新课标人教版2010届英语语法讲练全套及参考答案 125页

语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语） Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语） 练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I"mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI"mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn"toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It"sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon"t,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.Howmanydifferenttimeareasdoyou haveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、选择填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where 二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。 3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and,but,or,while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：Ihopeyouareverywell（）.I"mfine,buttired（）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI"mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（）.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（）.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat（）.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm（）.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim（）.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest（）.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden（）.Itdoesn"toftenraininthesummerhere（）.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden（）.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell（）.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden（）.MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime（）.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy（）.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside（）.It"sgreat（）!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion（）.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer（）.Idon"t,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty（）.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates（）.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates（）.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime（）.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina（）?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep（）.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents（）.三、选择填空：1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____? A.hasn’theB.isn’theC.isn’titD.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan4.Letuspass,____?A.shan’tweB.shallweC.won’tweD.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____?A.doIB.don’tIC.isheD.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____?A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____.A.Henryhasn’ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.forC.whileD.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday?”----“It’s38degrees.”A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe?----____.A.Yes,heisn’tB.No,heisn’tC.No,heisD.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.forD.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.----Ihad,____I’velostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish.----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but23.----Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?----I’dliketo,____I’mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but 24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived26.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while28.____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave29.----Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____?----ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou30.____himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.MindB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子：1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（改为否定句）2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.（对画线部分提问）3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?（完成反意疑问）4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改为祈使句）5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改为一般疑问句)6.Itisaninterestingstory.（改为感叹句）7.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（对画线部分提问）8.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（完成反意疑问）9.Themoonisshiningbrightly.（改为感叹句）10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（对画线部分提问）参考答案： 练习一：一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语二、略三、略四、1~5CBDBB6~10ACBAB练习二：一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句二、Ihopeyouareverywell（复合句）.I"mfine,buttired（简单句）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI"mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（并列句）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（简单句）.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（并列句）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（简单句）.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat（并列复合句）.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm（简单句）.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim（复合句）.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest（简单句）.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden（简单句）.Itdoesn"toftenraininthesummerhere（简单句）.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden（简单句）.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell（简单句）.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden（简单句）.MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime（简单句）.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy（简单句）.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside（简单句）.It"sgreat（简单句）!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion（简单句）.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer（简单句）.Idon"t,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty（复合句）.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates（简单句）.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates（简单句）.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime（简单句）.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina（简单句）?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep（简单句）.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents（简单句）.三、1~5ACADD6~10BCBDC11~15ADBCC16~20ABADB21~25DDDCD26~30ADDBD四、1.Hedoesn’tdaretotellthetruth.或Hedarenottellthetruth.2.Howlonghavetheylivedhere?3.won’tthere4.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.5.Didtheygoforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?6.Whataninterestingstory(itis)!或Howinterestingthestoryis!7.Howoftendoesthismagazinecomeout?8.couldthey9.Howbrightlythemoonisshining!10.WhoisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?语法复习二、主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm./TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfultoyou.2、由连接词and或both…and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.注意：①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：Thewriterandartisthascome.;/②由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,everymorethana(an),manya(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom../Noboyandnogirllikesit.3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：MrGreen,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground./She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.4、either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook./Everythingaroundusismatter.注意：①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neitherofthetextsis(are)interesting.②若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.5、在定语从句时，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如：ClassFour isonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.注意：people,police,cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.7、由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom./Therestofthelectureiswonderful./50%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.注意：anumberof“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；thenumberof“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Therecomesthebus./Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。1、what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Whichisyourbag?/Whichareyourbags?/Allisgoingwell./AllhavegonetoBeijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.4、表数量的短语“oneandahalf”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：Oneandahalfapplesis(are)leftonthetable.5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightisseven.6、一些学科名词是以–ics结尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990./Ithinkphysicsisn’teasytostudy.7、trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：Myglassesarebroken./Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.8、“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由either…or,neither…nor,whether…or…,notonly…butalso连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends./Neithertheynorhe iswhollyright./Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?2、therebe句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom..注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。练习：主谓一致1.I,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwithyourEnglish.A.amB.isC.areD.be2.Therich____notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have3.NeitherTomnorJackandI____hisstudents.A.areB.amC.isD.was4.Maryaswellashersisters____ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study5.NeithermyfathernorI____athome.A.amB.isC.areD.be6.NotonlymybrotherbutalsoI____goodatpainting.Bothofus____goodpainters.,A.are;areB.am;amC.ani;areD.is;is7.Every"boyandeverygirl____toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.islikeD.like8.Over80percentofthepopulationofChina____peasants.A.wasB.isC.wouldbeD.are9.ThepopulationofChina____largerthanthatof.anyothercountryintheworld.A.isB.areC.hasD.have10.Everymeans____triedbutwithoutanyresult.A.havebeenB.istobeC.aretobeD.hasbeen11.Alice,togetherwithtwoboys,____forhavingbrokentherule.A.waspunishedB.punishedC.werepunishedD.beingpunished12.TheLeaguesecretaryandthemonitor____askedtoattendthe.meetingthisafternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.isbeing13.Thegreatwriterandprofessor____.A.isanoldmanB.arebotholdmenC.isanoldmanandayoungmanD.weretwoChinese14.There____apen,twopencilsandthreebooksonthedesk. A.areB.isC.hasD.have15.Alargenumberofstudentsinourclass____girls.A.areB.wasC.isD.be16.Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses____muchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.A.doesn"tchangeB.don"tchangeC.changeD.changed17.TheArabianNights____wellknowntotheEnglish.A.isB.areC.wasD.were18.ChairmanMao"sworks____published.A.hasbeenB.havebeenC.wasD.is19.Achemicalworks____builtthere.A.istobeingB.havebeenC.weretoD.hasbeen20.TheOlympicGames____heldevery____years.A.is;fourB.are;fourC.is;fiveD.are;five21.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.A.isB.areC.wasD.were22.Heistheonlyoneofdiestudentswho____elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is23.Theisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthat____asked.A.haveB.hasC.havebeenD.hasbeen24.Manyaman____cometohelpus.A.haveB.hasC.isD.are25."All____presentandall____goingonwell,"ourmonitorsaid.A.is;isB.are;areC.are;isD.is;are26.Thepolice____themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingforB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingforD.weresearching27.Yourtrousers____dirty.Youmusthave____washed.A.is;ilB.are;itC.are;themD.is;them28.Thispairoftrouseis____toolongforhim.A.isB.beC.areD.were29.Oneandahalfbananas____leftonthetable.A.isB.areC.hasD.have30.Eighttimeseight____sixty-four. A.isB.areC.getD.equal31.Tenminutes____anhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.A.seemsB.seemC.seemedD.seemes32.____ofthemoney____nmout.A.Three-fifth;hasB.Three-fifth;hasbeenC.Three-fifths;hasD.Three-fifths;have33.Thewholeclass____theteacherattentively.A.arelisteningtoB.islisteningtoC.arelisteningD.islistening34.1havefinishedalargepartofthebook,therestofwhich___moredifficult.A.isB.areC.wasD.were35.Betweenthetworowsoftrees____theteachingbuilding.A.standB.standsC.standingD.are36.Largequantitiesofwater____forirrigation.A.isneededB.has-neededC.areneededD.need37.Thattheywerewronginthesematters____nowcleartousall.A.isB.wasC.areD.all38.Whatweneed____goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has39.Whatyousaidjustnow____thematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingtoatB.hassomethingtodowithC.hadsomethingtodowithD.hasbeensomethingtodowith40.Morethanonemember____againsttheplan.A.isB.areC.hasD.have41.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory____yet.A.hasnotdecidedB.isnotdecidedC.arenotdecidedD.havenotdecided42.Halfofthefruit____bad.A.areB.hasC.isD.have43.____eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.Is44.Mathematics____thelanguageofscience.A.areB.aregoingtobeC.isD.istobe 45.Myfamily____small.A.isB.wereC.areD.makes46.Thefollowing____someotherexamples.A.areB.isC.wasD.were47.Theybothhavesomefriends;buthis____moreactive.A.isB.willbeC.wasD.are48.Bothriceandwheat____growninthatcountry.A.isB.areC.wasD.has49.Earlytobedandearlytorise____agoodhabit.A.areB.isC.wereD.was50.Toplaybasketballandtogoswimming____usefulforcharacter-training.A.wasB.isC.areD.were51.EitherheorI____toattendthemassmeetingthisevening.A.isB.amC.areD.be52.____eitherheorItoattendthemassmeetingthisevening.A.isB.amC.areD.be53.Anironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,____tobebuilthere.A.areB.wereC.isD.will54.Sheaswellasherbrother____aLeaguemember.A.areB.wereC.willD.is55.Hisfamily____abigone.Nowthefamily____watchingTV.A.is,areB.are,isC.is,isD.are,are56.ItisIwho____goingtoattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.amC.areD.be57.Morethan60%ofthestudents____thecountryside.A.isB.areC.isfromD.arefrom58.Manyaman____thenovel.A.hasreadB.havereadC.isreadD.areread59.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswho____goingtoswimthisafternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.were60.Here____apen,afewpencilsandsomepaperforyou.A.areB.isC.wasD.were 参考答案语法复习二：主谓一致1~5AAACA6~10CBDAD11~15ACABA16~20AABDB21~25ADCBC26~30BCAAA31~35ACAAB36~40CABBA41~45BCCCA46~50ADBBC51~55BACDA56~60BDAAB语法复习三：名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。（一）引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词：who,whose,whom,what,which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词：when,where,why,how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3、连接词：that,whether,if,asif。that无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if(whether),asif虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether和if（是否），asif（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if和asif都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。（二）主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。e.g.Whowillgoisnotimportant.2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。e.g.Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。e.g.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.（三）表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。e.g.Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g.Myideais(that)wecangetmorecomradestohelpinthework.（四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g.Ihope(that)everythingisallright.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或whether。e.g.I’minterestedinwhetheryou’vefinishedthework..I’minterestedinwhatyou’vesaid.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。 ①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g.Iwonderifitdoesn’train.②用if会引起误解，就要用whether。e.g.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）③宾语从句中的whether与ornot直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。e.g.Idon’tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.Idon’tknowwhether/ifthereportistrueornot.④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g.Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.Theydon’tknowwhethertogothere.Pleasecometoseemeifyouhavetime.（五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.练习：名词性从句一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：1.Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.2.Thetruththattheearthturnaroundthesunisknowntoall.3.Itwassnowingwhenhearrivedatthestation.4.Howhepersuadedthemanagertochangetheplanisinterestingtousall.5.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.6.Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdaywasreallydisappointing.7.ThatiswhereLuXunusedtolive.8.Hespokeasifheunderstoodwhathewastalkingabout.9.DoyouremembertheteacherwhotaughtusEnglishatmiddleschool?10.Iwonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation.二、用适当的连词填空：1.Ican’tdecide____________dictionaryIshouldbuy.2.That’s____________herefusedmyinvitation.3.Iamveryinterestedin____________hehasimprovedhispronunciationinsuchashorttime.4.____________weneedismoretime.5.Thefact____________shehadnotsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedeverybody.6.____________and____________theywillmeethasnotbeendecidedyet.7.Pleasetellme____________youarewaitingfor.8.Isthat____________youarelookingfor? 9.Wouldyoupleasetellme____________thenearestpostofficeis?10.Idon’tknow____________hewillagreetotheplanornot.三、选择填空：1.Doyousee_____Imean?A.thatB./C.howD.what2.Tellme_____isonyourmind.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.Wemuststickto_____wehaveagreedon.A.whatB.thatC./D.how4.Letmesee_____.A.thatcanIrepairtheradioB.whether-IcanrepairtheradioC.IcanrepairtheradioD.whethercanIrepairtheradio5.Keepinmind_____.A.thattheteachersaidB.whatdidtheteachersayC.thatdidtheteachersayD.whattheteachersaid6.Couldyouadviseme_____?A.whichbookshouldIreadfirstB.whatbookshouldIreadfirstC.thatbook1shouldreadfirstD.whichbookIshouldreadfirst7.Hewascriticizedfor_____.A.hehaddoneitB.whathehaddoneC.whathadhedoneD.thathehaddoneit8.Wouldyoukindlytellme_____?A.howcanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationB.howIcangettotheBeijingRailwayStationC.wherecanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStationD.whethercanIgettotheBeijingRailwayStation9.Mrs.Smithwasverymuchimpressedby_____.A.whathadsheseeninChinaB.thatshehadseeninChinaC.whatshehadseeninChinaD.whichhadsheseeninChina10.Wetookitforgranted___A.thattheywerenotcomingB.thatweretheynotcomingC.theywerecomingnotD.weretheynotcoining11.Ireallydon"tknow_____A.IshoulddonextB.whatshouldIdonextC.whatIshoulddonextD.howIshoulddonext12.I"mafraid_____.A.thelittlegirlwillhavetobeoperatedonB.thatwillthelittlegirlhavetooperateonC.thelittlegirlwillhavetooperateonD.thatwillthelittlegirlhavetobeoperatedon13.Shewalkedupto_____.A.wheredidIstandB.whereIstood C.IstoodthereD.whereIstoodthere14.Canyoutellme_____?A.whoisthatgentlemanB.thatgentlemaniswhoC.whothatgentlemanisD.whom.isthatgentleman15.We"llgiveyou_____.A.thatdoyouneedB.whatdoyouneedC.whateveryouneedD.whetherdoyouneed16.Theywantustoknow_____tohelpus.A.whatcantheyB.whattheycanC.howtheycanD.howcanthey17.Wemustput_____intopractice.A.whatwehavelearnedB.thatwehavelearnedC.thathavewelearnedD.whathavewelearned18.Didshesayanythingabout_____?A.thattheworkwastobedoneB.howwastheworktobedoneC.thatwastheworktobedoneD.howtheworkwastobedone19.Hewasneversatisfiedwith_____.A.whatshehadachievedB.hadwhatsheachievedC.shehadachievedD.thatsheachieved20.Thesephotographswillshowyou_____.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike21.Peterinsisted_____hepaythebill.A.onthatB.whatC.thatD.onwhich22.Theyurged_____thelibraryopenduringthevacation.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.that23.Wewishwecouldhavelearned_____whenwewereathighschool.A.whatyoudidB.thatyouhaddoneC.thatwhatyoudidD.whatdidyoudo24.1willdescribetoyou_____Isawwhenthere.A.whatB.thatC.whichD./25.From_____Ishouldsayheisagoodworker.A.what1knowofhimB.thatIdoknowofhimC.whatdoIknowofhimD.thatdoIknowofhim26.Iwillgivethisdictionaryto__wantstohaveit.A.whomeverB.anyoneC.whoeverD.someone27._____theywillcomeherehasn"tbeendecidedyet.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhenD.Where28._____wassaidheremustbekeptsecret.A.WhoB.ThethingC.WhateverD.Where29.Itisstillaquestion_____weshallhaveoursportsmeet.A.ifB.thatC.whatD.when 30.I"mgoinganyway._____shewillgoisuptohertodecide.A.IfornotB.WhetherornotC.IfD.That31.Itisstrange_____shehaveleftwithoutsayingaword.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.how32.Itisveryclear_____ourpolicyisacorrectone.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.where33._____MrZhangsaidisquiteright.A.ThatB.WhenC.WhatD.Whether34.Ithasbeendecided_____hewillbesentthere.A.ifB.whetherC.whyD.that35.Itdoesn"tmatter_____he"scomebackornot.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.when36.It"sagreatpity_____wewon’tbeabletofinishthetaskontime.A.whenB.thatC.whyD.where37.Ithappened_____Iwasn"ttherethatday.A.whenB.whyC.whereD.that38._____youhavedonemightdoharmtootherpeople.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhichD.Thethings39._____leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoftthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who40._____the2000OlympicGameswon"tbeheldinBeijingisknowntoall.A.WhetherB.IfC.WheneverD.That41._____failstoseethiswillmakeabigmistake.A.ThatB.WhoeverC.WhetherD.Whetherornot42.__weneedmoreequipmentisquiteobvious.A.WhatB.WhetherC.ThatD.Whatever43.Hasitbeenannounced_____?A.whenaretheplanestotakeoffB.thataretheplanestotakeoffC.wherearetheplanestotakeoffD.whentheplanesaretotakeoff44.Thatis_____weallsupporthisidea.A.whatB.whyC.whereD.when45.That’s_____weshoulddo.A.thatB.whatC.howD.why46._____istroublingmeis_____Idon’tunderstand_____hesaidA.What;that;whatB.What;what;whatC.That;that;whatD.Why;that;which47.Thingswerenot_____theyseemedtobe.A.whenB.whyC.thatD.what48.That’s_____Iwanttosay.A.allwhatB.whatC.allwhichD.whatthat49.That’s_____. A.whereourdifferenceslieB.ourdifferencesliethereC.wheredoourdifferenceslieD.thatwhereourdifferenceslie50.Thatis_____.A.wherelivedhethereB.wheredidheliveC.wherehelivedD.thatwherehelived51.Thequestionsis_____.A.whetherisitworthdoingB.thatifitisworthdoingC.whetheritisworthdoingD.ifitisworthdoing52.Waterwillcontinuetobe_____itistodaynextinimportancetooxygen.A.howB.whichC.whatD.as53.That"s_____.A.howdidIbecomeateacherB.howIbecameateacherC.howateacherIbecameD.thatIbecameateacher54.Theyarejust_____.A.thatwhatshallIhaveB.whatshallIhaveC.thatIshallhavewhatD.whatIshallhave55.Itlooked____.A.asifitwasgoingtorainB.thatasifitwasgoingtorainC.asifwasitgoingtorainD.asifthatitwasgoingtorain56.That"s_____.A.howshediditB.thathowdidshedoit.C.howdidshedoitD.whatshedidit57.Thatis_____wedecidedtoputthediscussionoff.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.why58.That’s_____IlivedwhenIwastenyearsold.A.whereB.atwhichC.therewhereD.when59.Mysuggestionis_____weshouldsendafewcomradestohelpthem.A.ifB.thatC.whenthatD.thatwhere60.Theidea_____allpeopleareselfishiswrong.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.if61.Weheardthenews_____ourteamhadwon.A.thatB.whatC.whetherD.why62.Thefact_____hehadn’tsaidanythingsurprisedusall.A.whyB.ifC.thatD.whether63.Ihavenoidea_____shewillbeback.A.thatB.whereC.thatwhenD.when64.Wemustkeepinmindthefact_____Chinaisstilladevelopingcountry.A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.when65.Theyhavenoideaatall_____.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.wherehashegoneD.whichplacehehasgone 参考答案语法复习三：名词性从句一、1、表语从句；2、同位语从句；3、不是；4、主语从句；5、同位语从句；6、不是；7、表语从句；8、宾语从句；9、不是；10、宾语从句二、1.which;2.why;3.how;4.What;5.that;6.when,where;7.who(m);8.what;9.where;10.whether三、1~5DBABD6~10DBBCA11~15CABCC16~20BADAB21~25CDAAA26~30CCCDB31~35ABCDB36~40BDACD41~45BCDBB46~50ADBAC51~55CCBDA56~60ADABB61~65ACDBA语法复习四：定语从句（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导1、关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as2、关系副词：when,where,why关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子成分。e.g.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestofall.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）ThecomradewithwhomIcameknowsFrench.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。e.g.Iwastheonlypersoninourofficewhowasinvited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。e.g.Tom’sfather,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题1、that与which的区别。1）用that而不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all,anything,nothing,…；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only,very,any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。