InAustraliatheAsiansmaketheirinfluence___inbusinesseslargeandsmall.(94.1)A.feelingB.feelC.feltD.tobefelt答案是C。④WhenIcaughthim___mestoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.(97.1)A.cheatingB.cheatC.tocheatD.tobecheating答案是A。2．４分词作状语１）分词(短语)作状语时，分词的逻辑主语应该和句子的主语一致。如果句子的主语也是动作的发出者，则用现在分词；　如果句子的主语是动作发出的承受者，　则用过去分词。分词作状语可表示时间、条件、原因，句末表示结果、方式或拌随情况。例如：235 ①Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.(时间)②Beingcaughtintherain,hewaswettotheskin..(原因)③Givenanotherchance,hewillsucceed.(条件)④Shesatatthewindowreadinganovel.(伴随)⑤_____withthepicture,Marytoreittopieces.(92.6)A.DissatisfyingthoroughlyC.BeingthoroughlydissatisfiedB.TosatisfythoroughlyD.Tobethoroughlydissatisfied答案是A。　⑥Michelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen____.A.scoldingB.toscoldC.havingscoldedD.scolded2)强调时间观念时，可在分词前加when或while。例如：①Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.②Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.３）thus+分词作结果状语Thebuswasheldupbythesnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.3.分词的独立结构分词(短语)作状语时，分词的逻辑主语一般是句子中的主语。如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，　分词就有它独立的主语，　构成“名词(代词)+分词”的独立结构。独立结构只用作状语，　表示时间、原因、条件或伴随状况。例如：235 ①Themeetingbeingover,theywenthome.②Myhomeworkhavingbeendone,Ilistenedtothemusic.③Allthings______,theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.(1998.6)A.consideredC.beconsideredB.consideringD.havingconsidered答案是A。④____,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceed　morerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.(1997.6)A.OtherthingsbeingequalB.WereotherthingsequalC.TobeequaltootherthingsD.Otherthingstobeequal答案为A。当there或such作逻辑主语时，其结构为：There/Suchbeing+名词短语。如：_____aboutthebookkeeper’shonesty,thecompanyaskedhimtoresign.A.TherebesomequestionsC.TherehavebeensomequestionsA.TherearesomequestionsD.Therebeingsomequestions答案是D。此外，由with+名词(代词)+分词可引起分词独立结构①Withallthechildrenbeingathomeduringtheholidays,she235 hasagreatdealofworktodo.②AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidnoexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.(97.1)A.tobeencouragedC.beingencouragedB.beenencouragedD.beencouraged　答案是C。4.垂悬分词垂悬分词是一种具有独立性的分词，在句中作状语，它的逻辑主语与句中的主语不必一致。常见的垂悬分词有：considering,concerning,regarding,generally/franklyspeaking,judgingby/from,assuming,granting/granted(that),admitting(that),supposing,seeingthat,given,accordingto,concerned.例如：①Hehasdonequitewell,consideringhisage.②Judgingfromhisappearance,hemustcomefromJapan.Homework:1.___towalktothethe235 park.A.ItaketwentyminutesC.twentyminutestakemeB.IttakesmetwentyminutesD.Twentyminutetakesme2.Ididn’thavethepatience___inthequeuewaitingforabus,soItookataxiinstead.A.standingB.instandingC.standD.tostand3.Iwouldlike___abitlongerasIhavesomethingimportanttotellyou.A.youstayB.youtostayC.foryoutostayD.toyoutostay4.Theyaresaid____intheaircrash.A.tohavebeeninjuredC.toinjureB.tobeinjuiringD.tohaveinjure5.Theyfoundithardtoagreeon___.A.towheregoB.wheretheytogoC.togowhereD.wheretogo6.Good-bye.I’msopleased___.A.tomeetyouC.tomeetyouB.tohavemetyouD.havingtomeetyou7.Iregret___youthatthethingsyouorderaresoldout.A.toinformB.informingC.informedD.inform8.whatdoyouintend___next?A.doB.doneC.tohaveitdoD.todo9.Mypromisewas____whenIwasfreebutIwasfullyoccupied,you235 see.A.lendyouahandC.tolendyouahandB.lendahandyouD.lendingyouahand10.Shallwemakeitarule___basketballonlyafterwefinishourassignments?A.playingB.tobeplayingC.topalyD.play11.“Doesyourfriendlike____tennis?”“I’mafraidnot.”A.toplyaB.playCplayingD.tobeplayed12.Thestarscan’tbeseen___intheskyinthebroaddaylight.A.shineB.tohaveshoneC.shoneD.shining13.Theshop-lifterwascaught___somethingonthespot.A.stealB.tostealC.stealingD.stolen14.IlikeTombutIdon’tlike___tomelikethatnow!A.hetalkingB.histalkingC.hitotalkD.histalk15.Onseeingthetragicsceneonecan’thelp___.A.cryingB.fromcryingC.himselfcryingD.tocry16.hepeachesaresobeautifulthatIcanhardlyresist___forone.A.reachingoutC.beingreachedoutB.toreachoutD.tohavereachedout17.It’snogood___pastdisappointments.A.todwellonC.dwellingonB.tobedwellingD.havingdewelled235 on18.Thebookisnotamusingbutstillitisworth___.A.youtoreadB.readingC.foryoutoreadD.foryoureadingB.readingD.foryoureading19.Withmoderntrafficcontrolfacilitiesapeederscan’texpecttoescape___.A.tobedetectedandfinedC.tohavebeendetectedandfinedB.beingdetectedandfinedD.havingbeendetectedandfined20.Weare___themeetinguntiltheendofthemonth.A.consideringtoputoffC.consideringputtingoffB.consideringwhattoputoffD.consideringwheretoputoff21.___totears,theladywasatalosswhattosayasanacknowledgement.A.MovingB.DueC.PreviousD.Moved22.Whathedeclaredtobeanewdiscoveryturnedouttobeaproblem___yearsago.A.solvedB.havingtosolveC.yettosolveD.solving23.Shehadthegreatdissatisfactionwiththestore___threetimeswithinamonth.A.tohavehernewwatchrepairedB.havingtohavehernewwatchrepairC.havinghernewwatchtoberepairedD.havighernewwatchrepaired235 24.Theequipment____outoforder,theproductionismadealmostimpossible.A.isB.beingC.wasD.istobe25.After___inthelifeforhalfanhour,Maryfelthotandimpatient,sweatrunningdownhercheeks.A.trappingB.havingtrappedC.tobetrappedD.beingtrapped26.Thetrain____,allthepassengersqueuedtogetreadyfortheboarding.A.pulledinB.hadpulledC.havingpulleditD.waspullingin27.Mrs.Smithwentoutinanswertoanurgentphonecall,___.A.leavingthewashing-upundoneB.leavingundonethewashing-upC.havingleftthewashing-upundoD.withthewashing-upleavingundone28.___inarecentsciencecompetition,threestudentswereawardedscholarshiptotaling$8,000.A.JudgingthebestC.HavigjudgedthebestB.TobejudgedthebestD.Judgedthebest29.TheywentongossipingaboutJane,___thatshehadcomein.A.knowingnothingC.notknowingB.toknownothingDhavingnotknown30Thenextmorningthegirlwasseen___ontheriverbank.235 A.layngdeadB.laiddeadC.lyingdeadD.laindying235 I.Infinitives,Gerunds&ParticiplesKey:1.B2.A3.B4.A5.D6.B7.A8.D9.C10.C11.C12.D13.C14.B15.A16.A17.C18.B19.B20.C21.D22.A23.D24.B25.D26.C27.A28.D29.C30.C235 第四周第二次课II.SubjunctiveMoodTestPaperinClass(20minutes):1.Wouldn’tyouratheryourchild____tobedearly?(00.1)A.goB.wentC.wouldgoD.goes2.Youdon’thavetobeinsuchahurry.Iwouldratheryou___onbusinessfirst.(97.12)A.wentB.willgoC.wouldgoD.havegone3.IfIhadn’tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,you____now.(99.1)A.wouldn’tbesmilingC..won’tsmileA.couldn’thavesmiledD.didn’tsmile4.____beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.(97.1)A.HadtheyarrivedC.WeretheyarrivingB.WouldtheyarriveD.Weretheytoarrive5.____formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.(95.1)A.NotbeingC.WithoutbeingB.HaditnotbeenD.Nothavingbeen6.____foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedthearrangement235 bynow.(93.1)A.HaditnotbeenB.ItwerenotC.Weren’titD.Hadnotitbeen7.Somewomen____agoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(00.1)A.mustmakeC.wouldmakeB.shouldhavemadeD.couldhavemade8.AsCommander-in-Chiefofthearmedforces,Ihavedirectedthatallmeasures___forourdefense..(99.6)A.hadbeentakenB.wouldbetakenC.betakenD.tobetaken9.Idon’tthinkitadvisablethatTom____tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.(97.6)A.isassignedC.beassignedB.willbeassignedD.hasbeenassigned10.Itisrecommendedthattheproject____untilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.(95.6)A.isnotstartedC.notbestartedB.willnotbestartedD.isnottobestarted11.Itisimportantthatenoughmoney___tofundtheproject.(97.1)A.becollectedC.wascollectedB.mustbecollectedD.canbecollected235 12.It’snecessary___thedictionaryimmediately.(93.1)A.thathewillreturnC.thathereturnB.thathereturnedD.thathehastoreturn13.Wedesirethatthetourleader____usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.(93.6)A.informB.informsC.informedD.hasinformed14.Itwassuggestedatthemeetingthateffectivemeasures___tosolvetheproblem.A.weretakenB.betakenC.mustbetakenD.take15.Ifonlythecommittee____theregulationsputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(97.1)A.approveB.willapproveC.canapproveD.wouldapprove16.Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath,IwishI___toit.(92.1)A.werelivingB.wouldliveC.wouldhavelivedD.beliving17.Hewaspunished____heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.A.unlessB.ifC.lestD.provided18.Thestoryisvividlytoldasif___agenuinestory.A.itwereB.itisC.ithasbeenD.itshouldbe19.Thesealooked____ithadbeendyedred.A.asthoughB.asyetC.asD.asforas235 13.Whatashamehedecidestogiveuphalf-way.IfI____hisposition,Iwouldmakeanothereffort.A.amB.havebeenC.beD.were14.___listenedtome,Johnwouldnothavefailed.A.AssoonasheB.IfheC.HadheD.Ifhewas15.They____,butthecarwasn’tready.A.mighthaveleftearlierC.willhaveleftearlierB.canhaveleftearlierD.mustbeleavingearlier23.Ifhistelevisionset____yesterday,hewouldbewatchingTVnow.A.wasnottobestolenC.hasnotstolenB.hadnotbeenstolenD.hasnotbeenstolen24.It’sabouttimehe___todosomethingabouttheleakingtent.A.beginsB.willbeginC.beginD.began25.Therobotswouldcontrolthelivesofmen,asisbelieved,___theiroverallintelligence____men.A.it;exceedC.if;hadexceededB.should;exceedD.were;exceeded26.Butforthedoctorthepoorchild___now.A.hasbeendeadB.diesC.wouldbedeadD.isdead27.Myadviceisthatyourcomposition___ononesideonly,leavingenoughmarginforcorrectionsandcomments.235 A.iswrittenC.bewrittenB.bewrittenD.willbewritten26.Ifyou___tocloneyourself,woulditbelikeyouineverydetail?A.willbeB.areC.havebeenD.were27.Irecommendthateveryone___thisdictionary.A.willbuyB.buyC.tobuyD.buys28.Toachievethedesiredresult,it’snecessarythatshe___aspossible.AwouldworkashardC.workashardB.worksashardD.shouldworkashardly235 II.SubjunctiveMoodObjective:1.答案A。译文：我真希望你暂时不要就这个问题作评议。2．答案A。译文：你没有必要这么匆忙。我很想让你首先继续做生意。wouldyourather是反问句句式，　有句子接在后面时，　事态往后推，这是虚拟语气。3.答案A。译文：你摔下来时，　若不是我站在梯子下接你，你此时就不可能笑了。条件状语从句用的是虚拟过去时，表示“与过去事实相反”，事实是“我救了你”。由于你在我跟前，主句用虚拟现在时，成了进行时的形式，表示与现在正在发生的事情相反。4.答案D。译文：后天如果他们在我们离开前到达，我们就可以来上一顿丰盛的晚宴。只有D项表示将来可能不大的虚拟。5.答案B。译文：如果不是因为我有病，我本来会帮他忙的。B项：Haditnotbeen=Ifithadnotbeen,是对虚拟过去时条件状语从句，这样才能与主句wouldhavelent一致起来。235 6.答案A。译文：如果不是因为你懒惰，现在你本就该已经完成安排的任务了。与上一题相近，用虚拟过去时。7.答案C。译文：有些妇女本可以不呆在家里而是在工作中挣一大笔薪水，但是她们决定为了家庭需要不去工作。but后面将过去的事实搬出来，其实等于虚拟过去时的条件句iftheyhadnotdecidedtoworkforthesakeofthefamily.8.答案C。译文：作为武装部队总司令，我已下达命令采取一切措施加强防御。direct意为“下达命令”，宾语从句要用虚拟语气，选C项。9.答案A。译文：我不认为委任汤姆这项工作是明智的，因为他没有经验。advisable作宾补，that引起的宾语从句（it是形式宾语），用虚拟形式。10.答案C。译文：人们提出建议直到所有准备工作都做好了再着手这项工程。recommend采用了被动语态，主语从句（it是形式主语）要用虚拟形式。11.答案A。译文：重要的是要筹集足够的钱给这个工程项目提供基金。important作主语，that引起的主语从句（it是形式主语），235 用虚拟形式。12.答案C。译文：很有必要叫他立即归还词典。necessary作表语，that引起的主语从句（it是形式主语），用虚拟形式。13.答案A。译文：我们强烈要求导游立即告诉我们计划中的改变。Desire意为“渴望，强烈要求”，宾语从句要用虚拟语气，选A项。14.答案B。译文：会上有人提议采取有效措施解决这个问题。suggest采用了被动语态，主语从句（it是形式主语）要用虚拟形式。15.答案D。译文：但愿委员会批准这些规章制度，尽快实施。ifonly表示感叹，意为“但愿”用虚拟语气，把will往后推一级，成为would。16.答案C。译文：画展真乏味透了，但愿我不曾去。17.答案C。lest后面用虚拟语气should+动词。18．答案A。译文：故事讲的生动，与真的一般。19.答案A。译文：大海看上去像是染成了红色。20.案D。译文：他决定半途而废，多可惜！我要是处在他的位置上，会再作努力。21.答案C。译文：如果他听我的，约翰就不会失败。22答案A。译文：他们本可以早点出发的，可是车没有作好准备。235 23.答案B。译文：如果昨天他的电视机没有偷掉，现在他就会在看电视了。24.答案D。译文：是该他开始动手修漏雨的帐篷的时候了。25.答案B。译文：如人们所相信的那样，如果机器人总智力水平高于人类，那就会主宰人类的生活方式。２６.答案C。译文：如果不是医生，那可怜的孩子现在就会死去了。２７.答案C。译文：我的建议是你的作文靠一边写，　留下足够空间以便修改和评议。２８.答案D。译文：如果你自我克隆，那会不会在每个细节上都和你完全一样？２９.答案B。译文：我推荐每个人都买这个字典。30.答案C。译文：要达到预期目的，她很有必要尽最大努力。235 Booklet:二、虚拟语气（.SubjunctiveMood）虚拟语气表示所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小,或表示愿望、请求、命令及建议等。四级考试对虚拟语气的考查主要在以下几种句型：1.在非真实条件中的虚拟语气以if引导的主从复合句中的虚拟语气，是虚拟语气谓语动词形式的基础，包括与现在事实、与过去事实和与将来事实相反的谓语动词的三种形式，这三种形式需死记。条件从句谓语主句谓语与现在事实相反过去式（be常用were）would(should,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词Would(should,could,might)+have+过去分词与将来事实相反wereto/should+动词原形should(would,could,might)+动词原形例如：①Iftherewerelifeonmars,suchlifeforms____unabletosurviveonearth.(与现在事实相反的虚拟)A.wouldbeb.areC.willbeD.should答案是A。②Ifthewholeoperation____beforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavebeenlost.(99.6)（与过去事实相反的虚拟）235 A.wasnotplannedC.hadnotbeenplannedA.hasnotbeenplannedD.werenotplanned③___beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.(97.1)（与将来事实相反的虚拟）A.HadtheyarrivedC.WeretheyarrivingB.WouldtheyarriveD.Weretheytoarrive答案是D。1.由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气wish型虚拟语气是指动词wish后的宾语从句中虚拟的形式，像普通型一样，它也包括与现在、过去和将来相反的三种谓语动词形式。其形式如下：wish+主语+did(与现在事实相反，系动词用were表示)主语＋had+过去分词或主语＋could+have+过去分词（与过去事实相反）主语+would(could,might,should)+动词原形或were+动词ing(（与将来事实相反）例如：①SometimesIwishI___indifferentadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.(00.1)（与将来事实相反）a)belivingB.werelivingC.wouldliveD.wouldhavelived答案是B。235 ②IwishI____longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometotheclass.(95.6)（与过去事实相反）A.havesleptC.mighthavesleptB.sleptD.couldhaveslept答案是D。③Iwishthepricewouldcomedown.(与将来事实相反)1.句型“Ifonly…”的用法句型“Ifonly…”表示“但愿”、”“要是…就好了”之意，　其用法与句型“　Iwish…”基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。与would连用，表示一时很难实现的愿望。Ifonly+主语+did(与现在事实相反，系动词用were表示)主语＋had+过去分词（与过去事实相反）主语+would(could,might,should)+动词原形（与将来事实相反）例如：①Ifonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast.(与现在事实相反)②IfonlyIwouldpassthefinalexam.（与将来事实相反）③IfonlyhehadadoptedHenry’ssuggestion,hiscompanywouldn’thavegonebankcrupt.（与过去事实相反）235 ④LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI______youradvice.(93.6)　（与过去事实相反）A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowed答案是B。4.wouldrather/wouldjustassoon/wouldsooner/asif/asthough的用法 wouldrather/wouldjustassoon/wouldsooner/asif/asthough+主语+did(与现在事实相反，系动词用were表示)主语+haddone（与过去事实相反）主语+woulddo（表示愿望）例如：①I’dratheryou____makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.(98.6)A.don’tB.wouldn’tC.didn’tD.shouldn’t②Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter_____inthesameoffice.(2000.6)A.doesnotworkB.nottoworkC.hadnotworkedD.didnotwork③I’djustassoonyoudidn’tleavemedicineforart.④Thattreeslookedasifit____foralongtime.(93.1)235 A.hasn’twateredC.didn’twaterA.hadn’tbeenwateredD.wasn’twatered答案是B。⑤Thecarlooksverydirty,asthoughit____hundredofmiles.A.ranB.runC.hasrunD.hadrun答案是A。５.