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【语法】自考英语语法总结1)表语从句1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类:(1)从属连词that。如:ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2)从属连词whether,as,asif。如:Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.他看起来还与十年前一样。Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.问题是他们是否能帮我们。注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但asif却可引导表语从句,如:Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago,butit’sasifitwasonlyyesterday.这都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。如:Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why。如:Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。Thequestionishowhedidit.问题是他是如何做此事的。Thatwaswhatshedidthismorningonreachingtheattic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释:1.连词because可引导表语从句。如:Ithinkitisbecauseyouaredoingtoomuch.我想这是因为你做得太多。2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如:Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(2)主语从句 1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类:(1)从属连词that。如:Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。(2)从属连词whether。如:Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why。如:Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她干了什么尚不清楚。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。Whoevercomesiswelcome.不论谁来都欢迎。Whereveryouareismyhome----myonlyhome.你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。解释:
1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有:A.It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句。如:Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。Itisprobablethathetoldhereverything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B.It+be+名词词组(nowonder,anhonour,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise,etc.)+that从句。如:It’sapitythatwecan’tgo.很遗憾我们不能去。It’snosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。如:ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatelliteintoorbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D.It+seem,happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如:ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.Alice似乎不来参加晚会。IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如:Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.她是否来这无关紧要。Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F.
当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗?Doesitmattermuchthattheywillnotcometomorrow?他们明天不来很要紧吗?G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如:Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet!孩子们这么安静真奇怪!2.注意连接代词whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(whoever=thepersonwho)来的人将受到欢迎。Whateverhedidwasright.(whatever=thethingthat)他所做的事情是正确的。Whicheverofyoucomesinwillreceiveaprize.(whichever=anyoneofyouwho)你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。(3)宾语从句 1.定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:(1)从属连词that。如:Hetoldusthathefeltill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。Iknowhehasreturned.我知道他已经回来了。注:that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。
1.EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2.Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。3.ThatheeversaidsuchathingIsimplydon’tbelieve.(that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4.Wedecided,inviewofhisspecialcircumstances,thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod.(主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。)鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词if/whether。如:Idoubtwhetherhewillsucceed.我怀疑他是否会成功。Idon’tknowifyoucanhelpme.我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词where,when,how,why。如:Whoorwhathewas,Martinneverlearned.他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。Iwonderwhathe’swritingtomeabout.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。I’lltellyouwhyIaskedyoutocome.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。Youmaydowhatyouwill.你可做任何你想做的事。(1)介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如:Hewasdeeplydispleasedbywhathadoccurredthatday.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。Iwalkedovertowhereshesat.我走向她坐的地方。Iamcuriousastowhathewillsay.我很想知道他要说什么。Yoursuccesswilllargelydependuponwhatyoudoandhowyoudoit.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如:Idon’tcare(for)whomarrieshim.我不管谁跟他结婚。Becareful(asto)howyoudothat.你要注意做这件事的方式。解释:1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoWangdidnotcomeyesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.他已表明他不会屈服。2.作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheiscareless.他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。YoumayrelyonitthatIshallhelpyou.你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:Areyousorryforwhatyou’vedone?你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,连词that可省略。如:
IamnotsurewhatIoughttodo.我不能确定我该做什么。I’mafraidyoudon’tunderstandwhatIsaid.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。I’msurprisedthatIdidn’tseeallthatbefore.我好奇怪,我以前没看到过。Motherwasverypleasedherdaughterhadpassedtheexams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4.连词whether(…ornot)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和ornot连用,if一般不与ornot连用。如:Iwonderwhetheritistrueornot.我不知它是真是假。用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较:Pleaseletmeknowifyouwanttogo.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.if从句可理解为宾语从句,意为“请告诉我你是否想去”;此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话,请告诉我一声”。5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:Idon’tthinkyouareright.我认为你错了。Idon’tbelievetheyhavefinishedtheirworkyet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe?我想他不在意,是吗?6.宾语从句的时态变化规律:(1)当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2)当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如:Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
(4)同位语从句 1.定义:用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2.用法:同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,关联词多用从属连词that。如:Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick.对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome?你在哪儿听说我不能来?EarlyinthedaycamethenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注:同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如:Ihavenoideawhetherhe’llcomeornot.我不知道他是否来。连接代词who,which,what和连接副词where,when,why,how亦可引导同位语从句。Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。Itisaquestionhowhedidit.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。解释:1.that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别
that引导的同位语从句that引导的定语从句句法功能上that只起连接从句的作用,无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用,是定语如:ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.(同位语从句,that不可省。)李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。Thenews(that)hetoldmeyesterdayistrue.(定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。)他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如:Thisisouronlyrequestthatthis(should)besettledassoonaspossible.这就是我们唯一的请求:尽快解决这个问题。测试:A.用适当的连接词填空:1.Itworriedherabitherhairwasturninggray.2.Ihavenoideawecandowiththesewastematerials.3.thedoctorreallydoubtsismymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.4.Itishopednaturewillneverbedestroyed.5.doyouguesswillgiveatalkonEnglishtomorrow?
6.----IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.----Isthatyouhadafewdaysoff?7.WordcameIwaswantedattheoffice.8.Doyouknowofthemwillbeournewheadmaster?9.Theteacherdidn’ttellmewewerewrong.10.It’sgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildheorshewants.B.单项选择:1.ItwastrueAlicedidsurprisedhermother.A.thatB.whatC.that,whatD.what,that2.Doesmattermuchhecan’tcometothemeeting.A.it,ifB.that,ifC.it,whetherD.this,whether3.----Whatareyouanxiousabout?----.A.HowcanwesucceedB.WhetherwecansucceedC.WhencanwesucceedD.Thatwecansucceed4.Thereasonthelittleactresshasbeensuchasuccessissheisbothcleverandhard-working.A.why,whyB.why,thatC.that,becauseD.for,because5.leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.WhoB.WhoeverC.AnyoneD.Theperson6.Ireallydon’tknow____________Ihadthisphototaken.A.whereitwasthatB.itwasthatC.whereitwasD.itwaswhy7.Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge.Ican’tremember.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that8.----WhatdoyouthinkofChina?---differentlifeistodayfromitusedtobe.A.How,whatB.What,whatC.How,thatD.What,that9.Givethistoyouthinkcandotheworkwell.A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever
10.troublesmeisIcan’tlearnalltheseEnglishidiomsbyheart.A.That,thatB.What,whatC.That,whatD.What,that答案:A.1.that2.what3.what,whether4.that5.who6.why7.that8.which9.where10.whateverB.1—5CABBB6—10ACACD(5)定语从句 (一)定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用:A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如:Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中,whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句,修饰先行词theman,“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词theman,在定语从句中作主语。(二)关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。注意:关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.Which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnot
interestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4.That指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5.Whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意:指物时,常用下列结构来代替:Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意:1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)这是我正在找的手表。ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryh