新教材高中英语语法 6页

高中英语语法重点难点回顾主谓一致常考难题：Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise．Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinfuture．Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式：glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主语用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk．并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy．Thegirl"steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor．Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited．Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented．A(great)numberof修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;agreatdealof,alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere．Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun．季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。1/2one(a)half1/4one(a)quarter形容词的顺序：系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料Thosethreebeautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodtable某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake,alive等只能作表语,不能作定语。某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly,timely等。1)close接近地　　　　closely仔细地，密切地2)free免费地　　　　　freely自由地,无拘束地3)hard努力地　　　　hardly几乎不4)late晚，迟　　　　　lately近来5)most极,非常　　　mostly主要地6)wide广阔地，充分地widely广泛地7)high高　　　　　　highly高度地，非常地8)deep深，迟　　　deeply抽象意义的“深”9)loud大声地　　　　loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)10)near邻近　　　　　nearly几乎bad/ill,badlyworseworstlittlelessleast 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示：Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone．表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，alot，abit，alittle，still，much，far,yet,byfar等修饰：Heworksevenharderthanbefore．注意:byfar通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。HeissuperiortoMrWanginmathematics．在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如：Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk．Aboxmadeofironisstrongerthanonemadeofwood．表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,length,width,etc)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。［高三倍］Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,wide,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,wider)thanB.例如:Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。表示两倍可以用twice或double。表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：I"vehadsomanyfallsthatI"mblackandblueallover.MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether.但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthatthetheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.6)almost与nearly在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost。例如：I"mnotnearlyready.在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly。例如：Ialmostneverseeher.need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。例如：Youneedn"tcomesoearly.NeedIfinishtheworktoday?－－Yes,youmust.注意：needn"thavedone“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如：Youneedn"thavewaitedforme.“shouldhavedone”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。Youshouldhavestartedearlier.“oughttohavedone”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。Yououghttohavehelpedhim(butyoudidn"t)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have,be,hear,see,like等词一般不用进行时。有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如： Theclothwasheswell.这布很经洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwriteswell.这支笔很好写。在动词arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)＋动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如：Wesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistedthatthey(should)gowithus.Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)＋动词原形”。例如：Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthatwe(should)doexercisesfirst.在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如：Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.注意：不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如：Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?Ihavenochoicebuttogo.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can"thelp,can"tstand(无法忍受)等。Itriednottogothere.(我设法不去那里。)Itrieddoingitagain.(我试着又干了一次。)]meantodo有意...meandoing意味着...Imeantocomeearlytoday.(我打算今天早些来。)Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)allow,advise,forbid,permitWedon"tallowsmokinghere.Wedon"tallowstudentstosmoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：Thewindowneeds(requires,wants)cleaning(tobecleaned).在短语devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.(原因)Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldn"tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)Askedtostay,Icouldn"tverywellrefuse.这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不会有歧义。下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如： Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存，分裂则亡。HeusedtoliveinLondon,use(d)n"the/didn"the?Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,use(d)n"tthere/didn"tthere?Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtn"the?但在正式文体中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,shouldwenot?含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn"t。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren"t(isn"t)十主语,例如：Youmustbetired,aren"tyou?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn"t。例如：Youmustgohomerightnow,needn"tyou?当mustn"t表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如：Youmustn"twalkongrass,mustyou?前句谓语动词是musthave＋过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn"t＋主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven"t(hasn"t)＋主语,例如：Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn"the?Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven"tyou?陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn"the?如果陈述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如：Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,noone等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn"the?Everyoneknowstheirjob,don"tthey?Noonewashurt,werethey?I"mlate,aren"tI?Onecan"tbetoocareful,canone(you)?Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let"sgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。连接词用that(不用which)及连接副词how,when,where,why等。例如：Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如：Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn"tbeendecidedyet.Ithasn"tbeendecidedwhether(if)weshallattendthemeeting.C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如：Italldepends(on)whethertheywillsupportus.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。Hedoesn"tknowwhethertostayornot.E)后面紧接ornot时。Wedidn"tknowwhetherornotshewasready.F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell. G)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：1)先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.3)先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,等修饰。Ihavereadallthebook(that)yougaveme.4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.5)先行词既有人又有物时。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.Thisisthehousethat(which)hevisitedlastyear.用nosooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如：HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Hereitis.Herehecomes.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.LiWeican"tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.部分倒装用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如：Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等词开头的句子。NevershallIdothisagain.Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.6.用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。OnlyWangLingknowsthis.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!stomach－stomachs，aGerman－threeGermans,anAmerican－twoAmericans，mancook-mencooks; papers报纸,文件　manners礼貌　drinks饮料inaword简言之inotherwords换句话说havewordswith与某人吵嘴haveafewwords(aword)withsb.与某人说几句话Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives．某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。Thepolicearesearchingforhim