表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等意义的动词，如ask,decide,demand,insist,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote,后面的宾语从句用(should)+do表示虚拟。例如：①Mike’suncleinsists___inthishotel.(00.1)A.stayingnotC.thathewouldnotstayB.nottostayD.thathenotstay答案是D。②Hesuggested___totomorrow’sexhibitiontogether.(89.1)A.ustogoB.wewentC.weshallgoD.wego答案是D。６.表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等意义的名词，如decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,proposal,resolution,request,235 requirement,suggestion等,后跟同位语从句或主语从句时，用(should)+do表示虚拟。例如：①Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion____.(98.6)A.beputoffC.shouldputoffB.wasputoffD.istoputoff②Thesuggestionthatthemayor____theprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.(00.6)A.wouldpresentB.presentC.presentsD.oughttopresent答案是B。７.用于主语从句中,句型为:表示建议、命令等意义的过去分词（如suggested,ordered）235 Itis/was+(should)+动词原形……表示坚持、建议、命令、要求的形容词(如advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,vital)例如：①Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios___after11o’clockatnight.(96.1)A.werenotplayedC.notbeplayedB.nottoplayD.didnotplay答案是C。②Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist___thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.A.makesureC.hasmadesureB.madesureD.mustmakesure答案是A。③Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms____backasearlyaspossible.(00-1)A.mustbesentB.willbesentC.aresentD.besent答案是D。235 ８.”Itis(about,high,proper)timethat…”的句型中应采用的虚拟语气，表示早该做还未做的一种意思，其从句的谓语用过去式或should+动词原形。Be为单数时多用was,that常可省略。例如：①It’salready5o’clocknow.Don’tyouthinkit’sabouttime_____?(96.6)A.wearegoinghomeC.wewenthomeB.wegohomeD.wecangohome②“Youareveryselfish.It’shightimeyou_____thatyouarenotthemostimportantpersonintheworld,”Edgarsaidtohisbossangrily.(99.1)A.haverealizedB.shouldrealizeC.realizeD.realized答案是D。９.虚拟语气的倒装结构虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果与were,should,had等词连用时，可以省略连词if,将were,should,had移至句首倒装。例如：①_____rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.A.WouldsheleaveC.WereshetoleaveB.IfsheleavesD.Ifshehadleft235 答案是C。②Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,___allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.(01-6)A.hadlostB.wouldhavelostC.wouldloseD.shouldhavelost答案是B。　１０.含虚拟语气条件句这种虚拟条件句中没有明显的虚拟条件，而是用其他词汇手段加以暗示。１０.１　用介词短语表示含蓄条件butfor,without,with,exceptfor,intheabsenceof,under等介词短语作状语时，主句的谓语动词为could/would/should/might+have+过去分词。例如：①ButfortheEnglishexamination,I_____totheconcertlastSunday.A.wouldhavegoneB.havegoneC.goD.went答案是A。①Withoutsteel,therewouldbenoindustry.③Withconcertedeffort,wecouldhavebroughtitoff.④Intheabsenceofelectricity,acitywouldfallintodisorder.235 ⑤Wecouldhavemadestillgreaterprogressunderbetterconditions.⑥Underanothersocialsystem,suchagreatdroughtwouldhavecausedterribledisasters10.2在lest,forfearthat,incase引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形，情态动词可以省略。①Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllesthe____himself.(98.1)A.injureB.hadinjuredC.injuredD.wouldinjure答案是A。　②He’sworkinghardforfearthathe____.A.shouldfallbehindC.mayfallbehindB.willfallbehindD.wouldfallbehind答案是A。10.３.由or/otherwise引导的让步状语从句中，谓语动词为would　+have+过去分词。例如：①Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewe____him.A.wouldhavetelephonedC.wouldtelephoneB.musthavetelephonedD.hadtelephoned答案是A。235 ②Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe____bynow.A.wouldhavebeenhereC.hadtobehereB.shouldbehereD.wouldbehere答案是A。10.４　用不定式短语或分词短语表示含蓄条件例如：①Youwouldthinkheownedthewholeworldtohearhimspeak.②Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavedonecredittotheprofessionofletters.Homework:1.Ourteacherrecommendsthatwe___asattentiveaspossiblewhenwevisitthemuseum.A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.be2.Mycatwouldnothavebittenthetoyfish___itwasmadeofrubber.A.ifhehasknownC.sheshouldhaveknownB.ifsheknewD.hadsheknown3.It’shightimewe___somethingtostopairpollution.A.doB.woulddoC.didD.aredoing4.Withoutthecomputer,we___thetremendousmedicaladvances235 inthelastfewdecades.A.wouldnothavemadeC.couldnotmakeB.shouldnotmakeD.mustnothavemade5.Butforelectricity,thewholeworld___.A.wouldnothavedevelopedsorapidlyB.hadnotdevelopedsorapidlyC.didnotdevelopsorapidlyD.hasnotbeendevelopedsorapidly6.EvenifIhadknownheraddress,I__timetowritetoher.A.cannothavehadC.mightnothavehadB.willnothavehadD.mustnothavehad7.Theteachersuggestedthateachstudent___aplanforthesummervocation.A.makeB.willmakeC.wouldmakeD.made8.Itwasproposedthatthematter___discussedatthenextmeeting.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.be9.“DidyousubmityourapplicationforaMaster’sdegree?”“Notyet.IfI___toseemyfather,Iwouldhave.”A.didn’tgoC.haven’tgoneB.wouldn’thavegoneD.hadn’tgone10.Hedidn’tgototheparty,buthedoeswishhe___there.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wouldhavebeenD.would235 be11.Theplantswouldhavegrownallrightbutshe___them.A.hadn’twateredC.hasn’twateredB.didn’twaterD.doesn’twater12.Thattreelookedasifit___foralongtime.A.hasn’twateredC.hadn’tbeenwateredB.didn’twaterD.wasn’twatered13.IfPeterhadenoughmoney,he___onthetriptoLasVegas.A.wastogoB.wouldgoC.hadgoneD.wouldhavegone14.Helendoesn’tknowhowmuchIspentinrepairingthehouse;ifsheeverfoundout,I’msure___.A.she’dneverforgivemeC.she’llneverforgivemeB.sheneverforgivesmeD.shedoesneverforgiveme15.Thechairmanrequestedthat____.A.themembersstudiesmorecarefullytheproblemB.theproblemwasmorecarefullystudiedC.withmorecarefulnesstheproblemcouldbestudiedD.themembersstudytheproblemmorecarefully16.Ifyouhadworkedhardbefore,you___aboutthecomingexamnow.A.wouldnotbeworriedC.wouldnothavebeenworriedB.couldnotbeworriedD.couldnothavebeenworried17.Itisextremelyurgentthatthey___fromthemountainbefore235 dark.A.shallberescuredC.willberescuedB.berescuedD.mustrescue18.”Thesetypewrittenpapersareveryneat.””IwishI___type,too,butIdon’tknowhow.”A.canB.couldC.mayD.will19.Ifit___toomuchtrouble,I’dhaveacupofcoffee.A.isn’tB.weren’tC.doesn’tmakeD.didn’tmake20.Youshouldn’thaverunacrosstheroadwithoutlookinground.You___byacar.A.shouldhavebeenknockedoffB.maybeknockeddownC.willhavebeenknockeddownD.mighthavebeenknockeddown21.HadDickensforeseenthathisnovelwouldcausesuchadisturbance,he___it.A.shouldnothavewrittenC.didnotwriteB.wouldnothavewrittenD.hadnotwritten22.”It’shightimethedoctor___amoveon.”,thoughtoneofthemen.A.getsB.togettingC.gotD.wasgetting23.Theprofessorgaveordersthatthetest___before5:30.A.befinishedB.willbefinishedC.willfinishD.shall235 finish24.“IwasveryconfusedwhenIfirstrodetheNewYorksubway.”“Ihopeyou___lesstroublefromnowon.”A.haveB.willhaveC.tohaveD.couldhave25.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifhe___allaboutthat.A.willknowBknowC.knowsD.knew26.IwishI____.A.hadnottoldhimthatC.didn’ttellhimthatB.toldhimnotthatD.willtellhimthat27.Hewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehe___tothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.wouldhavecomeC.cameD.hadcome28.___IhardlythinkIwouldhaverecognizedhim.A.Shouldhisnamenotbementioned.B.HadsomeonenotmentionedhisnameC.IfsomeonedidnotmentionhisnameD.Ifsomeonehadmentionedhisname29.___thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestinationintime.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.ButforD.Incaseof30.IfI___themuseumIwouldconcentrateononeexhibitfortheday.A.gotovisitB.goandvisitC.wouldgovisitD.weregoingtovisit235 II.SubjunctiveMoodKey:1.(4)2.(5)3.(9)4.(10)5.(13)6.(16)7.(25)8.(31)9.(32)10.(35)11.(39)12.(41)13.(42)14.(43)15.(45)16.(46)17.(47)18.(48)19.(49)20.(50)21.(53)22.(56)23.(59)24(60)25(63)26(64)27(68)28.(73)29.(76)30.(77)235 第七周第一次课III.Clause/ConjunctiveWordTestpaperinclass:1.WhenItrytounderstand___thatpreventssomanyAmericansformbeingashappyonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses.(97.12)A.whyitdoesB.whatitdoesC.whyitisD.whatitis2.AlthoughAneisappywithhersuccessshewonders____willhappentoherprivatelife.(00.1)A.thisB.itC.whatD.that3.Evidencecameup___specificsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.(91.6)A.whatB.whichC.thatD.whose4.Themerefact___mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.(97.6)A.whatB.whichC.thatD.why5.Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,___uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.(98.6)A.inwhichB.forwhichC.withwhichD.ofwhom6.Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,form__tosuspend235 yourtent.(95.6)A.thereB.themC.whichD.where7.As__announcedintoday’spaper,theShanghaiExportCommoditiesFairisalsoopenonSunday.(97.1)A.beingB.isC.tobeD.been8.Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner___shehadpromisedus.(90.1)A.thatB.whichC.asD.what9.Meltedironispouredintothemixermuch___teaispouredintoacupromateapot.(96.6)A.inthesamewaylikeC.inthesamewaywhichB.inthesamewayD.inthesamewayas10.Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds___hisargumentsinfavourofthenewtheory.(00.6)A.onwhichtobaseC.tobaseonB.whichtobaseonD.tobebasedon11.Amanescapedfromtheprisonlastnight.Itwasalongtime___theguardsdiscoveredwhathadhappened.(93.6)A.beforeB.untilC.sinceD.when12.Nosoonerhadwereachedthetopofthehill___weallsatdowntorest.(91.6)A.whenB.thenC.thanD.until13.Theydecidedtochasethecowaway____itdidmore235 damage.(90.1)A.unlessB.untilC.beforeD.although14.Youseethelightning___ithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.(97.1)A.theinstantB>foraninstantC.ontheinstantD.inaninstant15.Ihadjuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclothes___Iheardvoices.(97.6)A.asB.whenC.afterD.while16.Althoughheknewlittleaboutthelareamountofworkdoneinthefield,hesucceeded____othermorewell-informedexperimentersfailed.(98.1)A.whichB.thatC.whatD.where17.Ihavekepttheportrait___Icanseeiteveryday,asitalwaysremindsmeofmyuniversitydaysinLondon.(96.1)A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.when18.___thatmyheadhadcleared,mybrainwasalsobeginningtoworkmuchbetter.(97.6)A.ForB.NowC.SinceD.Despite19.NotthatJohndoesn’twanttohelpyou,____it’sbeyondhispower.(95.1)A.butthatB.forthatC.andthatD.inthat235 20.Liquidsarelikesolids___theyhaveadefinitevolume.(95.6)A.inthatB.forthatC.withthatD.atthat21.___youareleavingtomorrow,wecaneatdinnertogethertonight.(99.6)A.ForB.SinceC.BeforeD.While22.___heworkshard,Idon’tmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment.(97.12)A.AssoonasB.AswellasC.SofarasD.Solongas23.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagzineandyou___advertisementsshowinghappybalancedfamilies.(95.6)A.areoftenseeingB.oftenseeC.willoftenseeD.haveoftenseen24.Fiveminutesearlier,___wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.(93.6)A.andB.butC.orD.so25.I’vealreadytoldyouthatI’mgoingtobuyit,___.(96.6)A.howevermuchitcostsC.howmuchdoesitcostB.howeverdoesitcostmuchD.nomatterhowitcosts26.___asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(96.1)A.BeingpublishedB.PublishedC.PublishingD.Tobe235 published27.Americanseat___astheyactuallyneedeveryday.(00.6)A.twiceasmuchproteinC.twiceproteinasmuchB.twiceproteinasmuchtwiceD.proteinastwicemuch28.Thetrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudness___byhislackoftalent.(99.1)A.thatnB.morethanC.asD.somuchas29.Thefirewasfinallybroughtundercontrol,butnot___extensivedamagehadbeencaused.(01.6)A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.as30.Roddisdeterminedtogetaseatfortheconcert__itmeansstandinginaqueueallnight.(01.6)A.providedB.whateverC.evenifD.asif235 III.Clause&ConjunctiveWordObjectives:1.答案D。译文:当我试图弄明白,究竟是什么妨碍那么多美国人按照预想的那样变得高高兴兴的时候,在我看来有两条理由。understand后面接宾语从句,选D项:whatitis。其中what是连接代词，引导宾语从句，又在从句中作表语；it是形式主语，逻辑主语是thatpreventssomanyAmericans…。2.答案C。译文：虽然安妮因成功而高兴，但她弄不明白对她个人生活会有什么情况发生。what引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语。3.答案C。译文：我说的成功，并不是这个单词在一般情况下人们认为的那层意思。mean后面接宾语从句，选A项。What是连接代词作主语，谓语是被动语态结构：isthoughtof。4.答案C。译文：光凭许多人认为核战争会是疯狂的事实，并不意味着核战争就一定不会发生。fact后为同位语从句，用that引导。5.答案D。译文：这门课每年吸引20名学生，在这20人中达半数的人将来自海外。ofwhom引导非限制性定语从句。6.答案C。译文：你需要两棵树，相隔10英尺左右，从上面吊起帐篷。235 介词from+关系代词+不定式，可以看作是目的状语。由于中心词trees是物，所以选C项。7.答案B。译文：正如今天报上公布的那样，上海出口商品交易会在星期天也剪彩开幕了。as引起非限制性定语从句，　从句中用谓语动词，　所以选B项。８.答案C。译文：那不是如她所承诺的那样一餐好饭菜。　as和such搭配，引起限制性定语从句。９.答案D。译文：熔融状态的铁水注入搅拌器，很大程度上就像茶水从茶壶中倒进杯子一样。as和thesame搭配，引起限制性定语从句。10.答案A。译文：这位教授不能找到足够依据，作为赞成新理论论据的基础。关系代词引起定语从句时，which不可省略，因为which代替grounds,所以A项正确。11.答案A。译文：昨夜有个男犯越狱，过了好久警卫才发现出了什么事。时间状语从句，用before表示过了好久在先，发现在后。12.答案C。译文：我们刚刚登上了小山山顶，就坐下来休息。nosooner与than配合，别的不行。13.答案C。译文：他们决定在牛造成更多损失之前，把牛撵走。14.答案A235 。译文：一有闪电就能见到，但要过一会儿才听见雷声。theinstant虽是名词，却可以相当于从属连词引导时间状语从句，类似的词有themoment,theminute,theday等。15.答案B。译文：我刚起身回屋换衣服，突然听到人声嚷嚷。when与hadjustdonesth.配合，表示“刚做了什么，突然发生了什么事”。16.答案D。译文：他虽然对在这个领域里进行的大量工作知之不多，但他在掌握其他事实的实验都失败之处，　获得了成果。用where引起状语从句，表示“在……失败的地方”。１７.答案B。译文：我一直把那幅肖像挂在每天看得见的地方，因为它不断提醒我在伦敦上大学的日子。用where从句交代挂肖像的地点。１８.答案B。译文：既然我头脑已经清醒，　我的大脑也开始更好地工作了。nowthat表示“既然”，　引导原因状语从句。１９.答案A。译文：不是因为约翰不想帮你忙，而是他没能力帮忙。notthat…butthat…表示“不是因为……而是因为…….”。２０.答案A。译文：就具有一定体积而言，　液体和固体差不多。inthat表示“就一定意义而言，　因为”。２１.答案B235 。译文：既然你明天要走，我们可以今晚在一起吃晚餐。since引起原因状语从句。２２.答案D。译文：只要他努力干，　什么时候做完实验我不在乎。solongas引导条件状语从句，表示唯一条件。２３.答案C。译文：打开电视或翻开杂志，　那么你常可以看到欢乐和睦的家庭广告。and前面有祈祷结构，这个祈祷结构可以看成条件状语从句，and略去后，后面成了主句。２４.答案A。译文：早来５分钟，我们就能赶上最后一班列车。句子开头省去了“comehere”,补全了与４９题差不多。２５.答案A。译文：我已经告诉你了，不管多少钱，我都要买这东西。值多少钱是howmuch,让步状语从句中语序是陈述句语序，所以排除B、C项，　D项中没有much也排除，　所以A项正确。２６.答案B。译文：他的著作虽然发表在这样一个时候，但还是引起了广泛注意。形容词或过去分词放在as前面在句首，　as后面用陈述语序，相当于although引起的让步状语从句。２７.答案A。译文：美国人每人食用双倍于需要的蛋白质含量。asmuch…as是同级比较的状语从句，前面加倍数词可以表示倍数。235 ２８.答案D。译文：吹号的人声音肯定大了，　可是使我更受不了的不是怎么响，　而是他没有才能瞎吹一气。not…somuchas是否定的同级比较，　第二个as引导状语从句。２９.答案B。句子中butnot是butwasnotbroughtundercontrol的省略，　说明火灾造成重大损失在先。３０.答案C。下定决心要买个座位票是信号词，　下面用让步状语从句交待决心到什么程度：不惜整夜站着排队。235 Booklet:二、主从复合句/关联词(Clause&ConjunctiveWord)四级考试关于从句的考题主要涉及定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句、名词性从句等。其中，定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句为重点考查从句。1.定语从句作定语的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词（或代词）叫做先行词。