e.g.Thereisnothingthatcanpreventhimfromdoingit.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。MrSmithistheonlyforeignerthatheknows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。2）用which而不用that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；③介词+关系代词。e.g.Hehadfailedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。3）as引导定语从句时的用法①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于thesame…as,such…as结构中。e.g.Iwantthesameshirtasmyfriend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。SuchmachinesasareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asIexpect等。e.g.AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。3）as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g.Hemadealongspeech,asweexpected.Hemadealongspeech,whichwasunexpected.②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。e.g.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.2.关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g.ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishfluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。ThestudentswhoareinGradeThreearegoingtoclimbthehilltomorrow.3.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g.ThereisanexpressioninhiseyesthatIcan’tunderstand.4.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来代替。e.g.October1,1949wasthedayonwhich(=when)thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.5.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。e.g.Thesickmanwhomsheislookingafterisherfather.6.介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which,that,whom,口语中也可用who，且可省略。e.g.Theman(whom/who/that)youweretalkingabouthascometoschool.练习、定语从句 一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：1.Thefanisonthedesk.Youwantit.2.Themanisinthenextroom.Hebroughtourtextbookshereyesterday.3.Themagazineismine.Hehastakenitaway.4.Thestudentswillnotpasstheexam.Theydon’tstudyhard.5.Thewomanisourgeographyteacher.Yousawherinthepark.6.Theletterisfrommysister.Ireceivedityesterday.7.Theplaywaswonderful.Wesawitlastnight.8.Thetrainwaslate.ItwasgoingtoNanning.9.Theboyismybrother.Hewashereaminuteago.10.Thetreeisquitetall.Heisclimbingit.11.Hereisthegirl.Herbrotherworksinthisshop.12.That’sthechild.Wewerelookingathisdrawingjustnow.13.Thisistheboy.Hissisterisafamoussinger.14.Iwanttotalktotheboys.Theirhomeworkhaven’tbeenhandedin.15.Isthatthewoman?Herdaughterisinmyclass.16.Heusedtoliveinabighouse.Infrontofitgrewmanybananatrees.17.Theypassedafactory.Atthebackofthefactorytherewerericefields.18.Thesoldierrantothebuilding.Onthetopofitflewaflag.19.Intheeveningtheyarrivedatahill.Atthefootofthehilltherewasatemple.20.Shecameintoabigroom.Inthemiddleofitstoodalargetable. 二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:1.Theperson________________IspokejustnowisthemanagerthatItoldyouabout.2.Thepencil________________hewaswritingbroke.3.WuDong,________________Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.4.Thetwothings________________MarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidiomsofEnglish.5.Herbag,________________sheputallherbooks,hasnotbeenfound.6.ThestoriesabouttheLongMarch,________________thisisoneexample,arewellwritten.三、选择填空：1.Theman____visitedourschoolyesterdayisfromLondon.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.when2.Thewoman____istalkingtomymotherisafriendofhers.A.whoseB.whoC.whomD.which3.Becauseofmypoormemory,all____youtoldmehasbeenforgotten.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.as4.Doyourememberthosedays____wespentalongtheseashoreveryhappily?A.whenB.whereC.whichD.who5.Tomdidnottakeawaythecamerabecauseitwasjustthesamecamera____helostlastweek.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.as6.Those____wanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.A.whomB.whichC.whoD.when7.Whereistheman____Imetthismorning?A.whenB.whereC.whichD.who8.Whoisthewoman____issweepingtheflooroverthere?A.whoB./C.thatD.when9.Theman____youtalkedjustnowisaworker.A.whoB.whomC.towhomD.towho10.Theman____youaregoingtomakefriendsismyfather’sneighbour.A.withwhomB.whenC.towhomD.which11.Thedoctor____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.whomthenurseistalkingC.thenurseistalkingtoD.whothenurseistalking12.Theman____aroundourschoolisfromAmerica.A.whichyoushowedB.youshowedhimC.youshowedD.whereyoushowed13.Hetalkedaboutahero____noonehadeverheard.A.ofwhomB.fromwhomC.aboutthatD.who14.InfacttheSwededidnotunderstandthethreequestions____wereaskedinFrench.A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which 15.Haveyoureadthebook____Ilenttoyou?A.thatB.whomC.whenD.whose16.Finally,thethiefhandedovereverything____hehadstolentothepolice.A.thatB.whichC.whateverD.all17.Theforeignguests,____weregovernmentofficials,werewarmlywelcomedattheairport.A.mostofthemB.mostofthatC.mostofwhomD.mostofthose18.Thisistheveryletter____camelastnight.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.as19.Iknowonlyalittleaboutthismatter;youmayask____knowsbetterthanI.A.whoeverB.whomeverC.anyoneD.theone20.Thisistheschool____wevisitedthreedaysago.A.whereB./C.whenD.what21.Thisisthefactory____weworkedayearago.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.onwhich22.Nearbyweretwocanoes____theyhadcometotheisland.A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD./23.Jackispleasedwith____youhavegivenhimandall____youhavetoldhim.A.that,whatB.what,thatC.which,whatD.that,which24.Doyouworknearthebuilding____colourisyellow?A.thatB.whichC.itsD.whose25.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson____shecouldturnforhelp.A.whomB.whoC.towhomD.formwhom26.Isthisschool____wevisitedthreeyearsago?A.theoneB.whichC.thatD.where27.Isthistheschool____wevisitedthreeyearsago?A.theoneB.whereC.inwhichD./28,Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass____homesareinthecountry?A.whoseB.whoC.whomD.which29.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,____cameasasurprise.A.itB.whichC.thatD.he30.ThetrainwascrowdedandIhadtogetintoacarriage____alreadysevenotherpeople.A.whentherewereB.whichtherewereC.thattherewereD.wheretherewere31.Iliveinthehouse____windowsfacesouth.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.inthat32.----Whatgameispopularwiththem?----The____mostistennis.A.gametheylikeitB.gametheylikeC.bestgametheylikeD.bestgametheylikeit33.Theystayedwithmethreeweeks,____theydrankallthewineIhad.A.whichB.whichtimeC.duringwhichtimeD.duringwhich 34.Theroom____MrWhitelivesisnotverylarge.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when35.Don’tforgettheday____youwerereceivedintotheYouthLeague.A.whenB.thatC.atwhichD.where36.I’vefinishedwritingthenovel,____istobepublishednextmonth.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.when37.Hereturnedhomesafeandsoundafterafiercebattle,____wasunexpected.A.whichB.asC.thatD.it38.____weisknowntoall,Englishisnotverydifficulttolearn.A.WhatB.AsC.ThatD.Which39.Theoldmanhadthreesons,allof____diedduringWorldWarⅡ.A.whoseB.thatC.whomD.who40.Ihaveboughttwopens,____writewell.A.noneofwhichB.neitherofwhichC.bothofwhichD.allofwhich41.Doyouknowthereason____shehaschangedhermind?A.whyB.whichC.forthatD.ofwhich42.Hefailedintheexam,____provesthathewasn’tworkinghardenough.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that43.Duringtheweek____hetriedtocollectmaterialsforhisarticle.A.followingB.followedC.tofollowD.thatfollowed44.____wasexpected,hesucceededintheexam.A.ItB.WhichC.AsD.That45.Hestudiedhardandlaterbecameawell-knownwriter,____hisfatherexpected.A.thatwaswhatB.whatwasthatC.andwhichwasD.whichwaswhat46.Weshouldreadsuchbooks____willmakeusbetterandwiser.A.whenB.asC.whoseD.what47.Youmustshowmywifethesamerespect____youshowme.A.whenB.asC.whoseD.what48.Heisabsent____isoftenthecase.A.whatB.whichC.whoD.as49.Itisthefirsttime____Ihavecometoyourcity.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when50.Who____hasthesameideaasitwilldoitinthisway.A.whoB.thatC.whomD.which51.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears____Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,____hasagreateffectonmylife.A.that,whichB.when,whichC.which,thatD.when,who52.Thisistheonlybook____Icanfind.A.thatB.whichC.itD.withwhich 53.Idon’tlike____youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich54.Thatisoneofthosebooksthat____worthreading.A.isB.areC.hasD.have55.Thisistheonlyoneofthestudentswhosehandwriting____thebest.A.isB.areC.hasD.have56.Therewas____topreventtheaccident.A.somethingcoulddoB.anythingwecoulddoC.nothingwecouldn’tdoD.nothingwecoulddo参考答案语法复习四：定语从句一、1.Thefanthatyouwantisonthedesk.2.Themanwhobroughtourtextbookshereyesterdayisinnextroom.3.Themagazinewhichhehastakenawayismine.4.Thestudentswhodon’tstudyhardwillnotpasstheexam.5.Thewomanyousawintheparkisourgeographyteacher.6.TheletterIreceivedyesterdayisfrommysister.7.Theplaythatwesawlastnightwaswonderful.8.ThetrainwhichwasgoingtoNanningwaslate.9.Theboywhowashereaminuteagoismybrother.10.Thetreeheisclimbingisquitetall.11.Hereisthegirlwhosebrotherworksinthisshop.12.That’sthechildwhosedrawingwewerelookingatjustnow.13.Thisistheboywhosesisterisafavoussinger.14.Iwanttotalktotheboywhosehomeworkhasn’tbeenhandedin.15.Isthatthewomanwhosedaughterisinmyclass?16.Heusedtoliveinabighouse,infrontofwhichgrewmanybananatrees.17.Theypassedafactory,atthebackofwhichtherewerericefields.18.Thesoldierrantothebuilding,onthetopofwhichflewaflag.19.Intheeveningtheyarrivedatahill,atthefootofwhichtherewasatemple.20.Shecameintoabigroom,inthemiddleofwhichstoodalargetable.二、1.towhom;2.wihtwhich;3.withwhom;4.aboutwhich;5.inwhich;6.ofwhich三、1~5ABACD6~10CDCCA11~15CCADA16~20ACCAB21~25ABBDC26~30ADABD31~35BBDCA36~40CABCC41~45AADCD46~50BBDAB语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语一、强调句（一）强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：Itis/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其它部分。e.g.ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。e.g.WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing? 3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分？e.g.Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn?4、强调句例句：针对ImetLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：ItwasIthat(who)metLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.强调宾语：ItwasLiMingthatImetattherailwaystationyesterday.强调地点状语：ItwasattherailwaystationthatImetLiMingyesterday.强调时间状语：ItwasyesterdaythatImetLiMingattherailwaystation.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that,who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that,who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用Itwas…，其余的时态用Itis…。（二）not…until…句型的强调句1、句型为：Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其它部分e.g.普通句：Hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.强调句：Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till,until可通用；因为句型中Itis/wasnot…已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、Itis/was…that…结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does或did。e.g.Dositdown.务必请坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。二、It的用法（一）作人称代词1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g.Youcannoteatyourcakebuthaveit.（it代替前面的cake）Althoughwecannotseeit,thereisairallaroundus.（it代替后面的air）Theysayhehaslefttown,butIdon’tbelieveit.（it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。e.g.Yesterdaywesawabigtree.Itwasfullytwentymetreshigh.（it代替前面的tree）Thebabycriedbecauseitwashungry.（it代替前面的baby） 3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g.----Someoneisknockingatthedoor,Peter.----Whoisit?----It’sme.----Whoaresinging?----Itisthechildren.----Thelightisstilloninthelab.Itmustbethethird-yearstudentsdoingtheexperiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。e.g.----Doyoustillhavethebicycle?----No,Ihavesoldit.----Isthisknifeyours?----No.ItisXiaoZhang’s.Mineistheoneonthedesk.5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。e.g.TheclimateofSouthChinaismild（温和的）;Ilikeitverymuch.（it指theclimateofSouthChina）TheclimateofSouthChinaismuchbetterthanthatofJapan.（that指theclimate）（二）作无人称代词it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。Itisfine(rainy,windy,etc.).Itisnoon.Itisahalfhour’swalktothefactory.Itiseighteensquaremetresinarea.Whatdoesitmatter?（三）作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“Itis(was)+所强调的成分+that(who)+其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g.Ittakeshalfanhourtogothereonfoot.（It与togothereonfoot之间夹有takeshalfanhour四个词）WethoughtitstrangethatMrSmithdidnotcomelastnight.（it与that从句中间夹有strange）但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g.Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）练习一、强调句、It的用法1.Mybikeismissing.Ican’tfind____anywhere.A.oneB.onesC.itD.that 2.----Who’sthat?----____ProfessorLi.A.That’sB.It’sC.He’sD.This’s3.____wasJanethatIsawinthelibrarythismorning.A.ItB.HeC.SheD.That4.----Haveyoueverseenawhalealive?----Yes,I’veseen____.A.thatB.itC.suchD.one5.Thecolorofmycoatisdifferentfrom____ofyours.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one6.____willdoyougoodtodosomeexerciseeverymorning.A.ItB.ThereC.ThoseD.You7.Wethink____ourdutytopaytaxestoourgovernment.A.thatB.thisC.itsD.it8.TheclimateofShanghaiisbetterthan____ofNanjing.A.thatB.itC.whichD.what9.____fouryearssinceIjoinedtheArmy.A.TherewasB.ThereisC.ItwasD.Itis10.Howlong____tofinishthework?A.you’lltakeB.you’lltakeitC.willittakeyouD.willtakeyou11.ItwasthroughXiaoLi____IgottoknowXiaoWang.A.whoB.whomC.howD.that12.Itwasinthericefields____wehadourleaguemeeting.A.whereB.thatC.inwhichD.onwhich13.ItwasonOctober1st____newChinawasfounded.A.whichB.whenC.asD.that14.Wasitbecausehewasill____heaskedforleave?A.andB.thatC.that’sD.so15.Maryspeaksinalowvoice;____isdifficulttoknowwhatsheissaying.A.itB.thatC.soD.she16.Itwas____ImetMrGreeninShanghai.A.manyyearsthatB.manyyearsbeforeC.manyyearsagothatD.manyyearswhen17.____isnoteverybody____candrawsowell.A.It,allB.It,thatC.There,whoD.There,that18.So____thatnofishcanliveinit.A.shallowisthelakeB.thelakeisshallowC.shallowthelakeisD.isthelakeshallow三、省略 为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g.(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I)seeyoutomorrow.(It)Doesn’tmatter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。e.g.(Thereis)Nosmoking.(Isthere)Anythingwrong?Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。e.g.----Areyougoingthere?----I’dliketo(gothere).Hedidnotgivemethechance,thoughhehadpromisedto(givemethechance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。e.g.----Areyouanengineer?----No,butIwanttobe.----Hehasn’tfinishedthetaskyet.----Well,heoughttohave.4、省略表语。e.g.----Areyouthirsty?----Yes,Iam(thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。e.g.Let’smeetatthesameplaceas(wemet)yesterday.----Haveyoufinishedyourwork?----(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g.Myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.Istudyatcollegeandmysister(studies)athighschool.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。e.g.(I’m)Sorrytohearthatyouareill.(Itisa)Pitythathemissedsuchagoodchance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。e.g.----Ishecomingbacktonight?----Ithinkso.----Ishefeelingbettertoday?----I’mafraidnot.这种用法常见的有：Howso?Whyso?Isthatso?Ihopeso.Hesaidso及Isupposenot.Ibelievednot.Ihopenot等。（但Idon’tthinkso比Ithinknot更常用）。（四）其它省略1、连词that的省略：①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。 ③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。e.g.Itoldhimtositdownandwaitforamoment.②、某些使役动词（如let,make,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,hear,feel,lookat和listento等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。e.g.----Isawtheboyfallfromthetree.----Theboywasseentofallfromthetree.③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g.Theboydidnothingbutplay.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。e.g.Thesooner(youdoit),thebetter(itwillbe).四、插入语英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。（一）插入语的类型：1、单词（多是副词），如：besides,however,otherwise,therefore,though等。e.g.Sheislookingfit,though.他看起来倒是健康。Ican,however,discussthiswhenIseeyou.2、短语e.g.ChinaandIndia,forexample,areneighbours.Bytheway,whereareyoufrom?3、句子e.g.Heisanhonestman,Ibelieve.Jack,asfarasIknow,isn’tclever.（二）插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。e.g.YouknowthatIthinkyouarewrong.我认为，你明白你错了。Whatonearthdoyoumean?你究竟是什么意思？（三）插入语在句中的作用一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。e.g.Hegotthenewsfromnobodyknowswhere.他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。 （四）插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say,suppose,guess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。e.g.Howlongdidyousayshewouldstayhere?Whendoyousupposethey’llbeback?Howolddidyouthinkshewas（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语bytheway顺便说，顺便问一下；sofar到目前为止；andsoon等等；onthecontrary相反；nowonder不足为奇；asamatteroffact事实上；comealong快点，来吧；inotherwords换句话说；asusual如同以往；asaresult因此，结果。练习二、省略和插入语1.----Won’tyouhaveanothertry?----____.A.Yes,IwillB.Yes,Iwon’tC.Yes,IwillhaveD.Yes,Iwon’thave2.----Iwon’tdoitanymore.----____?A.Whydon’tB.Whydon’tdoitanymoreC.WhynotD.Whynotdo3.----Doyouthinkitwillsnowtomorrow?----____.A.No,Idon’tthinkB.Idon’tthinkC.No,Idon’tsoD.Idon’tthinkso4.----Willhefailintheexam?----____.A.Don’thopetoB.Let’shopenotC.NothopesoD.Let’shopenotto5.____usual,Ihaveforgottensomething.A.AsB.AsitisC.It’sD.Thatis6.____sheaman,shemightbeelectedpresident.A.IfB.UnlessC.WasD.Were7.____Ihadtime,Iwouldhaveplayeditagain.A.IfB.UnlessC.HadD.When8.____itraintomorrow,I’dstayathome.A.ShouldB.WouldC.WhenD.If9.Ilikesportsand____mybrother.A.soB.sodoesC.soisD.solikes10.Francis,____borninKentucky,livedandpractisedlawinMissouri.A.wasB.HewasC.whoisD.although11.----Aren’tyouthemanager?----No,andI____.A.don’twantB.don’twanttoC.don’twanttobeD.don’t 12.----Haveyoufedthedog?----No,but____.A.IamB.I’mjustgoingtoC.I’mD.I’mjustgoing13.Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard（标准）—____,youfailed.A.intheendB.afterallC.inotherwordsD.atthesametime14.Howlong____shewouldstayhere?A.didshesayB.shesaidC.didD./15.____coulddosuchthing?A.WhomdoyouthinkB.WhodoyouthinkC.DoyouthinkwhomD.Didyouthinkwho练习三、综合训练1.Johnwasill.Haveyouheardabout____?A.thisB.heC.itD.theone2.Hurryup!____gettingdarkeranddarker.A.TheskyisB.It’sC.WeatherisD.Timeis3.It’sthethirdtime____Ihavebeenhere.A.thatB.whenC.afterD.who4.Itwassimplyforthatreason____Iwouldn’ttellhimthetruth.A.whyB.whichC.soD.that5.Wasitintheplace____thelastemperordied?A.whereB.thatC.whichD.inwhich6.____isnodifferencebetweenAandB.A.ItB.WhereC.ThereD.What7.It____MikeandMarywhohelpedtheoldmanseveraldaysago.A.wasB.wereC.areD.hadbeen8.Hesaid,“____alongwaytoschool.____alongwaytogoyetbeforewearrive.”A.Itis,ItisB.Thereis,ThereisC.Thereis,ItisD.Itis,Thereis9.Idon’tlike____youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich10.IfyougotoXi’an,you’llfindthepalacestheremoremagnificentthancommonly____.A.supposingB.supposeC.tosupposeD.supposed11.____isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It12.Itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.A.thatB.untilC.beforeD.when13.Itwasnotuntil1920____regularradiobroadcastbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since 14.----Doyoumindmytakingthisseat?----____.A.Yes,sitdownpleaseB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD.No,youcan’ttakeit15.----I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?---Notatall.____.A.I’venotimeB.I’drathernotC.I’dlikeitD.I’dbehappyto16.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto17.Itwasnotuntilshecametoseeus____hermotherwasillinbed.A.whenweknewB.thatdidweknewC.thatweknewD.thatdidweknow18.----Thisstorehassuchhighprices.----Iagree.Neveragain____here.A.IwillshopB.willIshopC.IdoshopD.shopI19.____washiskindnessthateveryonepraisedhim.A.ItB.WhatC.SoD.Such20.____,hewouldhavepassedtheexam.A.IfheweretostudyB.IfhestudiedhardC.HadhestudiedhardD.Shouldhestudyhard21.----Davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.----____,and____.A.Sohehas,sohaveyouB.Sohehas,soyouhaveC.Sohashe,sohaveyouD.Sohashe,soyouhave22.Nosooner____theyrushedoutintothestreet.A.didtheyhearthenewsthanB.didtheyhearthenewswhenC.hadtheyheardthenewsthanD.hadtheyheardthenewswhen23.Hewasunabletomakesuchprogress,____.A.hardashetriedB.ashardhetriedC.hardhehastriedD.triedhardashe参考答案语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语练习一、1~5CBADB6~10ADADC11~15DBDBA16~18CBA练习二、1~5ACDBA6~10DCABD11~15CBCAB练习三、1~5CBADB6~10CADAD11~15DACBD16~20ACBDC21~23ACA语法复习六：状语从句由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。（一）时间状语从句 表示时间的状语从句可由when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等引导。e.g.WhenIcameintotheoffice,theteacherswerehavingameeting.Hestartedassoonashereceivedthenews.Onceyouseehim,youwillneverforgethim.NosoonerhadIgonetobedthanIwenttosleep.（二）原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because,since,as,nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。e.g.Heisdisappointedbecausehedidn"tgettheposition.Asitisraining,Iwillnotgoout.Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremember.（三）地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。e.g.Sitwhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.（四）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）等。e.g.Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.（五）结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that等引导。e.g.Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.（六）条件状语从句 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。e.g.Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.SofarasIknow（据我所知）,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.（七）让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。e.g.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childasheis,heknowsalot.Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,I’llneverchangemymind.（八）方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等引导。e.g.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.（九）比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等引导。e.g.Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。e.g.We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。 e.g.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。e.g.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.（地点状语从句）Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.（宾语从句）Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.（主语从句）Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.（表语从句）练习、状语从句一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：1.Childassheis,sheknowsalotofthings.2.ThemoreIcandofortheclass,thehappierI’llbe.3.Hetalksasif(asthough)heknewallaboutit.4.Heissuchagoodteacherthatthestudentsloveandrespecthim.5.Ishallgototheparkunlessitrains.6.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.7.Wherethereiswater,thereislife.8.Hestudiedhardsothathecouldcatchupwithhisclassmates.9.Sinceyouareverybusy,Iwon"ttroubleyou.10.Evenif(though)Ifail.I’llneverloseheart.11.Onceyoubeginthework,youmustcontinue.12.Iwillfindherwherevershemaybe.13.Nowthatyou"vecome,you"dbetterhavedinnerwithus.14.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn"tfallasleep.15.Wemustdoeverythingashetellsus.16.IndiaismuchbiggerthanJapan.17.Nomatterwhenyoucome,youarewarmlywelcome. 18.As(So)longasyouworkhard,youcancatchupwiththeotherclassmates.二、用适当的连词填空：1.Dr.Bethune(白求恩)cametoChina__________hewasfifty.2.Hebegantowork__________hegotthere.3.Let"sbeginourmeeting__________everyoneishere.4.IliketheEnglishpeople,__________Idon"tliketheirfood.5.__________yougoinChina,youcanseesmilingfaces.6.Hedidn"tcometothelecture,__________hewasverybusy.7.__________wehadenoughtime,wewalkedtothecinema.8.Theywillhelpyou__________youmeetwithdifficulty.9._________wecametotheuniversity,wehavelearntquitealot.10.Ididn"tjointhemyesterdayevening__________Ihadtogotoanimportantmeeting.11.Wewouldtrytogetacar__________wecouldalltraveltogethermoreeasily.12.Shewouldn"tforgethermother"sbirthday__________sheseldomwrotetoherfamily.13.We"redoingeverythingwecantomakethingsaseasyforyou___________wecan.14.Themeetingbecamesodisorderly__________thespeakerhadtoshouttheaudiencedown.15.Hewasangrier__________everbefore.16.__________youlockallthedoors,hecanstillmanagetogetin.17.Theboywassotired__________hefellasleeponthebus.18.Hard_________hetried,hecouldn’tforcethedooropen.