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高考英语语法方法、技巧、攻略

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更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh151.英语:最新高考常用语法图解2.高中英语语法速记口诀大汇总3.英语语法专业术语表达4.高考重点语法网络图表5.高中英语语法练习题-高考精粹(带解析答案)6.非谓语动词全盘攻略7.回扣:语法重点扫描,帮你轻松记牢8.语法回扣错题重现题最新高考英语常用语法图解一.名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法:1表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed 二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15I.不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,everyIwantthisbook,notthatone./ Whosepurseisthis?更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15等限制3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.  三.代词:I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?  Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.   Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh154)some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.   Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no:no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another: 1)other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers。如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam. 2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one). Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和either更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none. AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish. Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher. 四.形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allboththeasecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodlargeshortnewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15suchthisanotheryourpoorsquare3)复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如:Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。 五.介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论),including6形容词转化成的介词like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh156表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到,on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 六.动词I.动词的时态:1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时用法例句更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh151will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15II.动词的被动语态: 常用被动语态构成 常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注 意 事 项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如:Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15Itisbelievedthat…   Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…          Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…        Itmustbepointedoutthat…             Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…           Itmustbeadmittedthat…               Itishopedthat…下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.         Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.           Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面词或短语没有被动态:leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等  更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)don’thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do. No,…don’t.oughtto应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will. No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto过去常常(现在已不再)usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点:1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would: usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’tdo;Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo 八.非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词,副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone 具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done 动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生)remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)goontodo(接着做另外一件事)goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)meantodo(打算做,企图做)meandoing(意识是,意味着)can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词 notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别: 区别举例不定式Ihavealotofpaperstotype.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分词无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)  更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15九.定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人,物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人,物主语,宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语,宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人,物主语,宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1.  先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.  先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.  先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.  先行词既指人又指物时5.  先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.  句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1.  在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人2.  在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。3.  先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区别:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected./Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected./Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago. 十.名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语,相当于名词,位于系动词之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus. 十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever 原因状语because,as,since,nowthatbecause语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that 比较状语than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore 方式状语asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词:过去式(be用were)主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词:had+过去分词主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger. 主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!  十四。重要句型1.  Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2. NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh153.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4. Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5. Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.“Heworksparticularlyhard.” “Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1526. SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.    十五。动词搭配1.addto增加,增进 add…to把…加进… addup相加 addupto总计,所有这一切说明 1)Idon"tthinkthesefactswill________anything. 2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary. 3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm. 4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________. (addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉 breakdown出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开 breakoff暂停,中断 breakin强行进入,插话 breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片 breakout爆发 breakup捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散 breakthrough突破 1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______ ______thepoliceandranintothewoods. 2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 3)Don"tbreak________whileothersarespeaking. 4)Whydon"tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee? 5)Whendoesschoolbreak________? 6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen. (awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup抚养,呕吐,提出 bringabout造成 bringout拿出,出版 bringin引入,引进,挣钱 bringback使回想起 bringdown使下降,使倒下 1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars. 2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish. 3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays. 4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding? 5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan. 6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting. 7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight. 8)Nextmonththeywill bring________aneweditionof thebook.  (down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon号召,拜访(某人) callat拜访、参观(某地) callfor去叫某人,要求,需要 callup使回忆起,征召入伍更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  callin召集,请某人来 callout大喊,高叫 calloff取消,不举行 1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar. 2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I"llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight. 3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou. 4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn"tanswer. 5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain. (in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout发生,出现 comedown下跌,落,降,传下来 comein进来 comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) comeon来临/快点 comeout出版,结果是 comealong一道来,赶快 cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒,合计,总共是 comeover走过来 comeup发芽,走近 comeacross偶然碰到 comeback回想起 comefrom来自,源自 1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth. 2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore. 4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate. 5)Hecame__________melikeatiger. 6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear. 7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago. 8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob. 9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars. 10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven"tcome__________yet. (for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)6.cutacross抄近路 cutdown砍倒,削减 cutoff切断,割掉,断绝关系 cutup连根拔除,切碎 through剪断,凿穿 cutout删(省)掉,戒掉 cutin插嘴 1)Don"tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer. 2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness. 3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor(旷野)tothevillage. 4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces. 5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill. 6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________. (down,down,across,up,off,in)7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 diefrom死于(意外事故、情形) dieaway渐渐消逝 dieout绝种 diedown(炉火)渐熄 dieoff逐一死去8.fallbehind落后 falloverone"sfeet跌跤 falldown掉下,跌倒 fallback撤退,后退 1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk. 2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers. 3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage. 4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken. (down,behind,back,over)  9.goinfor从事,喜爱,参加 gothrough通过,经受 goover复习,检查 goup(价格)上涨,建造起来 goafter追捕,追赶 goagainst违反 goahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧 goaway离开 goby时间过去 godown下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 goon(with)继续进行 gowith相配,陪同 gowithout没有,缺少 goout外出,熄灭 goallout全力以赴 gooff爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应 gobackon背约,食言 gobeyond超出 1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears. 2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently. 3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet. 4)Let"scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______. 5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople, 6)Ican"tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty. 7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination. 8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople. 9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.   10)Thistiedoesn"tgo___________myblueshirt. 11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______. 12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball. (up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)10.getdown下来,记下,使沮丧getdownto致力于,专心于  geton进展,进步,穿上,上车更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  getoff脱下,下车  getin收集,插(话)  getaway逃跑,逃脱,去休假  getover忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复  getalongwith进展,相处  getup起床  getthrough打通电话,完成,通过  getround消息传开  getclosetosth.接近,几乎  getinto(trouble)  getto(know)  getback取回,收回  getout  1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn"tget____whathesaid.  2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties.  3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.  4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I"llgotothecinema.  5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness.  6)Don"talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking.  7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience.  (down,over,round,through,down,in,over)11.giveaway赠送,泄露,出卖  giveout发出,疲劳,分发,公布  giveoff发出(光、热、气体)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  givein(tosb.)屈服  giveup放弃,让(座位)  1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________.  2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell.  3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners.  4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies.  5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________?  6)Don"tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________.  7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________.  (away,off,out,up,out,away,out)12.handin交上,提交  handout分发  handdown流传,遗传13.hangabout闲逛  hangup挂电话14.holdback阻止,隐瞒  holdup举起,使停顿  holdon别挂电话,等,坚持  holdout持续,坚持,伸出  holddown控制,镇压  1)I"msureheisholdingsomething_________.  2)Shemanagedtohold_____heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.  3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I"llcomesoon.  4)Ourfoodsupplywon"thold_________formorethanafewdays.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods.  6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold__________thecity"spopulation.  7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please.  (back,back,on,out,up,down,up)15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持,  keepupwith跟上  keepoff(grass)不接近,离开  keepawayfrom避开,不接近,离…远远的  keepoutof  keepto(rules,promise)坚持,遵守     keepon继续,坚持下来  keepback阻止,留下,隐瞒,扣下  keepfrom克制,阻止  1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher.  2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords.  3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears.  4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone.  5)"Don"ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep__________!"  6)Keep_________untilyousucceed.  7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou"llsucceedintheend.  8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________.  9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame.  10)Ican"tkeep________witheverythingyou"redoing.  (away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1516.knockat/on敲  knockinto撞到某人身上  knockdown撞倒  knockoutof把…敲出  knockover撞倒  knockoff停止工作,休息  1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________.  2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday.  3)Tryknocking___thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.  4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked________thecarparkedthere.  (down,off,on,into)17.leavefor离开前往  leaveout删去,遗漏  leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走  leaveto留给,遗嘱赠于  leaveover遗留,剩下,延期  1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?"demandedtheteacher.  2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece.  3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________.  4)Don"tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow.  5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow.  6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory.  (out,to,behind,over,over,over)18.lookup查找,向上看更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  lookthrough翻阅,浏览  lookon旁观  lookon…as看作  lookinto调查  lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找  lookout(for)当心  lookabout/around/round四下查看  lookdownupon瞧不起  lookbackupon回忆,回顾  lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人  1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents"papers.  2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront.  3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim.  4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth.  5)Shewassosnobbish(势利)thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours.  6)Thepolicepromisedtolook_____thecaseassoonaspossible.  7)Helooked___butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.  (through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)19.makeup编造,配制,打扮,组成  makeupfor弥补  makeinto/of/from制成  makeout弄懂,发现,看出,填写,开列(清单)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  makefor走向,驶往,促使  1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit?  2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London?  3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera.  4)Wemustmaketheloss_______nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________forthedamagehehaddone.  5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.  6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan"tmake___________whoitis.  (into,for,out,up/up,up,out)20.passaway去世  passby经过  passdown(on)…to传给  passthrough经历  passover漠视,忽视  1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed____tomefrommygrandfather"sgrandfather.  2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace.  3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes.  4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.  (down,away,through,over)21.payback还钱,报复  payfor付钱,为…受到惩罚,因…得到报应  payoff还清  1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary?  2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  3)I"llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.  4)Someday,you"llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday.  5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet? (for,back,back,for,off)22.pickup拾起,获得(information),接人,站起,收听,自然习得(language/knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth)  pickout挑选,辨认,看出  1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue.  2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00.  3)Thepatienthaspicked____healthduringthelasttwoweeks.  4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes.  5)Ican"tpickJohn___________inthecrowd.  6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio?  7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly.  (up,up,up,out,out,up,up)  pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词23.putup搭起,张贴,举起,安装,投宿,安排住下  putupwith忍受  putout伸出,扑灭  putoff推迟  putinto放进,翻译  putaway放好,存钱  putdown记下,平息  puton穿戴,上映,增加(putonweight/speed)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  putforward提出,提前  putthrough接通电话  putaside放到一边  putback放回  1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek.  2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt(暴乱).  3)Putyourwatch__________.It"sslow.  4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake.  5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension(分机)2.  6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn.  7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.(摆架子)  8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice.  9)Ican"tput__________withyourlaziness.  (away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)24.pulldown拆掉,推翻     pullon匆匆穿上/off脱  pullin进站              pullout取出,(火车)离站  pulldown往下拉,拆毁        pullover驶到一边  pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境   pullup(使)停住  1)Thetrainslowlypulled___anddisappearedinthedistance.  2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled__,andnewonesaretobebuilt.  3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn.  4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________.  5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights.  (out,down,over,through,up)更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1525.pushover推倒,刮倒  pushahead(on,forward)继续前进,坚持下去  pushthrough排除困难办好谋事,努力设法通过,挤过  1)We"vedecidedtopush____withourplantobuildanewroad  2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane.  3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules______atanycost..  4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________.  5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus.  (on,over,through,over,through) 26.runacross偶然碰到     runafter追逐,追捕  runaway逃跑          runfor竞选  runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人),相撞  runoutof用完  1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you"llrun_________someonesomeday.  2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition.  3)Ourwaterhasrun________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?  4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure?  5)Hedidn"twanttorun___________presidentthatyear.  6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties.  (into,across/into,out,after,for,into)27.seeoff送行  seethrough看透,识破  seeto照料,照管28.sendfor派人去请更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  sendoff送行  sendout发出(光亮)等  sendup发射29.setup建立  setoff出发,触发,引起  setout动身,着手(todo),陈述  setabout开始着手(doing)  settowork(n.)开始做  setback拨回,使推迟  1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes.  2)Weset_____readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.  3)Weset________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe"vebeentravellingeversincethen.  4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink.  5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport?  6)Thepresidentset____aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.(抗议)  (back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)30.takeoff脱掉,起飞        takeon呈现雇佣  takeaway拿走            takein吸收,领会  takeup从事,占用(时间空间)  takedown记录,取下      takeback收回  takefor误认为            takealong随身带  takeover接管             takeout  1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems.  3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor.  4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught.  5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather"sbusiness.  6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime.  7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany.  (back,down,for,in,over,up,on)  takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职31.thinkof想起               thinkof…as把…看作  thinkout想出              thinkup想出  thinkabout考虑            thinkover仔细考虑  thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好32.turnoff/on打开  turnover翻身,反复考虑,翻(书页),翻转  turnout证明为,结果,制造成品  turnto转向,求助  turndown调低,拒绝  turnagainst变得敌视,反对  turnaway打发走,驱逐,转过脸去  turnback返回,转回去  turnround转过身来  turnup向上翻,露面,出现,音量调大  turnin上缴更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  turnupsidedown把倒置,弄得乱七八糟  1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort.  2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface.  3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem____inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.  4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess.  5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______.  6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________.  7)Thearmyturnedhim_____onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.  8)Sheturnedthewholehouse______inhersearchforhermissingpurse.  9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow.  10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned_______theforeignerswholivednearby.  