引起定语从句的词叫做关系词。引导定语从句的常用关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,but,as。引导定语从句的常用关系副词有:where,how,when,why等。1．1定语从句的分类定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1)限制性定语从句限制性定语从句使被修饰的名词（或代词）具有特定的意义，如果去掉了这个从句，则句子的意思就不清楚了。如：①Allthatglittersisnotgold.235 ②Youcanselecttheonewhichismosttoyourtaste.①Thefewpoints___thepresidentstressedinhisreportareveryimportant.A.whichB.whoC.asD.where答案是A。2)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句前面要加逗号，它对先行词只起进一步说明的作用，去掉它也不影响主语的意思。关系词which,who,whose,where,when都可以引导非限制性定语从句，但that不能引起这种从句。如：①Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.②Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestchildthanshewastotheothers,____,ofcourse,madetheothersjealous.(93.6)A.whoB.that.C.whatD.which答案是D。③Beeristhemostpopulardrinkamongmaledrinkers,____overallconsumptionissignificantlyhigherthanthatofwomen.(00.6)A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what答案是A。1．2关系代词which与that的选用235 1)用that的情况that可指物或人和事,一般可与which互用,但在下列情况下只能用that不能用which或when。a.当先行词为all,much,anything,something,everything,nothing,little,none,afew等不定代词时，关系代词只用that,不用which。例如：①All____isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.(90.1)A.whatisneededC.thethingneededB.forourneedsD.thatisneeded②Therewaslittlethatinterestedmeatthecomputershow.b.先any,few,much,no,some等词修饰时，关系代词只用that而不用which,行词被形容词最高级以及theonly,thevery,thesame,first,last,who或whom。例如：①Icannotmakeoutthemostimportantpointthathehasbeenexplaining.②ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.③Pleasesendusanyinformationthatyouhaveaboutthesubject.c.先行词被两个或两个以分别表示人和物的先行词时,关系代词只用that,不用which。例如：①Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.235 ②Menandhorsesthatwerekilledtherewereinnumerable.d.当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,关系代词只用that,不用which。例如：①Whichisthebookthatwasborrowedfromthelibrary?②WhothathasreadTolstoy’sgreatnovelscanforgettheirfascination?2)用which而不用that的情况：a.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词只能用which,指人时可用who。例如：Heleftthejobfornothing,whichannoyedhisparents.b.当关系代词前有介词时，用which或whom。例如：①Thehouseinwhichwelivewasbuilt5yearsago.②Thegoals___hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.A.afterwhichB.forwhichC.withwhichD.atwhich1.3由but,as引导的定语从句1）as除了作介词、连词外，还可以作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句（只限于thesame…as,such…as,so…as等结构）。例如：①Sheisnotsuchagirlasshelooks.235 ②Thisisthesamematerialasisusedinbuildingthebridge.2)as也可引导非限制性定语从句。当as引导非限制性定语从句时，其语法功能相当于which,但在用法上又与which不完全相同；两者都可充当定语从句的主语，可指主句全部或部分内容，但as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较自由，可置于句首或句尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于句尾；位于句尾的定语从句可用as或which引导，位于动词多为系动词。例如：①Ashasbeenpointedout,theTheoryofRelativityisveryimportant.②___mightbeexpected,theresponsetothequestionwasverymixed.(96.6)A.AsB.ThatC.ItD.What答案是A。③TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,____isoftenthecaseinothercountries.(98.6)A.asB.whatC.soD.that答案是A。④Sheisagooddancer,as/whichisclearfromhermanners.⑤Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.3)关系代词but也可引导限制性定语从句，但前提是主句含否定意义。but与主句构成一个双重否定，表达一个肯定意义。例如：235 ①Therearenomanbutfeelspityforstarvingchildren.没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。②Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.我们没有一个人不想帮助你的。Nooneintheworld___knowstheGreatWall.A.asB.butC.oneD.which答案是B。1．4介词+关系代词构成的介词短语引起的宾语从句引导定语从句的关系可以作介词的宾语，形成带介词的定语从句，这是四级语法测试的一核心内容。这种结构主要有两种：1)由“介词+which(表示事或物)”或“介词+whom(表示人)”构成。例如：①Themantowhomheistalkingisourpresident.②TheschoolinwhichIstudiedisafamousuniversity.③Languageisacity,tothebuildingof____everyhumanbeingbroughtasnoe.(94.1)A.whichB.itC.thatD.this答案是A。④Weneedachairman______.(98.6)A.forwhomeveryonehasconfidence235 B.inwhomeveryonehasconfidenceC.whoeveryonehasconfidenceofD.whomeveryonehasconfidenceon答案是B。2)从句由“名词（或代词）+of+which(或whom)”构成。例如：①Thecitizens,mostofwhomwereworkers,welcomedthenewlaw.②Mr.Tai,thesummitofwhichishardlyseen,isoftencoveredwithsnow.③Theresidents,____hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.(93.6)A.alltheirhomesC.allofwhosehomesB.allwhosehomesD.alloftheirhomes答案是C。1．5关系代词when,where和why的用法1）when引导的时间定语从句，其先行词为time,day,moment,occasion,week,month等。例如：①Springisthebestoccasionwhentheweathergetswarmandfieldsturngreen.②Thedaywillcomesoon___Chinawillbecomeamodern,powerful,socialistcountry.235 A.whenB.beforeC.sinceD.as答案是A。2）where引导的地点定语从句，其先行词为place,room,spot,city,country,auditorium等。例如：Thisisthefactorywheremyfatherworked.Thevillage____Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.that答案是B。3）when,where在从句中只能作状语，否则要用which或that。例如：I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplace_____.（９９。６）A.whereI’dliketovisitC.ImostwanttovisitA.inwhichI’dliketovisitD.thatIwanttovisititmost答案是C。Thefiveyearsinthecountrysideisaperiodoftime(that)I’llneverforget.4）由why引导的原因定语从句，其先行词为reason等。例如：ThisisthereasonwhyIdidit.2状语从句235 状语从句主要用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词，有时也可修饰整个句子。状语从句是由从属连词来引导的。如果把从句放在主句前，通常要加一逗号与主句分开；如果放在主句后，则一般不用逗号。引导状语从句常用的连接词根状语从句的意义和作用，可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、方式和让步状语从句等九种。2．1时间状语从句1）引导时间状语从句常用的连接词有：when,as,while,before,after,once,until,till,since,assoonas,everytime,nosooner,eachtime,themoment/minute/instant/firsttime,directly.2).when在下列句子中，意为“在那时，当场（=atwhichtime/onwhichoccasion）”，引导并列分句，而非时间状语从句。例如：Iwasabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.IhadjustcomebacktothehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardavoicefromoutside.3).before置于主句之后常表示”……之后，才”。例如：ThewarlastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.4)as,while可引导持续性动作，as侧重主从句同时发生，常译为“一边……一边…..”;while侧重主从句动作对比。例如：235 Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Plesedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.5)“not…until”表示“直到……才……”。例如：Hedidnotstoptorestuntilhehadfinishedshework.6)assoonas,themoment,theminute,theinstant,directly,once,immediately等可表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生，并且主句和从句的时态相同，通常译为“一……就……”。例如：①Theytoldmethenewsimmediatelytheygotthemessage.②Althoughwehadn’tmetfortwentyyears,Irecognizedhim___Isawhim.A.themomentB.bythemomentC.thatmomentD.forthemoment答案是A。7）由“nosooner…than”和”hadjust/hardly/scarcely/barely…when”引导的时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。例如：①Scarcelyhadheenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.②Nosoonerhadwereachedthetopofthehillthanweallsatdowntorest.③Hehadnosoonerreceivedthenewsthanhestarted.2.2地点状语从句235 表示地点状语从句的引导词通常是where或wherever，anywhere,everywhere。例如：①Youcanseeflowersinspringwhereveryougo.②Youcan’tcampanywhereyoulikethesedays.③Ihavekeptthatportrait___Icanseeiteveryday,asitalwaysremindsmeofmyuniversitydaysinLondon.(96.1)A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.when答案是B。1)原因状语从句引导原因状语从句常用的连词有：as,because,since,inthat,seeingthat（考虑到）,consideringthat,notthat,…butthat…,nowthat,forthereasonthat。例如：①SeeingthatIshallbehereagaintomorrow,Iwon’twaitanylonger.②Nowthateverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.___youareleavingtomorrow,wecaneatdinnertogethertonight.(99.6)A.forB.SinceC.BeforeD.While答案是B。③Criticismandself-criticismisnecessary____ithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.(98.6)235 A.bythatB.atthatC.onthatD.inthat答案是D。1)条件状语从句2)常用的引导条件状语从句的连词有：if,unless,as(so)longas,provided(providing)that,ifonly,suppose(supposing)that,grantedthat,onlyif,onconditionthat,incase，butthat(要不是)。例如：IncaseMarycomes,pleasetellhertocometomyoffice.Butthathesawit,hewouldnothavebelievedit.Supposingyoufellinlovewithyourboss,whatwouldyoudo?We’llvisitEuropenextyear____wehaveenoughmoney.(99.1)A.providedB.unlessC.untilD.lest答案是A。Hewillsurelyfinishthejobontime____he’slefttodoitinhisownway.(00.12)A.inthatB.incaseC.asfarasD.solongas答案是D。2.3让步状语从句1)能引导让步状语从句常用的连词有：although,eventhough,while,whereas,despite,inspiteof,except235 that,notthat,evenif,as,whether…or(not),nomatterwho(what,when,which,where,how)，whereas(鉴于)，considering(that)（就……而言），muchas(虽然很……),howevermuch(badly/good)(随便多么坏/好)。例如：____,hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.(00.6)A.AshelikeshermuchC.MuchashelikesherB.AlthoughmuchhelikesherD.Muchalthoughhelikesher答案是C。2)状语从句中已有连词，如although,though等，主句前不能再用but;反之，若主句前有but,从句中不可再有although或though等。例如：Althoughhewasnotstrong,heworkedhardfrommorningtillnight.3)while引导的让步状语从句通常放在句首，其作用与although相似;whether…or(not)引导的让步状语从句表示一种情况只有两种可能性的选择；while和whereas突出对比主句和从句的两种情况差异。例如：WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.MarywastalkingwithotherswhileJaneremainedreticentallthe235 time.Theywantahouse,whereaswewouldratherliveinaflat.4)注意两种倒装，一种是“形容词+as(though)+主语+系动词”型，另一种是“原形动词+though+某些情态动词”。例如：①____,theworkersintheplanthavemadegreatcontributiontothecountry.A.AstheyyoungC.AsyoungaretheyB..YoungastheyareD.Theyareyoung答案是B。②Object___youmay,theywillgoonasusual.A.asB.thoughC.althoughD.whether答案是B。2.4目的状语从句目的状语从句常用that,sothat,inorderthat,incase,lest,forfearthat等引导，其从句中往往含有情态动词。Lest从句一般用虚拟语气，谓语用should+动词原形；incase,forfearthat一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可用陈述语气。例如：①Peopleevacuatedthebuildinglestthewallshouldcollapse.②Shedidn’tbreakthebadnewstohermotherforfearthathemightbreakdown.235 ③Iwasadvisedtoarrangeforinsurance___Ineededmedicaltreatment.(99.1)A.sothatB.althoughC.incaseD.nevertheless答案是C。2.5结果状语从句结果状语从句通常由that,sothat,such...that,so,sothat等引导。注意so…that中so之后只能接形容词或副词，such…that中的such之后只能接名词。试比较：Smithhadsuchafiercedogthatnoonedaredtogonearhishome.Smith’sdogwassofiercethatnoonedaredtogonearhishome.2.6比较状语从句1)比较状语从句通常由as…as,notso/as…as,比较级+than,及the+比较级，the+比较级等句型引导。例如：Heisnotasoldasshe(is).JanedoesnotstudysohardasMary.Goldisheavierthananyothermetal.Theharderweread,themoreweknow.2)注意，在as…as和比较级…than结构中，as和than235 后面的从句可省略某些成分：可以省略整个谓语部分，保留主语；可以省去实意动词，保留主语和助动词；可以省去主、谓部分，保留修饰部分（多为状语）；也可以省略主语，保留谓语。例如：①Theyusuallyhavelessmoneyattheendofthemonththan____atthebeginning.(93.6)A.whichisB.whichwasC.theyhaveD.itis答案是C。②“Canhebuythecar?”“He’saspooras____be.”A.mayB.manC.peopleD.can答案是D。2.7方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,muchas,justas,asif,asthough,(in)thewaythat等引导。其中，asif,asthough引导的从句多用虚拟语气。例如：①PleasedoitasItaughtyou.②Hetalksasifhekneweverythingintheworld.3.名词性从句235 名词性从句起着一个名词的作用，它可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。引导名词性的连接词可以分为以下几种：（1）连接词：that,whetherif;（2）连接代词：who,whom,whose,what,which;（3）连接副词：when,where,why,how。3.1主语从句主语从句的连接词一共有四类：1)that引导的主语从句。that在从句中不充当任何成分，本身也无实际意义，只起连接作用。如：Thathewillcomeiscertain.2)由whether引导的主语从句。whether在句中充当连接词，并且有其意义。注意从句中通常有or或ornot,这也是使用连接词whether的标志。例如：_____weshallgoorstayisuncertain.A.WhenB.WhichC.ThatD.Whether答案是D。____menhavelearnedmuchfromthebehaviorofanimalsishardlynew.(93.1)A.ThatB.WhatC.ThoseD.Whether答案是A。235 3）由连接代词what,which,who(ever),whom引导的主语从句。连接代词在句中起连词作用，可充当句子成分，也有其意义。如：Whatmadehimdosoisamystery.Insomecountries,___iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.(95.6)A.whichB.whatC.thatD.one答案是B。4）由连接副词when,where,how和why引导的主语从句。连接副词和连接代词一样，也具有三重作用，充当的成分为状语。例如：①Howtheprisonerescapedisamystery..②___ishisowndecision.A.WhenleavingC.WhendoesheleaveB.WhenheleavesD.Heleaves答案是C。3．2宾语从句1)连接词that引导，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，常常可以省略。例如：①Marywasreallysurprised____andreturnedhomesoearly.235 A.howmuchBlackhadleftofficeC.whichBlackleftofficeB.thatBlackhadleftofficeD.ifornotBlackhadleftoffice答案是B。②Hetoldme(that)thefootballmatchhadbeencanceled.2）由what,when,where,who,why,whether,how等特殊疑问词引导。例如：①Iwonderedhowthepyramidswerebuilt.②Noannouncementhasbeenmadeconcerning____onthenextspaceflight.A.whogoB.whoisgoingC.whohasgoneD.whowent答案是B。③ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutAnnabecausenoonewasaware___shehadgone.A.wherethatC.ofwhereB..oftheplacewhereD.theplace答案是C。3．3同位语从句同位语从句由连接词that引导，先行词多为事实、看法、思想和消息等的名词。1）常用的词有：fact,idea,belief,thought,hope,doubt,rumor,235 news,suggestion,message,opinion,proof,indication,conclusion,sign。2）用作同位语连词的that与用作定语从句关系词that有三点区别：a.同位语从句中的that只起连接作用，不能充当成分，而定语从句中的that可作从句成分。b.同位语从句与修饰的名词是对等关系，是对前面名词的解释和说明，而定语从句与所修饰的中心词之间是修饰与被修饰关系。c.同位语从句前的名词是特定的，而定语从句所修饰的词是不特定的。例如：①Haveyougotanyproofthathewasnotathomelastnight?②Canyoushowmeanyevidencethatheisathief?③Therearesigns____restaurantsarebecomingmorepopularwithfamilies.(00.6)A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.whose答案是A。Homework:1.___comesbackfirstissupposedtowintheprize.A.ThosewhoB.WhoeverC.TheonewhomD.Who2.Smithhappenedtobeathome,and,___wasrare,wasbusyatwork.235 A.whichB.whatC.whoD.whom3.__isusualwithhim,herisesearlyandtakesawalkeverymorning.A.WhichB.ThatC.AsD.Such4.Iaminterestedin___youhavetoldme.A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.that5.Marywasthefirstgirl___whenyougotthere.A.youwalkedtowhomC.whomyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedtoD.youtalkedto6.Theleathershoes___800yuanturnedouttobeasham.A.whichhewaschargedC.whichhechargedB.forwhichwashechargedD.forwhichhewascharged7.Thosearetheguards___nottowatchthegatebuttoprotecttheVIPsinperson.A.whosetaskB.whosetaskitisC.whosetaskisD.itiswhosetask8.Iputittoyou___.A.ifthatisthebestsolutionornotC.ifisthatthebestsolutionB.whetherthatisthebestsolutionD.thebestsolutionwhetheritis9.She’schangedsomuch___.A.whenIsawhimlastC.asIsawhimlastB.sinceIsawhimlastD.afterIsawhim235 last10.Iwascrossingthestreet___apolicemanformbehindcalledmetostop.A.whenB.whileC.afterD.before11.Thecompanyofficial___Ithoughtwouldbefiredreceivedaraise.A.whomB.whoseC.whoeverD.who12.Ifyouthinktwice___youspeakonce,youwillspeaktwicebetterforit.A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.as13.___menaremostsureandarrogant,theyaremostcommonlymistaken.A.AsB.WhileC.AfterD.Since14.___,Tomknowssomethingofelectricity.A.AsheisachildC.ChildasheisB.AschildheisD.Aschildishe15.Theexpertscouldn’tagree____ofthetwopaintingswastheoriginal.A.astowhichB.ontowhichC.asofwhichD.aswithwhich16.Ihavenotfoundmybookyet;infact,Iamnotsure__Icouldhavedonewithit.A.whetherB.whyC.whatD.when17.Excuseme.Ifyourcallisnottoourgent,doyhoumind___mine235 first?A.ImakeB.thatImakeC.metomakeD.ifImake18.