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主谓一致与指代一致一、主谓一致主谓一致有许多原则,概括起来不外乎三种一致原则,即语法形式一致,概念一致(语言内容上一致),毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致)。1.语法形式一致(1)单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语,用and或both…and连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语,谓语动词则用复数形式。例如:1)Theperformancewasveryfunny.2)Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.3)Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.4)Manynaturalmaterialsarebecomingscarce.5)BothyouandIarestudents.6)WhatIthinkandwhatIseekhavebeenfairlyreflectedinmypaper.注1:在what引导的主语从句中,如果主语补语是复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Whatwehavetolearnarethepiecesoflanguagethatproduceinversion.注2:修饰语对主语的数不起影响。例如:Theperformanceofthefirstthreeclownswasveryfunny.(2)由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的结构跟在主语后面,不能看作是并列主语,该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如:1)Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.2)ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.第-1-页共8页
3)Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.4)Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.注:有时在with结构里,加上both之后,with就具有and含义。例如:GrandpaWangwithhisson,bothlookingveryhappy,aretakingawalkinthepark.(3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词,当它们在句子中作主语时,尽管在意义上是多数,谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either,neither,each,one,theother,another,somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody等。例如:1)Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.(两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。)2)Everythingaroundusismatter.(我们周围的所有东西都是物质。)(4)在neitherof与eitherof的结构里,一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式,但在美国的TOEFL考试内要求用单数形式。例如:1)Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.2)Haseitherofthembeenseenrecently?(5)当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事,and后的名词前没有冠词,谓语动词应该用单数形式;在and后面的名词前有冠词,谓语就用复数形式。例如:1)Thebreadandbutterisservedforbreakfast.(早饭供应黄油面包。)2)Thebreadandthebutterareonsale.(正在出售黄油和面包。)(6)当oneof,aportionof,aseriesof,aspeciesof,achainof结构作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:1)Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.2)Aseriesofpre-recordedtapeshasbeenpreparedforlanguagelaboratoryuse.(7)formof,typeof,kindof结构的谓语视form,type与kind的单复数而定.these/thosekind/typeof后是复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:第-2-页共8页
1)Thekindofbooksanauthorwritesdependsonthekindofmanwhoheis.2)Somenewtypesofcarsarenowonshow.3)Thesekindofrecordersaregood.(8)由oneandahalf+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如:Oneandahalfapplesisleftontheplate.(9)由themajorityof+名词作主语时,谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如:1)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.2)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.(10)plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可数与不可数名词作主语时,不可数名词的谓语只用单数,可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如:1)Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.2)Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.3)Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.4)Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.5)Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.6)Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.注:当名词前有其他量词修饰时,谓语动词的单复数形式通常取决于量词。例如:1)Rowuponrowofsoldiersismarchingtowardsusonthefield.2)Abodyofvolunteershasbeenorganizedtoaidthehelplessintheirstruggleforsurvival.(11)由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest等+名词作主语时,谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致。例如:1)Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.2)Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.第-3-页共8页
3)Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.4)Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.(12)由morethanone(或morethanone+单数名词),manya+单数名词作主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:1)Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.2)Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.注:如果morethan后面是复数名词,则谓语动词要用复数。例如:Morethantwohundredstudentshaveattendedthelecture.(13)quantityof+不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;quantitiesof+可数与不可数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:1)Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.2)Thereisalargequantityofmilk.(14)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of+名词”,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如:1)Overthree-quartersoftheswamplandhasbeenreclaimed.2)Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.(15)定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如:1)Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.2)“Keepcool”isthefirstoftherulesthataretoberememberedinanaccident.注:当one之前有theonly等限定词修饰时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.概念一致(语言内容上一致)(1)有些集合名词如crowd,family,team,orchestra(管弦乐队),group,government,第-4-页共8页
committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等,它们作主语时,谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时,动词用单数形式,如就其中的各个成员来说,则谓语用复数形式。例如:1)Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.2)Hisfamilyareverywell.3)Thepublicis/arerequestednottoleavelitterinthepark.注:如这类词后跟有定语从句时,定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则,强调具体成员时,谓语动词用复数,关系代词用who;强调整体时,谓语动词用单数,关系代词用which。例如:1)Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.2)Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.(2)有些表示总称意义的名词,形式上是单数,而意义上却是复数,谓语动词要用复数形式,如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry(家禽)等。例如:1)Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.2)Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.(3)有些名词形式上是复数,而意义上却是单数。如news,means,works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称,如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等,它们作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:1)Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.2)Hereisthenews.(4)用and连接的单数主语,前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如:1)Eachpenandeachpaperisfoundinitsplace.2)Everyboyandgirlistreatedinthesameway.第-5-页共8页
3)Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.4)Theoldworkersandtheyoungeachhavetheirowntools.(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语,谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:1)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.2)Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.(6)国家、单位和书报的名称,作为一个单一的概念,其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:1)WarandPeaceisthelongestbookI’veread.2)GeneralMotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.(通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。)(8)the+形容词作主语时,如主语指的是一类人,谓语动词用复数形式;如果指的是单个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:1)Theblindaretaughttradesinspecialschools.2)Thedepartedwasagoodfriendofhis.3.毗邻一致(就近原则)(1)由连词or,neither…or,either…or,notonly…also,nor等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则,与贴近它的主语一致。例如:1)Heoryouhavetakenmypen.2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth.3)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.(2)在therebe的结构中,谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如:1)Thereisadeskandfourbenchesintheoffice.2)Therearetwochairsandadeskintheoffice.二、指代一致指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。第-6-页共8页
1.人称一致(1)当代词指代名词或另一个代词时,须在人称上与所指代的词保持一致。例如:1)Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIdidn’tspeaktoher.2)Thatwomansaidthatshewasoverfifty.3)Theyaskedwhomtheyshouldapplyto.(2)当代词指代集合名词时,用单数人称代词强调整体,用复数人称代词强调个人。例如:1)Thecommitteehavediscussedtheirreportonthedisaster.2)Theaudienceareraisingtheirhandstosignifytheirapproval.(3)当everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等作主语时,相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如:1)Ifanyonecalls,tellhimI’llbebacklater.2)Everyonethinksheisthecenterofuniverse.注:在非正式文体中,特别是在会话体里,常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不具体说出所指的那个人的性别。例如:1)Hasanybodybroughttheircamera?2)Noonecouldblamedthemselves.(4)由neither…nor,notonly…butalso,either…or,not…but,or等连结的并列主语,其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如:1)NeitheryounorIamwrong,arewe?2)BothTomandJackcame,didn’tthey?2.性、数、格一致(1)代词的性一般仅限于第三人称。例如:1)Chinawillalwaysdowhatshehaspromisedtodo.第-7-页共8页
2)Theboystoodatthedoorwithhishatinhishand.(2)当or或nor连接阳性名词或阴性名词时,代词一般和近者保持一致。例如:1)NeitherJohnnorMaryhasgotwhatshewanted.2)IfyoushouldseeMaryorThomas,tellhimthenews.(3)单数名词由and连接时,相应的代词一般用复数形式。例如:1)Foodandrentaremoreexpensivethantheyusedtobe.2)JimandMaryspokeonthesubjectasiftheywereexperts.3.应注意的问题(1)当句子的主语是one,并要在句子中多次出现时,一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或one’s;当one在句子中泛指人时,在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。例如:1)Oneshouldneverblamehisfriendswhenhefriendswhenhefindshimselfintrouble.第-8-页共8页