三、选择填空：1.I’llletyouknow____hecomesback.A.beforeB.becauseC.assoonasD.although2.Shewillsingasong____sheisasked.A.ifB.unlessC.forD.since3.Wewillwork____weareneeded.A.wheneverB.becauseC.sinceD.wherever4.Readitaloud_____theclasscanhearyou. A.sothatB.ifC.whenD.although5._____yougo,don"tforgetyourpeople.A.WheneverB.HoweverC.WhereverD.Whichever6.Itisabouttenyears_____Imetyoulast.A.sinceB.forC.whenD.as7.Theywillneversucceed,_____hardtheytry.A.becauseB.howeverC.whenD.since8._____stillhalfdrunk,hemadehiswayhome.A.WhenB.BecauseC.ThoughD.As9._____shewasverytired,shewentonworking.A.AsB.AlthoughC.EvenD.Inspiteof10.Busy_____hewas,hetriedhisbesttohelpyou.A.asB.whenC.sinceD.for11.IlearnedalittleRussian_____Iwasatmiddleschool.A.thoughB.althoughC.asifD.when12._____wegottothestation,thetrainhadleftalready.A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.When13._____therainstops,we"11setoffforthestation.A.BeforeB.UnlessC.AssoonasD.Though14.Shewas_____tired_____shecouldnotmoveaninch.A.so,thatB.such,thatC.very,thatD.so,as15.Wedidn’tgohome_____wefinishedthework.A.sinceB.untilC.becauseD.though16.I"llstayhere_____everyoneelsecomesback.A.evenifB.asthoughC.becauseD.until17.Althoughit"sraining,_____arestillworkinginthefield.A.theyB.buttheyC.andtheyD.sothey18.Speaktohimslowly_____hemayunderstandyoubetter.A.sinceB.sothatC.forD.because19.You"llmissthetrain______youhurryup. A.unlessB.asC.ifD.until20.Whenyoureadthebook,you"dbettermakeamark_____youhaveanyquestions.A.atwhichB.atwhereC.theplaceD.where21.We"dbetterhurry______itisgettingdark.A.andB.butC.asD.unless22.Ididn"tmanagetodoit_____youhadexplainedhow.A.untilB.unlessC.whenD.before23._____hecomes,wewon"tbeabletogo.A.WithoutB.UnlessC.ExceptD.Even24.Ihurried_____Iwouldn"tbelateforclass.A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless25._____Icatchacold,Ihavepaininmyback.A.EverytimeB.ThoughC.EvenD.Where26.What"sthematter_____theystillhaven"tansweredthetelegram?A.whenB.thatC.thoughD.however27.Bringitnearer_____Imayseeitbetter.A.althoughB.eventhoughC.sothatD.since28.YoumayarriveinBeijingearly_____youmindtakingthenighttrain.A.thatB.thoughC.unlessD.if29.Helenlistenedcarefully_____shemightdiscoverexactlywhatsheneeded.A.inthatB.inorderthatC.incaseD.eventhough30.Morepeoplewilleatoutinrestaurants_____theydotoday.A.thanB.whenC.whileD.as31._____hardshetries,shecanhardlyavoidmakingmistakesinherhomework.A.MuchB.HoweverC.AsD.Although32.Poor_____itmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome,_____youmaygo.A.as;whereverB.though;wheneverC.inspiteof;whenD.that;wherever33.Thechildwas__immediatelyaftersupper.A.enoughtiredtogotobedB.tootiredtogotobedC.sotiredthathewenttobedD.verytired,hewenttobed 34.Thehistoryofnursing__thehistoryofman.A.asoldasB.isoldthanC.thatisasoldasD.isasoldas35._____borninChicago,theauthorwasfamousforhisstoriesaboutNewYork.A.SinceB.OnceC.WhenD.Although36._____westoodatthetopofthebuilding,thepeoplebelowwerehardlyvisible.A.AsB.AlthoughC.UnlessD.Inspiteof37.ScarcelywasGeorgeWashingtoninhisteens_____hisfatherdied.A.thanB.asC.whileD.when38._____Davidgoes,heiswelcome.A.WhicheverB.HoweverC.WhereverD.Whatever39.Thehousestood_____therehadbeenarock.A.whichB.atwhichC.whenD.where40.Small_____itis,thepenisamostusefultool.A.becauseB.soC.ifD.as41.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced_____tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas42.Thepianointheothershopwillbe_____,but_____.A.cheaper;notasbetterB.morecheap;notasbetterC.cheaper;notasgoodD.morecheap;notasgood43.Johnplaysfootball_____,ifnotbetterthan,David.A.aswellB.aswellasC.sowellD.sowellas44.Althoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,A.hisworksarenotwidelyreadB.buthisworksarenotwidelyreadC.howeverhisworksarenotwidelyreadD.stillhisworksarenotwidelyread45.___thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As46.—Whatwasthepartylike?—Wonderful.It"syears_____Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.A.afterB.whenC.beforeD.since 47.Itwasnot_____shetookoffherdarkglasses_____Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when;thatB.until;thatC.until;whenD.when;then48.Ifweworkwithastrongwill,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,_____greatitis.A.whatB.howC.howeverD.whatever49.Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when50._____,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.HoweverlateisheB.HoweverheislateC.HoweverishelateD.Howeverlateheis51.Hewillcometocallonyouthemomenthe____hispainting.A.willfinishB.finishedC.hasfinishedD.hadfinished52.____difficultthetaskmaybe,wewilltryourbesttocompleteitintime.A.NomatterB.NowonderC.ThoughD.However53.Itwas____thatshecouldn’tfinishitbyherself.A.sodifficultaworkB.suchadifficultworkC.sodifficultworkD.suchdifficultwork参考答案语法复习六：状语从句一、1.Childassheis,sheknowsalotofthings.让步2.ThemoreIcandofortheclass,thehappierI’llbe.比较3.Hetalksasif(asthough)heknewallaboutit.方式4.Heissuchagoodteacherthatthestudentsloveandrespecthim.结果5.Ishallgototheparkunlessitrains.条件6.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.时间7.Wherethereiswater,thereislife.地点8.Hestudiedhardsothathecouldcatchupwithhisclassmates.目的9.Sinceyouareverybusy,Iwon"ttroubleyou.原因10.Evenif(though)Ifail,I’llneverloseheart.让步11.Onceyoubeginthework,youmustcontinue.时间12.Iwillfindherwherevershemaybe.让步13.Nowthatyou"vecome,you"dbetterhavedinnerwithus.原因14.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn"tfallasleep.结果15.Wemustdoeverythingashetellsus.方式 16.IndiaismuchbiggerthanJapan.比较17.Nomatterwhenyoucome,youarewarmlywelcome.让步18.As(So)longasyouworkhard,youcancatchupwiththeotherclassmates.条件二、1.when;2.assoonas;3.as;4.though;5.Whwerever;6.because;7.Since;8.whenever;9.Since;10.because;11.sothat;12.though;13.as;14.that;15.than;16.Evenif;17.that;18.as三、1~5CADAC6~10ABCBA11~15DDCAB16~20DABAD21~25CABBA26~30BCCBD31~35BACDD36~40ADCDD41~45CCBAD46~50DBCBD51~53CDD语法复习七：倒装句英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so,neither,nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。（一）倒装句的意义1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。e.g.MayIcomein?WasthePeople’sLiberationArmyfoundedin1927?2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。e.g.NeverhaveIbeenlateforschoolthisterm.Soearlydidhecometoschoolthatnootherstudentscame.（二）倒装的使用情况1、在“therebe”结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。e.g.Thereisaboxonthetable.2、在疑问句中。e.g.Isshesingingintheclassroom?Whatdoesyourmotherdo?3、在here,there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）e.g.Theregoesthebell.Hereisanappleforyou.Thereshecomes.4、重复倒装句型，用在以so,nor,neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”、“也这样”；nor,neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。e.g.IamwatchingTV.Soisshe.Myparentsdidn’twatchTVlastnight.Neither(Nor)didI.5、直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）e.g.“Verywell,”saidtheFrenchstudent.“Bringmetwoeggsandacupoftea,please.”saidhe.6、在以never,little,hardly,notonly,few,not,seldom 等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。e.g.Littledidhesayatthemeeting.NevershallIforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheArmy.比较：IshallneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheArmy.7、用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。e.g.Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowrk.OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。e.g.OnlyWangLiliknowsthis.8、为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如up,down,out,away,in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）e.g.Awayhurriedtheboy.Outrushedthegirl.9、在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were,had和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。e.g.HadItime(=IfIhadtime),Iwouldgoandhelpyou.WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldgoabroad.Shouldhecome(=Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.10、as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/副词/名词/动词+as+主语+谓语）。e.g.Proudastheyare,theyareafraidtoseeme.Childasheis,heseemstoknoweverything.（child前不加冠词）Hardasheworded,hemadelittleprogress.11、用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。e.g.Mayyousucceed!LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!12、So+形容词、副词及such置于句首时要倒装。Sohappydidhefeel.Suchwasme.练习：倒装句1.NotuntilIbegantowork____howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didn’tIrealizeB.didIrealizeC.Ididn’trealizeD.Irealized2.Onlybypractisingafewhourseveryday____beabletomasterthelanguage.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou3.Ifyoudon’tgo,neither____.A.shallIB.doIC.IdoD.Ishall4.Nosooner____tothestation____thetrainleft.A.hadIgot,whenB.Ihadgot,thanC.hadIgot,thanD.didIget,when5.----Yourfatherisverystrictwithyou.----____.HeneverletsoffasinglemistakeofoursA.SoheisB.SoisheC.HeissoD.Sodoeshe6.____today,hewouldgettherebySunday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave7.Neverinmylife____suchathing.A.IhaveheardorhaveseenB.haveIheardorseenC.IhaveheardorseenD.didIhearorsee 8.----Here____!WhereisXiaoLiu?----There____.A.comesthebus,isheB.comesthebus,heisC.thebuscomes,isheD.thebuscomes,heis9.____,Iwillnotbuyit.A.MuchasdoIlikeitB.AsmuchIlikeitC.MuchasIlikeitD.AsIlikeitmuch10.----Ilikefootball.Idon’tlikevolleyball.----____.A.SodoIB.NeitherdoIC.SoitiswithmeD.Soisitwithme11._____theexpense,I_____toItaly.A.Ifitwerenot,goB.Wereitnotfor,wouldgoC.Weren"titfor,willgoD.Ifithadntbeen,wouldhavegone12.So_____inthedarknessthathedidn"tdaretomoveaninch.A.hewasfrightenedB.washefrightenedC.frightenedhewasD.frightenedwashe13.—Inmodemtimes,girlslikebeautifulclothes.—Yes,_____andboys.Afterall,ourlifehasgreatlyimproved.A.sodothey;sodoyouB.sotheydo;soyoudoC.sodothey;soyoudoD.sotheydo;sodoyou14.—YouhaveanEnglishclasseverydayexceptSunday.---_____.A.SowehaveB.SowedoC.SohaveweD.Sodowe15.1wonderifyourwifewillgototheball.Ifyourwife_____,so_____mine.A.does;willB.will;doesC.will;wouldD.does;do16.OnlyafterIreadthetextoveragain_____itsmainidea.A.thatIknewB.didIknewC.1couldknowD.Ididknow17.—YouseemtohavelearnedalltheEnglishwordsbyheart.A.SoldoB.SodolC.SoIhaveD.Sohave118.—IseldomwatchTV,butlistentotheradioalot.A.SodoIB.NeitherdoIC.ImthesameD.Soitiswithme19.Soexcited_____thathecouldn"tsayaword.A.heseemedB.didheseemC.washeseemingD.hedidlook20.Jimmywassonervousnotasingleword_____downinthedictation.A.hewroteB.hewaswrittenC.didhewriteD.washewritten21.Little______when1tookthetripwhereitwouldleadme.A.haveIknownB.hadIknownC.do1knowD.didIknow22.—Haveyoueverseenanythinglikethatbefore?—____.A.No,IneverhaveseenanythinglikethatbeforeB.No,neverIhaveseenanythinglikethatbeforeC.No,neverhave1seenanythinglikethatbeforeD.No,Ihaveseenanythinglikethatbeforenever23._____,1wouldaccepttheinvitationandgototheparty.A.WereIyouB.WasIyouC.HadIbeenyouD.Would1beyou24.Youshouldworkless_____.A.andneithershouldIB.andsoshouldIC.andnorshouldID.andsoIshould25._____andcaughtthemouse.A.UpthecatjumpedB.ThecatupjumpedC.UpjumpedthecatD.Jumpedupthecat26.Notonly_____apromise,butalsohekeptit.A.didhemakeB.hemadeC.doeshemakeD.hashemade 27.Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears._____.A.SoishisauntB.SohashisauntC.SohisauntdoesD.Soitiswithhisaunt28.Notonce_____theirplan.A.didtheychangeB.theychangedC.changedtheyD.theydidchange29.—DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?—Idon"tknow,and______.A.nordon"tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon"tcareneitherD.Idon"tcarealso30.Notuntilhearrivedhome_____hefindthatthiswallethadbeenstolen.A.didB.wouldC.whenD.that31.—Thisisoneoftheoldesttreesintheworld.—_____suchabigtree.A.NeverIhaveseenB.Ihaven"tneverseenC.NeverhaveIseenD.Ihaveseennever32.Nowhereelseintheworld_____cheapertailoring（裁缝业,成衣业）thaninHongKong.A.atouristcanfindB.canatouristfindC.atouristwillfindD.atouristhasfound33._____succeedindoinganything.A.OnlybyworkinghardwecanB.ByonlyworkinghardwecanC.OnlywecanbyworkinghardD.Onlybyworkinghardcanwe34._____thatweallwentout,lyinginthesun.A.SofinewastheweatherB.SowasthefineweatherC.TheweatherwassofinewasD.Sotheweatherwastine35.____aniceman____thatweallbelievehim.A.So;didheseemB.So;heseemedC.Such;heseemedD.Such;didheseem36.—Youseemtobeanactor.—_____.Ihaveplayedmanypartsinalotoffilms.A.SodoIB.SoamIC.SoIdoD.SoIam37.Notonly____workinghard,butalso____verypolite.A.theboyis;heisB.istheboy;heisC.theboyis;isheD.istheboy;ishe38._____,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.A.TryashedoesB.AshetriesC.TryasdoesheD.Astryhedoes39.—Icannotseethepicturewellfromhere.—_____.A.NeithercantIB.NeitherIcanC.Ican"tneitherD.NeithercanI40.—Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice—_____,butwhocaredwhatIasked?A.SooughtyouB.So1oughtC.SoitwasD.SoIdid41.Socarelessly_____thathealmostkilledhimself.A.hedrivesB.doeshedriveC.didhedriveD.hedrove42.Little_____abouthisownhealththoughhewasveryill.A.hecaredB.didhecareC.hecaresD.doeshecare43.Well____knowhimandwell____knowme.A.Idid;hedidB.didI;hedidC.didI;didheD.Idid;didhe44.Nosooner____theyrushedoutintothestreet.A.didtheyhearthenewsthanB.didtheyhearthenewswhenC.hadtheyheardthenewsthanD.hadtheyheardthenewswhen45.Littlewonder_____uptheirhandsindismay.A.havesomethrownB.somehavethrownC.thrownsomehaveD.havethrownsome46._____,hewouldhavepassedtheexam.A.IfheweretostudyB.IfhestudiedhardC.HadhestudiedhardD.Shouldhestudyhard47.Wewereluckyenough,fornosooner_____home_____itrained. A.wereturned;andB.wehadreturned;whenC.didwereturn;whenD.hadwereturned;than48.Solittle_____agreeontheplanthattheycouldnotsettletheirdifference.A.didtheyB.dotheyC.theydidD.theydidnot49._____herealizeditwastoolatetoreturnhome.A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkwhenC.ItwasnotuntildarkthatD.Itwasuntildarkthat参考答案语法复习七：倒装句1~5BDACA6~10CBBCC11~15BDDBA16~20BADBC21~25DCABC26~30ADABA31~35CBDAD36~40DBADD41~45CBCCB46~49CDAC语法复习九：动词词义辨析动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie,lay;hanged,hung;rise,raise;sit,seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow,lend;speak,say,talk;hope,wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise,advice;cost,worth;pass,past等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain,say;discover,invent,uncover;find,findout等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask,give,call,make,find,get,keep,want,see,hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：givein,giveup,turnon,turnoff,turndown,turnup等。（一）易混动词1、lay（放）,lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：中文原形过去式过去分词现在分词说明放laylaidlaidlaying及物动词躺lielaylainlying不及物动词说谎lieliedliedlying不及物动词2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。3、hear与listento：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listento是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listento却用于集中注意力的听。4、see,watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Areyougoingtoplayoronlywatch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：Thelittleboylookedmeintheface.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。 6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:HewasborninShanghai.而作它用时要用borne。如：Shehasbornefivechildren.但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用beseated。如：Theywereseatedattheirdesks.或用seatoneself,比如:Iseatedmyselfinthearmchair.9、borrow,lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，agame,anargument,abattle,aprize,acontest,arace,abet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:Ihavewonhim.即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。13、take,bring与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shutyourmouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shutup.在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answerfor，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。16、reach，arrive与getto：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有getto,arrive(at/in)。17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost,spend,take，但各有不同用法。cost作“花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如:shespentallhismoneyonstamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如Ittakesmethreehourstofinishthiswork.18、lost,gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost,gone，但要用miss时则不能用missed,而要用missing.19、haveon,wear,puton及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。haveon与wear作穿着状态讲;但haveon不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。puton是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:Hewasdressedinab1uesuit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：Idressmychildreninthemorningeveryday.20、begin与startbegin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:weshou1dhavetostartearlybecausetherewasalottrafficinthestreet。21、allow与permitallow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：Peoplearenotallowedtospit.22、find与foundfind找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：ThePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.23、speak,say,talk与tell英文中讲有4个词，speak,say,talk,tell，但其中speak,talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：PleasespeakEnglish。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tellmeastory。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：Mywatchwasbroken.Itcouldn’ttelltimecorrectly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为Itsaid…。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Canyoutellmethedifferencebetweenthetwo？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：Thefatheralwaysspeakswellofhisson.。24、excuseme与sorryexcuseme用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。25、carefor与caretodocarefor其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Wouldyoucareforacupoftea？但carefor作照顾讲时与lookafter相同。26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.),advice(n.);accept(v.),except(prep.);pass(v.),past(prep.);bathe(v.),bath(n.);breathe(v.),breath(n.);choose(v.),choice(n.);succeed(v.),success(n.);27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。28、动词+副词+介词：catchupwith,lookforwardto,comeupwith,keepupwith,goinfor,lookdownon,getonwith…29、动词+介词to的词组有：cometo,stickto,objectto,agreeto,turnto,attendto,belongto,devoteto,replyto…30、与in相结合的动词有：givein,handin,bringin,dropin,succeedin,takein,checkin,engagein,fillin,tradein…（二）动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。(I)动词+副词(不及物) Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(2)动词+副词(及物)Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它们。(3)动词+介词(及物)I"mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼镜。注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She"sgotmoreworkthanshecancopewith.她的工作多得使她应付不了。(4)动词+副词+介词Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hearfrom收到…的来信，hearof听说。②lookafter照料，lookat看，lookfor寻找。(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ringback回电话,ringoff挂断电话,ringup打电话②putaway放好,puton穿，上演,putup挂起，举起。(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：lookfor寻找,callfor去取(某物)，去接(某人),askfor请求,waitfor等候,sendfor派人去叫。(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①breakout发生，爆炸,carryout进行，开展,goout熄灭,handout分发,letout放出,lookout当心,sellout卖完,setout出发,takeout取出,workout算出。②breakdown出毛病,comedown落下来,getdown下车,takedown取下,writedown写下。练习、动词词义辨析1.Icanhardly____thedifferencebetweenthetwowords.A.pointB.speakC.sayD.tell2.I____youwillwritemebacksoon.A.wishB.hopeC.wantD.need3.Iaskedhimto____meafewminutessothatIcouldhaveawordwithhim.A.spendB.spareC.saveD.share4.Fatherwillnot____ustotouchanythinginhisroomwhenheisaway.A.haveB.letC.agreeD.allow5.Ilearnedto____abicycleasasmallboy.A.rideB.driveC.operateD.run 6.Ican____youtotherailwaystationinmycar.A.sendB.pickC.rideD.take7.Ifnoone____thephoneathome,ringmeatwork.A.answersB.returnsC.repliesD.receives8.1don"tknowtherestaurant,butit"s____tobequiteagoodone.A.saidB.toldC.spokenD.talked9.Theseboxesaretooheavyforyourmother,you"dbetter____themforher.A.bringB.carryC.takeD.fetch10.Therewasafightinthestreetyesterday.Threepeoplewereseriously____.A.hurtB.killedC.brokenD.cut11.Carelessdriving____alotofhighwayaccidents.A.affectsB.givesC.causesD.results12.I"ve____myumbrellaintheofficeandI"llhavetofetchit.A.forgotB.leftC.remainedD.lost13.Thedoctorsaysafewdays"restinaquietplacewill____youalotofgood.A.makeB.doC.giveD.get14.Hisheart____fastwhentheteacheraskedhimadifficultquestion.A.beatB.hitC.jumpedD.ran15.Thecookingchicken____verygood.A.smellsB.feelsC.soundsD.tastes16.Mostchildrenstayathomeuntilthey____schoolage.A.getB.comeC.reachD.arrive17.Asinglemistakeherecould____youyourlife.A.payB.takeC.spendD.cost18.Theboyworkshard.I____himtosucceedintheexam.A.likeB.expectC.thinkD.need19.We____eachotherthebestofluckintheexamination.A.hopedB.wantedC.expectedD.wished20.I"mafraidMrBrownisn"tin.Wouldyouliketo____amessage?A.giveB.leaveC.carryD.take21.Doyouknowthegirl____aredcoat?A.dressedinB.hadonC.woreD.puton22.TheassistantsuggestedMary____theblueskirt.A.buyingB.boughtC.tobuyD.couldbuy23.OurteachersuggestedWangLin____toAmericaforfurtherstudy.A.shouldsendB.wouldbesentC.sendingD.besent24.OldMrJacksoninsisted____totheFriendshipHospital.A.onbeingsentB.tosendC.onsendingD.beingsent25.ThefatherinsistedthattheirsonTom____cleverenoughtostudymusic. A.beB.shouldbeC.wasD.wouldbe26.I____thetelevisionsetfor1,500yuan.A.boughtB.paidC.costD.spent27.I____playfootballthanbasketball.A.wouldratherB.hadbetterC.likebetterD.prefer28.-Whatareyoudoing?-I"mlooking____thechildren.Theyshouldbebackforlunchnow.A.afterB.atC.forD.up29.Thesportsmeetwillbe____tillnextweekbecauseofthebadweather.A.putoffB.putawayC.putupD.putdown30.Ireallydon"twanttogototheparty,butIdon"tseehowIcan____it.A.getbackfromB.getoutofC.getawayD.getoff31.Readerscan____quitewellwithoutknowingtheexactmeaningofeachword.A.getoverB.getinC;getalongD.getthrough32.Manyforeigners____theGreatWallastheWorld"sSeventhWonder.A.lookatB.lookforC.lookaroundD.lookon33.1can"thearclearly.Please____theradio____alittle.A.tum;onB.tum;offC.tum;downD.tum;up34.Thirtypeoplewereexpected,butonlytwenty-four____.A.turnedinB.turnedupC.turnedtoD.turnup35.Thechildisrunningahighfever.Wemust____adoctoratonce.A.sendinB.sendoutC.sendforD.sendup36.I"mgoingtoapopconcertwithTom.He"ll____meateightandwe"llgotheretogethe;A.callforB.callinC.callonD.callup37.Itisofteneasiertomakeplansthanitisto____.A.carryonthemB.carryoutthemC.carrythemonD.carrythemout38.Yourcompositionmustbe____afterclass.A.handedtoB.handedoutC.handedinD.handedover39.Anewschoolwas____inthevillagelastyear.A.heldupB.setupC.sentupD.broughtup40.-Whendidtheplane____?-At2o"clock.A.takeoff"B.takeupC.takeawayD.takeplace41.____!There"sdangerahead.A.LookatB.LookupC.LookonD.Lookout42.Let"s____tocleanthehouse.It"stoodirty.A.setaboutB.setoutC.setoffD.setdown43.Iusedto____myteacherwhenIwasinBeijing.A.callin.B.callatC.callforD.callon44.He____fromhisfamilyandsettleddowninAmerica.A.brokeawayB.brokeoutC.brokeupD.brokein 45.Hehadto____hisfather"sbusinessafterhisdeath,thoughhedidn"treallywanttocontinueit.A.carryoutB.pickupC.setupD.carryon46.Therobbershadnotroublein____thebank,butwhentheycameout,thepolicewerewaitingforthem.A.breakingoutB.breakingintoC.breakingupD.breakingawayfrom47.Autumniscoming.Thefarmersarebusy____thecropsinthefields.A.movinginB.sharinginC.handinginD.gettingin48.Allthestudents____theirholidaystotakepartinplantingtrees.A.gaveoutB.gaveinC.gaveupD.gaveaway49.Hewasalwaysthelasttoleaveinordertocleanuptheworkroomand____thetools.A.putawayB.takeawayC.pushasideD.lookafter50.____thisarticleandtellmewhatyouthinkofit.A.LookupB.LookonC.LookintoD.Lookthrough参考答案语法复习九：动词词义辨析1~5DBBDA6~10CAABA11~15CBBAA16~20CDBDB21~25AADAC26~30AACAB31~35CDCBC36~40ADCBA41~45DBDAD46~50BDCAD语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：Wearenotready.我们没准备好。Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Openthedoor,please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.如果我是你，我就学英语了。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如:Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式，should+动词原形，wereto+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形注:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifmybrotherwerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice，youwouldn"t(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Ishould(would，could，might)gotoseemygrandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如:Shouldhecome(Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.我要是你，就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如:Withoutair(Iftherewerenotair),therewouldbenolivingthings.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。Butforyourhelp(Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(IfIhadn’tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；Iwouldhavefinishedthework,butIhavebeenill.