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,___obtainingwaterisnottheleast.A.forwhichB.towhichC.inwhichD.ofwhich19.Thestudentswillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,____theywon’tbesobusy.A.whenB.asC.sinceD.while20.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesinthatregion,___weresuprising.A.asresultsB.whichresultsC.overD.theresultsofwhich21.Hecamebacklate,___whichtimealltheguestshadalreadyleft.A.withwhichB.ofwhichC.whichD.forwhich22.Itisusefultobealbetopredicttheextent___whchapricechangewillaffectsupplyanddemand.A.fromB.withC.toD.for23.Wewerestruckbytheextent___whichteachers’decisionsservedtheinterestsoftheschoolratherthanthoseofthestudents.A.toB.forC.inD.with24.Scientistssayitmaybefiveortenyears____itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.A.sinceB.beforeC.afterD.235 when25.____theyreachedthecenterofthecity,theystoppedthecaratabar.A.BeforeamileorsowhenC.ForamileorsoafterB.FurtherthanamileorsoD.Amileorsobefore26.Mostparentsencouragetheirchildrentotakeanactivepartinsocialevents,___thoseeventsdonotinterferewiththeirstudies.A.lestB.thoughC.unlessD.provided27.Thattreelookedasifit___foralongtime.A.hasn’twateredC.hadn’tbeenwateredB.didn’twaterD.wasn’twatered28.Wehadn’tmetfor20years,butIrecognizedher___Isawher.A.forthemomentC.atthemomentwhenB.themomentwhenD.themoment29.Fiveminutesearlier,___wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.A.andB.butC.orD.so30.Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue___itcomestoclassroomtests.A.whenB.sinceC.beforeD.after235 III.Clause&ConjunctivewordKey:1.B2.B3.C4.A5.D6.D7.C8.B9.B10.A11.D12.B13.B14.C15.A16.C17.D18.D19.A20.D21.B22.C23.A24.B25.D26.D27.C28.D29.A30.A235 第八周第二次课IV.Verbtense&VoiceTestpaperinclass：1.___evidencethatlanguage-acquiringabilitymustbestimulated.(99.6)A.ItbeingB.ItisC.ThereisD.Therebeing2.Ifit___toomuchtrouble,I’dloveacupoftea.(89.1)A.isn’tB.wasn’tC.weren’tD.hadn’tbeen3.Ifshedoesn’ttellhimthetruthnow,he’llsimplykeeponaskingheruntilshe___.(98.6)A.doesB.hasdoneC.willdoD.woulddo4.Thelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury__thesteadyimprovementinthemeansoftravel.(98.6)A.haswitnessedb.waswitnessedC.iswitnessedD.witnessed5.IdecidedtogotothelibraryassoonasI____.A.finishwhatIdidC.wouldfinishwhatIwasdoingB.wouldfinishwhatIwasdoingD.finishedwhatIwasdoing6.Idon’tswimnow,butI___whenIwasakid.(92.1)A.usedtoitB.usedtodoingitC.usedtoD.usedtodo7.Whilepeoplemayrefertotelevisionforup-to-the-minutenews,it235 isunlikelythattelevision___thenewspapercompletely.(95.6)A.replacedB.havereplacedC.replaceD.willreplace8.Theconference___afullweekbythetimeitends.(97.1)A.haveobjectedB.objectedC.mustobjectD.willobject9.It’sreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofcementinthefactory__byabout10%.(96.1)A.willhaverisenC.willberisingB.hasrisenD.hasbeenrising10.“MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Williamsatfiveo’clocktonight?”“I’msorry.Mr.Williams__toaconferencelongbeforethen.”(00.6)A.hadgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hasgoneD.willhavegone11.Sheoughttostopwork;shehasaheadachebecauseshe__toolong.(00.1)A.hadreadB.readC.isreadingD.hasbeenreading12.Athiefwhobrokeintoachurchwascaughtbecausetracesofwax,foundonhisclothes,___formthesortofcandlesusedonlyinchurches.(99.6)A.hadcomeB.comingC.comeD.thatcome13.We___ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.(90.1)A.justhavehadC.just235 hadB.havejusthadD.hadjusthad14.Onceenvironmentaldamage____,ittakesmanyyearsforthesystemtorecover.(97.6)A.hadsdoneB.istodoC.doesD.isdone15.He___whenthebuscametoasuddenstop.(91.6)A.wasalmosthurtC.washurthimselfB.wastohurthimselfD.washurtinghimself16.Ifthebuildingproject___bytheendofthismonthisdelayedtheconstructioncompanywillbefined.(01.6)A.tobecompleteB.iscompletedC.iscompletedD.completed17.I__myletterbythetimeyoucomeback.A.shallfinishC.havefinishedB.shallhavefinishedD.shallbefinishing18.EngelssaidthatwhatDarwin__forbiologywasasgreataswhatMarxhaddoneforhistory.A.hasdoneB.didC.doesD.haddone19.He___early,butonSundayshemaystayinbedabitlate.A.usedtogetupC.usuallygetsupB.usuallygotupD.isusedtogettingup20.HeisgoingtovisitBroadwaywhenhe__inNewYorknextFriday.A.willbeB.hasbeenC.isD.had235 been21.Ifyou__me,youmaycomethedayaftertomorrow.A.willseeB.seeC.sawD.wantsee22.George___ataxifortenyearsbeforehefoundthepresentjobwithabigcompany.A.droveB.wasdrivingC.isdrivenD.wasdriven23.John__ofallhismoneyonthewayhome.A.robedB.wasrobbedC.hadrobbedD.hasbeenrobbed24.Shewashappybecause__fortyyearssinceshewaswithmeinthesameclassroomstudying.A.shewasB.ithadbeenC.shehasbeenD.shehadbeen25.Bynextsummer,John__inhisfactoryforthreeyears.A.havebeenworkingC.willbeworkingB.hasworkedD.willhavebeenworking26.Ourhopes__andfellinthesameinstance.A.roseB.raisedC.risenD.rises27.I___hertothepartybutIdidn’tknowheraddress.A.plannedtoinvitingC.plannedtoinviteB.wasplannedtoinviteD.plantohaveinvited28.Ifthetesttubes___clearn,weshallnotbeabletoconducttheexperimentsuccessfully.A.arenotwashedC.willnotbewashedB.shallnotwashD.arenotto235 wash29.Men___thedepthsoftheocean,whichtheyhaveneverattemptedto.A.havebeenexploredB.haveexploredC.areexploringD.areexplored30.therestofthemonth___entirelytowritingthebookreport.A.hasdevotedB.willbedevotedC.willdevoteD.devotes235 IV.Verbtense&VoiceObjectives:1.答案C。译文：有证据表明语言学习能力必须激发。that从句是同位语从句，用thereis表示客观存在“有”。2.答案A。译文：如果不太麻烦的话，给我弄杯茶。I’dloveto=I’dlikeverymuch表示“很想要某物”。显然“弄到手”是将来的事，条件句要用一般现在时代替将来，所以A正确。3.答案A。译文：她如果不告诉实情，他就会追问下去，直到她讲。Until引导的时间状语从句，用一般现在时指将来。4.答案D。译文：19世纪后半叶人们目睹交通工具逐步改善。时间概念拟人化了，意为“见到工具改善”。因为是过去时间所以选witnessed。当时间名词作主语时，类似的拟人化表示方法可用动词有：see,hear,feel,find,perceive等，例如:MondaymorningoundTommiserable.5.答案D。译文：我决定一完成手上的事情，就上图书馆去。togotothelibrary表示“是决定要做的”，该成从句是thatIwouldgotothelibrary。assoonas时间状语从句中，用过去时与wouldgo一致，排除A、C两项。要完成的是手上正在做的事，所以D正确。6.答案C。译文：我现在不游泳了，不过我小时侯游泳的。235 usedto后面省去swim，表示过去的习惯没有保留到现在。7.答案D。译文：虽然人们可能看电视了解最新消息，但是电视完全取代报纸可能性不大。while引起让步状语从句。It是形式主语，that从句是主语从句，用willreplace表示将来，与unlikely一致。8.答案B。译文：这次会议到结束时将延续整整一个星期。9.答案A。译文：据报道，该厂水泥产量将在月底前提高到10%左右。10.答案D。译文：“今晚5点我可以跟你们经理威廉斯谈话吗？”“对不起，早在这之前威廉斯先生就该去开会了。”11.答案D。译文：她该歇一下了，由于读的时间过长，她头痛了。12.答案A。译文：闯进教堂的小偷被逮住了，因为在他衣服上发现的蜡烛的残迹出自教堂专用的一种蜡烛。蜡烛残迹落在衣服上这个动作先于发现和抓获，因而用过去完成时。13.答案D。译文：我们刚刚吃完早饭，以为老人就登门拜访了。过去完成时表示老人（过去）来时，已结束吃早饭。14.答案D。译文：一旦造成环境破坏，要好多年才能恢复环境系统。15.答案A。译文：在公共汽车突然停下来的时候，他差一点受伤。235 when从句中came是过去时，所以选A，一般过去时被动语态。16.答案A。if引导条件状语从句，谓语动词为isdelayed，所以这里只能填非谓语动词，动词不定式表示将来，与bytheendofthismonth一致，被动式是正确的。17.答案B。译文：你回来的时候我就可能已写完了信。18.答案D。译文：恩格斯说达尔文对生物学所作的贡献与马克思对历史作的贡献一样伟大。19.答案C。译文：他一般起得早，可是到星期天他可能稍微晚点起床。20.答案C。译文：下星期五在纽约时，他打算到百老汇观光。21.答案A.。疑问：要是你要见我的话，可以后天来。注意，本句中的will不表示将来，而表示意愿。22.答案A。译文：约翰在回家路上所有的钱都被偷了。23.答案B。她很高兴，自从和我在同一教室学习以来，40年过去了。24.答案B。译文：她很高兴，自从和我在同一教室学习以来，40年过去了。25.答案D。译文：到明年夏天，约翰在这家工厂就将干满3年了。26.答案A。译文：我们的希望同时萌生和湮灭。27.答案C。译文：我计划邀请她参加晚会，但是我不知道她的地址。235 28.答案A。译文：如果试管洗不干净，我们就不能把实验做成功。29.答案C。译文：人类正在向海洋深处探索，这是从来没有尝试过的。30.答案B。译文：这个月的其他时间完全用于写读书报告。235 Booklet:二、时态/语态（Verbtense&Voice）英语的时态是一种动词形式，是用动词的各种变化形式表示动作发生的时间。英语共有十六种时态。被动语态是动词的另一种形式，它可以表示其主语是其动作的承受者。1．动词的时态动词的时态可以用下表表示：一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在Do/doesam/is/aredoingHas/havedoneHas/havebeendoing过去Didwas/weredoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来Shall/willdoshall/willbedoingShall/willhavedoneShall/willhavebeendoing过去将来Should/woulddoshould/wouldbedoingShould/wouldhavedoneShould/wouldhavebeendoing1.1动词一般式动词一般式包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时以及一般过去将来时四种时态。235 关于一般现在时应注意：1)一些表示起始的动词，如begin,come,go,start,arrive,return,sail,end,stop,depart,open,close,be等，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或时刻要发生的情况。例如：①Theplanetakesoffat11a.m.②Theyleaveatninetomorrowmorning.2)在一般现在时和一般过去时中，如果两者分别被用于时间或条件从句中，则可以表示将来的动作，即一般现在时表一般将来，一般过去时表过去将来。例如：①Weshallgooutingwhenyoufinishyourholidaywork.（时间状语从句）②Howevermuchitcosts,itwillbeworthit.（条件状语从句）③Ifyousmokeinanon-smokingsection,people____.(93.1)A.haveobjectedC.mustobjectB.objectedD.willobject答案是D。　④Shesaidthatshewouldvisituswhenwe____.A.arebackB.hadbackC.werebackD.willbeback答案是C。235 3).在makesure或see(toit)（确保）后的宾语从句中，　用一般现在时表将来。如：Seethatthisletterissentoffatonce.d.usedtodo表示“过去经常，现在已不如此”。例如：Weusedtogotoschoolonfoot.关于一般将来时应注意：1）begoingto,beto,beaboutto可用来表示将来。例如：①WearegoingtovisitBeijingthissummer.②Thesunisabouttosinktothewest.③TheFrenchPresidentistoVisitChina.2)由and/or/orelse连接一个祈使句和一个陈述句时，陈述句的谓语动词常用一般将来时。祈使句表示条件，相当于if引导的条件从句。①Pictureyourselfaswinning,andthatwillcontributeimmeasurablytosuccess.②Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.③Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou___advertisementshowinghappy,balancedfamilies.A.areoftenseeingC.willoftenseeB.oftenseeD.haveoftenseen1.２动词进行式235 动词进行式包括现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时。关于现在进行时和过去进行时应注意以下几点：1)一些表示起始的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive,stay,play,return,have,die等，可用现在进行时和过去进行时表示按计划要发生的将来的动作。例如：①WearehavinganEnglishclasstonight.②Ihadjustfinishedmyworkandwasstartingtotakeabath.①Theforeignminister___totheUnitedNationsthisweek.A.cameB.willcomeC.iscomingD.come答案是C。2)现在进行时和过去进行时与always,forever,constantly等词连用，表示赞扬、埋怨等。例如：①Heisconstantlyleavingthingsabout.②Thelady___aboutthefoodshehasatlunch.A.complainsalwaysC.hasalwayscomplainedB.hasalwaysbeencomplainedD.isalwayscomplaining答案是D。③Shewasalwayspraisingherownchild.关于完成进行时应注意：235 完成进行时表示某一段延续的动作，其表示的动作具有持续性、长期性和感情性。与完成进行时连用的常用时间状语有：(eversince),for,howlong,recently,allmorning/afternoon/evening,alltheseyears,thesedays。例如：①Hehasbeenworkingtherefor5years.②IhadbeenlookingforitforhoursbeforeIfoundit.③Itseemsoil____fromthispipeforsometime.We’llhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright.(97.6)A.hadleakedB.isleakingC.leakedD.hasbeenleaking答案是D。1.3动词完成式动词完成式包括现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、过去将来完成时，前三种是四级语法测试的重点。关于现在完成时应注意以下几点：1)现在完成时常与下面的词语连用：for,since,until(till,upto)now,uptothepresent,sofar,in(for/over/during)thepast(last/recent)few(several/two…)months。例如：①EversincetheCivilWar,thestatusofwomenhasbeenalivesocialissueinthiscountry.②EversincePicasso’spaintingwentonexhibit,there____large235 crowdsatthemuseumeveryday.(93.1)A.isB.havebeenC.hasbeenD.arebeing答案是B。2)在以下固定句型中要用现在完成时。This（That／It）isthefirst/secondtimethat/when…This(That/It)istheonly…that…This(That/It)isthebest(finest/worst/mostinteresting)…Itis/hasbeen…since…+过去时例如：①ThisisthebestwineIhaveeverdrunk.②Itis/hasbeenabout7yearssinceIcamehere.③Itisoneofthemostwonderfulfilms(that)I’veeverseen.④Thisisthesecondtimehe____Mr.Smith.A.hadseenB.hasseenC.seesD.saw答案是B。⑤In1920,Titanicwasthelargestshipthat____.A.waseverbuiltC.haseverbuiltB.hadeverbeenbuiltD.haseverbeenbuilt答案是B。注意，如果主句动词谓语是过去时，　从句通常是过去完成时；如果主句动词谓语是将来时，　从句动词仍然用现在完成时。例如：①Itwasthethirdtimethattheyhadgotdrunken.②It’llbethefirsttimethatthestudenthaswrittenapaper.235 关于将来完成时应注意：1)由by引导的许多时间状语往往要求谓语部分为完成时态，如bythen,bynow,bythetimethat…,bytheendof…等。例如：①Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely____asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.(93.6)A.havefoundC.willhavefoundB.willbefindingD.arefinding答案是C。②IsupposethatwhenIcomebackintenyears’timealltheseoldhouses___down.A.willhavebeenpulledC.willbepullingB.willhavepulledD.willbepulled答案是A。③Untilthen,hisfamily___fromhimfor6months.(97.1)A.didn’thearC.hasn’theardB.hasn’tbeenhearigD.hadn’theard答案是D。④Beforethefirstnon-stopflightmadein1949,it___necessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling.(96.6)A.wouldbeC.hasbeenB.hadbeenD.wouldhavebeen答案是C。235 2)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时也可以表示将来完成时。例如：Handinyourpaperwhenyouhavefinishedthetest.关于过去完成时应注意：1)常用的与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：bythetime，bytheendof…,bythen,before,when,until，since,for,yet,ever,already。例如：①Tomhadthoughttheplanewouldhaveleftbythetimehearrived..②Maryhadlearned5,000Englishwordsbythen.I’vejusthadgoneoutwhenhisfathercalledhim.2)动词hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan,wish,desire等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。例如：①Ihadthoughtthatyoucouldcomeandvisitus.②Ihadmeanttocome,butIwastoobusy.3)用于“hardly/scarcely+过去完成时when+过去时”和“nosooner+过去完成时than…+过去时”的句型中。例如：①Ihadhardlyenteredthehousewhenitbegantorain.②Ihadnosoonerenteredthehousethanitbegantorain.2.动词的语态235 英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态是指句子中的主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态是动作的承受者。不及物动词没有被动。及物动词和及物的短语构成的被动语态的形式为：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。Be有事态、人称和数的变化。英语中被动语态的时态有10种，应注意掌握。例如：①Theygreybuildingiswheretheworkerslive,andthewhiteoneiswherethespareparts_____.(95.1)（一般现在时的被动）AareproducingBareproducedC.producedD.beingproduced答案是B。②Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,____andperfectednow.(96.1)（一般现在进行时的被动）A.developedC.arebeingdevelopedA.havedevelopedD.willhavebeendeveloped答案是C。③SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknowthatmuchofhiscollection___tothenation.（一般将来时的被动）A.hasleftB.istoleaveC.leavesD.istobeleft④GreatasNewtonwas,manyofhisideas____todayandarebeingmodifiedbytheworkofscientistsofourtime.(现在完成时的被动)A.aretochallengeC.havebeenchallengedB.maybechallengedD.arechallenging235 答案是C。2.1有些动词形式主动，意义被动,如：act,clean,cook,draw,iron,keep,read,sell,peel,wash,wear,write等。例如：①Thepenwriteswell.②Thiskindofglassesmanufacturedbyexperiencecraftsman___comfortably.A.iswornB.wearsC.wearingD.areworn2.2主语+need/require/want/deserve/require/bear/stand+doing有被动意义。例如：Yourhairwants___.You’dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.(97.6)A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut2.3在hear,make,see,let,have,watch动词后的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to,但这种句子如果变为被动结构，to不能省略。例如：①Theymadehimtellthemeverything.