英语语法专题复习---名词 7页

英语语法专题复习——名词一、名词【要点点拨】一.可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s,-es;辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;(1)keys,threeHenrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs;gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;tomatoes;Negroes;dingoesA(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如:someVIPs(VIP’s);inhis50s/50’s;inthe1990s/1990’s;Therearetwot’sintheword“letter”.2.不规则变化:(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen等;(2)单复数形式相同:sheep;deer;fish;means;works(工厂);Chinese;Japanese;Swiss;(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes;ashes;contents(目录);goods;customs(海关);arms(武器);(4)复合名词的复数形式:shoeshops;lookers-on;grown-ups;passers-by;daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:Chinese/Japanese)B:把man变成men:Englishmen;Frenchmen;C:其它加s(包括Germans)一、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;aloafofbread;abarofchocolate;twoheadofcattle2.不可数名词具体化：Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses;Thepartywasagreatsuccess.二、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加’s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s:JackandTom’sroom(两人共有的房间);Jack’sandTom’srooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：thewindowsoftheroom;(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s:China’sindustry;today’spaper;tenminutes’walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmyaunt’s(house);atthedoctor’s(office);gotothechemist’s(shop); 3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+…..’s/名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：afriendofhermother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）afriendofhermother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）apictureofhisbrother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)apictureofhisbrother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop(s);storybook(s);coffeecup(s);physicsteacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：salesmanager;sportsmeet;由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/womendoctors;(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表五.英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof只修饰不可数名词:agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof)既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/largequantitiesof【各个击破】1.Noregularadvertiserdareproduceanythingthatfailstosticktothe_____ofhisadvertisement.A.standardB.levelC.messageD.promise2.-----Whatdoyouthinkofhiscomposition?------Muchbetter,butthere’sstillsome______forimprovement.A.spaceB.roomC.areaD.place3.Sometimesdoctorsmakehigher______fortheirworkthantheyshould.A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices4.The______ofabigsnakemadeherfrightened,soshesattherestill.A.sightB.lookC.viewD.scene 5.No______shefellill,consideringthatshehadbeenoverworkingforyears.A.problemB.wayC.wonderD.matter6.-----Howisitthatyoulostyourway?------WhenIcametothecrossroads,Iwentthewrong________.A.wayB.directionC.distanceD.path7.LittleTomaskedmeforsmall_________forhis_________piece,soIgavehim________.A.change;tenpennies;tenpenceB.changes;tenpennies;tenpenceC.change;tenpence;tenpenniesD.changes;tenpence;tenpennies8.Willyoupleasetellme_______youaretalkingabout?A.whichZhangYimou’sfilmB.whichfilmofZhangYimouC.whichfilmofZhangYimou’sD.zhangYimou’swhichfilm9.Thebabybrokea_______whichismadeof_____justnow.A.teacup;glassB.cupoftea;glassC.tea’scup;glassesD.teacup;glasses10.Look,Motherhasjustboughtthree_______and_______.A.fruit;lotsofvegetablesB.fruits;anumberofvegetablesC.fruit;agreatmanyofthevegetablesD.fruits;agreatamountofvegetables11.Ifyougetthejobyou’llhavetomakebusiness______everynowandthen.A.journeysB.tripsC.travelsD.voyages12.Ilistenedtohislectureaboutbiology,butImissedthekey______.A.messagesB.senseC.notesD.points13.Heisalwaysfullof______asthoughheneverknewtiredness.A.strengthB.forceC.powerD.energy14.Therehasbeenagreat_______inthenumberofcarsinourcityinthepastfiveyears.A.increaseB.improvementC.resultD.effect15.Idon’tthinkit’smy______thattheTVdoesn’twork.Ijustturneditoff.A.mistakeB.faultC.dutyD.error16.----What’sthe______ofthispairofshoes?----500yuan.----Oh,it’sreallytooexpensive.----Butit’scomfortable,soIthinkit’sgood_______formoney.A.cost;valueB.price;valueC.price;costD.cost;price17.Howdidyoulikethe________oftheinterpreter(口译员)attheconferenceonTV? A.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words18.Sheisnotingood_______forsuchheavywork.A.stateB.conditionC.positionD.situation19.It’sbad_______foramantosmokeinpublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.A.mannersB.actionC.movementD.manner20.Johnsonisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishashadalotof_______inthepastfewyears.A.agreementsB.salesC.dealsD.bargains主谓一致【要点点拨】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,noone,nothing,nobody做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect.Everythingaroundusismatter.(注意：none,neither,all,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)Noneofthemowns/ownacar.Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.Allarehere.Andallthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Fiveminutesisenough.Fourhundredfrancsisalotofmoney.3：each…andeach…，every…andevery;no…andno;manya…andmanya…等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。EachboyandeachgirlhasgotanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Nosoundandnovoiceisheardforalongtime.4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.（tosaysomething,todo是不定式）“Howdoyoudo?”isnotaquestionbutagreeting.（Howdoyoudo?是句子，作主语）(注意：what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)Whatweneedismoretime,whilewhattheyneedaremoredoctorsandmedicines.5：oneandahalf后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。Oneandhalfbananasisleftonthetable.6：用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。TheheadmasterandPartysecretaryisgoingabroadnextmonth. Breadandbutterismyusualbreakfast.7：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。Thenewsisdisappointingthatachemicalworksistobebuiltinthewestofthecity.8：名词由and或both…and连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop.9：people,public,police,cattle做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Andpeoplearetalkingaboutthenews.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Yourtrousersaretoolong,buttheseshoesfityouquitewell.但有apairof连接时，谓语动词使用单数。Apairofglovesisanicepresentforher.11:不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Threemilliontonsofoilareexploitedeveryyearintheoilfield.12:在or,either---or---,neither---nor---,notonly---butalso---,not---but---,therebe等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.考点13:下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致:aswellas;ratherthan;like;except;besides;with;alongwith;including;such---as---;;NoonebutJackandMaryknowsaboutit.Iaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.考点14：someof;plentyof;alotof;mostof;therestof;all(of);half(of);分数或百分之+of+名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。Alotofstudentsarewaitingoutside.Andlotsofthetimehasbeenwasted.Morethan70%oftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.Therestofthestoryneedsnotelling.Hestayedathomeandtherestoftheboyswereoutatplay.15：由akindof;thiskindof;manykindsof和名词+ofthiskind等以及与kind意思相近的type,sort等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词取得一致。ThiskindofapplesellswellinChina.Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.16：morethan开头的句子，看其后面的名词。Morethanoneansweriswrittenontheblackboard.Morethantwohundredsoldierswerekilledinthebattle.17:定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveappearedthisyear.Sheistheonlyoneofthosewomenwhodoesn’tknowathingaboutknitting(编织).18:population;company;class.team;family;group;nation;world;government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。 Ourfamilyhasareunioneveryyear.Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.19：the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse.真实应与假相区别。(thetrue/thefalse表单数概念)20：anumberof+复数名词结构应用复数动词。thenumberof+复数名词结构应用单数动词。如：Anumberofpeoplewerekilledandinjuredintheexplosion.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledinthetsunami(海啸)hasgrownto160,000.【各个击破】1.——HaveyouheardthatTianLiang,alongwithhisparents,_______toCanada?——Really?NowonderIhaven’tseenhimthesedays.A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.havebeenD.havegone2.Overthree-quarterofthecity_______destroyedintheIraqWar.A.isB.areC.wereD.was3.Thiskindofstories________instructivewhilestoriesofthatkind________harmfultochildren.A.is;seemsB.are;seemC.is;seemD.are;seems4.Everybodyinourhometown,menandwomen,youngandold,________sportsandgames.A.arefondofB.joinsC.enjoysD.goinfor5.TheWhites’family,which_______ratheralargeone,________veryfondoftheirhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was6.Nothissonbuthistwodaughters________toCanada,nevertobeseenagain.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen7.Whentheinjured_______tothehospital,,theycameto________.A.wasrushed;lifeB.wererushed;lifeC.rushed;livesD.wererushed;lives8.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthat_______notfullyunderstood.A.areB.wereC.isD.was9._________visitorstoHongKongwereaskedbynewspaperreporterswhattheirimpressionsofthepeoplewere.A.ThenumberofB.AnumbersofC.NumbersofD.Anynumbersof10.Thoughsmall,theantisasmuchasacreatureas_________allotheranimalsonearth.A.areB.isC.doD.have11.Betweenthetworowsoftrees_______theteachingbuilding.A.haveB.hasC.standsD.are12.Everypossiblemeans_________triedbutwithoutmuchresult.A.havebeenB.hadC.hasD.hasbeen13.Therestofthestory________notelling.Halfofthestudents_______no interestinit.A.need;hasB.needs;haveC.needs;hasD.need;have14.JohnandMary,___suretocometoourpartythisevening.A.beB.areC.isD.tobe15.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksonthesubject________everbeenwritteninEnglish.A.thathasB.whichhaveC.thathaveD.whichis16.Everyboyandeverygirlaswellassometeacherswho____tovisitthemuseum____askedtobeattheschoolgatebefore6:30inthemorning.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are17.Agreatmanypeople_______presentatthemeeting.Butmanyaman________lateforthemeetingbecauseofthetrafficjam.A.are;areB.is;isC.were;wasD.was;are18.Heistheonlyoneofthechildrenwhooften________illofothersbehindtheirbacks.A.havespokenB.werespeakingC.speaksD.speak19.It’sIwho________theChristmasgifttoyou.A.hassentB.havesentC.isgoingtofetchD.aregoingtofetch20.Whatwereyourproblemsayearago_______minenow.A.hasbecomeB.havebecomeC.becomesD.became答案：名词：DBBACACCABBDDABBABAC主谓一致：BDCCBBBACACDBAACCCBB