(IfIhadn’tbeenill,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.)我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如:Youcouldhavewashedyourclothesyourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"Ifyouhadwantedto")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:Ifmygrandmotherwerewithme!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；Ifonlyshehadnotleft!如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"Itisimportant(strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如:Itisimportantthateverymember(should)informhimselfoftheserules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如:IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如:Iwish(wished)Ihadn’tspentsomuchmoney.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止；Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.但愿你立刻来。(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如:Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.我要求他立刻答复我。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonethisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。(2)由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。 注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在inorderthat或sothat引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could或might（有时也用should）+动词原形”。如:Mrgreenspokeslowlysothathisstudentscould(might)hearclearly.格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"Itistime(that)…"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如:It’s(high)timewedidourhomework.我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如:Iwouldrathernottellyou.我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may+动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐！Maygoodluckbeyours.祝你顺利。 练习、虚拟语气1.IfI____wherehelived,I____anotetohim.A.knew,wouldB.hadknown,wouldhavesentC.know,wouldsendD.knew,wouldhavesent2.Ifthey____earlierthanexpected,they____herenow.A.hadstarted,wouldbeB.started,mightbeC.hadstarted,wouldhavebeenD.willstart,mighthavebeen3.Ididn’tknowhistelephonenumber.____it,I____then.A.HadIknown,wouldringhimupB.ShouldIknow,wouldhaverunghimupC.IfIknew;wouldringhimupD.HadIknown;wouldhaverunghimup4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe_____,she____absentfromschool.A.werenotill;wouldn"tbeB.hadbeenill;wouldn"thavebeenC.hadbeenill;shouldhavebeenD.hadn"tbeenill;couldbe5.WereItodoit,I________itsomeotherway.A.willdoB.woulddoC.wouldhavedoneD.weretodo6.I________himtheanswer________possible,butIwassobusythen.A.couldtell;ifithadbeenB.musthavetold;wereitC.shouldhavetold;haditbeenD.shouldhavetold;shoulditbe7.Withoutyourhelp,we________somuch.A.won"tachieveB.didn"tachieveC.don"tachieveD.wouldn"thaveachieved8.Youdidn"ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice,you________suchamistake.A.Hadyoutaken;wouldn"thavemadeB.Ifyouhadtaken;wouldmakeC.Wereyoulotake;shouldnthavemadeD.Haveyoutaken;wonthavemade9.Wewishwe____whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool.A.didB.couldhavedoneC.havedoneD.shoulddo10.Shewishesshe____tothetheatrelastnight.A.wentB.wouldgoC.hadgoneD.weregoing11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe________betallwhenhegrowsup.A.couldB.shouldC.wouldD.wereableto12.MysisteradvisedmethatI________accepttheinvitation.A.couldB.mustC.shouldD.might13.Heasksthathe________anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere.A.isgivenB.mustgiveC.shouldgiveD.begiven 14.DoyouthinkofWangFang"ssuggestionthathe________Mr.Litotheparty?A.willinviteB.haveinvitedC.isinvitedD.invite15.Iinsistedthathe________atonce.A.begoneB.goC.wouldgoD.mightgo16.LiMinginsistedthathe________anythingatall.A.hadn"tstolenB.shouldn"tstealC.doesn"tstealD.steal17.Itisquitenaturalthatmycominglateagain________themveryangry.A.hadmadeB.wouldmakeC.makesD.make18.Heactedasifhe________everythingintheworld.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.won"tknow19.ReaditaloudsothatI________youclearly.A.mayhearB.willhearC.hearD.haveheard20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey________theyfirsttrain.A.caughtB.willcatchC.mightcatchD.shallcatch21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth.A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.shouldbe22.Thatisagoodbook.You________ityesterday.A.couldbuyB.shouldbuyC.shouldhaveboughtD.bought23.Itishightimewe________home.A.willgoB.wouldgoC.havegoneD.went24.I"dratherthatyou________home.A.wentB.havegoneC.willgoD.hadgone25.IfonlyI_________tothelecture!A.listenB.willlistenC.amlisteningD.hadlistened26.----Ifhe_____,he______thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken27.Ididn"tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome28.Withoutelectricity,humanlife________quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe29.He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive30.Ifcitynoises_______fromincreasing,people_______shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable 20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto31.Mike"sfather,aswellashismother,insistedthathe________home.A.stayedB.couldstayC.hasstayedD.stay32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe________theworkall.A.haddoneB.havedoneC.didD.so33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty________thatMarywouldcometoseeher.A.hassheknownB.hadsheknownC".ifsheknowD.ifshehasknown34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney,what________?A.willyoubuyB.wouldyoubuyC.wouldyouhaveboughtD.willyouhavebought35.Ifyou________thatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepy.A.didn"tseeB.haven"tseenC.wouldn’thaveseenD.hadn’tseen36.Ourmonitorrequestedthat________.A.alltheclassstudiedmorecarefullytheproblemB.theproblemwasmorecarefullystudiedC.withgreatcaretheproblemcouldbestudiedD.alltheclassstudytheproblemmorecarefully37.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?----Yes,butI________.busydoingmyhomework..A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe38.Histiredfacesuggestedthathe________reallytiredafterthelongwalk.A.hadbeenB.wasC.beD.shouldbe39.Itisimportantthatwe________.A.shallclosethewindowbeforeweleaveB.willclosethewindowbeforeweleaveC.mustclosethewindowbeforeweleaveD.closethewindowbeforeweleave40.Ididn"tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseI______him.A.hadtelephonedB.wouldtelephoneC.wouldhavetelephonedD.telephone语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气1~5BADAB6~10CDABC11~15CCDDB16~20ADAAC21~25DCDAD26~30BDDAA31~35DABBD36~40DABDC语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词 （一）助动词有be,have,do,will,shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。1、be(am,is,are,were,been)(l)“be+-ing”构成进行时态；（2）“be+过去分词”构成被动语态；（3）“be+动词不定式”构成复合谓语：①表示按计划安排要发生的事。TheprimeministeristovisitJapannextyear.总理将于明年访问日本。②用于命令。You"retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。2、have(has,had)(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如：Haveyouseenthefilm?(2)“havebeen+-ing”构成完成进行时态。如：Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?这些日子你一直在干什么?3、do(does,did)(1)“donot+动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：Hisbrotherdoesn’tlikeplayingbasket.；(2)“Do+主语+动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Doeshegotoschoolbybikeeveryday?(3)“do+动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如：Ididgotoseehim,buthewasn’tin我确实去看望他了，但他不在家。Dodosomework.请一定做点什么；(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。Mymothertoldmetogotobedearly.SoIdid.4.will,shall(would,should)“will(shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称或第三人称，口语中常用will代替shll，如：Wewillhaveameetingtodiscusstheproblem.（二）情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下：1、can和could(could为can的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示能力，如：HecanspeakEnglishbetterthanyou.(2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”，如：CanthisgreenbikebeLiuDong"s?(3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用，如：Youcan(may)gohomenow.(4)如果要表示语气婉转，可用could代替can，这时could不再是can的过去式，如：Couldyoucomeagaintomorrow?(5)can和beableto都可表示能力，两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式，而beableto则有更多的形式，如：Hewillbeabletodotheworkbetter.2、may和might(might为may的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示允许或征询对方许可，有“可以”之意，如：Youmayusemydictionary.在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时，一般多不用may或may not，以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如：----MayIusethisdictionary?----Yes,please.或----Certainly.在请求对方许可时，如果MightI…?就比用MayI…?语气更婉转些，如：MayIhavealookatyournewcomputer?但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时，要用mustnot代替maynot，如：----Mayweswiminthislake?----No,youmustn’t.It’stoodangerous.(2)may或might都可以表示可能性，表示“或许”、“可能”之意，如果用might表示可能性，则语气更加不肯定，如：Theymay(might)beinthelibrarynow.3、must的基本用法(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意，其否定式mustnot，缩写形式为mustn"t，表示“不应该”，“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意，如：Wemuststudyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.Youmustn"ttouchthefire.(2)对以must提出的疑问句，如作否定回答时，要用needn"t或用don"t(doesn"t)haveto(不必)来回答，而不用mustn"t，因为mustn"t表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意，如：----Mustwefinishtheworktomorrow?----No,youneedn"t(don"thaveto),butyoumustfinishitinthreedays.(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如：----Whosenewbikecanitbe?----ItmustbeLiuDong"s.Iknowhisfatherhasjustboughthimanewone.4、can,could,may,must后接完成式的用法(1)can,could后接完成式的用法：①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度，Couldhehavesaidso?②在肯定句中，可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如：----Whendidyouanswerherletter?----Onlyyesterday.----It"stoolate.Youcouldhaveanswereditearlier,Iamsure.(2)may,might后接完成式的用法①表示对过去某事的推测，认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might，语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定，如：MarymighthavelearnedsomeChinesebefore.②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实际没有做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气，如：Youdidn"tdotheworkwellthatday.Youmighthavedoneitbetter.(3)must后接完成式的用法：表示对过去某事的推测，认为某事在过去一定做到了，如：LiuDongisn’tintheclassroom.Hemusthavegonetothelibrary.5、haveto的基本用法：haveto和must的意义相近，只是must侧重表示说话人的主观看法，而haveto则表示客观需要，如：Imuststudyhard.Ihadtogiveitupbecauseofillness.6、oughtto的基本用法(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事，语气比should强，例如：Everyoneoughttoobeythetrafficregulations.(2)表示推测，注意与must表示推测时的区别：Hemustbehomebynow.(断定他已到家)，Heoughttobehomebynow.(不十分肯定)，Thisiswheretheoilmustbe.(比较直率)，Thisiswheretheoiloughttobe.(比较含蓄)；(3)“ought+have+过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。例如：Yououghttohavehelpedhim.(butyoudidn’t)这时，ought与should可以互相换用。注意，在美国英语中oughtto用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如：Oughtyousmokesomuch?Yououghtn’tsmokesomuch.7、dare的基本用法 (l)dare(dared为其过去式)作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句中，如：Daredhebreadthetrafficregulationsagain?(2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词，其变化与一般行为动词相同，如：Shedarestostayathomealoneatnight.8、need的基本用法(1)need作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，如：Heneedn"tworryaboutusnow.(2)need也可作为行为动词用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带to的动词不定式为其宾语。如：Youneedtopractisereadingaloudeveryday.(3)needn"t后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情，如：----Didyouanswertheletteryesterday?----Yes,Idid.----Butyouneedn’thaveansweredit.9、shall的基本用法(1)shall用作情态动词时，用于第二、三人称，表示说活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意，如：Heshallgofirst,whetherhewantstoornot.(2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一、三人称，表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示，如：ShallIopenthedoor?10、should的基本用法(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意，如：Youshouldlearnfromeachother.(2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情，或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如：Youshouldhavegivehimmorehelp.11、will的基本用法(1)用于各人称，可以表示“意志”或“决心”，如：Ihavetoldhimagainandagaintostopsmoking,buthewillnotlisten.(2)在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿，如：WillyoupleasetellmehowtogettotheCapitalGymnasium?(3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“会要”之意，如：Everymorninghewillhaveawalkalongthisriver.12、would的基本用法(1)would作为will的过去式，可用于各人称，表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”，如：Hepromisedhewouldneversmokeagain.(2)在疑问句中，用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的意愿时，比用will的气更加婉转，如：Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?(3)在日常生活中，学用“Iwouldliketo…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使语气婉转，如：IwouldliketodoEx.2first.(4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作，比usedto正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：LastyearourEnglishteacherwouldsometimestellusstoriesinEnglishafterclass./Duringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweek.(5)表料想或猜想，如：Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome./Whatwouldshebedoingthere?/Ithoughthewouldhavetoldyouaboutit.13、usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather的用法(1)usedto表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变，例如：Hetoldusheusedtoplayfootballwhenhewasyoung. 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式。疑问句：Didyouuseto/Usedyoutogotothesameschoolasyourbrother?否定句：Iusedn’tto/didn’tusetogothere.(usedn’t也可写作usen’t)；否定疑问句：Usen’tyouto/Didn’tyouusetobeinterestedinthetheatre?强调句：Icertainlyusedto/didusetosmoke,butitwasalongtimeago.；其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：Sheusedtobeveryfat.didn’tshe?/use(d)n’tshe?Didyouusetoplaychess?Yes,Idid./Usedyoutogetupearlyinthemorning?Yes,Idid./usedto.(2)hadbetter意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式，例如：----Wehadbettergonow.----Yes,wehad(we"dbetter/wehadbetter)./Hadn’twebetterstopnow?(Hadwebetternotstopnow?)/IthinkI’dbetterbegoing.(用于进行时态，表“最好立即”)/Youhadbetterhavedonethat(用于完成时态，表未完成动作)注：hadbetter用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。(3)wouldrather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式，例如：I’drathernotsayanything./Wouldyouratherworkonafarm?/----Wouldn’tyouratherstayhere?----No,Iwouldnot.I’drathergothere.由于wouldrather表选择，因而后可接than，例如：Iwouldratherworkonafarmthaninafactory./IwouldratherwatchTVthangotoseethefilm/Iwouldratherloseadozencherrytreesthanthatyoushouldtellmeonelie./I’dratheryoudidn’ttalkaboutthistoanyone.(句中的"drather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词)练习、助动词与情态动词1.Ifthey_________todothiswork,hemightdoitsomeotherway.A.wereB.shouldC.willD.can2.Iwastoldyesterdaythatthecompany_________metoRomenextweekforabusinessconference.A.shouldhavesentB.weregoingtosendC.shouldbesendingD.shouldsend3.Let"stakeawalk,________?A.willweB.don"tweC.doweD.shallwe4.Hewasagoodswimmersohe_________swimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.A.couldB.mightC.shouldD.wasableto5.Iwenttothedoctor"syesterday,Ihadtowaitforhalfanhourbeforehe________seeme.A.canB.mayC.mightD.could6.----_________thisbookbeyours?----No,it________notbemine.It________behis.A.Can,must,mayB.May,might,mustC.Can,may,mustD.Must,can,may7."Wedidn"tseehimatthelectureyesterday.""He_________it."A.mustn"tattendB.can"thaveattendedC.wouldhavenotattendedD.neededhaveattended8.They_________theplane,orperhapstheyhavebeenpreventedfromcomingforsomereason.A.canhavemissedB.mayhavemissedC.canhavelostD.mayhavelost9.Sincethegroundiswhite,it_________lastnight.A.hadsnowedB.musthavesnowedC.mustbesnowingD.musthavebeensnowing 10.Youmustbefifty,________?A.mustn"tyouB.needn"tyouC.aren"tyouD.mnyn"tyou11.Youmusthaveseenhimoffyesterday,_________?A.haven"tyouB.didn"tyouC.mustn"tyouD.needn"tyou12.----Thatmustbeamistake.----No.it_________be.A.can"tB.isn"tabletoC.canD.wasableto13.Hehadknownthematterbeforeyoutoldhim,soyou_________havetoldittohim.A.mustn"tB.can"tC.needn"tD.shouldn"t14.How________so?A.dareyoutosayB.dareyousayC.doyoudaresayD.daretosay15.Youaretheirteacher.You_________careofthem.A.shouldtotakeB.mighttotakeC.oughttotakeD.needtotake16.Sheisstudyingmedicalsciencenowbutshe_________alawyer.A.usedtobeB.wouldbeC.wereD.hadbeen17.IfyouwereinanEnglish-speakingcountry,you,too,_________Englisheveryday.A.willbeusedtospeakB.willbeusedtospeakingC.mustbeusedtospeakD.wouldbeusedtospeaking18.Ididnotcalltomakemyairlinereservation(预订)butI_________.A.shouldhaveB,mayhaveC.musthaveD.shallhave19.Asagirl,she_________getupatsixeveryday.A.wouldB.willC.mightD.should20.Don"tyourememberthatwe_________tothecinematonight?A.wouldgoB.goC.aregoingD.willbegone21.----ShallItellJohnaboutit?----No,you_________.I"vetoldhimalready.A.needn"tB.wouldn"tC.mustn"tD.shouldn"t22."WouldyoumindifIopenthewindow?"“__________”.A.Idon"tlikeitB.Yes.pleaseC.No,pleaseD.No.I"msorry23."Wouldyoutellmesomethingabouttheaffair?"“__________”.A.Yes.pleaseB.AllrightC.NotatallD.Ido24.M:________?T:I"dloveto,butI"mafraidIhavenotime."M:0h,no.You"llsurelycomeover.T:It"sveryniceofyou.ButI"msorryIhavetogotoameeting.A.DoyouhavelunchoutinarestaurantB.ShallIhaveyouwithmeatmybirthdayC.DidyougotoseethefilmD.Haveyouenjoyedyourselfattheparty 25."Yououghttohavecomeheretenminutesago?""Yes,I_________."A.oughttoB.oughttohaveC.oughtD.haveoughtto26."Wouldyouliketogooutforawalk?""Yes,___________."A.I"dliketoB.I"dlikeC.I"llliketoD.Iwould27.________yousucceed!A.CanB.MayC.MustD.Will28.Didheneed________then?A.leaveB.toleaveC.leavingD.left29.Doyouthinkifhedares_________inpublic.A.speakB.speakingC.tospeakD.spoken30.He________eatingAmericanfoodsincehecamehere.A.usedtoB.hasbeenusedC.hasbeenusedtoD.wasusedto31.Acomputer________thinkforitself;it________betoldwhattodo.A.maynot,mustB.mustn"t,mightC.shouldn"t,couldD.can"t,must32."________youmindmyopeningthewindow?""Notatall."A.ShallB.ShouldC.WillD.Would33.1didn"thearthephone.I_________asleep.A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldhavebeenD.couldhavebeen34.You_________meaboutitearlier,butyoudidn"t.A.shouldhavetoldB.wouldhavetoldC.musthavetoldD.shouldtell35.Theteachertoldthestudentsthatthey________keepsilentinclassallthetime.A.oughttonotB.oughtnottoC.oughtnottohaveD.can"t36."MayIgonow?""No,you________."A.mustn"tB.needn"tC.mightn"tD.won"t37.You_________dotheexerciseifyoudon"twantto.A.maynotB.can"tC.mustn"tD.needn"t38.You_________paymoreattentiontoyourspellingnexttime.A.wouldB.shouldC.willD.shall39.Thegirl_________outaloneatnight.A.darenotgoB.darenottogoC.daresnotgoD.doesnotdarego40.There________bealotofsmallhousesonbothsidesofthestreet.A.usedtoB.getusedtoC.wouldD.diduseto参考答案： 语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词1~5ABDDD6~10CBBBC11~15BACBC16~20ADAAC21~25ACBBB26~30ABBCC31~35DDBAB36~40ADBAA语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v+ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，如：tostudy,toplay，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：tostudyhard,toplaytabletennis。1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动tobuildtohavebuilttobebuildingtohavebeenbuilding被动tobebuildtohavebeenbuild2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：Tohelpeachotherisgood.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：Itisgoodtohelpeachother.（2）作表语：Myjobistodrivethemtothepowerstationeveryday.动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Ourplanistosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasants’children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式tosetup…为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）Wearetosetupanothermiddleschoolforthepeasants’children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的aretosetup整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式tosetup所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：Shewishestobeamusician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure等，如：Iamdeterminedtogiveupsmoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Canyougiveussomeadviceonwhat todonext?（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.如果句中的谓语动词为see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：Isawalittlegirlrunacrossthestreet.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：Idon’tthinkitrighttodoitthatway.（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：Heisthemantodependon.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：Theoldmanislookingforaquietplacetolive.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语：EverymorninghegetsupveryearlytoreadEnglish.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加inorderto或soasto（以便或为了），但应注意inorderto位于句首或句中均可，而soasto不能位于句首，如：ShereadsChinaDailyeverydayinorderto(soasto)improveherEnglish.将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：Tomasteraforeignlanguage,onemustworkhardatit.②结果状语：Theylivedtoseetheliberationoftheirhometown.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too+形容词或副词+动词不定式，表示“足能…”的结果，如：Youareoldenoughtotakecareofyourselfnow.3、复合结构不定式：由for+名词（或代词宾格）+动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：Itisveryimportantforustogeteverythingreadyfortheharvest.当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good,nice,kind,wise,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite等，如：Itisverykindofyoutohelphimeveryday.4、疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthisriverisaproblem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成，如：It’swrongofyounottoattendthemeeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：Wedecidedtoplantmoretreesthisspring.（其后），Theyoftenwatchusplaytabletennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：ShehappenedtobewritingaletterintheroomwhenIcamein.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：Whatistobedonenexthasn’tbeendecidedyet.练习、非谓语动词（一） 1.----Canyourideahorse?----No,Ineverhadthechance____.A.forlearningitB.forlearninghowC.howtolearnitD.tolearnhow2.Paulsaid,"Givemeachair_____."A.tositB.sitC.sitonD.tositon3.Irantoofast______whereIwasgoing.A.tonoticeB.formetonoticeC.tonoticeformeD.andnotice4.----Haveyouenjoyedyourvisithere?----Yes,I"llbeverysorry______.A.forleavingB.ofleavingC.toleaveD.withleaving5.----I"llhelpyouwheneveryouneedme.----Good.I"dlike_____metomorrow.A.youhelpingB.thatyouwillhelpC.youtohelpD.thatyouhelp6.----Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.----That"sgood.Wetried_____noisy.A.notbeB.nottobeC.tobenotD.tonotbe7.Becauseofairpollutionbeinggreatlyreduced,thiscityisstill______.A.agoodplacewhichtobelivedinB.livedasagoodplaceC.agoodplacetoliveinD.livinginasagoodplace8.----Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?----______newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.Forselecting9.----Wheredidhego?----Hewenttoanotherstore______.A.tobuypencilsB.forbuyingpencilsC.buypencilsD.buyingpencils10.----Mybabyhasahearttrouble.----Didthedoctorfinditdifficult______?A.intreatingB.treatingC.fortreatingD.totreat11.----Didthejudgeaskyoumanyquestions?----Yes,and______.A.theyweredifficulttobeansweredB.toanswerthemwastobedifficultC.theyweredifficulttoanswerD.theyhaddifficultyinanswering12.Thatbeggarseems_____anythingyesterday.A.nottohaveeatenB.nottoeatC.didn"teatD.tonothaveeaten13.Thelostchilddesirednothingbut_____home.A.goB.togoC.going.D.went14.Thatboxis____.A.tooheavyformetocarryB.tooheavyformetocarryitC.soheavyformetocarryD.veryheavyformetocarry15.Wouldyoube______todomeafavour,please?A.sokindas.B.tookindC.askindasD.enoughkind16.TolearntospeakEnglishwell,_____.A.muchpracticeisneededB.oneneedsmuchpracticeC.muchpracticeisneededbyoneD.oneisneededmuchpractice17.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident______losehisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto18.LastsummerItookacourseon______. A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade19.Thehouseisnotlargeenough____.A.toliveinB.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forliving20.Nobodylikes______.A.tospeakillofB.tobespokenillofC.speakingillofD.spokenillof21.Iknowhim______agoodfootballplayerwhileincollege.A.tohavebeenB.tobeC.wasD.hadbeen22.Iwassurprised______.A.watchinghimtoeatsoquicklyB.watchhimeatsoquicklyC.watchinghimeatsoquicklyD.towatchhimeatsoquickly23.Mr.Whitewasseen______thePalaceMuseum.A.enterB.toenterC.enteredD.toentering24.IsawMary____thehouse.A.openthedoorandgointoB.toopenthedoorandtogointoC.openthedoorandtogointoD.openthedoorandwentinto25.Pauldoesnothingbut_____alldaylong.A.playB.toplayC.playingD.played26.Nowwecouldnotdoanythingbut______forhimhere.A.waitedB.waitingC.towaitD.wait27.Idon"tknowherandIdon"t______.A.wantB.wanttoC.wantitD.towant28.----Gotothetheatrewithme,willyou?