(主动)②Hewasmadetotelleverything.(被动)235 2.4有些系动词如get,become+分词的结构，意义也接近被动语态。例如：①Hegotlostintheforest.②Manyareasbecameliberatedinthefollowingmonths.2.5带宾补的及物动词用于被动句时，补足语位于动词之后。例如：①Theyelectedhimpresent.②Hewaselectedpresident.2.6有些及物动词如fit,have,lack,resemble,suit,last,cost等没有被动语态。例如：Thatbookcostsmefiveyuan.Homework:1.Theambassadorheardthat___athispostayearlonger.A.hebestayingC.hewouldbestayingB.himtostayD.hewillhavestayed1.Hegenerallywearsadarksuit,buttodayhe___alightone.A.iswearingB.wearsC.woreD.hasworn235 1.Dams____forcenturiesindifferentpartsoftheworld.A.hadbeenbuiltC.wasbeingbuiltA.havebeenbuiltD.werebuilding2.InthebookAndersondescribedallthethingshe____.A.hadsawandheardC.wasseeingandhearingB.hadseenandheardD.wouldseeandhear3.You____andit’sgettingonmynerves.A.alwaysarecontrdicitingmeC.contradictedmealwaysB.contradictingmealwaysD.arealwayscontradictingme6.I___fortwohoursbutnobodyhasarrivedyet.A.amwaitingB.waitedC.havewaitedD.havebeenwaiting7.Experimentsinthephotographyofmovingobjects__inboththeUnitedStatesandEuropewellbefore1990.A.havebeenconductingC.wereconductingB.hadbeenconductedD.beingconducted8.In1921Eistein__theNobelPrizeforphysics.A.winedB.hadwonC.waswinningD.won9.I___thehousewhenitbegantorain.A.hadscarecelyleftC.wasscarecelyleavingB.havejustleftD.leaved10.TomsaidthatRichard___one-fifthofhisworkbyhtheendofthatwinter.235 A.wouldcompleteC.wouldhavecompletedB.wouldbecompletingD.completed11.“Whenwilltheyleave?”“They___verysoon.”A.doleaveB.areleavingC.haveleftD.leave12.Ourteam___everymatchsofarthisyear,butwestillhavethreemoregamestoplay.A.waswinningB.hadwonC.haswonD.wins13.I’llgotoQingdaoforvocationassoonasI___exam.A.willfinishB.amfinishingC.willhavefinishedD.finish14.“Examwillstartinaweek.”“Iknow.I___allnextweekend.”A.willbestudyingB.studiedC.studyD.havebeenstudying15.WhenIsawthemessmypaperwasin,itwasobviousthatsomeone___it.A.wasreadingB.hadreadC.hadbeenreadingD.read16.Bythistimetomorrowyou___theanswerfromtheresearchcenter.A.shallhaveB.canhaveC.wouldhavegotD.willhavegot17.Thepermissionthatwasneededtobuildtheroads___.A.itwllbegrantedC.wasgrantedB.wasbeinggrantedD.havebeengranted18.Hehadanaccidentwhilehe___.A.wasdrivingB.droveC.driveD.235 driving19.Thebridge___inhalfayear.A.iscompleteC.willbeingcompletedB.mustcompleteD.willbecompleted20.Howmanyyears___inthearmy.A.hadyoubeenC.haveyoujoinedB.haveyoubeenD.areyoujoining21.HewillgotoSouthAmericanextmonthifhe__readythen.A.isB.willbeC.shallbeD.isgoingbe22.Thebuscameafterthey____forabouthalfanhour.A.hadbeenwaitedC.havewaitedB.waswaitingD.hadbeenwaiting23.Thecottagewillbecold.Makesure__theheater.A.youlightB.youwilllightC.havewaitedD.hadbeenwaiting24.Becausehe___hisworkwell,hewasfired.A.hadnotbeendoneC.hadnotbeendoingB.hadnotbeingdoneD.havebeendoing25.thatisproblemwe___tosolve.A.hadbeentryingC.havebeentryingB.aretryingD.aretobetrying26.Myaunt___toseeus.She’llbeheresoon.A.comesB.iscomingC.hadcomeD.hascome27.ByJulyI___schoolforeight235 years.A.shallattendC.shallbeattendB.shallhavebeenattendingD.shallbeattending28.Eversinceweleftthehouse,it___raining.A.hasnotceasedC.didn’tceaseB.ceasednotD.doesn’tcease29.Thisman___;heistooilltobemoved.A.mustn’tbemovedC.isn’tmovedB.can’tbemovedD.wasn’tmoved30.ThisisthebestfilmthatI___.A.hadeverseenC.hadneverseenB.haveeverseenD.haveneverseen235 IV.Verbtense&VoiceKey:1.C2.A3.B4.B5.D6.D7.B8.D9.C10.C11.B12.C13.D14.A15.C16.D17.C18.A19.D20.B21.A22.D23.A24.C25.C26.B27.B28.A29.A30.B235 第九周第一次课VI.ModalVerb&S+VAgreementTestpaperinclass:1.IfHarrydidnotattendtheconferencelastnight,he____toomuchworktodo.(92.1)A.musthavehadB.hadhadC.musthaveD.hadtohavehad2.Theroomisinaterriblemess,it____cleaned.(96.6)A.can’thavebeenC.mustn’thavebeenB.shouldn’thavebeenD.wouldn’thavebeen3.You____allthosecaluculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.(99.6)A.needn’thavedoneC.shouldn’thavedoneB.mustnothavedoneD.cannothavedone4.Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances____thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.(99.6)A.mayweuseB.wemayuseC.wecoulduseD.didweuse5..You___himsoclosely;youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.A.shouldn’thavebeenfollowingC.mustn’tfollowB.couldn’thavebeenfollowingD.shouldn’tfollow6.Researchfindingsshowwespendabouttwohoursdreamingevery235 night,nomaterwhatwe____duringtheday..(99.1)A.shouldhavedoneC.mayhavedoneB.wouldhavedoneD.musthavedone7.Lookwhatyouhavedone!You____morecareful.A.mustbeB.maybeC.wouldhavebeenD.shouldhavebeen8.Withallthisworkonhand,he___tothecinemalastnight.(89.1)A.mustn’tgoC.oughtn’tgoB.wouldn’tgoD.shouldn’thavegone9.Asteachersweshouldconcernourselveswithwhatissaid,notwhatwethink____.(97.6)A.oughttobesaidB.mustsayC.havetobesaidD.needtosay10.Ican’tfindMr.Johnsoninhisoffice;he_____forhome.A.maybestartingC.mighthavestartedB.maystartD.mightstart11.Mary’sscoreonthetestisthehighestinherclass,she___havestudiedveryhard.(89.1)A.mayB.shouldC.mustD.oughtto12.You___herinherofficelastFriday;she’sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.(96.1)A.needn’thaveseenC.mighthaveseenB.musthaveseenD.can’thaveseen13.Shemustbeathome.Thelightsareon.She_____.235 A.wouldn’thaveleftC.needn’thaveleftB.couldn’thaveleftD.mustn’thaveleft14.I_____herbecauseshephonedmeshortlyafterwards.A．couldn’thavewrittenC.musthavewrittenA.oughttohavewrittenD.needn’thavewritten15.Itwasverykindofyoutodothewashing-up,butyou___it.(98.6)A.mustn’thavedoneC.mightn’thavedoneB.wouldn’thavedoneD.didn’thavetodo16.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren___astronginfluenceonthecharacterofthechildren.(91.6)A.haveB.hasC.havingD.tohave17.Thiskindofglassesmanufacturedbyexperiencedcraftsmencomfortably.(00.1)A.wearsB.arewornC.iswornD.wearing18.Orlando,acityinFlorida,____foritsmainattractionmagicKingdom.(92.1)A.whichiswellknownC.iswellknownB.wellknownD.beingwellknown19.Neitheroftheyoungmenwhohadappliedforapositionintheuniversity____.(97.12)A.hasbeenacceptedC.havebeenaccepted235 B.wasacceptedD.wereaccepted20.Thegrowthofpart-timeandflexibleworkingpatterns,andoftrainingandretrainingschemes,___morewomentotakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities.(00.6)A.allowB.allowsC.allowingD.haveallowed21.EithersheorI___inthelabnextweek.(90.1)A.weretoworkB.amtoworkC.hastoworkD.istowork22Havingnomoneybut___toknow,hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.(93.6)A.nottowantanyoneC.wantednooneB.notwantinganyoneD.towantnoone23.IthinkIwasatschool,___IwasstayingwithafriendduringthevocationwhenIheardthenews.(00.6)A.andthenB.evensoC.orelseD.orso24.Theflockofgeese__flyingthroughtheskyinperfectformationfollowingitsleader.A.wasB.wereC.havetobeD.are25.WhenIwaspassingthegrassland____grazing.A.thecattlewasC.thecattlewereB.thecattleswereD.acattlewas26.Allmy___boughtinthatshop.A.furniturewasB.furnitureC.furnitureswasD.furnitureswere235 27.Johnhasafewfriends:oneisinHongKongand___areallinAmerica.A.theotherB.theothersC.otherD.another28.EitheryouorI___mistaken.A.isB.areC.amD.has29.AsfarasIknowneitherPeter’sfriendsnorPeter___droppedout.A,haveB.hadC.isD.has30..Morethanoneperson___inthatcase.A.involvesB.involvedC.isinvolvedD.areinvolved235 VI.ModalVerb&S+VagreementObjectives:1.答案A。译文：如果哈里昨晚不来开会，必然是事太多来不了。musthavehad表示“对过去事实的推测。”２.答案A。译文：房间里乱七八糟，不可能是打扫过的。房间要靠人打扫，四个选项都注意用被动语态，下一步就看情态动词／助动词的含义了。A项：can’thavebeen表示“推测”，　表达不可能这层意思，是正确的。B、C语意不通，　D时态不正确。３.答案A。译文：你本不必做那么多计算的！那种事我们有计算机处理呢！选A项，表示“不必要，但是做了。”4.答案A。译文：已经向我们讲明，无论什么情况都不可以用办公室电话办私事。that从句中，no开头，按否定倒装习惯，先排除B和C项。D项没有情态动词，　助动词did表示“过去实际做了”。只有A为正确答案。５.答案A。译文：你本不该一直就这么紧随着他；你远应当保持一般距离的。情态动词shouldn’t表示“告诫”，　用完成进行时表示“到告诫前为止你一直紧随”，行为延续下来了。Couldn’t表示“235 能力或可能”。C和D都表示“告诫”，但是时态不对，不表示“延续到现在还在紧随”这层意思。６.答案C。研究发现显示不管我们白天做什么，我们每天晚上花费大约两小时做梦。7.答案D。看你做的好事！你本该更小心点！８.答案D。译文：他手上有那么多的事要做，昨夜本不该去影院看电影的。lastnight指“过去的事”，　A,C都从现在的角度看，不能选。B表示“过去将来”，　但是with引导的独立主格结构表示“条件或原因”时，主句应该是与它伴随出现的事实。Shouldn’t表示“本不该”，　所以选D。9.答案A。译文：作为老师，我们应该关心的是说了什么而不是我们认为本该讲什么。逗号前是被动语态，逗号相当于and,左右结构应该一致，所以被选中的要有被动语态，先排除B、D。C:haveto 与what人称不一致，应为hastobesaid,所以选A。10.答案C。译文：我在办公室里找不到约翰先生，他可能已经回家了。11.答案C。译文：玛丽的考试分数高居全班第一，她一定是下了大工夫了。musthavestudied表示“对过去努力学习的推测。”12.答案D。译文：你不可能上星期五在办公室见到她，235 她离开城里两个星期了。can’thaveseen表示“推测过去可能见布道”，与musthaveseen相反。13.答案B。译文：她一定在家。灯都亮着，她不可能走了。couldn’thavedone是对过去的否定，表示“（过去）不可能……”14.答案D。译文：我本不必写信给她，因为她不多久就给我打来了电话。needn’thavedonesth.,是must的过去否定，表示“不必”。15.答案A。译文：真谢谢你洗了碗碟，不过你不必这么做的。didn’thavetodosth.等于needn’tdosth.,是must的否定，表示“不必”。16.答案B。译文：父母与子女关系密切程度（多么密切）对孩子个性影响极大。how引起主语从句，作第三人称单数。17．答案A。译文：经验丰富的工匠生产的这种眼镜，戴起来很舒服。主语核心词kind为第三人称单数，ofglasses是kind的定语。18.答案C。译文：佛罗里达州的奥兰多市，因其主要游乐名胜魔术王国而著称。acityofFlorida为主语同位语，不影响主谓一致。19.答案B。译文：申请大学职位的两个青年都没有被接纳。235 neither为第三人称单数，作主语，中间不论修辞语多长。主谓一致以neither为主语考虑，一般过去时被动语态，助动词为was。20.答案B。译文：随着半日制与灵活工时模式以及培训再培训计划的发展，　允许更多妇女利用受聘的机遇。主语是growth,为第三人称单数。21.答案B。译文：要么是她，要么是我，下周该在实验室工作。or后面的I决定主谓一致。这是所谓相邻原则。在大学四级考试中全真题不易发现类似题，　不过这方面的知识要有所掌握，做到有备无患。没有把握时，　写句子用情态动词，　如B项改为shouldwork就等于amtowork,而且没有主谓不一致之忧了。22.答案B。译文：没有钱又不想让人知道，他干脆说不想用晚餐了。并列连词的左项having作状语的现在分词，其右项也应一致，只有B符合条件，为正确答案。分词否定式not放在doing前面。23.答案A。译文：我想，听到这个消息的时候我在校，而后在假期里我就要和一位朋友住在一起了。and是并列连词，右边省去that的宾语从句，与Iwasatschool并列。Then是副词，表示“放假后”，后面从句补上that的话，可以挪到was和staying中间。使用wasstaying是因为staying是动向动词，过去进行时表示过去将来。24.答案A。译文：那群大雁尾随领头雁，235 整整齐齐列好队从空中飞过。25.答案C。译文：我从草地经过的时候，牛群正在吃草。26.答案A。译文：我家全部家具都是从那家商店购置。27.答案B。译文：约翰有几个朋友，一个在香港，其他人都在美国。28．答案C。译文：要不是你错了，要不就是我错了。29.答案D。译文：据我所知，彼得的朋友们和他本人都没有辍学。30.答案C。译文：不止一个人卷进了那种事情当中。235 六、情态动词/主谓一致(ModalVerb&S+Vagreement)情态动词表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有may(might),can(could),must,need,dare,oughtto,usedto,will(would),shall(should)等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后常跟不带to的不定式。四级情态动词的测试主要体现在“情态动词+完成时”及特殊情态动词形式两个方面。1.情态动词+完成时①couldhave+过去分词:表示对过去能做而又未做的事感到惋惜和遗憾。②wouldhave+过去分词：表示过去可能发生而并未发生的事。wouldnothave+过去分词：表示过去本不可能发生的事却发生了。③should/oughtto/wastohave+过去分词：表示过去应做而未做的事。Shouldnot/oughtnotto/wasnottohave+过去分词：表示过去不应做的事却做了。④may/mighthave+过去分词：表示对过去事物一种可能性的推测。⑤musthave+过去分词：表示对过去事物一种肯定性的推测。must的否定形式不是在must后面加not,而是用can或could来否定。⑥can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词：表示对过去事物一种否定性的推测。⑦neednot（needn’t）have+过去分词：表示“235 做了不必做的事情”。另外，“didn’thavetodo”等于“needn’thavedone”。例如：①Georgewasgoodatmaths.He___metheanswerbutherefusedto.A.oughttotellC.wouldhavetoldB.mighttellD.couldhavetold答案是D。②Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe___then.A.wouldhavebeenhereC.shouldbehereB.hadtobehereD.wouldbehere答案是A。③Ididn’tsendoutmyapplicationformlastweek,but____.A.hadB.wouldC.shouldhaveD.mighthaveto④Wehaven’tseenourneighboursforoveraweek.They___onatrip.A.mayhavegoneC.mustgoB.couldgoD.shouldhavegone答案是A。⑤Thebottleisempty;you___alot.A.couldhavedrunkC.mustdrinkB.oughttodrinkD.musthavedrunk答案是D。235 ⑥Hedidn’tseehimatthelectureyesterday.He____it.A.mustn’tattendC.can’thaveattendedB.wouldhavenotattendedD.needn’thaveattended答案是C。“Therewerealreadyfourpeopleinthecar,buttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.””It___acomfortablejourney.”A.couldn’thavebeenC.mustn’thavebeenB.can’tbeD.wouldn’tbe答案是A。⑦He___thedictionary.Hemayusemine.A.needn’thaveboughtC.wouldbuyB.musthaveboughtD.shouldbuy答案是A。Wehadplentyofbread,soI___aloaf.A.needn’tbuyC.didn’thavetobuyB.didn’tneedbuyD.needn’ttohavebought答案是C。2.有关情态动词的句型①haveto…不得不②hadbetter…最好还是…….,还是……的好③should/oughttoknowbetterthanto应该懂得不宜235 ④can/may/mightaswell…不妨,还是……的好⑤can’t/couldn’thelp/choosebut…不得不⑥wouldrather/wouldsooner/would(just)assoon宁愿⑦usedtodo…过去常常做。。。⑧cannot…too(over)越。。。越好，随便怎么都不过分⑨Wouldyoulike/loveto…很想⑩Wouldyoupleasedo…?你愿意。。。吗？例如：①Sheleftthereceptionearlybecauseshe___getupearlythenextmorning.(93.1)A.hadtoB.mightC.usedtoD.needed答案是A。②Youhadbettergetyourvisaextendedbeforeitexpires.③Tom___betterthantoaskDickforhelp.A.shallknowC.hasknownB.shouldn’tknowD.shouldhaveknown答案是D。④Ifyoudon’tlikeswim,you______stayathome.(95.1)A.shouldaswellC.canaswellB.mayaswellD.wouldaswell答案是B。⑤Hecan’tchoosebutobey./Wecouldn’t(help)butadmitit.⑥Thesoldierwouldassoondieassurrender.⑦WhenIwasaboy,Iusedtolikechocolate.⑧Youcan’tbe____carefulwhenyoudriveacar.(97.6)235 A.veryB.soC.tooD.enough.答案是C。⑨Theboxistooheavy.Wouldyouliketogivemeahand?⑩Theboxistooheavy,_______givemeahand?（97.12）A.wouldyoumindC.willyouliketoB.willyoupleasetoD.wouldyouplease答案是D。3.情态动词may,must和need的几种用法3.1情态动词may的用法1)在回答may引导的表示允许的问题时，肯定多用Yes,please或certainly;否定用Pleasedon’t或No,youmustn’t.例如：MayIsmokehere?肯定：Yes,please./Certainly.否定：No,youmustn’t/Pleasedon’t..2)may可用来表示祝愿。Mayyoubothbehappy.Maythatdaycomesoon.235 3.2情态动词must的用法1)在回答must引起的问题时，肯定用must,否定不用mustn’t，而用needn’t或don’thaveto回答。例如：----MustIcleanalltherooms?----Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn’t.)2).must只有在肯定句中才表示猜测，在疑问句和否定句中，要用can或者can’t。例如：Shemustbejoking.Thatcan’tbethepostman---it’sonlyseveno’clock.3.3情态动词need的用法1)need作为情态动词，主要用在否定句和疑问句。need因地的问题，肯定用must回答。例如：-----NeedIcomein?.----Yes,youmust.2)need做实意动词时，可用于各种结构。主语为人，need后跟todo;主语为物，need后跟动名词或不定式。例如：“Sendittothelaundry.Youdon’tneedtowashityourself.”Myovercoatneedswashing.235 主谓一致主谓一致是指句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上要一致,即主语表示单数概念时,谓语要用单数形式;主语表示复数概念时,谓语要用复数形式。有关主谓一致应遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。由于此项语法比较复杂，就四级考题可分为以下三部分：单数谓语类、复数谓语类和特殊类。1．单数谓语类1．1从句、分词、不定式作主语，谓语动词常用单数。例如：①Readingaloudisveryimportantinlearningaforeignlanguage②Toseeistobelieve.③WhatIsayandthinkisnobusinessofyours.1．2主语是单数，尽管后跟aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,like,including,inadditionto等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。例如：①Sheaswellastheotherstudentshaslearnedthismethod.②NoonebutMr.Smithandhissecretarystays.235 ③Tom,alongwiththetwootherpersons,___toattendtheconference.A.isB.areC.beD.tobe答案是A。1．3某些不定代词either,neither,each,every,any,some,no等构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：①Eachboyandeachgirliscongratulated.②Haseitheroneofthemtoldyouaboutthis?③Someone___waitingforyouattherailwaystation.areB.isC.havebeenD.am答案是B。④Neitherofthem___tocometotheeveningpartyonSunday.A.wantsB.wantC.wantedD.arewanting答案是A。