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  • 2022-06-17 15:19:28 发布

高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解连词

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高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解---------连词及练习一、概念连词(conjunction.)是用来连接单词,短语,从句或句子的词。连词是虚词,所以不作成分。二、连词的分类:1.连词按其构成分为:1)简单连词,如:and,or,but,if,becauseect.2)关联连词,如:both…and,notonly…butalsoect.3)分词连词,如:supposing,considering,providedect.4)短语连词,如:asif,aslongas,inorderthatect.2.连词按其性质分为1)并列连词,如:and,or,but,forect.用来连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句。2)从属连词,如:that,whether,when,although,becauseect.用来连接名词性从句或状语从句。三、连词的用法:并列连词:1.表示并列关系的连词有:and,both…and…,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…和aswellas等。1)and:和,并且A:基本用法:"and"表示"和","并且"的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语和片语,句子和句子.eg.①Ienjoybasketball,footballandtabletennis.②Theweatherbecomescolderandcolder.③Hedidn’tgoandshedidn’tgoeither.他没去,她也没去。B:特别用法:祁使句后连接and,有条件句作用,此时and=ifyou…,you"ll…eg.Gostraighton,andyou"llseethelibrary.=Ifyougostraighton,youwillseethelibrary.2)both…and…:既…也…,(两者)都…A.BothAandB+谓语(构成的词组作主语时,谓语动词用复数)。eg.①BothJimandKatearefromEngland.②HebothspeaksandwritesSpanish.③Amanshouldhavebothcourageandperseverance.一个人即应有勇气也要有毅力。④BothNewYorkandLondonhavetrafficproblems.纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。B.both…and…否定句表示部分否定.eg.①Youcan"tspeakbothGermanandEnglish.②Bothmyfatherandmymotheraren"tdoctors.3)neither…nor…:既不…也不…**NeitherAnorB+谓语(与B相一致,即连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词即采取就近原则。)eg.①NeitherInorhehasseentheplaybefore.②Shecouldn’tspeakthelanguage,norcouldshewriteit.③Shecouldneitherspeakthelangaugenorwriteit.④Hemovedsteadily,lookingneitherleftnorright.⑤Theweatherismildtoday;itisneitherhotnorcold.今天天气很温暖,不冷也不热。4)notonly…butalso…:不但…而且…NotonlyAbutalsoB+谓语(与B相一致,即连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。)eg.①Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenareill.②Itwasnoyonlyunkindbutalsountrue.5)aswellas:也;还有A.基本用法:常可连接两个并列的成分。AaswellasB+谓语(与A相一致)+….。eg.①LilyaswellasBettywasintheroom.②Itisimportantforyouaswellasforme.③Itisimportantforyouaswellasforme.这对你和对我都很重要。B.特殊用法:aswellas+动名词,有时可译为“(不仅)而且”,“除了……还”。 eg.①Smokingisdangerous,aswellasmakingyousmellbad.1.②Aswellasbreakinghisleg,hebrokehisarm.③Shesingsaswellasplayingthepiano.2.表示转折关系的连词有:but,however,yet,still,while等.1)but:conj.而;相反;然而;除……外;只有A.基本用法:连接两个并列成分、并列分句。eg.①NotyoubutIamtoblame.②Theyseethetreesbutnottheforest.③Marywasanicegirl,butshehadoneshortcoming.④Shepretendedtobeangry,butshewasnot.⑤Someoneborrowedmypen,butIdon’trememberwho.有人借了我的钢笔,但我不记得是谁了。B.特殊用法:用在某些否语后,表示“只……”。eg.①Heeatsnothingbuthamburgers.②Sheknowsnoonebutyou.③Noonebutmesawher.④Ihadnochoicebuttosignthecontract.⑤Youhavenobodybutyourselftoblame.2)however:adv.(连接副词)(1)但是;不过eg.①Hesaidthatitwasso;hewasmistaken,however.②Yourcompositionisfairlygood,however,thereisstillsomeroomforimprovement.(2)不管……怎样(如何)eg.①Theywillneversucceed,howevermuchtheytry.②Howevercolditis,shealwaysgoesswimming.③Hewantedtotakenorisk,howeversmall.④HowevercarefullyIexplained,shestilldidn’tunderstand.⑤Heknewwhathewanted;howeverhedidn’tknowhowtogetit.(3)however:adv.(疑问副词)怎样eg.Howeverdidyouknowthat?/Howeverdidyoufindit?3)yet:conj.但是;却;尽管;然而A.基本用法:连接词、短语、并列句等。eg.①Itisstrangeyettrue.②Theyarethesame,yetnotthesame.③Tomgotupearly,yethefailedtocatchthetrain.④Ihavefailed,yetIshalltryagain.