11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear.  (to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out) ··浅谈新课改下的初中数学教学(邢春燕)·品牌中的英文含义(不要吃反季节水果)·浅谈数学课堂中创新能力的培养(李志远)·收藏<和谐社会三重奏(下)>(风雨中的阳光)·了听长(了听长)·AChanceofalifetime(不要吃反季节水果)·给家长的一封信(那大二中钟金华)·我刚来(苏斌斌)高中英语语法速记口诀大汇总一、冠词基本用法【速记口诀】名词是秃子,常要戴帽子,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15可数名词单,须用a或an,辅音前用a,an在元音前,若为特指时,则须用定冠,复数不可数,泛指the不见,碰到代词时,冠词均不现。【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一,也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有:①名词在一般情况下不单用,常常要和冠词连用;②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an,确指时要用定冠词the;③如复数名词表示泛指,名词前有this,these,my,some等时就不用冠词。二、名词单数变复数规则【速记口诀】单数变复数,规则要记住,一般加s,特殊有几处:【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s,也就是单词如果以ch,sh,s,x等结尾),则一般加es;②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro,hero)两菜(tomato,potato)加es外,其余一般加s;③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f,fe变为ve再加s;④英语中还有些单词没有规则,需要特殊记忆,如child—children,mouse—mice,deer—deer,sheep—sheep,Chinese—Chinese,ox—oxen,man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth。三、名词所有格用法【速记口诀】名词所有格,表物是“谁的”,若为生命词,加“’s”即可行,词尾有s,仅把逗号择;并列名词后,各自和共有,前者分别加,后者最后加;若为无生命词,of所有格,前后须倒置,此是硬规则。【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s,但如果名词以s结尾,则只加“’”;②更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15并列名词所有格表示各自所有时,分别加“’s”,如果是共有,则只在最后名词加“’s”;③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格,这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同,AofB要翻译为B的A。四、接不定式作宾语的动词【速记口诀】三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝;设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。【妙语诠释】三个希望两答应:hope,wish,want,agree,promise两个要求莫拒绝:demand,ask,refuse设法学会做决定:manage,learn,decide不要假装在选择:petend,choose五、接动名词作宾语的动词【速记口诀】Mrs.PBlackmissedabeefbag.(P•布莱克夫人丢了一个牛肉袋。)【妙语诠释】该句话中每个字母代表了一个动词或短语,这些动词要求后面跟动名词作宾语。这些动词分别是:M=mind,r=risk,s=succeedin,P=practice,B=bebusy,l=lookforwardto,a=admit,c=can’thelp,k=keepon,m=miss,i=insiston,s=suggest,s=stop,e=enjoy,d=delay,a=avoid,b=beworth,a=advise,g=giveup。六、不定式作宾语补足语时省to的动词【速记口诀】一感,二听,三让,四看,半帮助【妙语诠释】一感:feel;二听:hear,listento;三让:make,let,have;四看:see,notice,watch,ob-serve;半帮助:help。七、形容词和副词比较等级用法【速记口诀】1.比较级与最高级:两者比较than相连,三者比较the在前。2.同级比较:同级比较用原形,as…as永不离;as…as加not,只言两者是同一,若是notso…as,后强前弱不看齐。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15【妙语诠释】①比较级通常和than连用,而最高级通常跟有定冠词the;②同级比较一般用as…as表示“与…一样”,这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来,而notso…as则表示后者比前者强,翻译为“不如……”。八、反意疑问句用法【速记口诀】反意问句三要点,前后谓语正相反;短句not如出现,必须缩写是习惯;最后一点应注意,短句主语代词填。【妙语诠释】①反意疑问句的构成应该是“肯定的陈述句+否定的疑问”或“否定的陈述句+肯定的疑问”;②在短句中not必须与do,will,can等组成缩写形式;③在简短问句中,疑问句的主语必须是代词,而不能用名词形式。九、感叹句用法【速记口诀】感叹句,并不难,what、how放句前;强调名词用what,其余用how很简单。【妙语诠释】由what引导的感叹句一般修饰名词,而how引导的感叹句一般修饰形容词、副词或句子。十、宾语从句用法【速记口诀】宾语从句须注意,几点事项应牢记。一是关键引导词,不同句子词相异。陈述句子用that;一般疑问是否(if,whether)替;特殊问句更好办,引导还用疑问词。二是时态常变化,主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时,从句时态应看意;主句若为过去时,从句时态向前移。三是语序要记清,从句永保陈述序。【妙语诠释】宾语从句应注意三点:①引导词,陈述句一般由that引导,这时的that可以省略;一般疑问句则由if或whe-ther引导;而特殊疑问句则由特殊疑问词引导。②时态,主句是现在时态,从句可用所需要的任何时态;但如果主句是过去时态,从句时态所表示时间一般往前移一个时间段。③语序,宾语从句永远要用陈述句顺序。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15金题精练1.Mysongotuplatethismorning.Heonlyhad_______forbreakfast.A.twobreadB.twosliceofbreadC.twoslicesofbreadD.twoslicesofbreads2._______roomisbigandbright.Theylikeitverymuch.A.TomandSamB.Tom’sandSamC.TomandSam’sD.Tom’sandSam’s3.—Doyouknowhowmany___ahorsehasandhowmany_____abeehas?—OfcourseIknow.A.teeth;feetB.tooth;footC.foot;teethD.teeth;foot4.__________womaninapurpleskirtisBetty’smother.A.TheB.AC.AnD./5.Nowtelephonesareverypopularandtheyaremuch______thanbefore.A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapestD.thecheaper6.—Hi,Tom.Isyourbrotherasactiveasyou?—No,he’saquietboy.Heis_________.A.lessoutgoingthanmeB.notsocalmasC.moreactivethanID.asoutgoingasI7.English____inmanycountries,butChinese____theirownlanguage.A.isspoken;speaksB.speaks;isspokenC.isspoken;speakD.isspoken;isspoken更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh158.Theyoungmanwasoftenseen_______bythelake.A.todrawB.todrawingC.drawingD.drew9.—Sohotintheclassroom.Wouldyoumind______thewindow?—OK,I’lldoitrightnow.A.notclosingB.notopeningC.closingD.opening10.—_______weather!It’sraining!—Badluck!Wecan’tgoclimbingtoday.A.WhatbadB.WhatabadC.HowbadD.HowabadKeys:1.C2.C3.A4.A5.B6.A7.C8.C9.D1.Morphology词法2.NotionalWords实义词3.FormWords虚词4.PartsofSpeech词类5.TheNoun名词6.ThePronoun代词7.TheNumeral数词8.TheVerb动词9.TheAdjective形容词10.TheAdverb副词11.TheArticle冠词12.ThePreposition介词13.Theconjunction连词14.TheInterjection感叹词15.TheParticle小品词16.WordBuilding构词法17.Conversion转化18.Derivation派生19.Composition合成20.Prefix前缀21.Suffix后缀22.CompoundWords合成词更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1523.ClassificationofNouns名词的分类24.CommonNouns普通名词25.ProperNouns专有名词26.CountableNouns可数名词27.UncountableNouns不可数名词28.TheSingularForm单数形式29.ThePluralForm复数形式30.IndividualNouns个体名词31.CollectiveNouns集体名词32.MaterialNouns物质名词33.AbstractNouns抽象名词34.TheCommonCase普通格35.ThePossessiveCase所有格36.PersonalPronouns人称代词37.PossessivePronouns物主代词38.SelfPronouns反身代词39.DemonstrativePronouns指示代词40.InterrogativePronouns疑问代词不达意41.ConjunctivePronouns连接代词42.RelativePronouns关系代词43.IndefinitePronouns不定代词44.ReciprocalPronouns相互代词45.TheSubjectiveCase主格46.TheObjectiveCase宾格47.CardinalNumerals基数词48.OrdinalNumerals序数词49.FractionalNumerals分数词50.NotionalVerbs实意动词51.LinkVerbs连系动词52.AuxiliaryVerbs助动词53.ModalVerbs情态动词54.TransitiveVerbs及物动词55.IntransitiveVerbs不及物动词56.RegularVerbs规则动词57.IrregularVerbs不规则动词58.Person人称59.Number数60.Tense时态61.Voice语态62.Mood语气63.ThePrincipleFormsofVerbs动词的主要形式64.ThePresentForms现在式65.TheNon-finiteFormsoftheVerb动词的非谓语形式66.TheParticiple分词更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1567.ThePastForms过去式68.ThePastParticiple过去分词69.TheInfinitive不定式70.TheGerund动名词71.ThePresentIndefinite一般现在时72.ThePastIndefinite一般过去时73.TheFutureIndefinite一般将来时74.ThePastFutureIndefinite一般过去将来时75.ThePresentContinuous现在进行时76.ThePastContinuous过去进行时77.TheFutureContinuous将来进行时78.ThePresentPerfect现在完成时79.TheFuturePerfect将来完成时80.ThePresentPerfectContinuous现在完成进行时80.TheSequenceofTenses时态的呼应82.TheActiveVoice主动语态83.ThePassiveVoice被动语态84.TheIndicativeMood陈述语气85.TheImperativeMood祈使语气86.TheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语气87.SentencesofRealCondition真实条件句88.SentencesofUnrealCondition虚拟条件句89.DegreesofComparison比较的级别90.TheComparativeDegree比较级91.TheSuperlativeDegree最高级92.AdverbsofTime时间副词93.AdverbsofPlace地点副词94.AdverbsofManner方式副词95.AdverbsofDegree程度副词96.AdverbsofFrequency频度副词97.RelativeAdverbs关系副词98.ConjunctiveAdverbs连接副词99.InterrogativeAdverbs疑问副词100.TheDefiniteArticle定冠词101.TheIndefiniteArticle不定冠词102.CoordinatingConjunctions并列连词103.SubordinatingConjunctions从属连词104.Syntax句法105.TheSentence句子106.TheSubject主语107.MembersoftheSentence句子成分108.ThePredicate谓语109.TheObject宾语110.ThePredicative表语更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15111.TheAttributive定语112.TheAdverbial(Modifier)状语113.TheAppositive同位语114.DeclarativeSentence陈述句115.ImperativeSentence祈使句116.ExclamatorySentence感叹句117.InterrogativeSentence疑问句118.GeneralQuestion一般问句119.SpecialQuestion特殊问句120.AlternativeQuestion选择问句121.DisjunctiveQuestion反意问句122.SimpleSentence简单句123.CompoundSentence并列句124.ComplexSentence复合句125.CompoundComplexSentence并列复合句126.SimplePredicate简单谓语127.TheCompoundPredicate复合谓语128.TheCompoundVerbalPredicate表行为的复合谓语129.TheCompoundNominalPredicate表性状的复合谓语130.TheDirectObject直接宾语131.TheIndirectObject间接宾语132.TheComplexObject复合宾语133.TheCognateObject同源宾语134.IndependentElements独立成分135.DirectSpeech直接引语136.Parenthesis插入语137.InsertedElements插入成分138.IndirectSpeech间接引语139.TheNominativeAbsolute独立主格140.Phrases短语141.ParticipialPhrases分词短语142.PrepositionalPhrases介语短语143.InfinitivePhrases不定式短语144.InfinitivePhrases不定式短语145.PhrasalVerbs短语动词146.SubordinateClause从句147.MainClauses主句148.SubjectClause主语从句149.ObjectClause宾语从句150.AttributiveClause定语从句151.PredicativeClause表语从句152.AppositiveClause同位语从句153.AdverbialClause状语从句154.AdverbialClauseofTime时间状语从句更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15155.AdverbialClauseofPlace地点状语从句156.AdverbialClauseofCause原因状语从句157.AdverbialClauseofCondition条件状语从句158.AdverbialClauseofDegree(Result)结果状语从句159.AdverbialClauseofConcession让步状语从句160.AdverbialClauseofPurpose目的状语从句161.AdverbialClauseofComparison比较状语从句162.AdverbialClauseofManner方式状语从句163.RestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定语从句164.Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause非限制性定语从句165.LimitingAttributes限制性定语166.NaturalWord-order自然语序167.Inversion倒装168.FullInversion完全倒装169.PartialInversion部分倒装170.Ellipsis省略171.TransformationofSentences句子的转换172.AnalysisofSentences句子分析173.Punctuation标点符号174.Period(FullStop)句号175.QuestionMark问号176.ExclamationMark感叹号177.Comma逗号178.Semicolon分号179.Colon冒号180.QuotationMarks引号181.Brackets括号182.AngleBrackets角括号183.Parentheses(curves)圆括号184.SquareBrackets方括号185.Brace大括号186.Dash破折号187.Hyphen连字符188.Apostrophe省略号189.Slant斜线号190.Asterisk星号191.Parallels平行号更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15英语常用的句型结构1、S+vi2、S+linkverb+predicative3、S+vt+o4、S+vt+o(间接)+o(直接)5、S+vt+o+oc6、Therebe+s+…简单句的五个基本句型种类句型主语S.谓语部分谓语动词V.表语P.宾语O.宾语补足语OC.第1种S+VWework.(不及物)第2种S+V+OHeplays(及物)thepiano.第3种S+V+PWeare(系动词)students.第4种S+V+ino(间接宾语)+Do(直接宾语)Shegave(及物)meapen.第5种S+V+O+CHemade(及物)theboylaugh.第6种Therebe+STherearethirtydaysthismonth.主语部分谓语部分谓语动词修饰语/补语/宾语1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.FlowersFlowersManybeautifulflowersIBetty,youryoungersister,Somestudentsinmyclassyou(You)bloom。bloombloomgolooksspeakDo...understandReadinthegardens.inthegardensinspring.toschoolbybicycleeveryday.verypretty.Englishverywell.thesesentences?LessonTwo,Mary.句子的成分1.主语—主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意:不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型。2.谓语—说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。3.表语—表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。*注意区别:Myjobisteaching.(teaching为表语)与Iamteachingnow.(amteaching为谓语)4. 宾语更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15—宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。5.状语—状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。6.定语—定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。简单句、并列句、复合句1.简单句句型:主语+谓语只包含一个主谓结构,而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。2.并列句句型:简单句+并列连词(或连接副词)+简单句*由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。1、联合关系:常用的连词有and,notonly…but(also),neither…nor等。Eg.Tomdoesn’tsmoke,nordoeshisbrother.2、转折关系常用的连词有but,yet,still,however,while(而,然而),when(那时,然后)等。Eg.Hegotupveryearly,(and)yethefailedtocatchthemorningtrain.Weplayedoutsidetillsunset,whenitbegantorain.Sheistired,(but)stillshewillmakeanothertest.*yet和still是连接副词,又叫半连接句。*however(然而,不过,但是)意义接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中间。3、选择关系:常用的连词有or(或者,还是,否则),otherwise,orelse,either…or等。Eg.Hurryup,orwe’llbelateforschool.4、因果关系连词有:for,so,thus,therefore,andso等。Eg.Hestudiedhard,thushesucceededinpassingtheexam.TheFrenchmancoughedloudly,sohedecidedtogoandgetsomemedicineforit.*for表示附加或推断的理由、原因。Therefore较so更正式,andso较口语化。3.复合句句型:主句+连词+从句;或连词+从句+主句(包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句,或只包含一个从句,但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。)动词时态,被动语态一、一般现在时1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如:I’llgothereafterIfinishmywork./Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon’tgothere.3.在以here,there开头的句子里,go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如:Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Therecomesthebus.汽车来了。Hereshecomes.她来了。二、现在进行时1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如:SheisleavingforBeijing.她要去北京。Heisworkingasateachertomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。MyfatheriscomingtoseemethisSaturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。例如:TheChangjiangRiverisflowingintotheeast.江水滚滚向东流。Thesunisrisingintheeast.太阳从东方冉冉升起。4.大多数动词可用于进行时,但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有:exist,live,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15understand,mean,owe,belongto,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作。例如:Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleanedtheroom.2.表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for…”,“since…”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如:HehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears./Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作,现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果,而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在关系不大。例如:Shehascleanedtheroom.It’sverycleannow.(此句hascleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状无关,二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到It’s…这样的一般现在时。)2)汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达,如:Ihaveseenthatfilm.(我看过那部电影了。)但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”,就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如:Whendidyouseethatfilm?Isawityesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影?我昨天看的。)不能说:Whenhaveyouseenthatfilm?Ihaveseenityesterday.4.表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/hasbeento”,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/hasgoneto”.例如:——WhereisLiHua?-Hehasgonetothereading-room.——SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.-Shehasbeenthere.5.短暂动词(即瞬间动词),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说:Hehasfinishedtheworkforthreehours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1)“ago法”:Hefinishedtheworkthreehoursago.2)“延续法”:Hehasbeenthrough(with)theworkforthreehours.3)“since法”:Itis/hasbeenthreehourssincehefinishedthework.四、现在完成进行时1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作。例如:Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00./Ithasbeenrainingfortwodays.2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。五、一般过去时表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)。例如:Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如:TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如:IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.4.表示过去将来动作。例如:Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.七、过去完成时1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如:Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup./Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。例如:Attheageoften,hehadlearned500Englishwords.Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如:Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.八、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式:1.will/shalldo(侧重将来行为,不突出计划安排去做某事)2.begoingtodo(主观上打算或客观上可能发生)3.bedoing(按计划将要发生,常和表示最近的将来时间连用)4.beabouttodo(按计划即将发生)九、将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语,when,before引起的时间状语连用。例如:WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15被动语态一、被动语态的句型1.常见句式是:主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)例如:HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2.主语+get+过去分词+其它成分例如:Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.注意:使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”3.带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。例如:Shelentmeabike.®被动:1)Iwaslentabike(byher).2)Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情态动词+be+过去分词例如:Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.