１．4表示数字、时间、价格、重量、长度等的复数概念作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：①Fivekilogramsisnottooheavytocarry.②Threemonths___onthefarm.235 A.passB.haspassedC.havepassedD.arepassed答案是B。1.5表示数量的“oneandahalf+复数名词”或“A+名词+andahalf+复数名词”做主语时，其谓语动词用单数。例如：①Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.②Ayearandahalf____innotime.A.haspassedB.havepassedC.passD.arepassed答案是A。1.6以manya或morethanone修饰的词作主语时，谓语多用单数。例如：①Manyastudent___themeetingheldbythecollege.A.attendB.hastoattendC.havetoattendD.attending答案是B。①Thereismorethanoneanswertoyourquestion.但是，agreatmany,alargenumberof等+复数名词时，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：Thereareagreatmanycompoundsinnature.1.7用作书名、剧名、国名、报纸等的复数名词作主语时，谓语常用单数。例如：235 ①TheUnitedStatesiscomposedoffiftystates.②TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstorybook.2．复数谓语类2．1用both…and或and连接的并列主语，其谓语常用复数。例如：BothyouandIwerewrong.2.2一些只有复数形式的名词如clothes,scissors,trousers,shorts,glasses,scales,spectacles等作主语时，谓语用复数。但如果前面有apairof修饰时，其谓语用单数。例如：①Histrousersaresenttoberepaired.②Myshortsarebeingwashed.③Thispairofscissorsbelongstothetailor.2.3有些集合名词，如cattle,people,police,folk,poultry（家禽）,militia(民兵)等作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。例如：①Thecattleweregrazingonthemeadow.②Thepolicehavenotmadeanyarrests.235 2.4不可数名词前有表数量的复数名词，谓语动词常用复数。例如：Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear.3．特殊类3.1用either…or,or,neither…nor,whether…or,notonly…butalso连接的并列主语，谓语动词按就近原则，与最靠近它的主语取得一致。例如：①Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherobjectstothechange.②Atechnicalmanualorsamplesaredistributedfreeattheexhibition.③Mysisterormybrother___likelytobeathome.A.wereb.areC.havebeenD.is答案是D。3.2“anumberof/variety/groupof+复数名词/代词”作主语时，谓语用复数形式，而“thenumber/varietyof+名词”作主语时，谓语用单数形式。例如：235 ①Anumberofstudentsarefromthesouth.Thenumberofstudentsfromthenorthissmall.②Thereareavarietyofgoodsonsaleintheshop.Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleinthatshopissurprising.3.3None作主语时，谓语动词常用复数，但把其作为单数看待时，谓语动词也可用单数。例如：①Noneofthemareteachers.②None___morequalifiedforthetaskthanhe.A.areB.isC.wereD.havebeen答案是B。3.4在以news,means,physicseconomics,electronics,optics,mumps等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但在以“-s”结尾的表示学科的名词前如果有定冠词“the”或物主代词时，谓语则用复数形式。例如：①Newsofvictories__pouringin.A.keepB.areC.keepsD.goes答案是C。②Mathematics___thelanguageofscience.235 A.areB.isC.hasD.shallbe答案是B。③Politicsisoneofthemainsubjectsthatwestudy.④Yourpoliticsarenotsogood.3．5有些集合名词如family,crowd,army,board,committee,couple,crowd,crew,jury,staff,team,public,government,audience及population,majority，class,crew等作主语时，如果看成一个整体，其谓语用单数；如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语用复数。例如：①Ifthefootballteamwinsthegame,theclubwillbethechampion.Thefootballteamarediscussingtheproblemwiththeircoachnow.②Thefamilyhaslivedinthehouseforover20years.Thefamilyaregoingabroadforaholiday.3．6由and连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时，如果并列主语指的是同一个人、同一事物或概念，其谓语动词则用单数，后一名词前不加冠词。例如：①Thegirl’steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.②Thesingeranddancer___toattendoureveningparty.235 A.areB.isC.wereD.be答案是B。此外，被each,every,no 和manya修饰的两个主语由and连接时，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。Manyamountainandmanyariver___visitedbytheguests.A.havebeenB.wereC.wasD.are答案是C。Eachmanandeachwoman___askedtohelptheelder.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.were答案是A。3．7在There+be存在句中，根据be后的第一个主语的单复数而确定的单复数。但如果主语是几个并列的单数名词时，则谓语用复数。例如：①Thereisachairandfourdesksintheroom.②There___abook,apenandaruleronthedesk.A.isB.areC.wasD.havebeen答案是B。3．8在强调句中，谓语动词与代词“It”一致。如：It___in1899thatwebegantoproducethiskindofmachine.235 A.isB.wereC.hadbeenD.was答案是D。3．9如果主语是由“aseriesof/akindof+复数名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但在“these/those/several+series/kinds/types+复数名词”之后，谓语动词用复数。例如：①Aseriesoftapes___preparedforthelanguagelabuse.A.havebeenB.areC.hasbeenD.were答案是C。②Thesekindsoftestsareusedbyourschool.3．10在“分数/百分数/half或part+of+名词”结构中，谓语动词的形式取决于of词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：①Fifty-eightpercentoftheroadispaved.②Halfofthosebooksarebest-sellers.3．11如果主语是由“the+形容词（或分词）”构成，当其指一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式，而当其指个人或抽象概念时，谓语动词则用单数。如：①Theblind___tradesinspecialschools.A.aretaughtB.wastaughtC.istaughtD.teaches235 答案是A。②Thewoundedwasagoodfriendofhim.3．12在定语从句中，关系代词who,which和that后的动词要与先行词一致。在“oneof+复数名词+关系代词“结构中，谓语动词一般应该与先行词即复数名词一致，谓语动词用复数。但当one之前有theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句中的谓语动词应用单数形式。例如：①Johnisoneofthebrighteststudentsthat___fromPekingUniversity.A.isgraduatedC.hasgraduatedA.havegraduatedD.hadgraduated答案是B。②Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswho___willingtodothatjob.A.areB.wereC.isD.be答案是C。3．13主语为由what引导的主语从句的句子，主句谓语动词一般用单数，但如果从句子中能看出主语从句所指代的为复数，则主句的谓语动词用复数。如：①Whathelikes___adigitalwatch.235 A.areB.wreC.havebeenD.is答案是D。②Whatweneedarecoalandsteel.3．14当all指物时，谓语动词用单数，而其指人时则用复数。如：①AllIwanttoknow___howlongitwilltaketothejob.A.areB.wereC.haveD.is答案是A。②Allofyouhavetobefortheproposal.3．15倒装句中，谓语动词往往与紧跟的第一个主语一致。例如：①Thereisapenandsomebooksonthedesk.②Inthedistanceweheardtheapplauseoftheaudience,theshoutsandcheers.Homework:1.TheBrowns____here,butnotanymore.A.wereusedtolivingC.hadlivedB.usedtoliveD.hadbeenliving2.You______betterthantogotoswimmingstraightafterameal.A.oughttoknowC.hasknown235 B.shallknowD.shouldn’tknow3.Thatchild___afewminutesago.Fortunately,thedriverstoppedintime.A.maybekilledC.mightbekilledB.canbekilledD.couldhavebeenkilled4.Someofthemilkturnedsourbeforereachingthemarketand____away.A.mustbethrownC.mustthrowB.hadtobethrownD.hadtothrow5.Theelctricshaver___beforeitcanbeused.A.needsrepairingC.hastorepairB.mustrepairD.needstorepair6.“Needhego?”“Yes,he____.”A.mustB.needC.mayD.can7.You____askawomanherage.It’simpolite.A.needn’tB.woldn’tC.mustn’tD.don’thaveto8.“NeedIhandinmypaperrightnow?”“Yes,you___.”A.canB.mayC.havetoD.need9.Sincetheflighthasbeencancelled,we___gobytrain.A.needB.mightaswellC.wouldwellDsholdbetter235 10.IgotupearlybutI___sobecauseIhadnoworktodothatmorning.A.didn’tneedtodoC.wouldn’thavedoneB.needn’thavedoneD.couldn’thavedone11.Sincethetaskisurgent,he___itatonce.A.needdoB.needstodoC.needtodoD.needsdo12.___youlikesometea?A.DoB.CanC.WouldD.Could13.Sheisaconceited(骄傲)person.You___toohighly.A.canpraiseherC.can’tpraiseherB.shouldpraiseherD.shouldn’tpraiseher14.Hewentonfoot,buthe___bybus.A.shouldgoC.couldhavegoneB.oughttohavegoneD.couldbegone15.Mary___herreportyestersdayifshewasreallyseriousaboutherwork.A.shouldfinishB.wouldfinshC.shouldhavefinishedD.mustn’thavefinished16.NeithermybrothernorI___playingchess.A.enjoyB.enjoysC.areenjoyingD.haveenjoyed17.Thedisabled___tradesinspecialschools.A.istaughtB.aretaughtC.betaughtD.havetaught235 18.Thenumberofaccidentsinthiscity_____.A.hasincreasedC.havebeenincreasedB.wereincreasedD.haveincreased19.Everyhourandeveryminute____importanttous.A.areB.wereC.isD.does20.Youaswellas___toblamefortheaccident.A.areb.isC.haveD.has21.Heisoneoftheboyswhoalways___wellatschool.A.doesB.doC.didD.done22.Everymeans____beentiredeversincethemachinebrokedown.A.hasB.haveC.areD.is23.Aredrose,togetherwithaletter,___leftonthetable.A.areB.isC.wereD.arebeing24.Thecommittee____itsfirstmeetingoftheyear.A.havealreadyheldC.arealreadyhavingB.alreadyholdD.hasalreadyheld25.Aseriesoflectures____nextweek.A.arebeingheldC.isbeingheldB.isheldingD.willhold26.Nonebutfools___todoso.A.iswillingB.willingC.arewillingD.wants27.Manyaman___lifeismeaninglesswithoutapurpose.235 A.thinkB.thinksC.arethinkingD.isthinking28.Fivetimesfour____twenty.A.willbeB.wereC.areD.is29.Eachoneofuswho___nowlivingisdestinedtowitnessremarkablescientificdiscoveries.A.areB.wereC.hasbeenD.is30.Onthedesk____alamp,atapeandabook.A.thereisB.therehaveC.thereliesD.thereare235 VI.ModalVerb&S+VAgreementKey:1.B.2.A3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.C9.B10.B11.B12.C13.D14.C15.C16.A17.B18.A19.C20.A21.B22.A23.b24.D25.C26.C27.B28.D29.D30.D235 第十三周第一次课Adjectives&Adverbs,Inversion,Emphasis,EllipsisandTagQuestionsTestpaperinclass:1.Therearefewelectronicapplications___toraisefearsregardingfutureemploymentopportunitiesthanrobots.(98.6)A.morelikelyB.likelyC.mostlikelyD.muchlikely2.Sheis___amusicianthanherbrother.A.muchofB.muchasC.moreofD.moreas3.”Shallwetakeawalk?”“Oh,no.It’s___forawalk.Maybewecandosoaftersunset.”A.muchtoohotB.verymuchhotC.toomuchhotD.hottoomuch4.____peoplelivetobe100and___stilllivetobe11.A.Less;lessB.Few;fewC.Few;fewerD.Few;lessfewer5.Despitethewonderfulactingandwell-developingplotthe__moviecouldnotholdourattention.(96.1)A.three-hoursB.three–hourC.three-hours’D.three-hour’s6.Today,___majornewproductswithoutconductingelaboratemarket235 research.(96.6)A.corporationshardlyintroduceeverB.corporationshardlyeverintroduceC.hardlycorporatinsintroduceeverD.hardlycorporationseverintroduce7.Notuntilthegamehadbegun____atthesportsground.(00.6)A.shouldhehavearrivedC.hadhearrivedB.didhearriveD.wouldhehavearrived8.___,wewillsetofasweplanned.A.WereitgoodorbadC.beinggoodorbadB.BeitgoodorbadD.Whethergoodorbad9.Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but___haditactedresponsibly.(96.1)A.neitherB.soC.eitherD.both10.Onlybytheintroductionofnewequipmentandtechniques____.A.didthefactoryimprovethequalityofitsproductsandexpanditsscalesB.thefactoryimprovedthequalityofitsproductsandexpanditsscalesC.thefactoryhadtheproductsimprovedandsalesexpandedD.thefactorycouldimprovethequalityofitsproductsandexpanditsscales11.Abovethelandandwater____withadepthestimatedtobefrom235 50to200miles.A.isalayerofairC.willalayerofairbeB.alayerofairisD.alayerofairbe12.___somesuggestionswe’dliketomake.A.WeherehaveB.HereareC.ArehereD.Wehavehere13.___shefirstheardofthemanreferredtoasaspecialist.(90.1)A.ThatwasfromStephenC.ItwasfromStephenthatB.ItwasStephenwhomD.ItwasStephenthat14..____thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint.(89.1)A.Duringthe1960’sC.Thatiswasinthe1960’sB.Itwasinthe1960’sD.Itwasthe1960’s15.__sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.(00.1)A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanC.ScarcelyhaditgrowndarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkthatD.Itwasnotuntildarkthat16.Itisonlyshallowpeople___byappearances.AwhomjudgeB.thatjudgeC.whojudgesD.thatjudges17.ItwasaGermanphysicist__todiscoveramostimportantphenomenonhavingtodowiththeabsorptionoflightenergy.A.whichwasoonC.whomwassoonB.soonwaswhoD.whowassoon18.Itis___hepaidnoattentiontoimprovinghisstudyhabits___he235 failedintheexamsonceagain.A.when…thatC.because…thatB.for…whichD.since…and19.SanFranciscoisusuallycoolinsummer,butLosAngeles___.A.israrelyB.hardlyisC.rarelyisD.isccarcely20.___intheUnitedStates,St.Louishasnowbecomethe24thlargestcity.(91.6)A.ThefourthbiggestcityitwasC.BeingthefourthbiggestcityB.OncethefourthbiggestcityD.Itwasoncethefourthbiggestcity21.Idon’tknowwhetheritwillrainornot,butifit___,Ishallstayhome.A.willB.doesC.didD.shall22.JohnD.Rockfeller,___,owned90percentofallAmericanoilrefineries.A.asstillayoungmanC.ayoungmanhoweverB.whilestillayoungmanD.inspiteofayoungman23.“I’dmetMr.Jonesmanytimesbeforelastnight.””So___.”A.didIB.hadIC.IhadD.Idid24.“Whatwillyoubedoingtomorrowevening?””___thestudents’papers.”A.CorrectingB.WillbecorrectingC.TocorrectD.Willcorrect235 25.Don’tforgettowalkthedogwhileIamaway,___?A.canyouB.hasbeenC.doyouD.willyou26.Sheneverliedtoyou,___?A.doesn’tsheB.didn’tseC.didsheD.doesshe27.Tellhimtocomehere,___?A.can’tyouB.shouldyouC.willyouD.shallwe28.Youhadtogetupearlytocatchtheearlybus,___?A.don’tyouB.didn’tyouC.hadn’tyouD.shouldn’tyou29.Let’shavearest,___?A.shouldweB.shallweC.can’tweD.don’twe30.Sheoughttogobyplane,___?A.shouldn’tsheC.wouldn’tsheB.shouldsheD.wouldshe.235 Objectives:1．答案A。译文：比起机器人来，在电子的应用上很少有什么别的更有可能产生有关将来就业机会方面的恐惧了。题中有than,必须在句中找到比较级，few不是比较级，只有A项符合题意，是比较级。Morelikelytodosth.表示“更有可能做某事”，在题目中，morelikelytoraisefears是后置定语，修饰electronicapplications,如：TheseareAstudents,(whoare)morelikelytoapplyforscholarship.2.答案C。译文：她比她兄弟更有音乐素质。muchof表示“有……素质/能力”，其比较级为moreof。例如：I’mnotmuchofadancer,butmysisterismoreofadancerthanI.3.答案A。译文：“咱们去散散步，好吗？”“哦，不！太热了，不能去散步。也许日落了再去可以。”4.答案C。译文：很少有人活到100岁，活到110岁就更少了。5.答案B。译文：虽然演技高超，情节发展甚佳，但那部3个小时的电影不能使我们保持对它的注意。复合形容词构成：数词+连字符+单数单位名词，如：afive-hundred-kilometerdrive。6.答案B。译文：如今，几乎没有什么大的公司会不做细致的市场调查研究就引进主要的新产品。235 副词hardly意为“几乎不”，ever意为“曾经”，都习惯上放在被修饰的动词前面。7.答案C。译文：直到球赛开始，他才赶到赛场。notuntil要求主句倒装语序，根据题意用一般过去时，选C项。Notuntil从句中用过去完成时，　说明比赛开始在先，他来在后。8.答案B。译文：不管天气好不好，我们都将按计划出发。在某些相当于让步状语从句的结构中，一般将从属连词省略，系动词倒装，　并相应地变成原形形式Be。9.答案A。译文：该组织没有违反过什么规章制度，　不过也没有负责任地干过什么。But后面一个并列分句，因为采用了倒装，　所以选否定词neither。10.答案A。译文：只有通过引进新设备和新技术，这家工厂才改进了产品质量，扩大了销路。only引导的状语在句首，　要用倒装语序。11.答案A。译文：在大陆水域上空有一层空气，其厚度估计有50到200英里。12.答案B。译文：这里是一些我们很乐意提出的建议。13.答案C。译文：正是从斯蒂芬那儿她第一次听到那人被称为专家。空格后面句子已经完整，theman是宾语，作heardof的宾语。referredtoasaspecialist是过去分词作宾补。要添加只能作状语，235 所以选C项，其中fromStephen作状语，itwas…that是强调句型。14.答案B。译文：就是在20世纪60年代，两国间的贸易达到高峰。强调句型，强调inthe1960’s。15.答案A。译文：一直到天黑了，她才意识到回家太晚了。句子中强调天黑，选A项。16.答案B。译文：只有那些肤浅的人才从外表判断人。强调句型，强调的部分为主语，人后可用that或who,由于主语是复数，只能选B。17.答案D。译文：就是那位德国的物理学家发现了发现了与光能吸收有关的一个最重要的现象。强调的部分为句子的主语，用who而不whom。18.答案C。译文：正是因为他不注意改进学习习惯，才又一次在各项考试中失败了。强调的部分为句子的原因状语。19.答案C。译文：夏天旧金山通常很凉爽，可是洛杉矶就难得如此。首先要肯定洛杉矶怎么说夏天也有凉爽的时候，所以C项和D项的半否定词hardly和scarcely都不合适。在并列连词but右边采用了省略，补全了是LosAngelesisrearlycoolinthesummer。省略时把rarely提到is前面，给人清晰的省略的印象，235 所以正确答案是B。20.答案B。用同位语对St.Louis的过去作补充交待，once后省略了itwas。A、D两项试图用从句对St.Louis的过去作交待，但没有连词引导，不合语法。C项用being这个现在分词，与hasbecome同时出现，时间上有矛盾。21.答案B。译文：我不知道是否会下雨，如果下的话，我会呆在家里。用助动词does代替谓语动词rains。22.答案B。当约翰·洛克菲勒还是一个年轻人的时候，他拥有了全美90%的石油精炼厂。用分词结构的短语代替了状语从句。23.答案B。译文：“昨晚之前我已见过琼斯先生好几回了。”“我也是。”用so来引起省略，表示同意肯定对方。24.答案A。“你今晚准备做什么？”“改学生的作业。”省略主语及谓语。答案D。译文：我不在家不要忘了牵狗出去散步，好吗？在祈使句中，后要加的不是反意问句，而是willyou,表示“征询意见”，不论祈使句是肯定还是否定。如：Remembertolockthedoor,willyou?26.答案C。译文：她从来没有跟你说谎，对吧？235 27.答案C。译文：告诉汤姆来这儿，行吗？28.答案B。译文：你不得不早起去赶早班车，是吧？