⑤Hesaidhewasourfriend,yethewouldn’thelpus.他说他是我们的朋友,但却不肯帮助我们。B.特殊用法:(1)andyet:然而;可是eg.①He’spleasantenough,andyetIdon’tlikehim.②Hehasagoodjob,andyetheneverseemstohaveanymoney.(2)yet可与although/though连用eg.Althoughitwasdark,yethestillwentonhistriponfoot.yet:adv.(1)还(多用于否定句)eg.①Themoonhadnotyetrisen.②Ihaven’tenoughtimeyet.(2)已经(疑问句)eg.①Hashecomeyet?”“No,notyet.”②Didyoueatyet?(3)早晚;总有一天(与could;might;mayect.连用,表示将来还可能发生某事)eg.①Hemaycomeyet.②Theplanmayyetsucceed.③Wemaywinyet.④Shecouldyetsurpriseusall.4)still:adv.仍然;仍旧;还(连接副词)eg.①Hewasverytired,stillhekeptonwalking.②Hetriedhardtolookforit,stillhecouldn’tfindit.5)while:conj.然而;而(对比两件事物,意思接近whereas)eg.①Janeishardworking,whilehersisterisquitelazy.②Iliketeawhileshelikescoffee.③Somepeoplewastefoodwhileothershaven’tenough.3.表示选择关系的并列连词有:or,either…or…,whether…or…等。1)or:或,否则A:基本用法:or表示"或"的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。(a)连接两个名词:eg.①Wouldyoulikecoffeeortes? ②----IsyourfriendEnglishorAmerican?----American.③Hedoesn"tlikedumplingsornoodles.(b)连接两个形容词或数词:eg.①Isitgreenorblue?②There’soneortwothingsI’dliketoknowabout.2.(c)连接两个动词:eg.Shemaydosomeworkinthefieldsorhelpinthehouse.(d)连接两个副词:eg.①Areyoucomingtodayortomorrow?②It’snowornever.要么现在干,要么永远别干。(e)连接两个介词短语:eg.Areyougoingtowaterthegardenbeforeoraftersupper?(f)连接两个分句:eg.Doyouwantabathatonce,orshallIhaveminefirst?(g)连接更多:eg.Theseacanbeblueorgreenorgrey.B:特别用法:祁使句后连接or,表"如果…,否则…",有转折的意思,此时or=ifyoudon"t…,you"ll…。eg.①Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.=Ifyoudon"thurryup,you"llbelate.②Hehadtohaveajoborgohungry.C.orelse:否则eg.①Hurryuporelseyou’llbelate.②Bequick,orelseit’llbetoolate.2)either…or…:或者…或者…;不是…就是…;要么…要么…EitherA.orB.+谓语(连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词跟B."人称"和"数"的一致,即就近原则。)eg.①EitheryouorIamright.②DoeseithersheortheylikeEnglish?③Peoplewhoareeitherunderageoroveragemaynotjointhearmy.年龄不到或者超龄的人注意:由either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定。eg.Sheisn"teitherastudentorateacher.3)whether…or…:不管…还是…eg.①Sheisalwayscheerful,whetherathomeoratschool.②Whetherwegoorwhetherwestay,theresultisthesame.③Heseemedundecidedwhethertogoortostay.whetherornot/no:是否eg.①Canyoutellmewhetherornotthetrainhasleft?②Hecouldnotdecidewhetherornotoreturnhome.4.表示因果关系的并列连词有:for(因为),so(所以).1)for:conj.因为;由于(一般用逗号把它和前面分句隔开,它是对前面情况的解释。)eg.①Heisnotatschooltoday,forhehasabadcold.②Heshookhishead,forhethoughtdifferently.③Hedecidedtoleaveatdawn,forhehadmanymilestocover.。④Youaresupposedtogetridofcarelessness,foritoftenleadstoseriouserrors.你们一定要克服粗枝大叶,因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。2)so:conj.因此;所以eg.①Itwaslate,soIwenthome.②ItwasstillpainfulsoIwenttoseeadoctor.③Thechildhadabadcough,sohismothertookhimtothedoctor.这孩子咳得很利害,所以他妈妈带他去看医生从属连词:从属连词是用来连接名词性从句或状语从句的连词。1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:before,after,when,while,as,till,until,since,assoonas等.eg.①Aftertheyhadplantedtheircrops,theytookarest.②Wehavelearnedsixlessonssincehebegantoteachus.③AssoonashegetstoBeijing,he"llcallme.A.基本用法:1)when,while,as都表示"当……时",when从句谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词,可用于主从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作;while从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词,侧重主从句动作同时发生;as引导一个持续性动作,多用于主从句动作同时发生,强调"一边……一边"。eg.①WhenIcamein,myfatherwascooking.②Icameinwhen/whilemyfatherwascooking.③Hesangashewalked.注意:表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when,while,as,whenever。 