----Ishouldlike______,butIdon"thavetime.A.toB.tooC.todoD.togoto29.Toplayfairisasimportantas______.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell30.Itisthegreatesthappinessonearth______.A.lovingandtobelovedB.toloveandbeinglovedC.toloveandtobelovedD.loveandbeloved31._____isbettertolovethan_____.A.That,tobelovedB.That,belovedC.It,belovedD.It,tobeloved32.It"sveryfoolish_____it?A.foryoutosayB.ofyoutosayC.withyousayingD.inyoursaying33.It______metwohourstofindyournewhouse.A.costB.tookC.spentD.used34.Wedidnotexpectouroffer_____soquickly.A.rejectedB.toreject.C.toberejectedD.rejecting35.Hetoldher______thereatonce.A.getB.getsC.shouldgetD.toget 36.Weallthinkitmostfoolish______thismistake.A.foryoumakingB.ofyoutomakeC.youtomakeD.foryoutomake37.Ireallydon"tknow____.A.toswimB.howtoswimC.toswimhowD.howswim38.----WhatdoyouthinkaboutEnglish?----It"sadifficultlanguage_____.A.speakingB.tobespokenC.tospeakD.spoken语法复习十二：非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeingmadegoing完成式havingmadehavingbeenmadehavinggone2、-ing形式的基本用法。（1）作主语：Seeingisbelieving.百闻不如一见。Talkingiseasierthandoing.–ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：Itisn’tmuchgoodwritingtothemagain.It’snousewaitinghere.（2）作表语：Herjobiswashingandcooking.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。Shelikesdrawingverymuch.；②作某些短语动词的宾语。MaryisthinkingofgoingbacktoNewYork.；③do+限定词（my,some,any,the等）+-ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：WeoftendoourcleaningonSaturdayafternoon.WillyoudoanyshoppingonSaturdaythisafternoon?④作介词的宾语：Hersisterisgoodatlearningphysics.；⑤作形容词worth,busy等的宾语：Thisbookiswellworthreading.–ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：Wefounditnogoodtalkinglikethat.Doyouthinkitnecessarytryingagain?（4）作定语：Thesleepingchildisonlyfiveyearsold.Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegate?注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：ThegirlwhowrotealetterthereyesterdaycanspeakEnglishverywell.（5）作宾语补足语：Wecanseesteamrisingfromthewetclothes.注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find,have,keep等。 （6）作状语：①时间状语：SeeingTom,Icouldn’thelpthinkingofhisbrother.分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：Whencrossingstreet,youmustbecareful.②原因状语：Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschoolyesterday.③方式或伴随状语：MarystoodattheschoolgatewaitingforBetty.3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Havingansweredtheletter,shewentontoreadanEnglishnovel.4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：Thetruckbeingrepairedthereisours.5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseethelibrary.6、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Yoursmokinganddrinkingtoomuchwilldoharmtoyourhealth.但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：SheinsistedonPeter’s(orPeter)goingtherefirst.7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Ourjobismakingsteel.Shelikesplayingthepiano,butshedoesn"twanttoplayittoday.8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：ThegirlwritingalettertherecanspeakEnglishverywell./Ihavethreeletterstowrite.9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：Ihavetoldthemtocomeagaintomorrow.（2）在see,watch,hear,feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：Ihearhersingingintheroom.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。Ihearhersingintheroom.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Notreceiving hisletter,Iwrotetohimagain./Ilookedintothewindowtoseewhatwasgoingoninside.练习、非谓语动词（二）1.Aliensaidthathistripwas_______.A.interestedB.interestC.interestingD.ofinterest2.Wecan"tunderstand______adecisionuntilitistoolate.A.himtopostponetomakeB.hispostponingtomakeC.himtopostponemakingD.hispostponingmaking3.Icouldn"tunderstand______atthepoorchild.A.youtolaughB.youlaughC.whylaughD.youlaughing4.It"snouse______withhim.Youmightaswell______withastonewall.A.arguing,argueB.toargue,arguingC.arguing,arguingD.toargue,argue5.Itisnogood______today"sworkfortomorrow.A.toleaveB.leavingC.thatyouleaveD.leave6.Theoldman"s______pityonthesnakeledtohisowndeath.A.takeB.takingC.beingtakenD.have7.It"sverykind______you______sayso.A.of,toB.for,toC.to,toD.of,/8.Somepeople"sgreatestpleasureis______.A.fishingB.tofishC.tobefishD.beingfishing9.Remember______thebook,whenyouhavefinishedit.A.puttingbackB.havingputbackC.toputbackD.willputback10.Youdidn"thearuscomebacklastnight.That"sgood.Wetried______noisy.A.tonotbeB.nottobeC.beingnotD.notbeing11.Thoughhefailed,hetried_______itagainandagain.A.todoB.doingC.doD.done.12.You"llregret______thosewords.Youmayhurtherfeelings.A.sayB.tosayC.havingsaidD.tohavesaid13.Youcankeepthebookuntilyou______.A.havefinishedreadingB.finishtoreadC.willfinishreadingD.havefinishedtoread14.Wearelookingforwardto______anotherchance______itagain.A.begiven,totryB.give,totry.C.giving,tryingD.having,totry15.Mostofthestudentsenjoy_____stamps.A.collectB.tocollectC.collectingD.collected16.Excusemefor_____inwithout______.A.coming,askingB.coming,beingaskedC.tocome,askingD.tocome,beingasked17.Peoplecouldn"thelp______thefoolishgirl. A.laughatB.tolaughatC.laughingatD.laughing:18."Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?""Oh.excellent,it"sworth_______asecondtime."A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread19."Iusuallygotherebytrain.""Whynot______byboatforachange?"A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing20.Iwastooexcited______.A.speakB.tospeakC.nottospeakD.speaking21.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered______thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented22.Itisnouse_____tocomenow.Heisbusy.A.askhimB.toaskhimC.thatyouaskhimD.askinghim23.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands_______behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied24.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter____afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive.25.Thecomputercentre,______lastyearisverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened.26.Doyouknowtheboy_______underthebigtree?A.layB.lainC.layingD.lying27.Mostoftheartists______totheparty"werefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited28.Englishisalanguage______inmanycountries.A.spokenB.speakingC.bespokenD.tospeak29."Canyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice.A.angrily,pointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrily,pointedD.andangrilypointing30.Therewasaterriblenoise_______thesuddenburstofTight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed31.____moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven32._____theirstudents,thefamousteachercameintothehall.A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowed33.Yourflatneeds_____.Wouldyoulikemeitforyou?A.toclean,todoB.cleaning,doingC.cleaning,todoD.tobecleaned,doing34.Doesyournewsecretary____shorthand?A.knowtotakeB.knowhowtotakeC.knowhowtakeD.knowhowtaking35.Tommyhadhisbigbrother_____hisshoesforhim.A.totieB.tieC.tiedD.tying 36.Wouldyouplease______writeonthetextbooks?A.don"tB.nottoC.notD.tonot37.I"d______theoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.A.rathernothaveB.rathernottohaveC.notratherhadD.rathernothaving38.YourmotherandIarelookingforward________you.A.ofseeingB.forseeingC.toseeD.toseeing39.Thegirlcouldn"t_____howredhisfacewas.A.helptonoticeB.behelpingtonoticeC.behelpingnoticingD.helpnoticing40.Excuseme,butitistimetohaveyourtemperature______.A.takingB.totakeC.takeD.taken语法复习十二：非谓语动词（三）——过去分词（三）过去分词：1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：Theglassisbroken.这个玻璃杯是破的。注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：Theglasswasbrokenbymylittlebrother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded,devoted,discouraged,done,dressed,drunk,experienced,frightened,gone,hurt,interested,killed,known,learned,lost,pleased,satisfied,shut,surprised,tired,undressed,worried,astonished,broken,completed,covered等。（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：WhenIopenedthedoor,Ifoundthegroundcoveredbyfallenleaves.注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：Ihadmybikerepairedyesterday.昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。（4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when,if,while,though,as等连词，如：Seenfromthehill/Whenseenfromthehill,ourtownlooksbeautiful.;Givenmoretime/Ifgivenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing 和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：Thebellringing,weallstoppedtalking.注：Theworkhavingbeenfinished,shesatdowntohavearest.①独立结构中的being或havingbeen常可省去，如：Themeeting(being)over,alllefttheroom.②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：Shereadtheletter,tearsrollingdownhercheeks./Shereadtheletterwithtearsrollingdownhercheeks.2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。aninspiringspeech鼓舞人心的演说；theinspiredaudience受鼓舞的听众。（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：Thechangingworld正在发生的世界；thechangedworld已经起了变化的世界。练习、非谓语动词（三）1.Thereisnoquestionof_____abletofinishithimself.A.TomwasB.Tom"sbeingC.Tom"sbeD.Tomis2.Thenewshoppingcenter_____nowwillbeputintousebytheendofthisyear.A.builtB.bebuiltC.beingbuiltD.tobebuilt3."Haveyouhadsupper?""Notyet.Themeal_____."A.arebeingcookedB.isbeingcookedC.iscookedD.arecooked4."I"mglad______youhereinthehotel.""It"smygreatpleasuretohaveyou______us."A.meeting,toB.tohavemet,withC.havingmet,amongD.tomeet,of5.I"mafraidIcan"tmakemyself_____inEnglish.A.understandingB.understandC.tobeunderstoodD.understood6.Althoughinahurry,Wilson______.A.couldn"tstopwalkingB.couldn"thelpthestrangerC.stoppedtohelpthestrangerD.didn"tanswerthestranger7.Janetiseasy_____.A.forgettingalongwithB.bygettingalongwithC.togetalongwithD.gotalongwith8.Don"tforget______thelightwhenyouleave.A.turnoffB.toturnoffC.turningoffD.turnedoff9.Themotherisveryglad;herbabyisbeginning______.A.understandingwhatshemeansB.tounderstandthatshemeantC.tounderstandwhatshemeansD.noticingwhatshemeans,10.Ithinkthisstoryis_____. A.worthbeingreadB.worthreadingC.worthtoreadD.worthofreading11.Thisscientistisaman______praise.A.worthtoB.worthytobeC.worthyofD.worth12.Idon"twant______anymoretrouble,yousee?A.therebeingB.ittobeC.itbeingD.theretobe13.Whenshereturnedhome,shefoundthewindowopenandsomething______.A.stealingB.missedC.stolenD.tosteal14.Strictly_____,itisn"tworththepriceyouareasking.A.tospeakB.speakingC.speakD.spoken15.Time______,they"llcomeheretowatchus______football.A.permitted,playingB.permitted,toplayC.permitting,playD.permitting,toplay16.Themanwasseen_____intothecourtyard.A,stealingB.stolenC.bestealingD.hadstolen17.Bobshouldlove_____tothepartytomorrowevening.A.takingB.tobetakenC.totakeD.beingtaken18.Tomhadnochoicebut_____theclassroomwithhisclassmates.A.tocleanB.cleanC.cleaningD.cleans19.Mr.BrownsaidthathiscarneededA.toberepairedB.beingrepairedC.berepairingD.torepair20.Theoldmandidn"tknowwhethertosellthecaror____.A.beingkeptforlateruseB.keptforlateruseC.tokeepitforlateruseD.tobekeptitforlateruse21.Thenoiseofthedesks_____couldbeheardinthenextclassroom.A.beingopenedandclosedB.openedandclosedC.havingbeenopenedandclosedD.tobeopenedandclosed22.Iremember_____someone____theumbrellaaway.A.tosee,takeB.havingseen,totakeC.tosee,totakeD.havingseen,take23.Shewasnoticed______theshop.A.toenterB.enterC.havingenteredD.entered24.Icouldn"thelp_____whenIheardthejoke.A.beinglaughedB.laughingC.tobelaughingD.tolaugh25._____,sheburstintotears.A.DeeplymovedB.DeeplymovingC.AsshedeeplymovedD.Asshewasdeeplymoving26.Theproblemrequires______.A.studyingwithgreatcareB.tostudycarefully C.tobestudiedwithoutcarelessnessD.takinggreatcareofstudyingit27._____carelessly,theboymademistakeshereandthere..A.beingwrittenB.WroteC.WriteD.Writing28.Hewouldrather______hisparentswiththeirhouseworkthan_____outtoplaygames.A.tohelp,togoB.help,goC.help,togoD.tohelp,go29.Theboyhadhisleg_____while____football.A.broken,playingB.break,playC.broken,playedD.broke,wasplaying30.Havingfinishedthework,_____.A.itwasalmostsixo"clockB.apostmancameanddeliveredtheeveningpaperandsomelettersC.supperhadbeenalreadypreparedD.wehadarestandthenhadsupper31.Heisill.Hehaskept_____.A.coughingallalongB.tocoughatnightC.coughsinceyesterdayD.beingcougheddayandnight32.Itisnouse____without_____.A.totalk,doingB.taking,beingdoneC.talking,doingD.beingtalked,beingtodo33."Iusuallygotherebyboat.""Whynot_____bytrainforachange?"A.trygoingB.totrygoingC.tryingtogoD.totryandgo34._____,shefeltquiteshyattheparty.A.AssheastrangerB.BeingastrangerC.AccordingtoastrangerD.Shelikeastranger35.Everymorninghegetsupearlyandpractises______andthen_____toschool.A.toreadEnglish,goB.readingEnglish,goingC.readingEnglish,goesD.ofreadingEnglish,goes36.While_____footballontinplayground,Ifound"mykeys______.A.playing,lost,B.play,losingC.played,beinglostD.havingplayed,lost37.____thesamemistakesagainmadehisparentsveryangry.A.HishavingmadeB.HehasmadeC.HehadmakingD.Himmaking38.Dickmadeit______toallhisfriends.A.toknowB.knownC.knowD.knowing39.Annaspendsonehouraday_____spokenEnglish.A.practiseB.topractiseC.onpractisingD.inpractising40.Noonewassurprisedat_____theexamination.A.hepassingB.hispassC.himpassD.hispassing41.Althoughswimmingishisfavouritesport,yethedoesn"tlike_____today.A.toswimB.swimmingC.swimD.tohaveswim42.Shesatatthedeskandsetabout_____alettertoherfriend. A.towriteB.writingC.writeD.written43.Thissoupiscold;itneeds_____.A.toheatB.tobeheatedC.beinghotD.heated44.Iwent______aballoonbutIdidn"tseeanyone_____balloons.A.tobuy,tosellB.tobuy,sellingC.buying,sellingD.buying,tosell45.Annaisoftenheard______songsinherroom.A.sungB.singingC.singD.tosing46.Themoreyoupractise______English,thebetteryour_____Englishwillbe.A.tospeak,speakingB.speaking,spokenC.spoken,spokenD.spoken,speaking语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式1~5DDACC6~10BCCAD11~15CABAA16~20BBAAB21~25ADBAA26~30DBAAC31~35DBBCD36~38BBC语法复习十二：非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式1~5CDDAB6~10BAACB11~15BCADC16~20BCCDB21~25CDDAD26~30DAAAB31~35ABCBB36~40CADDD语法复习十二：非谓语动词（三）——过去分词1~5BCBBD6~10CCBCB11~15CDCBC16~20ABAAC21~25ADABA26~30ADBAD31~35ACABC36~40AABDD41~46ABBBDB语法复习十三：形容词和副词比较级和最高级及其使用形容词的比较级和最高级说明  例词 一般情况加er,estsmaller,smallest 以e结尾加r,stlarger,largest单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er,est以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词改y为i，再加er,estbusier,busiest 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写末尾辅音字母，加er,estfatter,fattest 以ow,er结尾的双音节词加er,estnarrower,narrowest　　cleverer,clevest多数双音节和多音节的词加moremost morebeautiful,　　mostimportant　　 　　副词的比较级和最高级　　1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more和most来构成比较级和最高级。　　2．少数单音节副词，加er,est构成其比较级和最高级。　　几个特殊的形容词和副词原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterbestbad,ill,badlyworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furtheroldolder,elderoldest,eldest　比较级和最高级的常用句型名称句型例句相等as原形as　　(as原形+名词as)Thetraintravelsasfastasthe3:55train.　Hehasnotasmuchmoneyashisfriend.不及notas(so)原形as　　(notas[so]+名词+原形as)Sheisnotas(so)beautifulashersister. 比较级+thanHealthismoreimportantthanwealth.超越the+比较级+ofthetwo　　两者中较…的一个Heisthetallerofthetwo.用于否定no+比较级+than　　和…一样不HeisnoricherthanI.　　他和我一样不富有。用于否定最…不过Hisworkcouldn"tbeworse.　　他的工作再糟糕不过了。程度递增erander，moreandmore+多音节词原级(越来越…)higherandhighermoreandmoreimportant两种情况同时变化the+比较级，the+比较级　　（越…，越…）Thequickeryougetready,thesoonerwe"llbeabletoleave.三者或三者以上比较the+最高级+of/in+比较范围　　（…之中最…）Ofallthingsintheworld,peoplearetheprecious.　　比较级结构的修饰语　　1．用于原级之前：　　almost,nearly,just,exactly,quite,half,twice,threetimes,athird,etc.　　Johnisalmostastallasyou.　　Theriveristhreetimesaslongasthatone.　　Wehaveathirdasmanystudentsaswehadlastterm.　　2．用于比较级前 　　many,afew(用于"more+可数名词"前)　　Ittakesmanymorehourstogotherebytrainthanbyplane.　　alot,much,abit,even,alittle,still,agreatdeal,far,rather,twoyears,tenpercent,threetimesetc.　　It"scoldthisyear,butit"sevencolderlastyear.　　Weproduced6%moregrainthisyearthanwedidlastyear.　　3．用于形容词和最高级前　　thevery,muchthe,byfarthe,thefirst/second　　Thishatisbyfarthelargestintheworld.　　Goldistheverymostvaluableofallmaterials.位置与功能高考重点要求　　1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法　　2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。　　3．注意多外形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。　　4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。　　此项语法内容从1991年到达2001年间共出现45次（包括上海题），可见其重要。　　形容词作用与位置　　1．定语。　　在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。　　"县官行令杀国才。"这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：　　限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观（描绘）形（大小、形状等）龄（年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）　　aninterestingEnglishfilmaheavyblackChinesesilkumbrella　　做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no,any,some，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。　　2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。　　常见系动词有：be　　变化系词：become,get,turn,grow,go　　保持系词：keep,remain,stay　　感观系词：look,smell,taste,feel,sound,appear,seem,proveetc.　　3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。　　Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.　　4.做宾补。　　N：①某些以a开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。　　afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake，alive　　②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语　　well,illfaint　　③某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。　　friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,orderly等。　　④复合形容词的形式问题。 　　an800-meter-wideriveranEnglish-speakingcountryamiddle-agedman　　副词　　位置　　1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。　　TheywentboatinginZhongshanParkyesterday.　　2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点　　always,seldom,often,never,rarely,usually等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之后。　　Heisalwaystellinglies,soIwillneverbelievehim.　　3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但enough除外）　　Heisveryyoung,soheisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.　　N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。　　closely-closenearly-nearfreely-freedeeply-deephighly-highwidely-wide等。　　以ly结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。　　Heishighlypraisedforwhathehasdone.(高度地)　　Hecanseeabirdisflyinghighinthesky.（飞得高，具有可见性）练习、形容词和副词高考题选：1.Johnhasthreesisters.Maryisthe___ofthethree.(MET88)　　A.mostcleverest　　B.moreclever　　C.cleverest　　D.cleverer2.Thestudentsare___youngpeoplebetweentheageofsixteenandtwenty.(MET88)　　A.most　　B.almost　　C.mostly　　D.atmost3.Shetoldus___storythatweallforgotaboutthetime.(MET88)　　A.suchaninteresting　　B.suchinterestinga　　C.soaninteresting　　D.asointeresting4.Itisimpossibleforso___workerstodosoworkinasingleday.(MET88)　　A.few,much　　B.few,many　　C.little,much　　D.little,many5.Thehorseisgettingoldandcan"trun___itdid.(MET88)　　A.asfasteras　　B.sofastthan　　C.sofastas　　D.asfastas6.Thestorysounds___.(MET89)　　A.tobetrue　　B.astrue　　C.beingtrue　　D.true7.I"dbeenexpecting___lettersthewholemorning,butthereweren"t___forme.(MET89)　　A.some;any　　B.many;afew　　C.some;one　　D.afew;none8.Thisyeartheyhaveproduced___grain___theydidlastyear.(MET89)　　A.asless;as　　B.asfew;as　　C.less;than　　D.fewer;than9.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced___tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.(MET90)　　A.astwicemany　　B.asmanytwice　　C.twiceasmany　　D.twicemanyas10.Thepianosintheothershopwillbe,but______.(MET90)　　A.cheaper;notasbetter　　B.morecheaper;notasbetter　　C.cheaper;notasgood　　D.morecheap;notasgood 11.---CanIhelpyou?　　　---Well,I"mafraidtheboxis___heavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.(MET90)　　A.so　　B.much　　C.very　　D.too12.---Excuseme,isthisMr.Brown"soffice?　　　---I"msorry,butMr.Brown___workshere.Heleftaboutthreeweeksago.(MET90)　　A.notnow　　B.nomore　　C.notstill　　D.nolonger13.Ifwehadfollowedhisplan,wecouldhavedonethejobbetterwith___moneyand___people.(MET90)　　A.less;less　　B.fewer;fewer　　C.less;fewer　　D.fewer;less14.Oh,John.___yougaveme!(MET90)　　A.Howapleasantsurprise　　B.Howpleasantsurprise　　C.Whatapleasantsurprise　　D.Whatpleasantsurprise15.---Howdidyoufindyourvisittomuseum?　　　---Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.Itwas___thanIexpected.(MET91)　　A.farmoreinteresting　　B.evenmuchinteresting　　C.somoreinteresting　　D.alotmuchinteresting16.Canadaislargerthan___countryinAsia.(NMET91)　　A.any　　B.anyother　　C.other　　D.another17.Thoseorangestaste___.(MET91)　　A.good　　B.well　　C.tobegood　　D.tobewell18.Theexperimentwas___easierthanwehadexpected.(NMET91)　　A.more　　B.muchmore　　C.much　　D.moremuch19.___foodyou"vecooked!(NMET91)　　A.Howanice　　B.Whatanice　　C.Hownice　　D.Whatnice20.Goandgetyourcoat.It"s___youleftit.(MET92)　　A.there　　B.where　　C.therewhere　　D.wherethere21.Johnwassosleepythathecouldhardlykeephiseyes___.(MET92)　　A.open　　B.tobeopened　　C.toopen　　D.opening22.---Areyoufeeling___?　　　---Yes,I"mfinenow.(NMET92)　　A.anywell　　B.anybetter　　C.quitegood　　D.quitebetter23.Whichis___country,CanadaorAustralia?(MET92)　　A.alarge　　B.larger　　C.alarger　　D.thelarger24.---WillyougivethismessagetoMr.White,please?　　　---Sorry,Ican"t.He___.(MET92)　　A.doesn"tanymoreworkhere　　B.doesn"tanylongerherework　　C.doesn"tworkanymorehere　　D.doesn"tworkhereanylonger25.Howcanyoufinishthedrawing?(MET92)　　A.often　　B.soon　　C.long　　D.rapid26.___terribleweatherwe"vebeenhavingthesedays!(MET92)　　A.Howa　　B.Whata　　C.How　　D.What27.Ittakesalongtimetogotherebytrain.It"s___byroad.　　(MET93)　　A.quick　　B.thequickest　　C.muchquick　　D.quicker 28.___fromBeijingtoLondon!(MET93)　　A.Howlongwayitis　　B.Whatalongwayisit　　C.Howlongwayisit　　D.Whatalongwayitis29.Shedoesn"tspeak___herfriends,butherwrittenworkisexcellent.(MET93)　　A.aswellas　　B.asoftenas　　C.somuchas　　D.asgoodas30.---Mum,IthinkI"m___togetbacktoschool.　　　---Notreally,Mydear.You"dbetterstayathomeforanotherdayortwo.(NMET93)　　A.sowell　　B.sogood　　C.wellenough　　D.goodenough31.---Ifyoudon"tliketheredcoat,taketheblueone.　　　---OK,butdoyouhavesize___inblue?Thisone"sabittightforme.(NMET93)　　A.abig　　B.abigger　　C.thebig　　D.thebigger32.Johnplaysfootbal___,ifnotbetterthan,Davi.(NMET94)　　A.aswell　　B.aswellas　　C.sowell　　D.sowellas33.Weallwrite___,evenwhenthere"snetmuchtosay.(NMET94)　　A.nowandthen　　B.byandby　　C.stepbystep　　D.moreorless34.---Doyouremember___hecame?　　　---YesIdo,hecamebycar.(NMET94)　　A.how　　B.when　　C.that　　D.if35.Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhave___atschool.(NMET94)　　A.thehappiesttime　　B.amorehappiertime　　C.muchhappiesttime　　D.amuchhappiertime36.---Haveyoufinishedyourreportyet?　　　---No,I"llfinishin___tenminutes.(NMET95)　　A.another　　B.other　　C.more　　D.less37.---I"dlike___informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.　　　---Well,youcouldhave___wordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful.(NMET95)　　A.some;a　　B.an;some　　C.some;some　　D.an;a38.Ifweworkwithastrongwill,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,___greatitis.(NMET95)　　A.what　　B.how　　C.however　　D.whatever39.Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainsbecauseitwasraining____.(NMET96)　　A.badly　　B.hardly　　C.strongly　　D.heavily40.Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard___.(NMET96)　　A.thebettervoice　　B.agoodvoice　　C.thebestvoice　　D.abettervoice41.Tonyisgoingcampingwith___boys.(NMET93)　　A.littletwoother　　B.twolittleother　　C.twootherlittle　　D.littleothertwo42.---HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?(NMET95)　　---Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspent___thedaysattheseaside.　　A.fewlastsunny　　B.lastfewsunny　　C.lastsunnyfew　　D.fewsunnylast43.Canyoubelievethatin___arichcountrythereshouldbe_manypoorpeople?(MET95)　　A.such;such　　B.such;so　　C.so;so　　D.so;such44.Waittillyouaremore___.It"sbettertobesurethansorry.(NMET97) 　　A.inspired　　B.satisfied　　C.calm　　D.certain45.ProfessorWhitehaswrittensomeshortstories,butheis___knownforhisplays.(NMET98)　　A.thebest　　B.more　　C.better　　D.themost46.___totakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.(NMET2000)　　A.Braveenoughstudents　　B.Enoughbravestudents　　C.Studentsbraveenough　　D.Studentsenoughbrave47.It"salwaysdifficultbeinginaforeigncountry,___ifyoudon"tspeakthelanguage.(NMET2000)　　A.extremely　　B.naturally　　C.basically　　D.especially48.Iamsurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(an)___trick.(2001春招)　　A.ordinary　　B.easy　　C.smart　　D.simple49.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis___itisascience.(NMET2001)　　A.anartmuchas　　B.muchanartas　　C.asanartmuchas　　D.asmuchanartas50.---I"mvery___withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.　　---Mm,itdoeshavea___smell.