当have表示“不得”的含义时，反意疑问句必须用do/does/did+主语的形式。本句中的谓语动词是过去时的肯定形式，所以用didn’t的形式进行反问。29．答案B。译文：我们休息一会儿，行吗？在“letus…”的句型中，其反意疑问句应用“willyou?”。30.答案是A。译文：她应该乘飞机去，对吗？235 Booklet:七、形容词和副词(Adjectives&Adverbs)形容词是用来描写修饰名词与代词的，表示人或事物的性质和特征，在句中作定语、表语和补语。１．形容词的位置名词前有两个以上的形容词，形容词的顺序一般按以下排列：（1）（2）（3）（4）（5）（6）（7）限定词序数基数品质形状/大小新旧/老少颜色国籍thefirstthreenicebigoldbrownChinese(8)（9）材料被修饰的名词woodenchairs例如：Radio,televisionandpress___ofconveyingnewsandinformation.(95.6)A.arethemostthreecommonmeansA.arethemostcommonthreemeans235 A.arethethreemostcommonmeansB.arethreethemostcommonmeans答案是C。Yesterdaymygrandfatherbought___fromtheshop.A.anoldwoodenroundtalbeC.aroundwoodoldtableB.aroundoldwoodtableD.anoldroundwoodtable答案是D。２．副词的位置2.1频率副词常放在助动词、情态动词或be动词后或实意动词之前，但在省略或强调结构中，必须置于助动词、情态动词或be动词之前。常见的频率副词有：always,usually,never,ever,just,shortly,seldom,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,rarely,often,occasionally,frequently,constantly,continually等。如：①We___ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.(90.1)（just一般位于实义动词之前，助动词之后）A.justhavehadC.justhadB.havejusthadD.hadjusthad答案是A。②Today,___majornewproductswithoutconductingelaborate235 marketresearch.(96.6)(hardly习惯上放在被修饰的动词前)A.corporationshardlyintroduceeverB.corporationshardlyeverintroduceC.hardlycorporationsintroduceeverD.hardlycorporationseverintroduce答案是B。2.2评注副词是指对全句进行修饰的副词，通常放在句首并用逗号隔开。常见的评注副词有：actually,briefly,certainly,fortunately,surely等。如：Not_____,theprocessofchoosingnamesvarieswidelyfromculturetoculture.A.obviouslyB.particularlyC.surprisinglyD.normally答案是C。2.3程度副词通常放在所修饰的词的前面。常见的程度副词有：very,much,almost,nearly,fairly等。如：①Hethinksthathe___intheright.A.isalwaysnearlyC.isnearlyalwaysB.alwaysisnearlyD.nearlyisalways235 答案是C。2.4如果句中几个副词连用，其排列顺序为：　　频度副词—>被修饰动词—>程度副词—>方式副词—>地点副词—>时间副词。如：①Youalwaysstudyveryhardherethisterm.②“_______.”“SodidI.”A.IlastmetthemSundayattheclub.B.LastSundayattheClubImetthem.C.AttheClublastSundayImetthem.D.ImetthemattheClublastSunday.答案是D。2.5muchtoo,fartoo,alittletoo等常放在形容词之前来修饰形容词，表示程度，意为“太过分”。如：Theshoesare____,butIdonotcareabit.A.alittletoosmallC.alittlesmalltooB.alittlesmalltooD.toosmallalittle答案是D。235 2.6too,so+形容词+单数可数名词时，不定冠词要放在形容词之后，同时应注意不定冠词应放在such,rather,many等之后。例如：Thisis____chancetobelost.A.toogoodB.tooagoodC.toogoodanD.atoogood答案是C。2.7副词enough修饰另一副词的位置enough既可作形容词修饰，也可作副词修饰形容词或另一副词。作形容词使用时，enough放在被修饰的名词之前；而作副词时，它总是放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。如：Icouldn"tfind_______,andsoItookthisone.（91.6）　　A.alargeenoughcoat　C.alargecoatenough　　B.anenoughlargecoat　　D.acoatenoughlarge　　答案是A。3.形容词和副词的比较结构形容词、副词的比较结构主要有三种形式：as…as结构，235 more(或…er)…than结构以及(the)most…结构。前两种结构用于两个项目之间的比较，而第三种结构用于三个及三个以上项目的比较。3.1as…as结构1）形容词和副词的原级比较常用在“as+原级+as”或否定式“not+as…as”或“notso…as”结构中。如：Tomisas____.A.morecleverashisbrotherC.morecleverthanhisbrotherB.cleverashisbrotherD.cleverthanhisbrother答案是B。Theparcelisnotas/soheavyasthatone.2)在“as+原级+as”及否定结构中，形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数时，其不定冠词不能放在形容词之前，只能放在其后。例如：SheisaspooraspeakerasI.Heis___asanyofus.A.asgoodaswimmerC.asagoodswimmerB.aswimmerasgoodD.agoodswimmer答案是A。3）句型：thesame…as…例如：Sheisthesameageas235 you.HeworksinthesameshopasIdo.4)同级比较的结构还常用状语just,almost,far,fourtimes等修饰，这些状语应放在第一个as或so之前。如：Thisweekhasbeenalmostasrainyaslastweek.Eventhoughshelooksyoung,sheistwice____mytwenty-year-oldsister.A.olderthanB.asoldasC.sooldasD.asolderas答案是B。Americanseat____astheyactuallyneedeveryday.(98.6)A.twiceasmuchproteinC.proteinasmuchtwiceB.twiceproteinasmuchD.proteinastwicemuch答案是A。5）在as…as结构中，第二个as后也可跟一比较状语从句。在此从句中，一些成分可以省略：(1)可以省去实意动词，保留主语和助动词；（2）可以省去整个谓语部分，保留主语（3）可以省去主、谓部分，保留修饰部分（多为状语）（4）省去主语，保留谓语。(5)省去补足成分，保留主谓部分。例如：①TheyhavelearnedmoreEnglishwordsthanTomhas.②Thenewmadeelectriclocomotivecanruntwiceasfastastheoldlocomotive.③ItisreportedthatthequalityofairinBeijingthisyearisfarbetterthanlastyear.235 ④Thehotelisfarmoreluxuriousthan(is)necessary.⑤Thereisavastvocabularyoftechnicalwords,buttheproblemisnotsofrighteningasitlooks.3.2more(或…er)than结构1)用more…than连接的比较状语从句，一要注意省略用法（than后面的省略结构大致与as从句的省略结构相似）；二要注意more(rather)than前后的平行结构。如：Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjust___classes.(93.6)A.attendB.attendedC.toattendD.attending答案是A。IlikewatchingTV___tothecinema.（91.6）A.morethantogoC.ratherthantogoB.morethangoingD.thangoing答案是B。Sheprefertodieratherthan____sheiswrong.A.toadmitB.admitC.admittingD.admitted答案是B。Certainprogramsworkbetterforsome___forothers.(95.1)A.andB.thanC.asD.but235 答案是B。2）当表语中比较两个形容词用“more…than”或“notsomuch…as…”连接时，可理解为“与其说……不如说……”。例如：“Annactsquiteunfriendly.”“Ithinksheis___thanunfriendly.”A.shyerB.shyc.moreshyratherD.moreshy答案是D。Thetrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudness___byhislackoftalent.(99.1)A.thanB.morethanC.asD.somuchas答案是D。Heis___awriterasareporter.(92.1)A.moreB.ratherC.notsomuchD.notsuch答案是C。3）比较级前可加much,many,far,byfar,rather,alittle,agreatdeal,fivetime,one-fifth,far,byfar,alot,lots等表示程度或数量的状语修饰。例如：ThisjobissomuchharderthanmylastonethatI’vedecidedtoquit.Theirhouseisabout3timesasbigasours..Iftapwaterwereasdangerousassomepeoplethink,___would235 begettingsick.(98.1)A.alotofmoreusC.morealotofusB.alotofusmoreD.alotmoreofus答案是D。4）“the+比较级……,the+比较级……”结构，即“the+形容词或副词比较级…the+形容词或副词比较级”,是more…than结构的一种变体，表示“越……越……”。例如：Theolderheis,thewiserhebecomes.Themorewestudyduringtheterm,___wehavetostudybeforeexams.A.thelessB.thefewerC.thelittleD.thefew答案是A。5)另一种more…than…结构的变体是…er+of短语（若是副词比较，定冠词可省略）。如：Ofthetwo,hebehaves(the)morepolitely.Ofthetwobooks,hechosethethicker.6)比较结构中可用不定代词one代替可数名词单数，复数为ones;指示代词that和those常用来代替已提到过的名词，以避免重复；助动词do用来避免重复前面的动词。例如：TVsetsmadethisyearareofbetterqualitythanthosemadelastyear.BettywritesbetterthanPeterdoes.235 7）表示“因而更加…..”的含义时，用“all/somuch/none等副词+the+比较级”，这种结构后不可再跟than从句。如：Sheisall___happierforherbeautiy.A.enoughB.muchC.moreD.the答案是D。3.3.(the)+most结构1)三个以上的人或事物相比较时，要用形容词的最高级，其表达方式一般为“the+形容词最高级+表示范围的短语（of,in,among等）”。例如：Edisonisoneofthegreatestinventorintheworld.Heisthebravestamongus.2)most前面，如果没有定冠词，则不是表示比较，而是表示“很“、”非常“的意思。（ most前面有时出现不定冠词a，它主要是与后面的名词有关）如：Thisisamostimportantlaw.Thesearemostdeliciouscakes.3)最高级可被序数词及much,byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans等词修饰。例如：Thisis___themostdifficultjobIhaveevertackled.(89.6)A.byrightsB.byoneselfC.byitselfD.byfar235 答案是D。3.4隐含的比较结构某些形容词本身具有比较含义，表示“比较”时应与介词连用，组成固定的搭配形式，如besuperiorto,inferiorto,priorto,similarto,juniorto,seniorto,preferableto,priorto,equalto,subordinateto,secondto等。例如：Heisseveralyearsjunior/seniortoTom.Beethovenismyfavoritemusician.Iregardhimas____othermusicians.(94.1)A.superiortoC.moresuperiortoA.moresuperiorthanD.superiorthan答案是A。Homework:1．Theyusuallyhavelessmoneyattheendofthemoththan____atthebeginning.(93.6)A.whichisB.whichhaveC.theyhaveD.itis2.IlikeBettyandMary,butIthinkMaryis__ofthe235 two.A.nicerB.niceC.thenicestD.thenicer3.Thehigherthemountainis,___theairisatthesummit.A.thewarmerB.thecolderC.thebestD.thethicker4.Thesooneryoutakeyourmedicine,__youwillfeel.A.themoregoodB.betterC.themoreD.thebetter5.Juliaisthetallestof___intheSmithfamily.A.anyothermembersC.anymembersB.anyofthemembersD.allthemembers6.The___boywonhighpraisebecausehewasabletoswimacrossthewideriver.A.six-year-oldB.six-years-oldC.sixyearsoldD.six-yearold7.Caremustbetakennottowashorironsyntheticfibresat____.A.atoohightemperatureC.tooahightemperatureB.toohighatemperatureD.atemperaturetoohigh8.MoreAmericanspeoplefailtopaymedicalinsurancefee____.A.thangenerallybelievedB.thanmostpeoplebelievedC.thanwhatpeoplegenerallybelievedD.thanisgenerallybelieved9.___thatourknockingatthedoorcouldnotwakehimup.A.SodeeplyhesleptC.SodeeplydidhesleepB.HesleptsodeeplyD.Deeplysohe235 slept10.Materialsmadefromplasticfibres(纤维)arealwaysknownby___specialtradenameasnylon.A.thesameB.theonlyC.suchaD.this11.We’lltake___putyoutothetroubleoffetchingmore.A.lesssugarthanC.lessersugarthanB.lesssugarratherD.lesssugarratherthan12.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutput___it.A.todecreasingB.todecreaseC.thandecreasingD.thandecrease13.MichaelisathomeafterayearinLondonandhelooksjust___before.A.samelikeB.assameasC.thesamelikeD.thesameas14.Ofcourse,weagreewithyouwhenyousaythatHenryistallerthan___inhisclass.A.anyboyB.boysC.anyelseboyD.anyotherboy15.Heisnotsuchareliableperson___weexpectedhimtobe.A.whoB.asC.thatD.but16.Wewenttoseethe___bridge.A.whitelittlebeautifulfirstChinesestoneB.ChinesefirstbeautifulstonelittlewhiteC.Chinesefirststonewhitebeautifullittle235 D.firstbeautifullittlewhiteChinesestone17.Heinterviewedbothapplicants,butheoculdnotdecidewhowas___forthejob.A.moresuitableC.themoresuitableB.mostsuitableD.themostsuitable18.“Areyoutired?”“Yes,somuch___thatIcouldsleepforaweek.”A.asB.soC.likeD.same19.Manmayuseupnaturalresources___thantheexpertsexpect.A.soonB.soonerC.soonestD.fastest20.Theroomwasnotlargebutcontained____.A.fartoomanyfurnituresC.fartoomuchfurnitureB.toofarmanyfurnituresD.toofarmuchfurniture21.Theradiowasof___thatItookitbackandaskedforabetterone.A.tooinferiorqualityC.soinferiorqualityB.suchaninferiorqualityD.suchinferiorquality22.Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthings___toteachyoutheartoflearning.A.thanB.ratherthanC.norD.as23.Inthefirstfewweeks,thefreshmanmisstheirparents___enjoythecollege235 life.A.toomuchtoB.enoughtoC.verymuchtoD.muchsoasto24.Heexplainedittome,butI’mnone___wiser.A.enoughB.theC.moreD.much25.Thebeautyoftheplaceis___Icandescribe.A.nomorethanB.lessthanC.notmorethanD.morethan26.I___whathesaid.A.hardlycouldbelieveC.couldhardlybelieveB.couldbelievehardlyD.believehardly27.Theeffectsofsmokingaresaidtobemoreharmfulthan___drinking.A.thatofB.whichofC.thoseofD.whatof28.“Ithinkheiskind.”“No,heis___thanwise.”A.kinderB.morekinderC.morekindD.sokind29.TuitionatazChineseuniversityruns___900yuanasemester.A.sohighasB.ashighlyasC.ashighasD.sohighlyas30.I’mfeelingsick,butIshallcomewithyou____.A.neverthelessB.otherwiseC.moreoverD.thereby235 VII.Adjectives&AdverbsKey:1.C2.D3.B4.D5.D6.A7.b8.D9.C10.C11.D12.A13.D14.D15.B16.D17.C18.B19.B20.C21.D22.D23.A24.B25.D26.C27.C28.C29.C30.A235 Booklet:八、倒装（Inversion）英语的语序一般是固定的，主语通常放在谓语之前。如果一个句子的全部位于放在主语的前面，叫做全部倒装；部分谓语（通常是情态动词或助动词）放在主语前面，就叫做部分倒装。1.全部倒装1．1以表方向性的副词,如here,there,down,over,away,off,out,up,innow,then等开头,谓语为行为性不及物动词的句子,主谓倒装,但主语是代词时则不用倒装。例如:Hereisaticketforyou._____astonebridgeacrosstheriver.A.HerestandsB.TherestandsC.StandthereD.Standsthere答案是B。Hereyouare.1.2当句子的主语比较长而谓语比较短时，常将状语放在句首，235 主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。例如：____wasaphoto.A.EnclosedintheletterC.TheletterenclosedinB.IntheletterenclosedD.Inenclosedtheletter答案是A。1．３以neither,nor,so,nomore等开头的并列句中，表示前面一句话的谓语所说的情况也适合于后一句时，　采用倒装并且省去与前一句相同的成分。在这一句型中，要注意后一句中所用的助动词、系动词、情态动词与前一句相一致。例如:①Hesawit,sodidI.②Ifyoudon’tgothere,neithershallI.③Shewantstogo____.A.andsoherbrotherdidC.andtooherbrotherB.andsodidherbrotherD.anddidherbrother,too答案是B。2.部分倒装2.1具有否定或半否定意义的词语置于句首作为句首状语时，一般采用部分倒装语序。具有否定或半否定意义的词和词组有：235 no,never,seldom,little,few,rarely,hardly,neverbefore,nowhere,nolonger,nomore,notoften,notuntil,notonly,atnotime,innoway,in/undernocircumstances,innocase,onnoaccount,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than,notonly…butalso等。例如：①Never___himinsuchagoodmood.A.IhavefoundB.havefoundIC.haveIfoundD.Ifound答案是C。②Sheneverlaughed,___losehertemper.(90.1)A.orsheeverdidC.ordidsheeverB.nordidsheeverD.norsheeverdid答案是B。③Nosooner___thebus___tanthewaitingcrowdgotonit.A.did…stoppedB.has…stoppedC.had…stoppedD.was…stopping答案是C。④Innoway___.A.shecangiveinC.canshegiveinB.canbeshegiveninD.shegivesin答案是C。⑤Wehavebeetoldthatundernocircumstances___thetelephone235 intheofficeforpersonalaffair.(99.6)A.mayweuseB.wemayuseC.weshoulduseD.didweuse２．２在以方式副词或以often,always,once,everyotherday,manyatime等频度副词以及地点状语inthedistance,infrontof等开头的句子，一般采用部分倒装语序。例如：①OftenhadIintendedtospeakofit.　Gladly___moreifIwouldgetbetteradvice.A.IhadpaidB.IpayC.doIpayD.wouldIpay　答案是D。②Manyatime____thattest.A.wehavetriedC.didwehavetriedB.havewetriedD.wetried答案是C。③____,hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.(00.6)A.AlthoughmuchhelikesherC.AshelikeshermuchB.MuchalthoughhelikesherD.Muchashelikesher答案是D。２．３当“only+状语”置于句首时，一般采用部分倒装语序。例如：235 ①Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoice____.(89.1)A.washeabletomakehimselfhearB.hewasabletomakehimselfhearC.hewasabletomakehimselfheardD.washeabletomakehimselfheard答案是D。②Onlyunderspecialcircumstances___totakemake-uptests.(97.6)A.arefreshmenpermittedC.permittedarefreshmenB.freshmenarepermittedD.arepermittedfreshmen答案是A。2.4省略if的虚拟语气句，把were,had,should置于句首。例如：HadIknown,Imighthavejoinedyouinthediscussion.２．５在as和though引导的让步状语从句和在某些相当于让步状语从句的固定结构中，往往采用倒装的形式，其倒装结构为：“表语＋as/though+主语＋系动词“或”原形动词＋though/as+主语＋情态动词“。例如：①Tiredashewas,hewentonworking.235 ②___,theywillgoonasusual.A.ThoughyoumayobjectC.ThoughyouobjectmayB.thoughobjectyoumayD.Objectthoughyoumay答案是D。2.6在某些相当于让步状语从句的结构中，一般将从属连词省略，系动词倒装，　并相应地变成原形形式Be。如：____,Imustdoanotherexperiement.A.BeiteversolateC.ItiseversolateB.ItbeeversolateD.Solateitbeever答案是A。235 九、强调(Emphasis)强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。在口语中用不同的语调来表示强调，而在书面英语中则用加词或变换语序的方法来表示强调。1.强调句型“It+be+强调部分+that”所强调的部分可以是人或物，即主语或宾语。当强调部分是人时，可以用who或that；当强调部分是宾语又指人时，可用whom/that；当强调部分为物时，可用which/that;强调部分为状语时，只能用that。例如：①ItisZhangHongthat/whodoestheexperimentinthelabeveryday.（强调主语）②Itistheexperimentthat/whichZhangHongdoesinthelabeveryday.(强调宾语)③ItisinthelabthatZhangHongdoestheexperimenteveryday.(强调地点状语)④ItiseverydaythatZhangHongdoestheexperimentinthelab.(强调时间状语)⑤235 2.强调句型“Itwasnotuntil…that”这种句型通常用来强调表示时间的名词和时间状语，意为“直到……才……”。如：Itwasn’tuntilAnnacriticizedhimthathebecameawareofhismistake.　___fairlyrecently___thisproblemwassolved.A.Until,thatC.Notuntil,whenB.Itwasuntil,thatD.Itwasnotuntil,that答案是D。3.强调谓语动词用助动词do（第三人称单数用does,过去时用did）表示。