eg.①Don’ttalkwhileyou’reeating.吃饭时不要说话。②Vegetablesarebestwhentheyarefresh.蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。③HecamejustasIwasleaving.我正要走时他来了。3.2)until用法:当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时,主从句都用肯定式,译为"直到……为止";当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式,即not…..until,译为"直到……才"。eg.①Mr.Greenwaiteduntilhischildrencameback.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来。)②Mr.Greendidn"tgotobeduntilhischildrencameback.(格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉。)B.特殊用法:(1)when:conj.(a)although虽然;然而;可是eg.Sheclaimedtobe18,whenIknowshe’sonly16.(b)consideringthat考虑到;既然eg.Howcantheyexpecttolearnanythingwhentheyneverlisten?(c)刚…就;一……就eg.Hehadjustbeeninbedwhenthephonerang.(2)while:conj.(必须用于句首)although;inspiteofthefactthat…虽然;尽管eg.①WhileIamwillingtohelp,Idonothavemuchtimeavailable.②Whiletheyaremyneighbours,Idon’tknowthemwell.(3)表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before,after。eg.①Trytofinishyourworkbeforeyouleave.离开前设法把工作做完。②Afterwehavefinishedtea,wewillsitonthegrass.喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。注意:after与before可用作连词,又可作介词用。但是,在省略句中,after与before须作介词用。表示被动时,介词之后不可用过去分词。eg.①Afterbeingpaintedgreen,thehouselookedmorebeautiful.Afterpaintedgreen(╳),…②Beforebeinginvitedtotheparty,hehadbeenlookingforwardtoit.Beforeinvited…(╳)(4)时间连词+分词的用法:eg.①When(Iwas)walkinginthestreet,ImetMr.Smith.②While(Iwas)waitingforthebus,Ireadabook.③Don’tspeakuntil(youare)toldto.④Hehaschangedalotsince(hewas)beinginthearmy.⑤Hedidn’tgotothepartyuntil(hewas)invitedasecondtime.3)当表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的:assoonas,themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,nosooner…than,hardly…when等。eg.①I’llletyouknowassoonasIhearfromher.我一接她的信就通知你。②ThemomentIhavefinished,I’llgiveyouacall.我一干完就给你打电话。③Iwanttoseehimtheminute/themomenthehearrives.他一到我就要见他。④IcameimmediatelyIheardthenews.我一听到这个消息,马上就来了。⑤Onceyoubeginyoumustcontinue.你一旦开始,便不可停下来。⑥IwenthomedirectlyIhadfinishedwork.⑦Irecognizedherinstantly=theinstant(that)(=assoonas)Isawher.⑧NosoonhadIgorhomethanIsmeltsomethingburnt.⑨Hardlyhadwesatdownatthetablewhenthetelephonerang.4)表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till。eg.①She’sbeenplayingtennissinceshewaseight.她从八岁起就打网球了。②HoldonuntilIfetchhelp.坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。③Nevertroubletroubletilltroubletroublesyou.(谚)不要无事惹事。5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有everytime(每次),eachtime(每次),(the)next Time(下次),anytime(随时),(the)lasttime(上次),thefirsttime(第一次)。eg.①I’lltellhimaboutit(the)nexttimeIseehim.我下一次见到他时,我就把这个情况告诉他。②Weloseafewskincellseverytimewewashourhands.每当我们洗手的时候,我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。4.③Youcancallmeanytimeyouwantto.你随时都可以给我打电话。注意:everytime,eachtime,anytime前不用冠词,(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime中的冠词可以省略,而thefirsttime中的冠词通常不能省略。2.引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if(如果),unless(除非,如果……不)等。eg.①Ifyoudon"tgosoon,you"llbelate.=Unlessyougosoon,you"llbelate.②DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?我开窗你不介意吧?③Don’tcomeunlessItelephone.除非我打电话,否则你别来。④Aslongasyou’rehappy,itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。⑤Incaseitrainstheywillstayathome.万一下雨,他们就呆在家里。注意:在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的if之后可能用will,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。