(2002春招)　　A.pleasant;pleased　　B.pleased;pleased　　C.pleasant;pleasant　　D.pleased;pleasant51.Borishasbrains.Infact,Idoubtwhetheranyoneintheclasshas___IQ.　　A.ahigh　　B.ahigher　　C.thehigher　　D.thehighest语法复习十三：形容词和副词1．C．原题中的threesisters这一信息词语暗示考生要用最高级的形式。clever的最高级有两种：themostclever，thecleverest2．C．mostly是副词，意思是："主要地"，修饰整个句子。用most时应为mostofthestudents；用almost通常说almostall+n.3．A．such与so修饰名词时可这样使用。so+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数somany/few十可数名词复数somuch/little+不可数名词4．A．few修饰可数名词的复数；much修饰不可数名词。5．D．A、C项是语法错误。as…as之间不能用比较级形式。B项也是语法错误，than前没有比较级，把than变成as就对了。实际上notas…as=notmorethan．6．D．sound是"听起来"的意思。它是系动词，其后接形容词做表语。类似的系动词还有lookseemtastesmellfell．7．A．some常用在肯定句中，而any常用在否定、疑问和条件句中。8．C．grain是不可数名词。A项是语法错误，as…as之间用原级，B项few不修饰grain，D项也如此。9．C．表示倍数的词与其他表示程度的副词修饰as…as结构时，应放在其前面。10．C．该题考查了考生是否掌握形容词比较级的两种形式，该句可理解为：Thepianosintheothershopwillbecheaper，butnotasgoodasthoseinthisshop.11．D．此处可理解为theboxistooheavyforyoutocarry．12．D．nolonger强调时间；nomore强调数量和次数。13．C．better这一信息词可暗示考生用比较级形式，less修饰不可数名词，fewer修饰可数名词的复数。14．C．what与how修饰名词引起的感叹句：　　what+a/an+形容词十单数可数名词 　　what+形容词+可数名词复数　　what+形容词+不可数名词　　How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数　　注意what的用法与sach相似，how与so相似。且gives　　B.asurprise是惯用法。15．A．用来修饰比较级的副词有：alittle，abit；evenstill；far，byfar；alot，agreatdeal；much，any(用于否定、疑问)；rather．16．A．用比较级表示最高级的意思，用than+anyother+单数名词(包括主语在内)或用any+单数名词(比较范围不包括主语在内)。因加拿大不属亚洲。如，把Asia改为NorthAmerica，则B正确。17．A．taste是系动词，后接形容词做表语。B项well如果是形容词，表示"身体好"。但Thingsarewellwithme．属于特殊情况。参看6题。18．C．参看15题。19．D．参看14题。20．B．where引导表语从句，且where在表语从句中做地点状语。21．A．当open做宾补时，一般用它的形容词，不用它的现在分词。又如：withhiseyesopen/closed22．B．any修饰比较级时，一般用于疑问句和否定句中。23．D．表示两者中"最…"的意思，用the+比较级。此句可理解Canadaisthelargerofthetwocountries.24．D．nomore与nolonger变成not…anymore或not…anylonger时anymore和anylonger要置于句尾，可参看12题。25B．howoften表示频率，与题意不符。howlong句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词，是"多久"的意思。D项rapid是形容词不能修饰动词。Howsoon的回答词用in+时间，因此，全句的意思是："在多长时间之内(或以后)你能画完画?"且句中谓语是瞬间动词。26．D．可参看14题。weather是不可数名词。27．D．此处可理解为It"squickertogobyroadthanbytrain．　　28．D．参看14题。　　29．A．原题中的but与excellent两个信息词可暗示考生，且notas…as相当于notmorethan，因此，该句的意思是："她讲的不如朋友的好，但她的笔头好。"30．C．well是形容词"身体好"的意思。这是It"s+adj+enoushtodosth句型。该句意思是："我身体已好，可以返回学校了。"31．B．形容词的比较级修饰可数名词的单数时，前面不要忘了加a，泛指比较…的-个。例如，Thisshirtisalittlelarger．Couldyoushowmeasmallerone?32．B．是29题的创新。该句的意思是："如果不比David好的话，那么会跟David踢的一样好。"ifnotbetterthan为插入语。33．A．从evenwhenthere"snotmuchtosay这一信息句可知。nowandthen相当于sometimes，occasionally和fromtimetotime，B项byandby=soon，C项stepbystep=gradually，D项moreorless=about，修饰名词，但也可修饰动词，作状语。34．A．从答语中bycar可知，how问的是方式。35．D．haveagood/happytime是惯用法，much修饰比较级。参看31题。36．A．more与another在表示"再、又"时，用法不同，more置于数词后面，而another置于数词的前面。37．A．information是不可数名词。haveawordwithsb．相当于speak/talkto/withsb．与…谈话。 38．C．however是连接副词，修饰形容词great并引导一个让步4状语从句，意思是："无论困难有多大。"39．D．"下大雨"应说"rainhard/heavily"．40．D．意为："我从未听过比她还好的噪音。"用比较级表达最高级的概念。41．C．要知道形容词排列作定语的顺序。42．B．与41题考查的目的相同。43．B．可参看3题。44．D．从下文It"sbettertobesurethansorry．即"确信要比后悔好"可知，填入D项。A、B、C项不符合逻辑。45．C．该题考查副词用法。四个选项均为副词的比较级或最高级，题干的两个并列分句中，已给出someshortstories和hisplays这一特定的语境，表示二者之间的比较需用副词的比较级。wellknown是一惯用词组，意为"出名的"、"众所周知的"，well的比较级为better，故答案为C。46．C．形容词作后置定语。enough为副词，修饰形容词brave，放在其后。47．D．意为"在国外通常是困难的，特别是你不会说外语"。48．D．意为"我很吃惊你竟然被这么简单的一个诡计愚弄了。"此处，只有用D项才能准确表达这种语气。49．D．"教学更像是一门科学。"第一个as为副词。50．D。51．B。语法复习十四：代词It的用法１．作人称代词JohnlikesplayingPingpong．/Healwaysdoesitintheafternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/　　It"stimewewenthome./Howfarisitfromheretoyourhome?/Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer．/It"sveryquietatthemoment．(可指时间、天气、环境等)２．引导词　　Ａ．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。　　It"simportantforustolearnasecondlanguage．/It"snousetalkingtohim．/It"sknowntoallthattheearthgoesroundthesun．　　B．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。　　Wefeelitourdutytohelpothers．/Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．　　C．强调结构：Itis(was)+被强调部分＋that(或who)…　　注意:在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when或where，而应用that。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。　　ItwasinShanghaithatIboughttheguitar．(that引起强调句)　　ItwasShanghaiwhereIboughttheguitar．(where引起定从)　　Itwastwelveo"clockwhenwearrivedthere．(when引起时间状语从句）　　Itwasattwelveo"clockthatwearrivedthere．（that引起强调句）3.it，one，that的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。　　NMET2000，23． 　　---Whydon"twetakealittlebreak?---Didn"twejusthave__________?　　A．itB．thatC．oneD．this　　NMET2001，25．　　TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_________willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein．A．theyB．it　　C．oneD．whichone用以指代同类事物中的任一，that特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。不定代词不定代词种类较多，用法各异，在使用中一定要注意区别。1、both，either，neither都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，both可用作同位语。　　both意为"两者都"，either表"两者中任一个"，neither表"两者都不"。2、any，none，all表三者或三者以上范围，any表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；表示不可数物中的一点儿也没有；all整个的；所有的(三者或三者以上)；所有的(不可数)。　　e.g.Thisbookisagoodseller，soyoucanbuyitatanyshopinBeijing．/Noneofusare/isperfect．/Allofthevillagewasflooded．　3、noone，nobody，none，nothing：noone，nobody表没有人，nothing指没有什么事物，none兼指人和物。none着眼于数量概念。"特指的人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有"。　　----Howmanypeoplearethereinthehall?----None．　　----whowantstogowithhim?　----Noone(Nobody)．　　----Whatcanyouseeinthebottle?　　----Nothing．　　----Isthereanywaterinit?　　----None．4、another，theother，theother+复数名词(或theothers)，other(或other+复数名词)：another表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一；与数词连用，表"再有"；theother表两者中的另外那个，特指；theother+复数名词(或theothers)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others(或other+复数名词)另一些，表余下人或物中的另一些，泛指。　　---Idon"tlikethis，showmeanotherone．(NMET2000，16)　　Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroomyou"llhavetopay_______$15．　　A．anotherB．otherC．moreD．Each(A)人称、物主、反身、指示代词高考重点要求　　1．掌握人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词的基本用法。2．重点掌握不定代词的指代含义及数的情况，能通过语境准确选取答案。3．掌握it的基本用法。　　一．人称代词　　1）分清主格和宾格形式。　　eg：---Iloveyoumorethanher，child．/---Youmeanmorethan___loveherormorethansheloves____?　　A．you；me　　B．I；you　　C．you；you　　D．I；me 　　2)注意约定俗成的用法。　　---Whoisit?　　---It"sme．　　---I"dliketohavearest．　　---Me，too．　　3）使用we和you泛指一般人　　4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等　　Chinaisagreatcountry．Shehasalonghistory．　　5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you，he(she)andI；we，youandthey　　二．物主代词：名词性物主代词――在句中做主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：afriendofmine。形容词性物主代词――只能起定语作用。　　三．反身代词　　1)在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；2)单复数的确定；3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。　　e.g.I"mnotquitemyselftoday．我今天不大舒服。/Ｍakeyourselfathome．不要拘礼；请随便吧。/Don"tgetnervous，helpyourselftowhatyoulike．别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。/Haveyouenjoyedyourselftoday?你今天玩得愉快吗？　　四．指示代词（一）this，that，thesethose　　1．在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。　　2．this(these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that(those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。e.g.Thisisanovelandthatisamagazine．　　3．this(these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that(those)常指前面讲到的事物。e.g.Whathetoldmeisthis：hewantedtogotoBeijing．/Hedidn"tcome．Thatiswhyhedidn"tknow．　　4．that，those常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。e.g.Theoiloutputin1998washigherthanthatof1995．(that代替oiloutput)/ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthoseinGermany．　　（二）such　　such引起倒装句，谓语数取决于后面主语的数：e.gSuchismyanswer．/Suchareourpeople．　　做定语，注意和so的区别，尤其是在so…that，such…that句型中。e.g.Ihaveneverseensuchbeautifulflowers．(复数名词前，so不可)/Ihaveneverseensuchagreatfilm．(也可为sogreatafilm)/Wehavesuchbeautifulweathertodaythatweshouldgooutforanouting．(不可数词前，不可用so)/Therearesomanypeopleinthehallthatit"shardformetofindhim．(在数量概念的many，much，little，few之前，不可用such)练习（一）、代词一、强化训练：1.NewEnglish-ChineseDictionaryhasbeenrepublishedseveraltimes,_____moreuptodatethanthelastedition.　　A.anyB.everyoneC.eitherD.each2.Afterpaying1,000dollars_____,you"llallbecomefullmembersofourclub.　　A.eachB.allC.everyD.both3._____washercrueltythatweallhatedher.　　A.ItB.WhatC.ThatD.Such 4.Maryhasbeenillinbedforaweek.Iwonderifsheis_____betternow.　　A.muchB.someC.anyD.very5.-Whichofthesetwotieswillyoutake?-Idon"tlikethese.Doyouhaveany_____?　　A.oneB.otherC.onesD.others6.I"dratherrideabikeasbikeridinghas_____ofthetroubleoftakingbuses.　　A.muchB.allC.neitherD.none7.Ineedsomeblueinktodaybutthereis_____athand.　　A.notB.nothingC.alittleD.none8.Ifoundtheverywatchofmine_____Ihadleft_____.　　A.where,itB.that,itC.which,oneD.where,one9.Ihaven"tgottimetogetthetickets.Who"sgoingto____?　　A.dosoB.doitC.buyitD.dothem10.-JackcertainlyhasahighopinionofSusan.　　Itcan"tbebetterthan_____ofhim.　　A.hersB.sheC.thatD.her11.-Shallweintroduce____fire-fightingequipmentfromabroad?-Goahead,ifnecessary.　　A.otherB.afewmoreC.anotherD.someother12.-Howaboutthepriceoftheserefrigerators?-Theyareequalinpriceto,ifnotcheaperthan,_____attheotherstores.　　A.othersB.itC.thatD.theones13.-Idislike_____whenotherslaughatmeinpublicorspeakillofmebehind.-SodoI.　　A.themB.thoseC.itD.that14.-Whichdoyouprefer,classicalmusicorpopmusic?　-_____.Ipreferfolkmusic.　　A.EitherB.BothC.NoneD.Neither15.Whydon"tyoutrustanduseoldTom?Heisstillasstrongas_____intheteam.　　A.nobodyB.anybodyelseC.everybodyD.somebodyelse16.-Arethenewmethodstakinganyeffect?-Yes,_____articlesarestolenfromoursupermarket.　　A.fewB.moreC.someD.none17.Duringthemeetingayoungmancriedoutsuddenlyandthrewhisnotebookatthechairman,_____broughttheroomtodisorder.　　A.itB.andwhichC.andthatD.this18.I"vejustseennomorethanonecopyofGonewiththeWindinthebookshopopposite.Tom,goandbuy_____back.　　A.oneB.anyC.itD.some19.-Doyouhave_____athomenow?-No,westillhavetogetscoresofeggsandsomevegetables.　　A.nothing　　B.everything　　C.anything　　D.something20.Nancyisexpectinganotherbabyandhopes_____willbeaboy.　　A.he　　B.that　　C.it　　D.there21.Surelyit"s_____withthebignoseyoumean,not____!　　A.he,I　　B.him,me　　C.him,I　　D.he,me22.Thetemperaturecanfallto–30℃._____is,30°Cbelowfreezingpoint.　　A.Which　　B.It　　C.That　　D.This23.-Theexamwaseasy,wasn"tit?　-Yes,butIdon"tthink_____couldpassit.　　A.somebody　B.everybody　　C.anybody　　D.nobody 24.Cuttheappleintohalvessothatthetwinsmayeachget_____half.　　A.every　　B.each　　C.another　　D.either25._____ofuscandoeverything,butallofuscando_____.　　A.None,something　　B.Some,everythingC.Few,something　　D.Few,nothing26.-MayIhelpyouwithsomegloves,sir?-Yes,I"dliketotrythoseblue____.　　A.one　　B.ones　　C.pair　　D.two27.Ofallmyfriends_____willbeabletopersuadeTomtochangehismind.Heissofirmuponit.　　A.none　　B.nobody　C.neither　D.noone28.-Ishecontenttoacceptourofferedprice?-Yes.Hecaresmoreaboutthequality.Moneyis_____tohim.　　A.everything　B.anything　　C.nothing　　D.something29.Ihavenoideawhichwasbetter,soItook____ofthem.　　A.both　　B.none　　C.all　　D.any30.Youmustn"talwaysdo_____asheasksyoutodo.Hemaybewrongsometimes.　　A.anything　　B.something　　C.nothing　　D.everything31.I"mnopainter,andtome,onepaintingismuchlike.　　A.another　　B.theother　　C.others　　D.one32.Ididn"twanteitherof____hatsandaskedthesalesmantoshowme_____.　　A.those,another　　B.two,theother　　C.all,theothers　　D.both,others33.Thechildrenwerecatchingbutterfliesinthegarden.Somecaughtalot,andotherscaught_atall.　　A.nothing　　B.none　　C.noone　　D.neither34.Thankyouverymuchindeed.That"s_____ofyou.　　A.kindest　　B.mostkind　　C.thekinder　　D.themostkind35.Jackisaverylikablefellow,butI"velearnedtotake_____hesayswithagrainofsalt.　　A.somethingB.anything　　C.nothing　　D.everything36.-Iloveyoumorethanher,child.-Youmeanmorethan____loveherormorethansheloves____?　　A.you,me　　B.I,you　　C.you,you　　D.I,me 练习（二）、代词二、高考题选：1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar_____hedied?(MET88)A．that　　B.while　　C.inwhich　　D.then2.Is_____necessarytotakeoffourshoeswhenweenterthelab?(MET88H)A．everyone　　B.this　　C.her　　D.it3．Is_____possibletoflytothemooninaspaceship?(MET88)　A．now　B.that　　C.it　　D.man4．HisParentswouldn"tlethimmarryanyone_____familywaspoor．(MET88)　A．ofwhom　　B.whom　　C.ofwhose　　D.whose5．_____leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelight．(MET88)　　A．Anyone　　B.Theperson　C.Whoever　　D.Who6．_____writerisbetterknowninChina，CharclesDickensorMarkTwain?(MET88)　　A．Which　　B.What　　C.Either　　D.Whether7．---HaveyouseenTomandMary?---Ihaven"tseen_____ofthem．(MET88)　　A．neither　　B.any　　C.either　　D.all8．Is_____necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?(MET89)　　A．this　　B.that　　C.it　　D.he9．All_____isneededisasupplyofoil．(MET89)　　A．thething　　B.that　　C.what　　D.which10．Hiscameraismoreexpensivethan______．(MET89)　　A．hers　　B.her　　C.it　　D.its11．Idon"tthink_____possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork．(MET90)　　A．this　　B.that　　C.its　　D.it12．______ofthemknewabouttheplanbecauseitwaskeptinasecret．(MET90)　A．Each　　B.Any　　C.Noone　　D.None13．Hepaidtheboy￥10forwashingtenwindows，mostof_____hadn"tbeencleanedforatleastayear．(MET90)　　A．these　　B.those　　C.that　　D.which14．Kateandhersisterwenttoholidaywithacousinof_____．(MET90)　　A．their　　B.theirs　　C.her　　D.hers15．IinvitedTomandAnntodinner，but_____ofthemcame．(NMET91)　　A．neither　　B.both　　C.either　　D.none16．Sheheardaterriblenoise，_____broughtherheartintohermouth．(MET91)　　A．it　　B.which　　C.this　　D.that17．Wecouldn"teatinarestaurantbecause_____ofushad_____moneyonus．(MET91)　　A．all;no　　B.any;no　　C.none;any　　D.noone;any18．Theseplantsarewatered_____．(NMET91)　　A．eachotherday　　B.everyotherdayC.eachoftwodays　　D.everyoftwodays19．Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss，_____cameasasurprise．(NMET91)　　A．it　　B.that　　C.which　　D.he20．Does_____matterifhecan"tfinishthejobontime?　　A．this　　B.that　　C.he　　D.it21．Mr．Zhanggavethetextbookstoallthepupilsexcept_____whohadalreadytakenthem．(MET92)　　A．theones　　B.ones　　C.some　　D.theothers22．There"resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan"tmakeupmymind_____tobuy．(MET92)　　A．what　　B.which　　C.how　　D.where23．Althoughhe"swealthy，hespends_____onclothes．(NME792)　　A．little　　B.few　　C.alittle　　D.afew24．Inthedarkstreet，therewasn"tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp．(MET92) 　　A．that　　B.who　　C.fromwhom　D.towhom25．_____hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent．(MET93)　　A．What　　B.That　　C.Thefact　　D.Thematter26．---Wouldyoulikesomewine?---Yes，just_____．(MET93)　　A．little　　B．verylittle　　C．alittle　　D．littlebit27．Tom"smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder，but_____didn"thelp．(MET93)　　A．he　　B．which　　C．she　　D．it28．---Is_____here?　　---No，BobandTimhaveaskedforleave．(MET93)　　A．anybody　B．somebody　C．everybody　D．nobody29．---IsyourcameralikeBill"sandAnn"s?---No，butit"salmostthesameas_____．(NMET94)　　A．her　　B．yours　　C．them　　D．their30．Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood，_____wasmorethanwecouldexpect．(NMET94)　　A．what　　B．which　　C．that　　D．it31．_____isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage．(NMET95)　　A．There　　B．This　　C．That　　D．It32．Theywereverytired，but_____ofthemwouldstoptotakearest．(NMET95)　　A．any　　B．some　　C．none　　D．neither33．Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave_____．(NMET95)　　A．it　　B．those　　C．them　　D．one34．---Whenshallwemeetagain?--Makeit_____dayyoulike;it"sallthesametome．(NMET96)　　A．one　　B．any　　C．another　　D．some35．Tomfeltthathekneweverybody"sbusinessbetterthantheyknewit_____．(NMET96)　　A．themselvesB．oneself　　C．itself　　D．himself36．Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid，butIdon"tagreewith_____．(NMET97)　　A．everythingB．anythingC．something　D．nothing37．SarahhasreadlotsofstoriesbyAmericanwriters，Nowshewouldliketoread_____storiesbywritersfrom_____countries．(NMET97)　　A．some;anyB．other;someC．some;other　D．other;other38．Itwasabout600yearsago_____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade．(NMET97)　　A．that　　B．until　　C．before　　D．when39．Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull．(NMET98)　　A．it　　B．that　　C．these　　D．them40．Dr．BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge．Ican"tremember_____．(NMET98)　　A．where　　B．there　　C．which　　D．hat41．Whydoyouwantanewjob_____you"vegotsuchagoodonealready?(NMET98)　　A．that　　B．where　　C．which　　D．when42．ItwasonlywhenIrereadhispoemsrecently_____Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty．(NMET98)　　A．until　　B．that　　C．then　　D．so43．Fewpleasurescanequal_____ofacooldrinkonahotday．(NMET99)　　A．some　　B．any　　C．that　　D．those44．Ifyouwanttochangeforadouble--roomyou"llhavetopay_____$15．(NMET2000)　　A．another　B．other　　C．more　　D．each45．---Whydon"twetakealittlebreak?---Didn"twejusthave_____?(NMET2000)　　A．it　　B．that　　C．one　　D．this46．Itistheabilitytodothejob_____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare．(NMET2000)　　A．one　　B．that　　C．what　　D．it47．Ifthisdictionaryisnotyours，_____canitbe?(NMET2001)　　A．whatelseB．whoelse　C．whichelse"sD．whoelse"s48．Manypeoplehavehelpedwithcannedfood，however，thefoodbankneeds_____forthepoor．(2001春招)　　A．more　　B．much　　C．many　　D．most49．TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein．(NMET2001)　　A．they　　B．itC．one　　D．which50．---Hewasnearlydrownedonce.（2002春招）　　---Whenwas_____? 　　---_____wasin1998whenhewasinmiddleschool.　　A.that;it　　B.this;this　　C.this;it　　D.that;this语法复习十四：代词一、强化训练：1.D2.A3.D4.C5.D6.D7.D8.A9.B10.A11.D12.D13.C14.D15.B16.A17.C18.C19.B20.C21.B22.C23.B24.D25.A26.B27.A28.C29.A30.D　31.A32.A33.B34.B35.D36.A二、高考题选：1．A这是一个强调句式的一般疑问句。　　2．Dit是形式主语，to不定式是真正主语。　　3．C参看2题。　　4．Dfamily与先行词anyone之间是所属关系。　　5．C在主语从句中，whoever充当主语，指代人，相当于anyonewho。而C项who也可引导名词性从句，但它具体指"是谁"。　　6．A特殊疑问句中的选择，用which。　　7．C前一句只提到两个人。neither，either，both仅用于表述两者的情况，而any，all表述多者的情况，且Ihaven"tseeneitherofthem相当于Ihaveseenneitherofthem。　　8．C可参看2、3题。　　9．Ball是先行词，that引导定语从句，且allthat=what。　　10．AHiscamera是句子的主语，也是信息词，应填名词性的物主代词hers，它相当于hercamera。　　11．Dit是形式宾语，tomaster…是真正宾语。此句还可说成Idon"tthinkitispossibleto…。可参看2、3、8题。　　12．DA、B项不符合句意。C项noone后不接of短语。　　13．Dwhich是定语从句中的关系代词，指代上文的windows。A、B、C项不能引导定语从句，且填进去后，两个分句缺少连词。　　14．B可参看10题。　　15．A前文提到邀请两个人，两个人都没来，故用neither参看7题。　　16．Bwhich引导非限定性定语从句。which指代前面一句话。如果两个分句是由and连接，则A、C、D项也对。　　17．CA项中的all放在否定句中，是部分否定，与上文wecouldn"teatinarestaurant矛盾，B项不符语法，n项noone后不接of短语，且只指代人。　　18．Beveryotherday每隔一天，是习惯用法。　　19．Cwhich在非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话。可参看16题。　　20．D考生非常熟悉Itdoesn"tmatter这一句型，该题现在是一般疑问句，it是matter的主语，if引导条件状语从句。　　21．AC、D项不能做定语从句的先行词来指代上文的thepupils，只能用theones，因为它被限定性定语从句所修饰，表特指。该句的意思是："张先生把教科书分给了所有的学生，那些已经拿走了的学生除外。"　　22．B原题中的somanykindsoftape-recorders暗示考生要买的是录音机，故排除A项。因为有这么多种类，因此不能决定买哪个。C、D项是连接副词，不能做buy的宾语。　　23．AB、D项应排除，它们指代可数名词的复数。全句意为："虽然他很富有，但很少花钱买衣服。"故C项不符句意。　　24．Dturnatsb．forhelp是惯用法，在定语从句中把to提前与whom构成介词十关系代词。　　25．A主语从句中缺少宾语，故what充当。26．C原题中的答语Yes暗示考生应选表示肯定意义的alittle．A、B项表示否定意义。　　27．Dit指代前面一句话。因有but，故前后为并列句，不用关系代词(which)只用代词it。 　　28．CIseverybodyhere?"都到齐了吗"，Isanybodyhere?"这里有人吗?"B项somebody可用在表示征求对方意见，并希望得到对方肯定回答的问句里。D项不符原题句意。　　29．B参看10、14题。　　30．B参看16、19题。　　31．Dit是形式主语，that从句是真正主语。如果fact前有the修饰，就可选B或C项，that引导同位语从句。　　32．Cbut是关键词，表转折，该句意为"他们非常疲劳，但没有一个人愿意停下来休息一会儿。"　　33．Done指代oneoftheglasses，且each一词是信息词。该句意思是："我希望有足够的玻璃杯，以便每位客人有一个"。　　34．Boneday表示"某一天"，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与someday互换。anotherday指另一天。原题中的It"sallthesametome和youlike是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选anyday，即"你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行。"　　35．Athemselves；是they的反身代词。　　36．A从上文"我同意你说的大部分，"可知，下文应填everything表示部分否定。B项填入后该句为全否定。C项不用在否定句中。D项填入后，该句成为肯定句。故B、C、D项是错误的。　　37．C从上文"Sarah已经读了许多美国作家写的故事"，可知，下文是"她现在想读一些由别的国家的作家写的故事"。A项中any用在肯定句中表示"任何一个"，与后面的countries不符。B、D项不符原句的逻辑。　　38．A这是一个强调句式。如果把Itwas…that去掉，该句子意思完整。不缺任何成份。　　39．A该题考查it作形式宾语的用法。四个选项均为代词，只有it作先行代词时，本身没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的宾语移到后部去。句中it的作用是代替它后面的宾语从句whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull，故正确答案为A。　　40．C该题考查在省略的宾语从句中连接代词的用法。A、B项为副词，不可作及物动词remember的宾语，应先排除。指某一范围的"哪一个"需用连接代词which，前一个分句中的fromeitherOxfordorCambridge已限定了范围，故答案选C。　　41．D该题考查引导从句的关系联词的用法。that和which作为关系代词引导定语句必须在从句中充当某一成份；where作关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作状语，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，故应排除A、B、C。由题于中从句与主句所表示的逻辑关系考虑，此空应填表示因果关系的从属连词when，这时when=since；for，意为"由于"、"既然"，答案为D。　　42．B该句考查强调结构。"It+be+被强调部分+that从句"是it的强调句型，如果强调的是时间、地点、原因等状语，别后面接that引导的从句，而不能用when，where，because等词来引导，因此答案为B。再如：　　ItwaswhenIwasthirty--fivethatIgotmarriedandhadafamily．　　Itwaswhenwegottothestationthatitbegantorain．参看1题。　　43．C 该题考查不定代词的替代用法。在进行比较时要用同类的事物相比，排除A、B。按照英语习惯用法，that可以代替一个单数名词或一个不可数名词，以避免重复前面提到过的名词。that前面没有任何修饰词，后面的介词主要是of。由空白后表示所属关系的语境可以确定此空应填that，代替pleasure，故答案选C。　　44．Aanother在此足不定代词，意为"再…个"，paytoanother$15。意为"再付15美元。more应放在$15之后。　　45．Cone不定代词指代上文的break。　　46．BItis…that为强调结构。　　47．D根据句意，"不是你的，可能是另外谁的呢?"所以答案是D。　　48．A根据句意，"还再需要一些"，故选A。　　49．B代替thenewhouse。　　50．Ａ。语法复习十五：名词（一）考纲要求名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so,as,quite等；time及常考点。（二）命题导向名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。（三）知识概要英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain,Beijing,Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker,father,book,tree,school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people,family,class,team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron,paper,snow,water,chalk,gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life,thought,idea,strength等）。注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词e.g.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。Schoolisoveratsix.（抽象）六点钟放学。2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词e.g.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。Hebrokeaglass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。3、个体名词转专有名词e.g.Hisfatherisateacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。“Whatareyoudoingthere?”Fatherasked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。（四）名词的数 名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。1、可数名词单数变复数：①一般加s：lesson→lessons,pen→pens②以s,x,ss,ch,sh,o结尾的加es：buses,boxes,classes,watches,brushes,hero→heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo→kilos,piano→pianos,radio→radios,photo→photos,zoo→zoos③以辅音字母+y结尾的改y为i，再加es：city→cities,story→stories④以f或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es：knife→knives,leaf→leaves但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief→beliefs,roof→roofs,safe（保险箱）→safes,proof（证据）→proofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：①单复数形式相同：Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep②不规则变化：man→men,woman→women,goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,child→children,mouse→mice,ox→oxen。但是，German→Germans③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief,daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law,grown-up→grown-ups,womanteacher→womenteachers,mandriver→mendrivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。②物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：acupoftea,threebagsofapples,fourpiecesofbread。③有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→works（著作），arm（手臂）→arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）。④定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：theWangs王家，threeWangs三个姓王的。⑤只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics,mathematics,news,theUnitedStates⑥有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police,people,cattle⑦有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public⑧有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：Howdidyousmoothawaythedifficulties?（指各种具体困难）；Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.；Whatasurprise!（五）名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’sbike,Engles’s(Engles’)works,aworks’school,Women’sDay,theeditor-in-chief’soffice2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“’s”。如：TomandMike’sroom.（共有），Tom’sandMike’sbooks.（不共有）。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’spapers,tenminutes’walk 4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop,house,home。如：thetailor’s5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：thewindowoftheroom6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：theteachersoftheNo.1MiddleSchool.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：anoldfriendofmyuncle’s,adaughterofMrsGreen’s,thehouseofoneofmyfriends（六）名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g.stonefigures（石像）；papermoney（纸币）；countrymusic（乡村音乐）；tablecloth（桌布）；riverbank（河岸）；schoolgate（校门口）；bookstores（书店）；trafficlights（交通灯）；summerholidays（暑假）；eveningdress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。