例如：Idohopeyoucancometomorrow.Philipdidworkveryhardlastmonth.Homework:1.WhenItrytounderstand____thatpreventspreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwo235 causes.A.whyitdoesB.whatitdoesC.whatitisD.whyitis2.Itwaswithgreatjoy___shereceivedthenewsthatherlonglostdauhterwouldsoonreturnhom.A.sinceB.soC.forD.that3.Itwas___whotelephonedyouyesterday.A.himB.heC.hisD.himself4.Itwasn’t___theirpersonalintereststhattheydidallthis.A.forB.justC.becauseD.only5.It____JohnandMarywhohelpedmetheotherday.A.hasbeenB.areC.wasD.were6.Itisbecauseheistooyoung___hedoesnotunderstandit.A.soB.thatC.sothatD.therefore7.Itwas____whodidthat.A.heandIB.himandmeC.heandmeD.himandI8.Itwasnotuntilshearrivedhome____remembereredherappointmentwiththedoctor.A.whensheB.andsheC.thatsheD.she9.Itisbecausethisquestionistoodifficult___hedoesnotunderstandit.A.soB.thatC.thereforeD.sothat10.“Yougottoknowherhere,didn’tyou?”“No.Itwas___Icametoknowher.”235 A.intheuniversityC.intheuniversitywhereB.intheuniversitythatD.theuniversitywhere11.Wasit___theprofessorregardedwithsuchcontempt?A.themwhoB.themwhomC.thoseD.hewho12.Itwasthosepeoplewho____mostangryatwhatisgoingonatuniversitycampus.A.isB.wasC.wereD.are13.Theearthpullsonthemoonwithagravitationalforce,anditisthisforcethat___initsorbit.A.keepsthemoonC.themoonkeepsB.keptthemoonD.themoonkept14.Itwasthen___theunexpectedturninouraffairscame.A.whenB.thatC.atwhichD.inwhich15.Itisnotuntilanoutsideforceactsuponitthatanobject___.A.changesitsmotionC.changingitsmotionB.tochangeitsmotionD.dochangeitsmotion16.Itwas___thattheycompletedtheplanin8monthsinsteadof10.A.theirhardworkC.becauseoftheirhardB.hardworkD.ofthieirhardwork17.Itwas___thatpeoplebeganmaikingthingstohelpthemmeasurethepassageoftime.A.probablyaround3000yearsC.probablyaround3000yearsago235 B.probablybefore3000yearsD.probably3000yearsbefore18.____the1500’s___thefirstEuropeanexploredthecoastofCalifornia.A.Itwasnotuntil…thenB.Itisuntil…thatC.Itisnotuntil…whenD.Itwasnotuntil…that19.It___ourteachercamethatwebeganthetest.A.wasnotuntilC.wasuntilB.wasnotuntilD.untilwas20.____DorathatIamsoanxiousabout.A.ItwasB.ThatwasC.ItisD.Thatis21.“___aseat,”hetoldRose.A.DoyouhaveC.HaveyouhadB.DohaveD.Youarehaving22.Carsmovedveryslowlyinthe1920s,but,they___movemorequicklythanin1910.A.weretoB.didC.willD.can23.“Wasthatthedeanwhowalkedby?”“_________.”A.ItmustbethatC.HemustbethatB.ItmusthavebeenD.Musthavebeenit235 24.What____is____.A.hedid…toreturnthebookB.heisgoingtodo…toreturnthebookC.hewillbedoing…toreturnthebookD.hehasdone…returnedthebook25.Johndoesn’tstudyhard,butGeorge___.A.studiesB.studieshardC.doesD.doesstudy26.___whenyoucallonme,youarewelcome.A.NomatterB.WhatsoeverC.ByallmeansD.Indeed27.Little___wethinkhisspeechhadmadesodeepanimpressiononhisaudience.A.haveB.didC.hadD.should28.____importantisironatthepresentdaythatallalloysaredividedintotwogroups,ferrousalloysandnon-ferrousalloys.A.SoB.TooC.ThatD.Nomatterhow29.___Iapilot,IcouldflymyplaneandcrossAntarctica.A.IfB.WasC.WereD.Had30.___thequestionofhowthepresidentwouldpresentthejointannouncement.A.MoreseriousofC.ItwasmoreseriousB.OfitwasmoreseriousD.Moreseriouswas235 VIII.EmphasisKey:1.C2.D3.B4.A5.C6.B7.A8.C9.B10.B11.D12.D13.A14.B15.A16.C17.C18.D19.A20.C21.B22.B23.B24.B25.C26.A27.B28.A29.C30.D235 十、省略句(Ellipsis)有时一个句子中省去一个或若干成分,这样的句子叫做省略句。省略句结构简化，但意义仍然完整。1.简单句中的省略1.1所有格之后的名词如为“住宅、商店、工矿、门诊、教堂”等时，可以省略。例如：①Sheisgoingtoheruncle’s(house).②YesterdayImetheratthetailor’s(shop).1.2therebe结构中的引导词there以及谓语be,或同时省略，或省略there。例如：①(Thereare)Nogainswithoutpains.②(Isthere)anythingwrong?1.3独立主格结构中的分词,如为“being”或“havingbeen”时多用省略。例如：Themeeting(being)over,wealllefttheroom.235 1.4两个或两个以上动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式则省去to。例如：Herjobistotakecareofthechildrenand(to)washclothes.1.5主（宾）语补足语中的tobe往往省略。例如：Wefoundtheproblem(tobe)serious.2.并列句中的省略2.1在并列句中，在以and,but,or或分号等连接的并列句中，后一分句与前一分句中的相同部分可省略。例如：①Wetriedtohelpherbut(wetried)invain.②Mysonlikestogowithhisfather;mydaughter(likestogo)withme.2.2在并列句中，第二句用“neither/nor/so”引出，出现省略；neither/nor/so还可以引起倒装。如：①“Itwasverycoldyesterday.”235 “_______.”A.WasitsoB.SowasitC.SoitwasD.Itsowas答案是C。②Icouldnotpersuadehimtoacceptit,makehimseetheimportanceofit.(95.1)AneitherB.soC.eitherD.both答案是A。③Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but___haditactedresponsibly.(96.1)A.neitherB.soC.eitherD.both答案是A。2.3在下列动词appear,believe,expect,fear,hope,suppose,seem,trust,think及词组beafraid后跟有so或not时，后面的从句可以省略。So用来表示肯定，not表示否定。如：①“Areyougoingtotheschooltomorrow?“I’mafraidnot.”②“IsMaryateacher?”“Ithinkso.”3.从句中的省略235 3.1宾语从句以which,when,where,how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语和主句谓语相同时，可省略全部谓语，　甚至主语也可省略。例如：ShewillgotoBeing,butIdon’tknowwhy(shecan’tcome).3.2定语从句定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词。在非正式文体中，也可省略关系副词when和why。关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略。例如：①Thecar(that/which)Ihiredbrokedownaftertenkilometers.②Ishallneverforgettheday(when)IenteredBeingUniversity.3.3状语从句在asif,if,nomatterwhat,once,though/although,unless,until,when,where,whether,while235 引导的状语从句中，若谓语动词为be,而主语又与主句的主语相同时，　从句的主语和谓语动词常省略。例如：①When(Iam)withmoneyandatleisureI’dliketovisitGuilin..②Theriveriscleanwhere(itis)deep.4.一些习惯的省略表达式ifnecessary,ifpossible或whennecessary都可看作是省去了“…itis…”。如：Hewilllendyouawillinghandif(itis)needed..If(itis)necessary,Iwilltellhimoncemore.Homework:1.“What’sworryingabout?””___solate.”A.SinceMaryisstyingupB.SinceMaryhasstayedupC.Mary’sstayingupD.ForMarystaysup2.“Howniceofyoutocomeround,butwhy?””____.”A.SeeB.SeeingC.ToseeD.Forseeing”Itwasverycold235 yesterday.”3.”_____.”A.SowasitC.ItsowasB.SoitwasD.Wasitso4.“Who’sreadthebookthough?””____.”A.HegotitB.IhaveC.ShehasitD.His5.Johnspendsatleastasmuchtimeconsultinghistoricaldocumentsashe____.A.writesB.doeswritingC.iswriting.D.hasbeenwriting6.Copperwireallowsalargercurrentthan____.A.ironwireisC.isironwireB.ironwireallowD.ironwiredoes7.“Haveyoubeenherelong?””_____.”A.No,notveryC.Yes,onlylittleB.NotmuchD.No,onlyyesterday.8.“Willeverythingbefinishedtomorrow?”“Yes,Ibelieve___.”A.inthatB.suchC.inaboutD.so9.Hehasn’tmadehisapplicationyet,buthe____.A.planstoB.isplanningC.plansdoingD.planstodo10.IfMayisnotwillingtogo,why___someoneelse?A.don’taskB.notaskC.youdon’taskD.youdidn’task235 11.Hespentmoretime____.A.thanwasintendedC.thantobeintendedB.thanhewasintendedD.thanheintended12.Wouldyoureadmyletterandcorrectthemistake,if___?A.someB.anyC.everD.never13.”Whydidn’tMikegiveyouoneofhispaintings?”“Ididn’twantone,buthewouldhavegivenmeoneifI____.”A.didB.wouldC.willD.had14.PrestonBlair,___borninKentucky,livedandpracticedlawinMissouri.A.wasB.hewasC.althoughD.whohewas15.___,glassescancorrectmostsightdefectsinhealthyeyes.A.WhenwellfittedC.WellfittedifB.WellfittedwhenD.Ifwellfittedwhen16._____,allmachinesarecombinationsofsimplermachinessuchasthelever,thepulley,andtheinclinedplane.A.HowcomplexisnotamatterofB.TheematteriscomplexifnoC.ItdoesnotmatterifthecomplexityD.Nomatterhowcomplex17.Icannotcametoyourdinnerpartytonight.Ireallywouldbe____,butIhaveapreviousengagement.235 A.gladB.gladtohaveC.gladtoD.gladtodoit18.Hergradeshaveimproved,butonly___.A.veryslightB.veryslightlyC.inasmallamountD.some19.Turnoffthelight,____theroom.A.whenhavingleftC.whentoleaveB.whenleavingD.whenleft20.Weather___,thepicnicwillbeheldasscheduled.A.permitsB.shouldpermitC.willpermitD.permitting21.Thelastproblem,___attomorrow’smeeting,ishowtoputtheprogramintopractice.A.tobediscussedC.beingdiscussedB.discussedD.willbediscussed22.Johnsaidthatnoothercarcouldgo____.A.sofastlikehiscarCasfastlikethecarofhimB.asfastlikehiscarD.asfastashiscar23.”Ihopeyoudon’tmindmypointingoutyourmistakes.”“____.”A.OfcourseB.NotatallC.You’reverywelcome.D.Yes,Idon’t.24.Wooddoesnotconductelectricity,___.A.sodoesn’trubberC.nordoesrubberB.alsodoesn’trubberD.norrubberdoes235 25.Helendoesn’tlikemilkand____.A.soIdon’tB.sodon’tIC.eitherIdoD.neitherdoI26.“IsMarycomingtotheconcert?”“Ithink____.”A.yesB.itC.thatD.so27.When___theEnglishstandardofMalayanandChinesesecondarypupils,theprofessorgavenocomment.A.askingtocomparewithC.askedhimtocompareB.askedtobecomparedD.askedtocompare28.Ilikesportsand___mybrother.A.sodoesB.soisC.soD.solikes29.Whenreplyingtothisadvertisemtn,please___astampedaddressedenvelope.A.presentB.containC.encloseD.introduce30.Theyhaveallgotup,and___.A.JackhastooB.sohasJackC.Jackhasn’tD.alsohasJack235 X.EllipsisKey:1.C2.C3.B4.B5.B6.D7.A8.D9.A10.B11.A12.B13.D14.C15.A16.D17.C18.B19.B20.D21.A22.D23.B24.C25.D26.D27.D28.A29.C30.B235 Booklet:十一、反意疑问句(TagQuestions)反意疑问句提出情况和看法，并征求对方意见，其构成形式为：“主句+反意疑问句”，即当主句部分为肯定句时，疑问句谓语用否定形式，而当主句部分为否定句时，疑问句谓语则用肯定形式。如：Youcanrepairthewatch,can’tyou?Theyaren’tfromGuangzhou,arethey?1．祈使句的反意疑问句主句部分为肯定句时，反意疑问句为“willyou”;“won’tyou”或”wouldyou”；主句部分为否定句时，反意疑问句只用“willyou”。在以Let’s开头的祈使句中，反意疑问句应用“shallwe?”,在“letus…”的句型中，其反意疑问句应用“willyou?”。例如：①Passmethetool,_____?A.doyouB.don’tyouC.won’tyouD.won’tyou答案是D。②Let’sgoswimming,235 ______?A.willweB.shallweC.willyouD.wouldwe答案是B。③Letusshare,______?A.willyouB.shallweC.willweD.wouldwe答案是A。2．感叹句的反意疑问句主句为感叹句时，一般都是否定的反问：“isn’tit?”,“isn’the?”等等，反意疑问句的动词一律用be。例如：①Whataclevergirl,isn’tshe?②Whatabeautifulpicture,isn’tit!3.主从复合句的反意疑问句主句部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问句一般根据主句的谓语动词形式而定。如果主句的谓语动词有think,believe,suppose,expect等，而主语又为第一人称代词时，反意疑问句的主谓语应与从句的主谓语一致，但要注意否定的转移，即主句如果是否定结构，则从句应被看作是否定句来处理。例如：①ShesaysIdidit,___?A.didn’tIB.didIC.doessheD.doesn’tshe235 答案是D。②Isupposehe’sserious,___?A.don’tIB.isn’theC.isheD.doI答案是B。③Idon’tthinkshecares,____?A.doessheB.doIC.doesn’tsheD.don’tI答案是A。4．情态动词的反意疑问句4．1主句部分含情态动词must,表示“一定，想必”等推测含义时，反意疑问句中的动词要与实际所表达的时态相一致。例如：①Wemuststayhome,mustn’twe?（当must表示“必须“的含义时，反意疑问句用mustn’t。）②Youmustn’twalkonthegrass,____?A.mustyouB.mustn’tyouC.needn’tyouD.canyou答案是B。（当mustn’t表示“禁止”的含义时，反意疑问句用must。）③Shemustbeverytired,isn’tshe?Thestudentmustbestudyinghard,isn’the?235 Youmusthaveseenthefilmlastweek,haven’tyou?Hemusthavemadethemistake,______?A.mustn’theB.haven’theC.hasn’theD.musthe答案是C。（当must表推测时，一般根据must后的成分来构成反意疑问句。）④Youmustsendforadoctor,needn’tyou?(当must表示“有必要”的含义时，反意疑问句使用needn’t。)4.2当主句的谓语由“oughtto+动词原形“构成时，其反意疑问句的形式为：“ought+主语（oughtn’t+主语）或“shouldyou(shouldn’tyou)”。如：①Sheoughttogobyplane,____?A.shouldn’tsheB.wouldn’tsheC.shouldsheD.wouldshe答案是A。②Heoughtn’ttoblameyou,___?A.oughtn’theB.oughtheC.shouldn’theD.willhe答案是B。4.3主句谓语由“usedto+动词原形”构成时，235 其反意疑问句形式为“used/did+主语”。相同的还有dare和need。如：①Hedaren’tswimacross,darehe?②Hedidn’tdaretogo,didhe?③Heusedtosmoke10cigarettesaday,___?A.didheB.wasn’theC.wouldn’theD.usedn’the4.4当have表示“所有、有”含义时，反意疑问句的动词可用do,也可用have，而当have表示“所有”含义之外的意思时，反意疑问句则必须用do/does/did+主语的形式。如：①Youhaveboughtthatbook,___?A.doyouB.haven’tyouC.wouldyouD.wouldn’tyou答案是B。②Hehasn’talotoftimetospare,___?A.hasn’theB.hasheC.doesheD.doesn’the答案是B。③Youoftenhaveheadaches,___?A.don’tyouB.don’tIC.haveID.haven’tI答案是B。④“It’salreadyeight,Ihavetohurry,___?”A.doIB.haveIC.don’tID.haven’tI答案是C。235 5.如果主句的谓语是am,疑问部分不用amnot,而用aren’tI。如：Iamagoodstudent,___?A.amnotIB.amIC.aren’tID.areI答案是C。6．主句部分含有否定词never,seldom,hardly,little,none,nothing,few,nowhere等时，看作否定句，反意问句要用肯定形式。例如：Sheseldomsmiles,doesshe?Bobrarelygotdrunk,____?A.didn’theB.doesheC.didheD.doesn’the答案是C。7.当主句部分的主语是everybody,everyone,somebody,nobody,noone时,反意疑问句的主语应用they。例如：SomebodyphonedwhileIwasout,___?A.didtheyB.didn’theC.didn’ttheyD.didhe答案是C。235 8.当主句部分there+be存在句时，反意疑问句用be(not)there,即仍与therebe保持对应关系。例如：There’snohelpforit,___?A.isitB.isn’tit.C.istherD.isn’tthere答案是C。9.当主句部分的谓语动词wish时，要求反意疑问句中用may的肯定式来反问。如：①Iwishtogotothelibrarynow,mayI?②Iwishtogotoschoolnow,___?A.mayIB.wouldIC.canID.haveI答案是A。Homework:1.Let’sstartearlyinthemorning,___?A.shallweB.don’tyouC.doweD.don’twe2.Sheoughttogetthereatnine,___?A.shouldn’tsheB.shouldsheC.wouldn’tsheD.wouldshe3.Comeheramoment,___?235 A.shallyouB.willyouC.doyouD.don’tyou4.Johnisn’tadiligentstudent,foritisthethirdtimehehasbeenlate,___?A.wasn’titB.hasn’titC.isn’titD.hasn’the5.Today’sweatherisn’tascoldasitwasyesterday,____?A.wasn’titB.wasitC.isn’titD.isit6.Iwishtogohomenow,__?A.mayIB.wishIC.canID.wouldI7.Younevertolduswhyyouwerelateforthelastmeeting,___?A.weren’tyouB.hadyouC.didn’tyouD.didyou8.It’sthefirsttimethatshehasbeentotheUnitedStates,___?A.isn’tsheB.isn’titC.hasn’tsheD.hasn’tit9.Marykeepstalkingabouttheparty;shehadaverygoodtime,___?A.hadn’tB.hadC.didn’tD.weren’t10.“I’mgladtheWhiteshavegottogotoSanFranciso.”“Iam,too.They’llbebackintwoweeks,___?”A.will.theyB.won’ttheyC.aren’ttheyD.don’tthey11.Stopthenonsense,___?A.don’tyouB.doyouC.won’tyouD.willyou12.”Whatwastheassignmentfortoday?”“Wehadtoreadthefirstchapter,___?”A.didn’tweB.don’tweC.shouldn’twed.weren’t235 we13.Nooneisinterestedinthat,___?A.isheB.aretheyc.isn’ttD.isn’tone14.Iamverykeenatsports,___?A.isn’tIB.amn’tIC.don’tID.aren’tI15.Everyonehopestogetpromoted,___?A.doesn’theB.don’ttheyC.doesn’tsheD.dowe16.Youseemtobedissatisfiedwithyourpresentjob.Idon’tthinkyoutookeverythingintoconsiderationwhenyouappliedforit,___you?A.doB.didC.don’tD.didn’t17.Let’sstophere,___?A.shouldweB.shallweC.can’tweD.don’twe18.Somebodyborrowedmyoatyesterday,___?A.didheB.didn’theC.didn’ttheyD.didthey19.Nothingismoreimportantthatnthis,___?A.isn’titB.isitC.aretheyD.aren’tthey20.There’snotmuchnewsintoday’spaper,___?A.isn’titB.arethereC.isthereD.aren’tthere21.Tomisnewhere;hemusthavegotlost,___?A.hasn’theB.hasheC.hasn’theD.hasn’tit22.I’dlikeahotdog,___?A.wouldyoB.doyouC.couldn’tyouD.don’tyou235 23.Heneverusedtogetupearly,___?A.didn’theB.didheC.washeD.wouldhe24.Ineverdaredtoaskhimanyquestion,__?A.daredn’tIB.didIC.didn’tID.daredI25.Weoughttowaitforhimatthebusstop,___?A.oughtweB.needweC.shouldweD.shouldn’twe26.YouandIcouldhardlyunderstand,___?A.coldn’tweB.couldweC.couldyouD.canwe27.Ibelieveyouarenotserious,___?A.don’tIB.haven’tIC.don’tyouD.areyou28I’dbettergobyair,__?A.hadyouB.didyouC.hadn’tyouD.didn’tyou29.IwishtolearnGerman,__?A.mayIB.canIC.havn’tID.shallwe30.Thepointhasbeenclearlymade,___?A.hasn’titB.hasitC.wasitD.hadit235 XI.TagQuestions:Key:1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D5.A7.D8.B9.C10.B11.D12.A13.B14.D15.C16.B17.B18.C19.B20.C21.A22.A23.B24.B25.D26.B27.D28.C29.A30.A235