eg.Ifyouwillsitdownforafewmoments,I’lltellthemanageryou’rehere.请稍坐,我这就通知经理说您来了。3.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because,as,since,seeing(that),now(that),considering(that)等。eg.①HedistrustedmebecauseIwasnew.他不信任我,因为我是新来的。②Hedidn"tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.③Asitwasraining,wewenttherebybus.⑤Sinceeverybodyishere,let"sbegin.⑥Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.⑦Asyouaresorry,I’llforgiveyou.既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。⑧Sincewe’venomoney,wecan’tbuyit.由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。注意:because"因为"语气最强,回答why提问时只能用because,其引导的从句可放在句首或句末;as"由于",since"既然"语气不如because强,引导的从句常置于句首;for是并列连词,语气最弱,对前面分句加以解释或补充说明,其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。because与so不能同时使用.eg.①Seeingthathe’sbeenoffsickallweekhe’sunlikelytocome②Nowthatthekidshavelefthomewe’vegotalotofextraspace.③Considering(that)he’sonlyjuststarted,heknowsquitealoyaboutit.④Seeingthathe’sillhe’sunlikelytocome.因为他病了,他大概不会来了。⑤Nowthatshehasapologized,Iamcontent.既然她已经道了歉,我也就满意了。4.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:although/though(虽然,尽管),eventhough/if(即使),while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。eg.①Although/Thoughitisaveryyoungcountry,itisveryrich.②Evenif/thoughyouwerehereyesterday,youcouldn"thelphim.③Ilikehereventhoughshecanbeannoying.尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢她。④Youwon’tmovethatstone,howeverstrongyouare.不管你力气多大,也休想搬动那块石头。⑤Whateverwehaveachieved,weowetoyoursupport.我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。⑥Whoeveryouare,youcan’tpassthisway.不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。⑦WheneverIseehim,Ispeaktohim.每当我见到他,我都和他讲话。注意:although/though引导的从句不能与but连用,但可与yet,still连用.5.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有sothat和inorderthat(以便,为了),incase,forfear等。eg.①Theteacherspokeloudlysothat/inorderthatwecouldhearhimclearly. ②Heraisedhisvoicesothateveryonecouldhear.他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。③Takeyourumbrella(just)incaseitrains.带上雨伞,以防下雨。④Sherepeatedtheinstructionsslowlyinorderthatheshouldunderstand.她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。5.6.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:sothat(结果是)和so/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。eg.①IwenttothelectureearlysothatIgotagoodseat.我去听演讲去得很早,所以找个好座位。②IhadsomanyfallsthatIwasblackandblueallover.我摔了许多跤,以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。③Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.他关窗子用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。④Itwasverycold,sothatthewaterinthebowlfroze.⑤Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.7.引导比较状语从句的从属连词有:as…as…(与……一样),notas/so…as…(不及,赶不上),和than(比)等。eg.①Shewasnowhappierthanshehadeverbeen.现在她比过去任何时候都快活。②Iglancedatmywatch.ItwasearlierthanIthought.我看了看表,时间比我想像的早。③Hedoesn’tworkashardasshedoes.他工作不像她那样努力。④Iknowyoubetterthanshedoes.⑤Heworksascarefullyasshe.⑥Ican"trunas/sofastasyou.8.引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as,asif,asthough,theway等。eg.①Whydidn’tyoucatchthelastbusasItoldyouto?你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?②Hebenttheironbarasifithadbeenmadeofrubber.他将铁棍折弯,仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。③Nobodyelselovesyoutheway(=as)Ido.没有人像我这样爱你。9.引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。eg.①ThechurchwasbuiltwheretherehadoncebeenaRomantemple.