e.g.sportsmeet（运动会）；theUnitedStatesgovernment（美国政府）；studentsreading-room（学生阅览室）；goodstrain（货车）；twomendoctors（两个男医生）。练习、名词1.The____oftheroomwerecoveredwith____.A.roofs,leafsB.roofs,leavesC.rooves,leafsD.rooves,leaves2.Therearethree____inourfactory.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorsC.womandoctorD.womendoctor3.Whichdoyouprefer____or____?A.potatos,tomatosB.potatos,tomatoesC.potatoes,tomatosD.potatoes,tomatoes4.Theyare____ofdifferentpresses(出版社).Nowtheyarehavingameetinginoneofthe____office.A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chief’sB.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chief’sC.editors-in-chiefs,editor’s-in-chief’sD.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chief’s5.Theanthastwo____.A.stomachesB.stomacksC.stomachD.stomachs6.Hedoesn’tlike____forsupper.A.chickB.chickenC.chickensD.chicks7.Itwas____hotweatherthatmanyofuswentswimming.A.soB.suchC.soasD.sucha8.____wonderfulspacetheysawontheroom!A.HowB.HowaC.WhatD.Whata9.Weknow____travelsnotsofastaslight.A.soundB.soundsC.thesoundsD.asound10.Myfamilyraisealotof____,includingtwo____.A.cattle,cowsB.cows,cattleC.cattles,cowsD.cow,cattles11.Anumberofsoldiers____athecampgate（军营门口）.A.havegatheredB.hasgatheredC.isD.was12.TheBrownshavespentalarge____ofmoneyontheirnewcar.A.dealB.amountC.numberD.size 13.____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople’slivingstandard.A.ManyB.AgreatmanyC.AgreatdealofD.Anumberof14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend.A.handB.ahandC.handsD.thehands15.Two____,please.A.coffeeB.coffeesC.cupofcoffeeD.cupscoffee16.Ican’tpayas____asheaskedfor.A.highpriceaB.highpriceC.ahighpriceD.highaprice17.____knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly.A.Man’sB.Men’sC.Mens’D.Person’s18.Istayedat____.A.XiaoWang’sB.Wang’shomeC.theWangsD.homeofWang19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory.A.shoesB.shosesC.shoeD.shoe’s20.Haveyoueverread____?A.todaynewspaperB.newspapertodayC.newspaperoftodayD.today’snewspaper21.Two____walkdidn’tmademetired.A.hourB.hoursC.hour’sD.hours’22.Themotheroverthereis____mother.A.JuliaandMaryB.JuliaandMary’sC.Julia’sandMary’sD.Julia’sandMary23.LiMing’shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass.A.anyone’sB.anyoneelseC.anyone’selse’sD.anyoneelse’s24.Thechildrenareplaying____onthe____.A.sand,sandB.sands,sandsC.sand,sandsD.sands,sand25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.A.setB.oneC.copyD.pair26.Tomusuallytakesa____inbusonrainydays.A.walkB.rideC.tripD.travel27.Wehaveno____aboutwhereshehasgone.A.informationB.newsC.messageD.flash28.Foodand____aredailynecessities（需要）forthepeople.A.clothB.clotheC.clothesD.clothing29.My____ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe.A.strengthB.senseC.powerD.skill30.The____causedbycarelessness____yesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled.A.incident,washappenedB.matter,happenedC.event,wastakenplaceD.accident,tookplace31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart.A.beatingB.waysC.knockingD.striking32.____hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere.A.ThepublicB.PeopleC.WomenD.Man33.Hewasan____inthegovernment____.A.office,officialB.official,officeC.officer,officeD.official,officer34.Thereareseveral____inthisnovelwhoaredifferentin____.A.character,characterB.characters,charactersC.character,charactersD.characters,character35.Wevisitedhim____whenhewasinhospital.A.everyotherdaysB.eachotherdayC.everyotherdayD.everytwoday36.Myfriendwillreturnin____.A.onedayortwoB.adayortwoC.onedayortwoD.aortwodays 37.____isalwaysdifficultforme.A.TranslationB.TranslateC.ThetranslationD.Atranslation38.____ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise.A.TranslationB.TranslateC.ThetranslationD.Atranslation39.Thepolice____lookingintothematternow.A.beB.isC.areD.aregoingto40.TheChineseare____braveandhardworkingpeople.A.theB.aC./D.one41.Nonews____goodnews.A.isB.areC.haveD.has42.Mathsstill____verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest.A.looksB.seemsC.isD.are43.“Where____mytrousers?”theboyasked.A.isB.wasC.wereD.are44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare____.A.innicespiritsB.innicespiritC.inhighspiritsD.inhighspirit45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething.A.JapaneseB.JapanesesC.ofJapaneseD.ofJapaneses46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadviceB.adviceC.advicesD.theadvices47.Weare____andtheyare____.A.Englishmen,GermansB.Englishmen,GermanC.Englishmans,GermansD.Englishmen,Germen48.____aremadeof____.A.Aglass,aglassB.Glasses,glassC.Theglass,theglassD.Glasses,glasses49.I’llhavetobuy____trousers.A.aB.twoC.apairofD.acoupleof50.Therearetwo____inourclass.A.LiuB.LiusC.Liu’sD.Lius’51.____isneededincoldcountries.A.AlotofclothesB.MuchclothingC.ManyaclothD.Lotsofclothes52.Theyare____.A.mathematicsstudentB.mathematicstudentsC.studentsinmathematicsD.mathematicsstudents53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthe____reactions（反应）.A.mouses’B.miceC.mices’D.mice’s54.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriendB.myfatherfriend’sC.afriendofmyfather’sD.afriendofmyfather55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad____.A.alittlewhitehairB.somewhitehairC.afewwhitehairD.afewwhitehairs56.Ihavemade____withBilly.A.friendsB.friendC.afriendD.thefriend57.ThepopulationofBeijingis____thanthatofXi’an.A.moreB.largerC.fewerD.small58.Therearethirty-two____inourschool.A.womanteacherB.womenteacherC.womenteachersD.womanteachers59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle______.　　A.use　B.good　C.difference　D.result60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbeno______insendingthebloodtothedyingman.　　A.wait　B.delay　C.time　D.hurry 61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany______.　　A.excuse　B.sense　C.use　D.value62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice?-Playingoniceisnotmy______ofsparetime.　　A.idea　B.thought　C.mind　D.intention63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenoughmoneytopayforthe______.　　A.travel　B.tourism　C.journey　D.course64.Onesplendidmountain______followedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheelmoretoRurunz.　　A.view　B.glance　C.screen　D.scene65.Thenewlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.(1999上海)　　A.effect　　B.use　　C.service　　D.existence66.Whenyouplay"football,what______doyouplay?　　A.situation　B.place　C.part　D.position67.It"simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothe______inlanguagestudies.　　A.situation　B.expression　C.condition　D.translation68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmy______ofhisthoughtfulness.　　A.achievement　B.agreement　C.view　D.appreciation69.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahigh-riseisthatyoucangetagood______.　　A.sight　B.scene　C.view　D.look70.Nowadaysnaturalgas,windandotherformsof______arewidelyusedinthecountry.　　A.energy　B.force　C.power　D.materials71.______withforeigncountriescanbringusmuchinformationabouttheworld.　　A.Contrast　B.Competition　C.Contact　D.Combination72.Weallknowthat______speaklouderthanwords.A.movements　B.performances　C.operations　D.actions73.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto___.(NMET199738)　　A.fact　　B.reality　　C.practice　　D.deed74.We"vemissedthelastbus.I"mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.(Met1993,33)　　A.way　　B.choice　　C.possibility　　D.selection75.Hedroppedthe___andbrokeit.(Met1993,38)　　A.cupofcoffee　　B.coffee"scup　　C.cupforcoffee　　D.coffeecup76.Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.(NMET1994,33)　　A.touch　　B.relation　　C.connection　　D.friendship77.Hegainedhis___byprinting___offamouswriters.(NMET1995,40)　　A.wealth;work　B.wealths;works　C.wealths;work　D.wealth;works78.I"lllookintothematterassoonaspossible,justhavealittle___.(MET1996,10)　　A.wait　　B.time　　C.patienceD.rest79.Ifbyanychancesomeonecomestoseeme,askthemtoleavea____.(NMET1997,18)　　A.message　　B.letter　　C.sentence　　D.notice80.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict___untiltheyjoinedourclub.(1997.上海20)　　A.practice　　B.education　　C.exercise　　D.training 81.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof___.(1996.上海.15)　　A.energy　　B.source　　C.power　　D.material82.You"llfindthismapofgreat__inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET199821)　　A.price　　B.cost　　C.value　　D.usefulness83.Weallknowthat___speaklouderthanwords.(1999.上海24)　　A.movements　B.performances　C.operations　　D.actions84.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown____ofliving.(1999.上海25)　　A.way　　B.method　　C.manner　　D.fashion语法复习十五：名词1~5BBDDD6~10BBCAA11~15ABCCB16~20DAACD21~25DBDCD26~30BADBD31~35AABDC36~40BACCB41~45ABDCA46~50BABCB51~55BDDCD56~60ABCCB61~65BACAA66~70DADCA71~75CDCBD76~80ADCAD81~84ACDA语法复习十六：数词高考重点要求：1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。（一）基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：范围特点实例1~12无规律one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve13~19以teen为结尾thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety21~99十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”twenty-five,sixty-five,ninety-nine101~999百位与十位之间通常用andthreehundredandtwenty-five（美语中常将and省略）千以上6275—sixthousandtwohundredandseventy-five；1200—twelvehundred（二）序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：范围特点实例1~19各基数词尾加th其中七个例外：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth, 其余，如：four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth20,30~90把y变i后加ethtwentieth,fortieth,ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词21st—twenty-first,110th—onehundredandtenth（三）数词的用法：1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表示例英语表示法2001．6．30June30,200130June,200130thJune,20017：25seventwenty-fivetwenty-fivepasteven12:54twelvefiftyfoursixtoone9:15ninefifteenaquarterpastnine2:30twothirtyhalfpasttwo21:50twenty-onefifty9:50p.m.第21twenty-first第123onehundredandtwenty-thirdahalftwoandtwo-fifths20%20percent20percent第七路公共汽车BusNumberSeven第201房间Room201人民路153号153RenminRoad4+8=12Fourpluseightistwelve11-7=4Elevenminussevenisfour.6×5=30Sixtimesfiveisthirty.20÷5=4twentydividedbyfiveisfour.A＞BAismorethanB.A＜BAislessthanB.A≈BAisapproximately(近似地,大约)equalstoB.A≠BAisnotequaltoB.2.约数表示法列表含义英语表达例句大于某数morethanHehaslivedhereformorethantwentyyears.oversheisoverfifty.ormoreThere"rethirtypeopleormoreinthemeeting-room.小于某数lessthanIhavelessthan(notmorethan)fiftydollars.underChildrenundersevenarenotallowedtoenter. belowHewouldnotsellitforbelowahundredfiftydollars.orlessThecoatmightcosthimsixtydollarsorless.大约（某数）nearlySheisnearlyfiftynow.almostItsalmostthreeo"clock.uptoUptotenmencansleepinthistent.orHespentfourorfivedayswritingthearticle.orsoThedistanceistwentymilesorso.aboutIvisitedthatvillageaboutthreeyearsago.someTheirteamhassomefourorfiveplayers.moreorlessThecontainercanholdmoreorlesstwentypoundsofwater.around/roundLet"smakeitround/aroundeighto"clock.3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表被修饰名词的数英语表达汉译修饰可数名词dozensof几十、许多scoresof许多many,agood(great)many,manya(饰单数可数名词)许多、大量hundredsof数以百计thousandsof,thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万修饰不可数名词much,agreat(good)dealof,alargeamountof,largeamountsof许多、大量修饰可数名词或不可数名词alotof/lotsof,plentyof,　　alargequantityof,largequantitiesof许多、大量练习、数词1.Two__diedofcoldlastwinter.A.hundredsoldpeopleB.hundredoldpeopleC.hundredsoldpeoplesD.hundredoldpeoples2.Hewasonlyin__atthetime.A.his20"sB.the20"sC.histwentiesD.thetwenties3.Thetwogreatmenwrotethoselettersin__.　　A.1870"sB.1879sC.the1870"sD.the18704.IwonderifIcanaskhim__time.　A.fourB.fourthC.thefourthD.afourth5.Hecameout__inthetrackevents.　A.firstB.oneC.thefirstD.theone 6.Itwasin1939that__brokeout.　A.WorldWarSecondB.theWorldWarSecond　C.SecondWorldWarD.WorldWarII7.You"llhavetospend__writingyourreporthere.　A.onedayortwodaysB.onedayortwo　C.adayortwoD.twodaysorone8.Hecutthecake__.　A.inhalvesB.inhalfC.intohalvesD.intohalf9.Theearthisnearly__themoon.　A.50timethesizeofB.50timesthesizeofC.50timesassizeasD.50timesasthatof10.Eitheryouortheheadmaster__theprizesforthesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.　A.ishandinginB.aretohandout　C.arehandinginD.istohandout11.__ofthepopulationherearepeasants.　A.20percentsB.20percentC.the20percentD.the20percents12.It"sabout__,thethicknessofahumanhair.　A.two-fifteenthB.two-fifteenthsC.twofifteenD.twofifteens13.Thepriceofsuchmaterialwasreduced__.　A.by18percentB.to18percentC.at18percentD.for18percent14.Southoftheequator,81percentofthesurfaceoftheearth__water.　A.isB.areC.wasD.were15.Theysold__boxesofsuchsweetslastweek.　A.fourdozenB.fourdozensC.fourdozensofD.fourdozenof16.Ittookme__daystofinishdrawingabeautifulhorse.　A.ahalfdozenB.halfadozenC.haftdozensD.halfdozen17.__peopleweresenttheretohelpfightagainsttheflood.　A.ThreescoresofB.ThreescoreofC.ThreescoreD.Threescores18.Don"tleaveyouwork,__.　A.donehalfB.halfdoneC.ahalfdoneD.doneahalf19.Nobodycandotwothingswell__.　A.atonetimeB.atonceC.onetimeD.once20.Hehas__booksinhisstudy.　A.severalthousandsB.somethousandsofC.somethousandsD.somethousandof21.OnNationalday__peopletakepartinallkindsofcelebration.　A.hundredsofmillionsof　　B.millionsofhundredof　C.hundredsmillionsof　　　D.millionshundredsof22.Hehaslivedat__for30years.　A.No.101HepingStreet　B.101HepingStreetC.HepingStreet101D.HepingstreetNo.10123.Youcanfindhimin__. 　A.Room201　　B.201Room　　C.theRoom20　　D.the201Room24.It"s__walkfromheretomyschool.　A.two-hours　　B.twohours　　C.two-hour　　D.atwo-hour25.Itwasin__whenhewasalreadyin___thathewenttoYan"an.　A.the1940s,the40s　B.the1940s,hisfortiesC.1940"s,hisforties　D.the1940"s,his40s26.Hewenttothemarketandbought__eggsandsomemeat.　A.threedozenofB.threedozenC.threedozens　D.threedozensof27.Shortlyaftertheaccidenttwo___policeweresenttothespottokeeporder.　A.dozenof　B.dozens　C.dozen　D.dozensof(MET9229)28.MrSmith___metobuyseveral__eggsforthedinner.A.asked,dozen　B.suggested,dozensofC.had,dozen　D.persuaded,dozensof("94上海)29.____ofthelandinthatdistrict___coveredwithtreesandgrass.　A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,is　D.Twofifths,are(2000上海)30.Two___diedofcoldlastwinter.　A.hundredsoldpeople　B.hundredoldpeopleC.hundredoldpeoples　D.hundredoldpeoples("88MET.15)31.Itisnotrarein___thatpeoplein____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.　　A.90s,the　B.the90s,/　　C.90s,their　D.the90s,their("99上海6)32.-Haveyouseenmanysheepinthedistance?　-Yes,___.　　A.thousandofthem　B.twothousandsofthem　　C.twothousandofthem　D.twothousandthem语法复习十六：数词1．B2.C表示"几十"的数字的复数与所有格代词一起来用以表示人的年龄，本句为"二十多岁"。3．C定冠词"the"和数的复数形式在一起表示年代。4．D序数词前面加不定冠词表示"又一次"(已经四次了)5．A这里"first"有人说起副词作用，可以看成表语，也可以看做一种"取得第一名"的习惯用法。6．D序数词和名词共同构成的专有名词还可以是thcSecondWorldWar的形式。7．C只有C项为正确的表达方式，或者也可以写成"oneortwodays"．再如：onehourandahalf或oneandahalfhours．8．B"inhalf"表示"分成一样大小的两半"。也可以说"cut…intwo"9．B再如twicetheheight(depth，width，weight，etc．)of10．Deither…or…连接主语用就近原则。betohandouttheprizes意为"要颁发奖品"。11．答案为B。百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数。12．答案为B。分数做定语，分子用基数词，分母为序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数，本题中，其它表达方式均不正确。13．答案为A。表增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by+百分数表示。14．答案为A。不可数的名词的百分比用单数；可数名词的百分比则用复数。C项时态不对，另如：90percentofthepopulationherearepeasents．这个句子中population的意思是people．15．答案为A。"dozen"与数词或many，several等词连用时复数一般不加s，故B、C两项不选。此外，dozen与数词连用做定语，一般也不加of．当然也有例外：Placethemindozensonthe table．dozens表数量很多。Twodozenofthesearewanted．dozen后面有of因为有限定词these，the等。Dozensofpeoplewerehere．dozensof也表示"很多"。16．答案为B。"半打"的表达方式一定要用"halladozen"。17．答案为B。score做定语修饰名词用a(three)scoreof，而不用复数形式；常用"scoresof"为其复数形式，意为"大量"，但有：threescoreandten，ascoreormore18．答案为B。"hall"起副词作用，修饰过去分词"done"，因为这个过去分词表状态，故"half"应在"done"前。再如：welldone，wellknown，不用ahalf修饰done，故不选C、B两项。19．B意为"同时"，不是"立刻"。20．B2l．A如：tensofthousandsof(小数在前，大数在后)thousandsandthonsandsof(两数一样大)。22．B居住的门牌号用介词at+号数+街道名"。23．A24．答案为D。"walk"作为名词，常与不定冠词连用。注意：在表数量的合成词中，名词部分为单数，如：atwo-year-oldboy．25．答案为B。"在20世纪40年代"，必须有定冠词"the"．此外，年代后要加"s或s。"他已经40多岁了"要用inhisforties。26．答案为B。dozen与数词或多或少several,many连用时，复数不加s。dozensof表示数量很多，在修饰有these，the等词限定的名词时，可用dozenof的形式。如：threedozenoftheseeggs.27.C28.A29.C30.B31.D32.C语法复习十七：介词介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如at,in,on,beside,to,for等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，如infrontof,becauseof,outof,insteadof等；还有一种叫二重介词，如untilafter,frombehind等。（一）介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语：Thebookonthetableismine.2、作状语：Wehavebreakfastatseven.（表时间）；Theywerelateformeetingbecauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）；Theystartedthemachinebypressingthebutton.（表方法）3、作表语：Mydictionaryisinthebag.4、作宾语补足语：Ifoundhimintheoffice.（二）主要介词区别1、表示时间的at,in,on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at8o’clock，常用词组有：atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,attheendof,atthattime,atthebeginningof,attheageof,atChristmas,atNewYear等。in表示一段的时间，如：inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,inOctober,in1998,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。on总是跟日子有关，onMonday,onChristmasmorning,onthefollowing,onMayDay,onawarmmorning等。 2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday./Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.3、表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：We’llbebackinthreedays./Afterseventherainbegantofall./Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。如：Aftertwomonthshereturned.4、表示地理位置的in,on,to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina./MongoliaisonthenorthofChina./JapanistotheeastofChina.5、表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。如：Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper./Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper./Hedugaholeinthewall.6、表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如：Waterflowsthroughthepipe./Theoldmanwalkedacrossthestreet.7、inthecorner,onthecorner,atthecorner：inthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的内面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom./Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner./Hesatonthecornerofthetable.8、intheend,attheendof,bytheendof：intheend作“最后”、“终于”解，可单独使用，后不接介词of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；bytheendof作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety./Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden./TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek./bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.9、表示“关于”的about和on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述”。如：Hecametotellmeaboutsomethingimportant./Hewroteabookonscience.10、between,among：一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme./Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如：Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如：Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhighmountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarley.11、besides,except,but,exceptfor：besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。如：Allwentout besidesme.；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。如：Allwentoutexceptme.；but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.；exceptfor表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。如：Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.。12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。如：Heiswritingaletterwithapen./Hewrotetheletterinpencil./Wemeasureditinpounds./Readthetextinaloudvoice./TellmethestoryinEnglish.13、inchargeof和inthechargeof：两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于：inchargeof后接被照管的人或物，而inthechargeof后面则跟照管的人。如：Whoisinchargeoftheproject?/Theprojectisinthechargeofanengineer.。14、as,like：as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Letmespeaktoyouasafather.（事实是父亲）；like作“象……一样”解。如：Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.（事实上不是父亲）。15、infrontof和inthefrontof：infrontof=before，是“在……前面”的意思（不在某物内）；inthefrontof则是“在……前部”的意思（在某物内）。如：Thereisadeskinfrontoftheblackboard./Theboysatinthefrontofthecar.。16、in,into：into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。如：Wewalkedintothepark.；in通常表示位置。如：Wewalkedinthepark；in和drop,fall,put,throw,break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。如：Ihaveputthecoinin(into)mypocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。练习（一）、介词1.Theteacheriswriting____apieceofchalkontheblackboardwhilethestudentsarewriting____inkinexercisebooks.A.with,inB.in,withC.in,inD.with,with2.Theworkercanmakechairs____wood,andalsocanmakepaper____wood.A.from,ofB.of,fromC.of.ofD.from,from3.Marydroppedin____MrSmith,buthewasn"tathome,soshewenttodropin____MrSmith"soffice.A.on,onB.at,atC.on.atD.at.on4.Theteacherisnotonlystrict____hispupilsbutalsostrict____hisownwork.A.with,withB.in,inC.in,withD.with,in5.Hisgrandfatherdied____thewoundthattheenemysoldierhadgivenhim.andthenhisgrand-motherdied____hungryandcold.A.from,ofB.of,fromC.from,fromD.of.of6.Ifyourun____twoharesyouwillcatchneither.A.intoB.afterC.offD.outof7.Thisisacommonmistake____students.A.betweenB.overC.amongD.about8.Myfatherbegantowork____abusdriverwhenhewastwentyyearsold.A.forB.toC.atD.as9._____hearingthenews,Iwaswild____joy.A.At,inB.On,withC.After,byD./,over10.Idon"tthinkXiaoLiis____theotherstudents____mathematics.A.after,onB.after,withC.behind,inD.behind,at11.Nobodyknowsit____me.A.exceptforB.exceptthatC.besidesD.but 12.Thewindowisneveropened____insummer.A.butB.exceptC.exceptforD.butfor13.Ithappened____theLongMarch.A.duringB.inC.atD.for14.Wegotoschool____abike.A.inB.onC.byD.ove15.It"sverykind____youtorepairthebike____me.A.for.forB.of,ofC.of,forD.for,of16.Freshairisgood____yourhealth.A.atB.forC.ofD.to17.Theboyiswaiting____hissisterandtheywillgotothehospitaltowait____theirsickmother.A.for,onB.on,forC.for,forD.on.on18.Thegroupismadeup____fivestudents.Andtheyarestudyinghardtomakeup____thelosttime.A.of,ofB.for,forC.of,forD.for,of19.ThePLAmansavedtheboy____death.A.ofB.fromC.toD.on20.Hewillcome____threedays.A.beforeB.afterC.inD.later21.HewenttoBeijingandreturned____threedays.A.inB.beforeC.laterD.after22.Hewillreturn____threeo"clock.A.afterB.inC.onD.at23.Hewrotethearticle____threedays.A.atB.inC.onD.by24.Iagree____whatyousaid.A.toB.onC.withD.at25.Doyouagree____thisplan(arrangement)?A.atB.withC.onD.to26.Finallytheyagreed____thetermsofthecontract.A.onB.toC.withD.at27.Doyouoftenhear____yourbrother?A.ofB.fromC.outofD.about28.1heard____thebooklongago,butIhaveneverreadit.A.outB.fromC.ofD.with29.Theplaneflew____thecity.A.acrossB.pastC.throughD.over30.Wewalked____theTianAnMenSquaretotheMuseumofChineseHistory.A.acrossB.throughC.byD.past31.Iwaswandering____thestreetswhenIcaughtsightofatailor"sshop.A.acrossB.throughC.byD.past32.Ourbusdrove____theGreatHallofthePeople.A.acrossB.throughC.pastD.over33.____thesun,nothingwouldgrow.A.ForB.WithC.UnderD.Without34.Theteacherisbusy____teaching.A.withB.forC.onD.of35.Theteacherisbusy____correctingpapers.A.forB.inC.onD.of36.WeleftXi"an_.___averyhotsummerafternoon.A.onB.inC.duringD.by37.Shefeltdisappointedwhenshefoundouttheyhadgoneswimming____her. A.butB.exceptC.exceptforD.without38.Histeacherwasangry____him____hisbeinglate.A.at,withB.at,forC.with,forD.with,about39.Myfatherwasdisappointed____thenews.A.byB.aboutC.atD.on40.MrWangwenttoNanjing____October,1998andcamebackhome____themorningofNov.5.A.at;inB.on;atC.in;onD.by;from41.Myunclelives____105HuangheStreet.Hisroomis____thefifthfloor.A.at;onB.td;atC.on;inD.of;to42.Idon"tthinkyoucanworkoutthemathsproblem____theteacher"shelp.A.sinceB.unlessC.becauseD.without43.Heisrunning____thewindtowardstheeastofthestation____Tomisrunning____theright.A.down;and;onB.against;while;onC.for;with;inD.with;while;to44.InHangzhouMrGreenwassostruck____thebeautyofnaturethathestayed____anothernight.A.at;onB.with;atC.for;inD.by;for45.Manypeoplearestill____thehabitofwritingsillythings____publicplaces.A.at;atB.in;inC.into;ofD.during;at46.-Doyougothere____bus?-No,wegothere____atrain.A.in;onB.on;onC.by;inD.by;with47.Imadethecoat____myownhands.Itwasmade____hand,notwithamachine.A.in;inB.in;withC.with;byD.with;with48.Thetrees____frontofthehouseare____thechargeofOldLi.A.in;inB.at;inC.in;byD.from;in49.Theoldmandied____cold____acoldnight.A.from;atB.of;inC.of;onD.for;during50.DoesJohnknowanyotherforeignlanguages____French?A.exceptB.butC.besidesD.beside51.Helookedquitehealthy____hewas____theageofseventy.A.when;atB.because;inC.if;forD.though;at52.-Howlonghasthebookshopbeeninbusiness?