双重被动式:主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分例如;Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room./Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.二、主动表示被动的几种情况1.不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是:cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如:Thisknifecutswell.这把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.这些书好卖。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。Theclothwasheswell.这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。例如:Theapplestastegood./Theflowersmellswonderful./Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue./Cottonfeelssoft.注:prove也可用于被动式,如:Hisanswer(was)provedright.3.不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有:hard,difficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如:Theproblemiseasytodo./Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer./Theboxisheavytocarry./Theprojectisimpossibletocompleteinayear.比较:Theproblemistobedone./Thequestionistobeanswered.没有形容词时,虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系,但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况:1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可变为MyselfistaughtFrench.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可变为Eachother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因为相互代词不可作主语。3.Helostheart.不可变为Heartwaslostbyhim.因为象loseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能变为Thesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因为象takepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。主谓一致Agreement在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定,则要看句子的意思。多数情况下,根据句子的主语形式就能判定,但有的则要看整句的意思,及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:1)Toworkhardisnecessary.(Itisnecessarytoworkhard.)2)Howyougetthereisaproblem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。3、在倒装句中,动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here,there开头,be动词与后面第一个名词一致。如:1)Herecomesthebus.2)Onthewallweretwofamouspaintings.3)HereisMrBrownandhischildren.4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,perhaps,like,including,aswellas,nolessthan,morethan,ratherthan等引起的短语,谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如:1)Jane,MaryandIaregoodfriends.2)Heandmyfatherworkinthesamefactory.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh153)Hissister,nolessthanyou,iswrong.4)Thefather,ratherthanthebrothers,isresponsiblefortheaccident.5)He,likeyouandXiaoLiuisverydiligent.6)Everypictureexceptthesetwohasbeensold.7)AlicewithherparentsoftengoestotheparkonSundays.8)Aliceaswellasherfriendswasinvitedtotheconcert.9)NobodybutMaryandIwasintheclassroomatthattime.5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数,and后面的名词没有冠词。如:1)Thewriterandworkeriscomingtoourschooltomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。2)Breadandbutteristheirdailyfood.面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。3)Thewriterandtheworkerarecomingtoourschooltomorrow.(两个人)6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each,every,no,manya修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:1)Everyboyandgirlhasbeeninvitedtotheparty.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。2)Noteacherandnostudentisabsenttoday.3)Manyastudentisbusywiththeirlessons.7、each,either,one,another,theother,neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:1)Eachtakesacupoftea.2)Eitheriscorrect.3)Neitherofthemlikesthispicture.8、由every,some,any,no构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:1)Iseveryonehere?2)Nothingistobedone.没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:1)Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.2)Anyonewhoisagainstthisopinionmayspeakout.3)Heisoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedatthemeeting.10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,其谓语动词常用单数形式。11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等),动词用单数形式。如:1)TheUnitedStatesisinNorthAmerica.2)TheUnitedNationshaspassedaresolution(决议)。3)“TheArabianNights”(《天方夜谭》)isaninterestingbook.12、有些集体名词如family,team,group,class,audience(听众,观众),government等作主语时,如看作是一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;如强调各个成员时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:1)Myfamilyisgoingtohavealongjourney.2)Myfamilyarefondofmusic.3)Theclasshaswonthehonour.这班获得了荣誉。4)Theclasswerejumpingforjoy.13、all,more,most,some,any,none,half,therest等作主语时,既可表示复数意义,也可表示单数意义,谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如:1)Alloftheappleisrotten.整个苹果都烂了。2)Alloftheapplesarerotten.所有的苹果都烂了。3)Mostofthewoodwasusedtomakefurniture(家具)。14、the+形容词(或分词)作主语时,常指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念,谓语动词则用单数形式。如:1)Theyoungareusuallyveryactive.2)Thewoundedarebeingtakengoodcareofherenow.15、or,either…or…,neither…nor…,whether…or,notonly…but(also)连接的是主语,谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如:1)EitheryouorIamgoingtothemovies.2)Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.16、不可数名词没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh151)Waterisakindofmatter.2)Thenewsatsixo’clockistrue.17、集合名词如:people,police,cattle等作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。如:1)Thepolicearesearchingforhim.2)Thecattlearegrassing(吃草)。18、population当人口讲时,谓语动词用单数形式;当人们讲时,谓语动词用复数。如:1)ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofJapan.2)Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.19、thenumberof+名词复数,是表示“…的数字”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;a(large/great)numberof+名词复数,表示许多,作主语时;谓语动词用复数形式。1)Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolisincreasingyearafteryear.2)Anumberofstudentshavegoneforanouting.20、means,politics,physics,plastics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。复合句(1)定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词Who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?Whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatWhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..Whose人,物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.That人,物主语,宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.Which物主语,宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.As人,物主语,宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.As做宾语一般不省略关系副词When时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichWhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.That与which,who,whom的用法区别:情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.句中已经有who时,为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?1.Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadfor更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15只用which,who,whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人1.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。2.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。furtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.As与which的区别:定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.(2)状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等,按意义可分为地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较等。1、时间状语从句由从属连词when,whenever,as,while,before,since,once,till.Eg.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.A.when,as,while作时间从属连词的区别。When可引导持续性动作,又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。Eg.WhenIwasaboy,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.(同时)B.as引导持续性动作,侧重表示主句和从句动作同时发生。Eg.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.C.while“在某一段时间里”、“在……期间”While引导的动作必须是持续性的,它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生,往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。Eg.Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.*当when,as,while(正当……的时候)表示主句和从句的动作同时发生时,可以换用。