这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。②I’lltakeyouanywhereyoulike.你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。③EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。10.引导名词性从句的从属连词有:that和if/whether(是否)等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that不仅没不充当句子成分,而且没有词义,在句子中只起连接作用;而if,whether虽不充当句子成分,但有词义,即表示“是否”。eg.①Weknowthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.(宾语从句)②Iwonderifhehasreceivedmye-mail.(宾语从句)③Whetherhe"llgotherehasn"tbeendecided.(主语从句)④Herepliedthathewasgoingbytrain.他回答说他将坐火车去。⑤Iwonderifit’slargeenough.我不知道它是否够大。⑥IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeelings.我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。注意:whether,if引导从句的用法区别:(1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时,用whether,不用if。eg.①WhethertheywillgototheGreatWallisnotknown.②Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishthetaskontime.③Thequestionwhetherwewilltakepartinthephysicscontesthasnotbeendecided.(2)whether可接不定式,而if则不可。eg.Ihaven"tdecidedwhethertoleaveornot.(3)whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调,而if则不可。eg.①Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.②Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.(4)whether和if均可引导宾语从句,whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句,if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的,也可以是否定的(此时不能用whether)。eg.①Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitrainsinwinterinAustralia?②Iwonderifitdoesn"train. eg.①Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitrainsinwinterinAustralia?②Iwonderifitdoesn"train.(5)引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与ornot连用。连用时要注意ornot的位置,它一般与whether、if分开使用,有时它可与whether合起来使用,但不能与if合起来使用。6.eg.①Idon"tknowwhether/iftheywillcomeornot.②Idon"tknowwhetherornottheywillcome.(6)if可用来引导条件状语从句,译"如果",whether则不行。eg.Ifyouworkhard,youaresuretosucceed.四、某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1.当while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别:(1)while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时,或状态动词的一般时。while的这些用法可用when代替,等于"atthetimethat","duringthetimethat"。eg.Pleasekeepquietwhile(when)othersarestudying.(2)when除可指一段时间外,还可用来指一点时间,等于"atthetime",也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的,也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时,进行时,或完成时。eg.①WhenIwentintothelab,theteacherwasdoinganexperiment.(when不能换成while)②HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish.(when可换成while)(3)as常可与when,while通用,但强调"一边、一边"。eg.As(when/while)Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37.(4)when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致,主、谓是"主语+系动词"结构时,这时主语和系动词可以省略。eg.①When(hewas)young,heworkedforarichman.②She"llbeheretogiveyouhelpwhen(ifitis)necessary.(5)when有时代替if,引导条件句,意为"如果"、"假如"。eg.I"llcomewhen(if)I"mfree.2.before作连词一般表示时间,意为"在…之前",但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译:eg.①Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我。②BeforeIcouldgetinawordhehadmeasuredme.我还没来得及插话,他已经给我量好了尺寸。3.till,until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句,用于否定句时,结构为not…until(till),主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可,意为"直到…才…"。用于肯定句时,只与延续性动词连用,表示"到…为止"。eg.①Theyplayedvolleyballuntil(till)itgotdark.②Theydidn"ttalk(延续性动词)until(till)theinterpreter(译员)came.③Hedidn"tgotobed(非延续性动词)until(till)thehisfathercameback.Until可以放在句首,till则不行:eg.①Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying.②Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome.(倒装)till,until只用于时间,以下句子是错误的:eg.Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest.(要用asfaras或to)4.because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别:(1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子,一定用because回答。eg.Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.(2)如原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其他部分重要,就用as,或since。since比as更正式些。As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。eg.①Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.②Sinceeveryoneishere,nowlet"sbegin.5.although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样,但注意以下区别:(1)although用于各种文体,而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although,though引导的从句后,主句不能用but,但可用副词yet,still。 eg.①Although/Thoughitrainedallthemorning,theystillwentonworking.(或yettheywentonworking)(2)though常与even连用,eventhough表示强调,意为"即使",但不能说evenalthough。eg.EventhoughIdidn"tunderstandaword,Ideptsmiling.(3)though可用作副词,意为"然而",常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用,它只作连词。eg.Itwasaquietparty,Ihadagoodtime,though.7.6.once作副词译"曾经",作为连词译"一旦",引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。eg.①Idon"tbelievehewasonceathief.(once这里是副词)②OnceAristotlehadmadeuphismindthatheavyobjectsalwaysfellfasterthanlightobjects,hetaughtitasatruthtohisstudents.(once连词)7.unless引导条件状语从句等于if…not…。eg.He"llacceptthejobunlessthesalaryistoolow.(=He"llacceptthejobifthesalaryisnottoolow.)8.在用asif引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中,根据情况要使用虚拟语气。eg.Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.但有时也可用直陈语气。eg.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.10.as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。(1)as引导时间状语从句,意为"当…时"。eg.①As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster.②Hesangasheworked.(2)as引导方式状语从句,意为"象…一样"。eg.WemustdoasthePartyteachesus.(3)as引导原因状语从句。意为"由于"。eg.Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.(4)as引导让步状语从句。意为"虽然"、"尽管"。eg.Childasheis,hecandoitwell.(=Althoughheisachild,hecandoitwell.)(5)as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句。eg.Ihavethesamebookasyou.As作连词的用法深度剖析:1.as...as意为"和……一样",表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词,第二个as为连词。其基本结构为:as+adj./adv.+as。其否定式为notas/so+adj./adv.+as。eg.①Thisfilmisasinterestingasthatone.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。②Yourpenwritesassmoothlyasmine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。③Thisdictionaryisnotas/sousefulasyouthink.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。若有修饰成分,如twice,threetimes,half,aquarter等,则须置于第一个as之前。eg.Yourbagistwiceasexpensiveasmine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。几个关于as...as的常见句型:(1)as...aspossibleeg.Pleaseanswermyquestionassoonaspossible.请尽快回答我的问题。(2)as...asusual/beforeeg.Shelooksasprettyasbefore.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。(3)aslongas...(引导条件状语从句)eg.Ittookusaslongasthreeyearstocarryouttheplan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。(4)asfaraseg.Hewalkedasfarastherailwaystationyesterdayevening.昨天傍晚,他一直散步到火车站。(5)aswellaseg.Shecooksaswellashermotherdoes.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳:(1)asbusyasabee像蜜蜂一样忙碌(2)aseasyasABC像ABC一样容易(3)asdeepasawell像井一样深(4)aslightasafeather像羽毛一样轻(5)assoftasbutter像黄油一样软(6)asrichasaJew像犹太人一样富裕2.as用作连词引导时间状语从句:as与when,while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词,含义都是"当……的时候"。