-____1982.A.AfterB.InC.FromD.Since53.Didyouhaveanytrouble____thepostoffice?A.tohavefoundB.withfindingC.tofindD.infinding54.Totellyouthetruth,Ihavenothingtodo____it.A.aboutB.withC.forD.of55.Somethingmustbedonetopreventourcity____bythicksmoke.A.tobepollutedB.frompollutingC.frombeingpollutedD.polluting56.____thestudentslikesthepaintings.Whichiswrong? A.TheteacheraswellasB.NobodybutC.TheteacherbesidesD.Allexcept57.Henry,____MaryandTom,iscomingtoChinaforavisit.Whichiswrong?A.togetherwithB.likeC.andnotD.butinadditionto58.Taiwanis____theeastofFujian.A.inB.atC.toD.on59.HisfatherwillbebackfromLondon____afewdays.A.sinceB.inC.onD.after60.Weofferedhimourcongratulations____hispassingthecollegeentranceexams.A.atB.onC.forD.of61.Theword"write"hasthesamepronunciation____theword"right".A.ofB.asC.toD.from62.Thetrainleaves____6:00p.m.SoIhavetobeatthestation____5:40p.m.atthelatest.A.at;untilB.for;afterC.at;byD.before;around63.Go____thegateandyou"11findtheentrance____thepark____theotherside.A.through;to;onB.along;of;onC.down;to;atD.up;of;by64.One____fivewillhavethechancetojoininthegame.A.withinB.amongC.inD.from65.Becauseofherdevotion_____music,shehasbecomefriendlywithMr.Zhang.A.in　　B.to　　C.with　　D.on　　66.Whatideacanamanwhoisblindfrombirthhave_____color?A.in　　B./　　C.with　　D.of67.Somepeoplesaythatwelive_____theageofcomputers.A.in　　B.at　　C.with　　D.for68.---MayIattendyourlecture,Mr.Green?---Welcome_____openarms.　　A.with　　B.by　　C.in　　D.for69._____defeated,theydidn"tloseheart.　　A.Inspiteof　　B.Exceptfor　　C.Though　　D.Until70.IsawJackyesterday.Hetoldmethathewouldstayhere_____theendofthisyear.　　A.at　　B.by　　C.for　　D.till71.Thetrainleavesat6:00p.m.SoIhavetobeatthestation____5:40p.m.atthelatest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around("97NMET11)72.Theboyoughttohavegonetoschool___,butheslept___noon.A.inthemorning,atB.thatmorning,atC.inthatmorning,untilD.thatmorning,until("93上海)73.Thedoctorwillbefree____.　　A.10minuteslaterB.aftertenminutes 　　C.intenminutesD.10minutesafter("92MET.20)74._____moststudents,shewasalwayswellpreparedandnevercametoclasslate.　　A.LikeB.AsC.ForD.To("98上海高考题2)75.Let"swalkover___theshopontheothersideofthestreet.A.inB.toC.underD.by("93上海)76.Thenumberoftheemployeeshasgrownfrom1,000to1,200.Thismeansithasrisen____20percent.A.byB.atC.toD.with("99上海高考)77.____productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A..AsB.ForC.WithD.Through(2000NMET.18)78.DoesJohnknowanyotherforeignlanguage___French?A.exceptB.butC.besidesD.beside("89MET.13)79.Iknownothingabouttheyounglady___sheisfromBeijing.A.exceptB.exceptforC.exceptthatD.besides(2000上海高考13)80.---Youaresolucky.---Whatdoyoumean____that?(2002年春招)A.for　　B.in　　C.of　　D.by语法复习十七：介词1~5ABCDA6~10BCDBC11~15DBABC16~20BACBC21~25DABCD26~30ABCDA31~35BCDAB36~40ADDCC41~45ADBDB46~50CCACC51~55DDDBC56~60DCCBB61~65BCACB66~70DAACD71~75CDCAB76~80ACCCD语法复习十八：连词连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。（一）并列连词：并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and（和），aswellas（既…又），both…and（不但…而且），notonly…butalso（不但…而且），not…but（不是…而是），neither…nor（既不…也不），either…or（不是…就是），or（或者），but（但是），yet（然而），for（因为），so（所以），while（而），when（这时）等。如：Bothmybrotherandmysisterareteachers./Hisroomisbrightbutmineisgloomy（暗沉沉的）./Hecannotonlyrepairradiosbutalsofixthem./Itisaglorious（光荣的）yetdifficulttask./Strikewhileironishot.（二）从属连词从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的：after,before,when,as,while,since,until,till,assoonas 引导原因状语从句的：because,since,as引导让步状语从句的：although,though,nomatter（无论）,evenif(though)引导条件状语从句的：if,unless,once,so(as)longas引导结果状语从句的：so…that…,such…that…引导目的状语从句的：sothat…,inorderthat…引导比较状语从句的：as…as…,notso(as)…as…,…than…引导方式状语从句的：asif…引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that,whether,if三个。其中that和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（三）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、当while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别：①while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while的这些用法可用when代替，等于“atthetimethat”,“duringthetimethat”。例如：Pleasekeepquietwhile(when)othersarestudying；②when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“atthetime”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如：WhenIwentintothelab,theteacherwasdoinganexperiment.（when不能换成while）HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish.（when可换成while）③as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：As(when,while)Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37.④when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如：When(hewas)young,heworkedforarichman./She’llbeheretogiveyouhelpwhen(ifitis)necessary.⑤when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”，例如：I’llcomewhen(if)I’mfree.2、before作连词一般表示时间，意为“在…之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译：Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；BeforeIcouldgetinawordhehadmeasuredme.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till,until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not…until(till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到…为止”。例如：Theyplayedvolleyballuntil(till)itgotdark./Theydidn’ttalk（延续性动词）until(till)theinterpreter（译员）came./Hedidn’tgotobed（非延续性动词）until(till)thehisfathercameback.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，例如：Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying./Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome.（倒装）；till,until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest.（要用asfaras或to）。4、because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：①如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because 回答。例如：Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.；②如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest./Sinceeveryoneishere,nowlet’sbegin.5、although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：①although用于各种文体，而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由although,though引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet,still。例如：Although/Thoughitrainedallthemorning,theystillwentonworking.（或yettheywentonworking）②though常与even连用，eventhough表示强调，意为“即使”，但不能说evenalthough，例如：EventhoughIdidn’tunderstandaword,Ideptsmiling.③though可用作副词，意为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：Itwasaquietparty,Ihadagoodtime,though.6、once作副词译“曾经”，作为连词译“一旦”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。例如：Idon’tbelievehewasonceathief.(once这里是副词)/OnceAristotlehadmadeuphismindthatheavyobjectsalwaysfellfasterthanlightobjects,hetaughtitasatruthtohisstudents.(once连词)7、unless引导条件状语从句等于if…not…。例如：He’llacceptthejobunlessthesalaryistoolow.(=He’llacceptthejobifthesalaryisnottoolow.)8、在用asif引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如：Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.但有时也可用直陈语气。例如：Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.9、whether,if引导从句的用法区别：①引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用if。例如：WhethertheywillgototheGreatWallisnotknown./Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishthetaskontime./Thequestionwhetherwewilltakepartinthephysicscontesthasnotbeendecided.②whether可接不定式，而if则不可。例如：Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertoleaveornot.③whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if则不可。例如：Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney./Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.④whether和if均可引导宾语从句，whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether），例如：Couldyoutelluswhether/ifitrainsinwinterinAustralia?/Iwonderifitdoesn’train.⑤引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与ornot连用。连用时要注意ornot的位置，它一般与whether、if分开使用，有时它可与whether合起来使用，但不能与if合起来使用。例如：Idon’tknowwhether/iftheywillcomeornot./Idon’tknowwhetherornottheywillcome.　⑥if可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果”，whether则不行。例如：Ifyouworkhard,youaresuretosucceed.10、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。①as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。例如：As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster./Hesangasheworked.②as引导方式状语从句，意为“象…一样”。例如：WemustdoasthePartyteachesus.　③as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.　④as 引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Childasheis,hecandoitwell.(=Althoughheisachild,hecandoitwell.)另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：Ihavethesamebookasyou.练习、连词1.Heisveryold,____hestillworksveryhard.A.butB.ifC.whenD.as2.____youaredismissed.A.NeitheryougonorB.EitheryougoorC.WhetheryougoorD.Bothyougoand3.Theyhadcampedoncebefore,____theyknewwhattotake.A.becauseB.nowC.soD.since4.Whythesethingshappenedwas____thedriverhadbeencareless.A.becauseofB.owingtoC.duetoD.that5.Although,it"sraining,____arestillworkinginthefields.A.theyB.buttheyC.andtheyD.sothey6.___wehavesatisfiedyou,youhavenogroundsofcomplaint.A.SoB.SincethatC.NowthatD.Bynow.7.Writeclearly____yourteachercanunderstand.youcorrectly.A.sinceB.forC.becauseD.sothat8.You"llmissthetrain____youhurryup.A.unlessB.asC.ifD.until9.Francisdidthetask____hisbrother.A.asgoodasB.asbetterasC.aswellasD.asbestas10.Thesizeoftheaudience,____wehadexpected,waswellovertwentythousand.A.asB.whatC.thatD.whom11.IthoughthehatedtheTV.Youareright,____hestillwatchestheprogram.A.yetB.besidesC.alsoD.then12.Itlooks____it"sgoingtorain.A.thatB.asC.asifD.likethat13.____toNewYork,herfatherhasnotheardfromher.A.BecauseshewentB.AftershewentC.WhenshewentD.Sinceshewent14.___hedaydreamed,Petersawfiguresinthesky.A.UntilB.SinceC.WhileD.During15.Wearrivedatthestation____thetrainhadleft.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.when16.____hewasinpoorhealth,heworkedjustashardaseveryoneelse.A.ButB.AlthoughC.EvenifD.If17.Givemeonemoreminute____I"llhavefinished.A.soB.untilC.andD.when18.TheworkerhuntedforjobsinNewYorkformonths,____hecouldnotfindanywork.A.andB.yetC.orD.andbut19.Hurryup,____you"llbelate.A.orB.andC.soD.yet 20.Donotmakethesamemistake____Idid.A.soB.asC.likeD.that21.Mysisterisexpectingme,____Imustbeoffnow.A.howeverB.orC.soD.otherwise22.Weshouldpayattention____toindustry____toagriculture.A.either,orB.neither,norC.not,butD.both,and23.Heranoff____Icouldstophim.A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when24.____youtoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.A.TillB.UntilC.AfterD.Since25.Wherehaveyoubeen____youlefthome?A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when26.____theproblemofmethodissolved,talkingaboutthetaskisuseless.A.UntilB.SinceC.AfterD.Unless27.Wehaveproduced15%morecottonthisyear____wedidlastyear.A.asB.thanC.likeD.white28.Itislate;____,I"mtootiredtogoout.A.besidesB.exceptC.exceptforD.exceptthat29.Everythingaroundusis____solid..liquid____gas.A.not...but...B.either...or...C.neither...nor...D.whether...or...30.Hewillcome____youaskhim.A.whetherB.unlessC.ifD.while31.____hewillcomeornotisstillunknown.A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.Whether32.Idon"tknow____tostayathomeorgoout.A.whetherB.ifC.howD.where33.Hespokeloudly____theaudiencecouldhearhimclearly.A.soB.thatC.sothatD.inorderto34.Thebookisnoteasy.____it"sratherdifficult.A.OntheonehandB.OnthecontraryC.OntheotherhandD.Ontheothercontrary35.Youmustworkhard,____youwillnotlearnEnglishwell.A.ifB.whetherC.otherwiseD.unless36.Itrainedheavily,____thebasketballmatchhadtobeputoff.A.sothatB.whenC.otherwiseD.therefore37.Wemustdo____thepeoplewantustodo..A.whateverB.howeverC.whereverD.whenever38.Youarecertainlyright,____othersmaysay.A.whatB.whateverC.thatD.as39.____makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.WhatC.WhoeverD.Whatever40.I’lldiscussitwithyou____youliketocome.A.whenB.whereC.whoeverD.whenever41.____youwork,youmustalwaysservethepeopleheartandsoul.A.WhereverB.WheneverC.WhereD.When 42.___youunderstandthisrule,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.A.OnceB.AtonceC.OnlyD.Onlythen43.___difficultthetaskmaybe,wemustfulfilitthismonth.A.NomatterhowB.NomatterwhatC.NomatterwhenD.Nomatterwhere44.Wecansurelyovercomethesedifficulties_,___wearecloselyunited.A.sofarasB.solongasC.assoonasD.aswellas45.___Iknowhewillstayhereforhalfayear.A.assoonasB.aslongasC.sofarasD.aswellas46.Pleasewriteme____youarriveinNewYork.A.aswellasB.solongasC.asfarasD.assoonas47.Thatisnot____Iwant.A.thatB.whyC.whatD.whose48.___hediditremainsasecret.A.WhatB.WhomC.WhichD.How49.Itisquiteclear____hewon"tseeus.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.how50.Wouldyoutellme____wayIshouldtake?A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose51.Iamsure____yousaidistrue.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.who52.Thetroubleis____wecannotfindsuchanexpert.A.whyB.thatC.whereD./53.Ithasnotbeendecided____theywillleave.A.whyB.whenC.whichD.what54.Weshallgo____youareready.A.whileB.assoonasC.asD.since55.Hewilltellyouaboutit____yougetthere.A.whileB.asC.whenD./56.Don"ttrytogetoffthebus____ithasstopped.A.whileB.asC.sinceD.before57.I"llcomeandseeyou_____Igotothecountryside.A.whileB.when.C.assoonasD.before58.___hecametostudyintheuniversity,hehasmademuchprogressinthestudyofEnglish.A.WhileB.WhenC.SinceD.After59.Thingshavechangedalot____Iwrotetoyoulasttime.A.whenB.sinceC.asD.before60.Ican"tuseyourpen,___thereisnoinkinit.A.forB.whenC.ifD.whether61.I"dliketogoswimming____thewaterisnottoocold.A.forB.unlessC.ifD.whether62.Difficultiesarenothing___wearenotafraidofthem.A.forB.asC.ifD.whether 63.Thedoctorwillnotperformtheoperation___itisabsolutelynecessary.A.whenB.ifC.forD.unless64.Goback___youcamefrom.A.untilB.whereC.whichD.when65.Helay___thegrasswasthethickest.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.after66.Youwillfindfriendlypeople___yougoinChina.A.whereB.andC.whereverD.so67.___itwasalreadydark,theywentonworkinginthefields.A.IfB.WhetherC.ButD.Though68.___hehasfinishedwritingthenovelisunknown.A.IfB.WhetherC.WhenD.While69.We"llgoandseethepatient___wearebusy.A.evenifB.forC.ifD.while70.Themuseumis___far____itwilltakeushalfanhourtogettherebybus.A.such...thatB.as...asC.so...thatD.so…as连词1~5ABCDA6~10CDACA11~15ACDBA16~20BCBAB21~25CDABC26~30BBABC31~35DACBC36~40AABCD41~45AAABC46~50DCDBC51~55ABBBC56~60DDCBA61~65CCDBA66~70CDBAC语法复习十九：冠词（一）考纲要求考纲规定，冠词考查基本用法，包括定冠词与不定冠词，不定冠词a与an的区别；不用冠词的情况；习语中的冠词；特指与泛指等。（二）命题导向冠词规则的灵活运用是高考命题的一个热点，几乎每年高考题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目，不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法，习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是高考重点考查的知识点。（三）基本用法当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用，是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物。1、定冠词的基本用法：①表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：Ihaveboughtabook.Thebookisveryuseful.②用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Closethewindow,please.③用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld等。④用于表示方位的名词之前。如：theeast,theright.⑤用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：thefirst,thetallest.⑥用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：thesick,thewounded.⑦用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：theUnitedStates,theUnitedNation.⑧用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：theChangjiangRiver,theEastLake.⑨用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：TheSmiths ⑩用于乐器的名词前。如：playthepiano;playtheviolin.⑾　发明物。如：ThecompasswasinventedinChina.⑿　年代名词前。如：Helivedinthecountrysideinthe1970s.　　⒀　固定词组中。如：inthemorning(afternoon,evening),ontheotherhand,atthesametime2、不定冠词的基本用法：①泛指一个。如：Thereisabookonthetable.②指人或事物的某一种类。如：Hisfatherisadriver.Longjingisawonderfultea.③指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：MysisterwassavedbyaPLAmaninthefire.④用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：Wehavemealsthreetimesaday.（我们一天吃三餐。）⑤表示同样的。如：Theyareofanage.（他们是同岁。）⑥表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.　　⑦使抽象名词具体化。如：Thelittlegirlisahelptohermother.（ahand译"帮手"）　　⑧固定搭配。如：asamatteroffact,inahurry,inaword3、不用冠词的情况：①表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Childrenlovecartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）②不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：WearestudyingEnglish.③名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：Ilikethispicture;Idonothaveanymoney;Astimewenton,Einstein’stheoryprovedtobecorrect.④季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：Shelikesspringmost.⑤呼语前不用冠词。如：WhatshallIdonext,Mother?⑥三餐饭前不用冠词。如：Whatdidyouhaveforlunch?⑦节假日前不用冠词。如：PeoplegivegiftstoeachotheronChristmasDay.⑧球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：Sheisfondofplayingbasketball.⑨在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arminarm（手挽手）;handinhand（手牵手）;sidebyside（肩对肩）;dayandday（日日夜夜）;youngandold（老老少少）;fromdoortodoor（挨门挨户）;frombeginningtoend（从头到尾）;frommorningtillnight（从早到晚）等。练习（一）、冠词1.InAmerica,____caris____popularmeansoftransportation（交通设施）.A.the,theB.a,theC.the,/D.the,a2.----Whathappened?----Theyleftinsuch____hurrythattheyforgottolock____door.A.a,aB.a,theC./,theD./,a3.Thereweretwosmallroomsinthehouse,____smallerofwhichservedas____kitchen.A.a,theB.the,aC.the,theD.a,a4.Iordered____booksometimeago.____bookhasarrived.A.a,TheB.the,AC.a,AD./,The5.MrSmithis____Europeanandhiswifeis____American.A.an,anB.a,aC.a,anD.an,a6.Lesson10is____mostdifficultlesson,butitisn’t____mostdifficultlessoninBookOne.A.a,aB.a,theC.the,theD.the,a7.Mysisterworksinafactory.Shegoeshomeonce____month.A.aB.anC.theD.every8.Hewasabsentbecausehehadcaught____.A.heavyacoldB.theheavycoldC.aheavycoldD.heavycold9.____wateris____liquid.A.The,aB.A,aC./,/D./,a10.Inwinter____peopleoftenhangupwetclothesnear____fire.A./,/B.a,aC./,aD.the,a11.Hehastriedtwice,andthecaptainaskshimtohave____thirdtry.A.aB.theC.anotherD.other12.Hewasatopstudentintheclass,heoftengot____inEnglish. A.firstB.afirstC.secondD.thesecond13.____horseis____usefulanimal.A.The,theB.The,aC.The,anD./,a14.TomleftShanghaiin____.A.thesummer1995B.summer1995C.1995thesummerD.thesummerof199515.____childrenherelive____mosthappylife.A.The,theB.The,aC.The,/D./,the16.Thesoldierdiedduring____WorldWarI.A.theB.thefirstC./D.a17.In____MarxbegantolearnRussian.A.a1870B.1870sC.theyearof1870D.the1870s18.Aliceis____ofthetwogirls.A.tallerB.thetallC.moretallD.thetaller19.----Canyoursisterplay____?----No,butshecanplay____.A.thetennis,thepianoB.tennis,pianoC.thetennis,pianoD.tennis,thepiano20.Theintroductionisalwaysin____ofabook.A.frontB.thefrontC.afrontD.instead21.Shetouchedherdaughtergently____shoulder.A.inherB.onherC.intheD.onthe22.Both____woundedand____sickweresenttosafety.A./,/B.the,theC./,theD.the,/23.____doctorsand____nursesshouldcarefortheirpatients.A.The,theB./,/C.The,/D./,the24.Tellusthestoryas____Mothertoldyou.A.aB.theC.anD./25.Doyouknowhowlong____haslivedontheearth?A.manB.themanC.amanD.men26.Themanwasoncethrowninto____prisonforrobbingthebank.A.aB.anC.theD./27.____MountTaiisintheeastofChina.A.AB.TheC./D.That28.Ilike____history.Iamstudying____historyofChina.A.the,/B./,theC.a,/D./,a29.Hewrotealetter____pencil.A.withB.inC.inaD.usea30.OnOctober1,theChinesepeoplecelebrated____withnewachievementsandvictories.A.NationalDayB.theNationalDayC.ourNationalDayD.aNationalDay 练习（二）、冠词1.---Youmeanyouknowtheman?　---Iknow________manexactlylikehim.　　A.other　B.the　C./　D.a2.Wouldn"titbe_________wonderfulworldifallnationslivein________peacewithoneanother?　　A.a,/　B.the,/　C.a,the　D.the,the3.---Ihearthatasmanyas1,500peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.　---Yes,________newscameas________shocktous.　　A.a,a　B.the,a　C./,/　D./,a4.Atmidnighttheyreached________smallvillage________eastof______EverwhiteMountain.　　A.a,/,the　B.a,/,/　C.the,the,the　D.the,an,an5.Nanjinglieson________ChangjiangRiverandhas________populationofmorethanfourmillion.　　A.the,the　B.the,/　C.the,a　D./,a6.BillClintontook________officeonJanuary20th,1993andleft________officeonJanuary20th,2001.　　A./,/　B.his,his　C.the,the　D.an,his7.Welearntogoallouttoworkfor____goodof____society.　　A.the,/　B./,/　C./,a　D.the,the8.Parisis____mostbeautifulcity,whereyoucansee____famousEiffelTower.　　A.a,the　B.a,/　C.the,a　D.the,the9.---Whatabout____bike?---Doyouthinkitallrighttobuyhim____bikeas____birthdaypresent?　　A.the,the,the　B.a,the,a　C.the,a,the　D.the,the,a10.Hehaddecidedtogiveitup,buton____secondthoughtshedecidedtotry____thirdtime.　　A.the,a　B./,/　C.a,a　D./,a11.Towards____morning,____heavyrainbegantofall.　　A.the,a　B.a,a　C.the,/　D.the,/12.---Excuseme,whereare____booksforbiology?　---Followme.They"reonthisshelf.Doyouwant____neworusedbook?　　A.a,a　B.a,the　C.the,a　D.the,the13.Youngasheis,Davidhasgained____richexperiencein____society.　　A./,/　B.the,the　C.a,/　D./,the14.---Mysonislost.Didyouseeaboypassingby?　---Isaw____boyhiddenbehind____treeoverthere.Youmaygoandhavealook.　　A.a,a　B.the,the　C.a,the　D.the,a15.Maryclimbedtothetopofthemountainin____hurry,lookeddownandfoundin____surprisethat____wholetowntookonanewlook.　　A.a,the,the　B.a,/,the　C./,/,the　D./,/,a16.In____oldsocietymanyyoungwomendiedbysocuriousandcruel____custom.　　A.an,a　B./,the　C.the,a　D.the,/17.---You"resuretohelpmefind____bedformynewhouse?　---Sure,butnotnow.I"mheadingfor____bedandagoodsleep.　　A.a,a　B.the,a　C.a,/　D.the,/18.Thewheelisthoughttobe_____firstinventionof_____transportation.　　A.the,the　B.a,a　C.a,/　D.the,/ 19.Somepeoplesaythat____Britishare_____funnypeople.　　A.the,a　B./,the　C./,/　D.the,/20.Don"tworryabout_____mistakes.They"re_____naturalpartoflearning.　　A./,a　B.the,/　C./,the　D.the,the21.---Selmalooksespeciallyprettytonight.　---Yes,shealwayslooksherbestin_____ofthatkind.　　A.thedress　B.adress　C.dress　D.thedresses22.---_____didyouthinkoftheexhibition?　---Oh,itwas____success.　　A.How,reallyaB.What,great　C.How,/　D.What,quitea23.Thechildhadonly_____slighttemperature,butthedoctorregarded_____illnessasseriousenoughfor____hospitaltreatment.　　A./,/,the　B.a,/,/　C.a,the,/　D./,the,the24.---Didyouhave____wonderfultimeyesterday?　　---Yes.Iwason_____topof_____world.　　A./,the,a　B.a,/,the　C.a,a,the　D.a,the,the25.Idon"tusuallyhave_____breakfast,butIalwayseat_____goodlunch.　　A./,/　B./,a　C.the,/　D./,the26.---Ihearthere"llbe____talkonEnglishstudytomorrowmorning.　---Doyoumean____speechourteacheraskedustolistento?　　A.a,the　B.the,a　C.the,the　D.a,a27.Mr.Stockruns_____smallbusiness,whoisin____Mexicoonbusiness.　　A.a,a　B./,/　C.a,the　D.a,/28.Although_____motorcarhasbeenwithusforalmostacentury,Ihaveneverbeenabletodrive_____Americanone.　　A.a,the　B.a,/　C.the,an　D.the,the29.Xi"anwas_____startingpointof_____world-famousSilkRoad.　　A./,/　B.a,a　C.the,/　D.the,the30.---Whatdoes"on_____onehand…on_____other"means?　---What_____greatfun!You"reaskingmesuchasimplequestion.　　A.the,the,/　B.the,the,a　C./,the,a　D./,the,/31.AlexanderGramhaBellinvented____telephonein1876.(MET1991)　　A./;　B.a　C.the　D.one32.Afterwatching____TV,sheplayed____violinforanhour.　　A./;/　B.the;the　C.the;/　D./;the（MET199111）33.---Where"sjack?---Ithinkhe"sstill_____inbed,buthemightjustbein____bathroom.　A./;/　B.the;the　C.the;/　D./;the（MET199236）34.Manypeoplearestillin___habitofwritingsillythingsin___publicplaces.　A.the;the　B./;/　C.the;/　D./;the（MET199319）35.Sheis___newcomerto___chemistrybutshehasalreadymadesomeimportantdiscoveries.　　A.the;the　B.the;/　C.a;/　D.a;the（NMET199420）36.Wouldn"titbe___wonderfulworldifallnationslivedin___peacewithoneanother?　　A.a;/　B.the;/　C.a;the　D.the;the（NMET199423）37.Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin__internationaltradetoday.　　A.a;/　B.the;an　C.the;the　D./;the（NMET199613）38.Papermoneywasin___useinChinawhenMarcoPolovisitedthecountryin___thirteenthcentury. 　　A.the;/　B.the;the　C./;the　D./;/（NMET19998）39.Itisnottruein___thatpeoplein___fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s;their　B.the90s;/　C.90s;/D.the90s;their（1999.上海6）40.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwith____animalsof___differentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.　　A.the;a　B./;a　C.the;the　D./;the(NMET200010)41.---Haveyouseen___pen?Ileftitherethismorning.　---Isit___blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.(NMET19977)　　A.a;the　B.the;the　C.the;a　D.a;a42.Summersin___southofFrancearefor___mostpartdryandsunny.　　A./;a　B.the;/　C./;/　D.the;the(2000.春招8)43.Idon"tliketalkingon____telephone;Ipreferwriting_____letters.(2002春招26)　　A.a;the　B.the;不填　C.the;the　D.waskilling44.Jumpingoutof___airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite____excitingexperience.(NMET2002,26)　　A./;the　B./;an　C.an;an　D.the;the45.---Idon"tlike_____NewYorkatall.　---Butthisisn"t_____NewYorkyouremember.　　A.the,the　B./,the　C.the,/　D./,a冠词练习一、1~5DBBAC6~10BACDC11~15ABBDB16~20CDDDB21~25DBBDA26~30DCBBA练习二、1~5DABAC6~10AAADD11~15ACACB16~20CCDAA21~25BDCBB26~30ADCDD31~35CDDCC36~40AACDB41~45DDBCB