*当when引导的状语从句是系表结构(名词作表语),其主语又和主句主语一致时,往往可用as引导的省略从句代替,应注意as在这里是连词,不是介词,后边名词与年龄有关。Eg.Asayoungman(=whenhewasayoungman)hewasapostmaster.D.before如果when和before引导的句子位于主句之后,有时要译为“才”、“这时”等。Eg.Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Iwashavinglunchwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.E.bythetime,eachtime,everytime,immediately,themoment,soonafter,shortlyafter等也可以作为连词,引导时间状语从句。Eg.EachtimehecametoBeijingonbusiness,hewouldcallonme.IrecognizedyouthemomentIsawyou.F.时间状语从句中的谓语动词一般不能用任何一种将来时,只能用现在时或过去时态表示将来时。E.hardly…when;nosooner...than=assoonas这两个句组只能用于过去时,即从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用过去完成时。Hardly、nonooner放在句首时,主句主谓倒装。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15Eg.Hehadhardlyfallenasleepwhenhefeltasofttouchonhisshoulder.Hardlyhadhefallenasleepwhenhefeltasofttouchonhisshoulder.Eg.Ihadnosoonercomehomethanitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIcomehomethanitbegantorain.2、地点状语从句:where,wherever引导Eg.Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.Wherethereiswater,thereislife.3、原因状语从句由连词because,as,since,nowthan(既然,由于)because引导的从句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情况下,可以不要主句而单独成句。as与since则不能。在回答why开始的问句时只能用because。*在强调句式中强调原因状语从句,只能用because引导从句,不能用as或since.Eg.Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.*as(由于)所引导的从句一般放在主句之前,说明原因;后边的主句说明结果。主句和从句表达的内容同等重要。Eg.Astherewasnoanswer,Iwroteagain.以as引导的从句位于主句之后时,它的力量更弱一些,类似一种附带的说明。As在口语中使用较多。*since(既然,因为):用以表示显然的或已知的理由、原因。从句的意思是次要的,主句是全句意思的重心所在。Eg.Sincehecannotanswerthequestion,you’dbetterasksomeoneelse.*nowthat与since,as同义。其区别是nowthat用来说明一种新情况,然后再加以推论,从句与主句的因果关系很小,而since和as连接的句子因果关系比较明显。Eg.Nowthatyouhavefinishedthework,youarefreetodowhatyoulike.注意:*用了以上表示原因的从属连词,主句不可再用并列连词so.*并列连词for有时表示因果关系,有时是对前面分句的内容加以解释或推断。当for表示因果关系时,可和从属连词because同样使用,但语气较弱。Eg.Hecouldnothaveseenme,for(or:because)Iwasnotthere.4、目的状语从句that,sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat(以免,唯恐),lest(唯恐,免得):lest从句中谓语(should)+v,incase(万一)等。Eg.Weremainedathomelest(=forfearthat)theyshouldcomeinourabsence.目的状语从句的消语常含有may(might),can,could,should,will等情态动词。通常主句在前,从句在后,主句与从句之间没有逗号。*lest只用于正式文体,在现代英语中多以forfearthat,sothat…not等代替。5、结果状语从句由连词that,sothat,so…that,such…thatetc.注意区别that,sothat引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句。根据上下文来判断,从句之前有逗号的常是结果状语从句;从句中有情态动词的多半是目的状语从句。Eg.Shehurried,sothatshecaughtthebus.(结果)Shehurriedsothatshemightcatchthebus.(目的)6、条件状语从句通常由if,unless(除非),aslongas,solongas只要,incase(that)万一*unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式*主将从现7、方式状语从句连词as,asif(asthough)等引导从句多用虚拟语气。Eg.Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.8、比较状语从句as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引导eg.PeterswimsaswellasTomdoes.*the+比较级(从句),the+比较级(主句)eg.Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.9、让步状语从句though,although,as(虽然),evenif,eventhough,whoever,whatever,whichever,whenever,however,nomatterwho(what,which,etc)eg.Whereveryouwork,youcanalwaysfindtimetostudy.Whetherhecomesornot,we’lldiscusstheproblemthisafternoon.*让步状语从句可放在句首、句中、句尾though与although同义。Although更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15较为正式,多置于句首,as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语。它比用though(although)引导的让步状语从句更有表现力,语气更强。As引导的让步状语从句要使语序部分倒装。Eg.Childashewas,hehadtohelpsupportthefamily.*evenif(though)从句所说的不一定是事实。Though从句一般说的是事实。*whether一般引导名词性从句。当引导让步状语从句时,必须有逗号和主句分开,而且其前边可加nomatter.Eg.You’llhavetodoit,(nomatter)whetheryoulikeitornot.*让步状语从句和主句之间不可再用but等纯并列连词,但可用yet,still,nevertheless等副词来加强语气。Eg.Thoughhewastired,yet(still,nevertheless)hewentonworking.*不可将nomatter与“疑问词+ever”连用。Eg.Whatever(nomatterwhat)yousay,Iwon’tagreeyou.Nomatterwhateveryousay,Iwon’tagreewithyou.(错)倒装句I.fullinversion1、there(here)+be+Seg.Hereisthemilkman.Therecomesthebus.*在there和here的后面还可跟一些不及物动词,如stand,lie,go,fall等。句子的谓语时态为一般过去时或一般现在时。如例22、单个副词位于句首的倒装句单个副词位于句首,句子的主、谓需倒装,表示强调。这类副词有in,out,now,up,downetc.句子的谓语一般为be动词或不及物动词。Eg.Downcametherain.Upwenttheflag.Awayheran.如果这类句子中的谓语动词是短语动词则不能将短语动词中的副词移到句首。Eg.Upitblew.(错)____blewup:exploded*但有时也例外,当句子的主语在对比的情况下,作主语的人称代词也可与作谓语的be动词形成倒装。Eg.Therewerethey,readingintheclassroom,whilewewerecleaningoutside.3、介词短语作状语位于句首的倒装句。在这类句子中,谓语一般为be或不及物动词。Eg.Neartheforestisasmalllake.Inthedoorwaystoodmybrother.在上述单个副词和介词短语位于句首的倒装句子中,谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。4、so,nor,neither,nomore引导的倒装句,句子全部倒装。Eg.Hefinishedhisjob,andsodidI.Peterdoesn’tlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.Peter不喜欢流行音乐,他兄弟也是如此。*在美式英语中,通常认为nor不能跟在but或and的后面。Eg.Johndidn’tseetheaccidentandnordidMary.(错)Johndidn’tseetheaccidentandneitherdidMary.(对)*当句子的主语与前句的主语为同一人或物,而so位于该句的句首时,后面so引导的句子不用倒装。Eg.It’sraining.Soitis.5、as引导的倒装句在正式书面文体中,as引导表示比较含义的从句,句子常用倒装句。Eg.Helikessports,asdomostofhisfriends.他和他的大多数朋友一样,喜欢体育。Heisacollegestudent,asarehissistersandbrothers.II.partialinversion1、副词位于句首的部分倒装句一些含有否定意义的副词位于句首时,句子倒装:seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,barely,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly等。Eg.Littledidheknowaboutmathematics.他的数学知识极为贫乏。Rarelydidstudentsattendhislectures.学生很少去听他的讲座。*如果scarcely,hardly,little和barely等副词位于句首,但它们在句中修饰主语,此时句子不倒装。Eg.LittlehelpcanbeexpectedfromJohn.不指望从约翰那里得到多少帮助。Hardlytwentystudentsareinthatbigroom.在那间大房子里还不足20名学生。2、only引导的部分倒装句。Only位于句首,后接状语,句子要倒装。Eg.OnlyonSundaydoeshegohome.Onlyalone,doesshefeelsad.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15*only修饰宾语,位于句首时,句子也可以倒装。Eg.Onlytheirteacherwilltheyobey.*only修饰主语,位于句首,句子不用倒装。Eg.Onlytwoofusgottickets.3、notonly…butalso…引导的两个分句,前一个分句用倒装,后一个分句用倒装,后一个分句用陈述结构。Eg.NotonlydoeshespeakEnglishbutalsohespeaksGerman.*notonly不位于句首,句子则不倒装eg.HenotonlyspeaksEnglishbutalsohespeaksGerman.4、hardly…when…;scarcely…when…;nonooner…than…eg.Scarcelyhadhecomeinwhentheguestswantedtoleave.5、not+名词或副词组成的词组在句子中作状语或宾语,位于句首,句子需倒装。Eg.Notaletterdidhesendhome.NotoncedoImeethim.我一次也没有见到他。Notuntiltheendofthisweekdidsherealizehermistakes.*not在句首修饰主语,句子不必倒装。Eg.Notmanypeoplecametotheparty.6、当含有no的词组位于句首时,句子用倒装。*Nowhereelseintheworldcanyoubuyabetterandcheapercamerathaninourshop.Nolongeraretheycooperatingwithus.Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules.你决不能违反规章制度。Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties.任何时候都不应在困难面前屈服。*类似的短语:innoway决不,innosense决不,innocase决不,undernoexcuse毫无理由,onnoaccount决不如果这类短语不在句首,句子不用倒装。7、在if引导的虚拟条件句子中,如有had,were,should,可将if省去,而将had,were,should移到句首倒装。Eg.HadInotseenitwithmyowneyes,Iwouldnothavebelieveit.8、as,though引导的让步状语从句,形容词、名词作表语常位于句首,形成倒装。Eg.Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.Childasheis,heknowsalot.(省略冠词)情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定疑问句中)cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)maynotdoMay…do…?Ye,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’tmightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thavetohaveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)don’thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do.No,…don’t.oughtto应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺命令shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall.No,…shan’tshould应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will.No,…won’twouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdo更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15dare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’tusedto过去常常(现在已不再)usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’tDid…usetodo…?Yes,…did.No,…didn’t.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:以must为例。Must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;Must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用语肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定否定疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问句否定句中)III.