但它们有区别:用when时,从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生,也可以先于主句的动作发生;用while时,从句的动作为一过程,主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生;用as时,主句和从句的动作同时发生,具有延续的含义。 eg.①Itwassnowingwhenhearrivedattheconstructionsite.他到达工地时,天正在下雪。②HewaswatchingTVwhilehismotherwascooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。③Youwillgrowwiserasyougrowolder.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。3.as用作连词引导原因状语从句:as,because,since都可以表示因果关系,连接原因状语从句,含义是"因为,由于",但它们有区别:8.because表示的语气最强;as一般放在句首,语气较弱,较口语化;since常常用在书面语中,表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因,有时可译作"既然"。eg.①Hewillsucceedbecauseheisinearnest.他一定会成功,因为他很认真。②Sinceyouaresosureofithe”llbelieveyou.既然你对此如此有把握,他会相信你的。③Asrainhasfallen,theairiscooler.因为下过雨,空气比较清爽。4.as作连词引导让步状语从句:As与although(或though),however(或nomatterhow)等都可以引导让步状语从句,含义是“虽然“尽管”,但它们有区别:although语气稍正式些,可放在句首,也可放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但用yet;as所表示的语气较强,引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时,它的后面可跟形容词或副词,也要用倒装语序。eg.①Althoughheisquiteold,hestilljogseveryday.他虽然年纪相当大,仍然每天慢跑。②Strangeasitmayseem,nobodywasinjuredintheaccident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议,却没有人受伤。③Howeverhardhemaytry,hewillnotattainhisgoal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。五、并列连词与并列结构:1.并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。1)and与or:判断正误:①Theysatdownandtalkaboutsomething.()②Theystartedtodanceandsang.()③Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperthere.()注意:and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法)eg.①Makeupyourmind,andyou"llgetthechance.=Ifyoumakeupyourmind,you"llgetthechance.②Onemoreeffort,andyou"llsucceed.=Ifyoumakeonemoreeffort,you"llsucceed.2)both…and 两者都:eg.Sheplays(both)thepianoandtheguitar.3)notonly…but(also),aswellas不但…而且。eg.Sheplaysnotonlythepiano,but(also)theguitar.注意:notonly…butalso关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。eg.Notonlydoeshelikereadingstories,butalsohecanevenwritesome.4)neithe…nor意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。eg.Neitheryounorheistoblame.2.比较and和or:1)并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:eg.①Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon.②Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.在否定中并列结构用or连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。典型例题:eg.---Idon"tlikechicken______fish. ---Idon"tlikechicken,______Ilikefishverymuch.A.and;and B.and;but C.or;but D.or;and判断并改错:Wewilldiewithoutairandwater.()Wecan"tlivewithoutairorwater.()3)表示选择的并列结构:(1)or意思为"否则"。翻译:我要努力学习,否则考试要不及格了。(2)either…or 意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。eg.EitheryouorIamright.不是你对,就是我对。 3.表示转折或对比1)but表示转折,while表示对比。eg.Somepeoplelovecats,_____othershatethem.有些人喜欢猫,而有些人不喜欢。典型例题:---Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?---I"dliketo,_______I"mtoobusy.A.and B.so C.as D.but 答案D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。2)not…but…意思为"不是…而是…",后面的用词要遵循一致原则。eg.Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but(thebones)ofahumanbeing.9.4.表原因关系:1)for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。判断改错:(错)Forheisill,heisabsenttoday.(对)Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.2)so为连词,therefore一般为副词。eg.①Hehurthisleg,sohecouldn"tplayinthegame.他的腿受伤了,不能上场。②Ithink;thereforeIexist.我思故我在。