情态动词注意点:1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:两者作情态动词时常用于否定句疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’tdo,Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类,意义,构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词,副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15只接动名词做并于的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,stabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生)remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)Goontodo(接着做另外一件事)Goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)stopdoing(试试去做,看有何结果)Meantodo(打算做,企图做)Meandoing(意识是,意味着)can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成。Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生Theboilingwater/theboiledwaterThedevelopingcountry/the更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15developedcountryThefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分词无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)If和whetherI.if和whether都能引导主语从句。只不过if引导主语从句不放在句首,而放在句尾。句首用it作先行词,而whether引导的主语从句可放在句首或句尾。*有些语法书说if不能引导表语从句。而在实际阅读中if引导表语从句的句子也是有的。Eg.Thequestionisifweshouldgoonwiththework.II.if与whether不能互换的情况:1、介词后用whether不用ifeg.Itdependsonwhetherhe’sready.2、不定式之前用whether,不用ifeg.Heworriedwhethertocome.3、名词之后用whether不用ifeg.Thedecisionwhethertoseeherwasminealone.4、whether可和ornot直接连用,if不能。Eg.Idon’tknowwhetherornotheisready.5、引导让步状语从句用whether不用if:eg.Whetheryoulikeitornot,youwillhavetodoit.6、如果宾语从句放在句首,用whether不用if.Eg.Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.7、如果宾语从句是个否定句,用if引导不用whether引导。Eg.Idon’tcareifhecan’tcome.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15(带解析答案)1.MsNancydidn"tmindatall______totheceremony.A.beingnotinvited  B.notbeinginvitedC.notinviting        D.nottobeinvited  2.  "_____yourmeetingis!"heofferedthemhissincerecongratulations.A.Howagreatsuccess  B.WhatagreatsuccessC.Howgreatsuccess  D.Whatgreatsuccess3.Wemustrememberthat_____fashionisnotthemostimportantthingin_______life.A./;the  B./;/  C.the;/  D.the;the4.  It_____quiteafewyears_____theaccusedwasdeclaredinnocentandsetfree.A.was;since  B.is;that  C.willbe;when  D.was;before5.  Theprofessorsaidhecouldtalkon_____interestedtheaudience.A.anytopic   B.whichtopic  C.whichevertopic  D.thetopichethoughtit6.  Undernocircumstance_____totellliestoparents.A.childrenareallowed  B.arechildrenallowedC.childrenwillallow  D.willchildrenallow7.  Modernscienceandtechnologyhas_____communicationbetweenpeoplefarapart.A.madeconvenient  B.madeitconvenientC.madeitconvenientfor  D.madeitconvenientto8.  IheardthatyoureallyhadawonderfultimeatJohn"sbirthdayparty,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15_____?A.didn"tI  B.didn"tyou  C.hadn"tyou  D.willyou9.  Thegreatuseofschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthings_____toteachyoutheartoflearning.A.as  B.that  C.than  D.but10.  Nomatterhowfrequently_____theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractalargenumberofpeople.A.performing   B.performed  C.tobeperformed  D.beingperformed11.  _____theirrealeconomicsituations,theygotsomerelieffundfromthegovernment.A.Considering   B.Considered  C.Havingbeenconsidered  D.Beingconsidered12.  Tina_____haveknownthetruth,orshewouldhavetoldus.A.mustn"t  B.shouldn"t  C.can"t  D.needn"t13.  Therearesomepolicecarsinfront.Whatdoyousuppose_____?A.isthematter    B.ishappened  C.isthewrong   D.thetroubleis14.  _____ofwatermakesDeathValleyadesert,butitisbynomeansdevoid.A.Lacking   B.Beinglack  C.Becauseoflack   D.Lack15.Inrecentyearsmuchmoreemphasishasbeenput______developingthestudentsproductiveskills.A.ontoB.in   C.overD.on16.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofthosewhowereinfected更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15bySARS,  ________weresurprising.A.asresults  B.whichresults  C.theresultsofit      D.theresultsofwhich17. Theorganizationbrokenorules,but______haditactedresponsibly.A.neitherB.so        C.either     D.both18.Manyworkerswereorganizedtoclearaway       remainedoftheWorldTradeCenter.A.those     B.that        C.what      D.where19. MytrainarriveinNewYorkateighto"clocktonight.TheplaneIwouldliketotakefromthere______bythen.A.wouldleave    B.willhaveleftC.hasleft      D.hadleft20.Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.A.tobebasedon    B.tobaseon   C.whichtobaseon   D.onwhichtobase21.________evidencethatlanguageacquiringabilitymustbestimulated.A.Ifbeing    B.Itis  C.Thereis  D.Therebeing22.ProfessorWang,_______forhisinformativelectures,  waswarmlyreceivedbyhisstudents.A.knowing    B.known     C.tobeknown   D.havingknown23.InfactPeterwouldratherhaveleftforSanFranciscothan____inNewYork.  A.tostay   B.stayed   C.stay  D.havingstayed24.You____himsoclosely;  youshouldhavekeptyourdistance.A.shouldn"tfollow             B.mustn"tfollow  C.couldn"thavebeenfollowing  D.shouldn"thavebeenfollowing更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1525.  Therehasbeenagreatincreaseinretailsales,____﹖  A.doesthere    B.isn"tthere   C.hasn"tthere     D.isn"tit26.Itisthenews____mostparentsofthehopethatthereisasafeandsociallyapprovedroadtoakindoflifetheythemselveshavenothad,buttheirchildrencan.A.thatdeprive   B.thatitdeprives  C.thatdeprives   D.whenitdeprives27.Wehadn"tmetfor20years,butIrecognizedher_____Isawher.  A.themoment            B.forthemoment  C.themomentwhen        D.atthemomentwhen28.Onhearingagreatnoise,Mikelookedforwardthroughthewindow_____whathappenedoutsidetheroom.  A.toseeingB.toseeC.seeingD.tohaveseen29.You______bedrivenoutoftheschoolifyoudaretocheatintheexam.  A.shouldB.wouldC.willD.shall30.Everyonehopesthatwecandosomethingtomakethingsbetter,sowecan"thelp______underthestress.  A.butworkingB.buttoworkC.workD.butwork31.Weallthinkthat_____noneedtomakelawstopreventtheyoungfromgettingmarriedduringtheircollegelife.  A.itisB.therehasC.ithasD.thereis32.Postage______,thenecklacewillcostyouatleast650yuan.  A.includingB.includedC.includeD.tobeincluded33.Withhiseyes______onthefamilyalbum,hethoughtofthefunhehadwhenhelivedwithhisparents.  A.fixingB.fixedC.tobefixedD.beingfixed更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1534.Georgeappliedforthepositionthreetimes______hefinallygotit.  A.beforeB.untilC.whenD.after35.Thisrobotissupposedtosavealotoflabor,butitremainsaproblemifit______.  A.isB.savesC.doesD.has36.Thereweremanymorepeoplewhogotinjuredinthebigfirethan_______.  A.wasreported  B.itwasreported  C.werereported  D.theywerereported37.Hedoesn"tknowwhattosay,foritisthefirsttimethathe______withagirl.    A.wentoutB.goesoutC.hasgoneoutD.hadgoneout38._______whichwaytotake,thelittleboybehavedlikearealgentlemanwhocomfortedhissisterfromtimetotime.  A.LeavingtowonderB.Havinglefttowonder  C.Leftwondering  D.Lefttowonder39.Duringthetouristseason,therearemanypeoplewanderinginthiscitytoseetheoldcastles_____inthesixteenthcentury.  A.tobebuilt  B.beingbuilt  C.havingbeenbuilt       D.built    40.Whendoyouthink______startthenewattack?  A.theywillB.willtheyC.theycan  D.canthey答案:1.B2.Bsuccess名词,保留远动词含义"成功"是不可数名词;如用来代替具体的人(成功者)或具体的事(成功的事情(东西))是可数名词。故排除C,D;A中how是副词,如改成howgreatasuccess就是正确的。3.B抽象名词不特指时,前不用冠词。4.D如将A项中was,since改成is,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15since是正确的;即从句中谓语先发生。如用B项,是强调句,而强调句前后两个谓语动词在时间上必须一致(a);被强调部分能还回原句中(b),即因为句中wasdeclared是过去时,B项中is改成was;因为句中wasdeclared是非延续性动词,在years后加上ago将"一段"时间变成"一点"就是正确的。C项前后时间不一致。5.Cwhichever已失去疑问含义,等于anythingthat,表示强调;而whichtopic中which保留疑问含义,译成"哪一个题目",不符合句义。而A和D中缺少连词。6.B.含有否定意义的副词及介词短语放在句首时,句子中主语和谓语用部分倒装。7.A题目中hasmade是谓语,communicationbetweenpeoplefarapart短语是宾语,convenient是宾语的补语,被前置。如用B项,it是形式宾语代替不定式或从句。8.B含宾语从句和定语从句的主从复合句,反意疑问句随主句变;但是在含有宾语从句的住句中主语是第一人称时反意疑问句随从句一致。9.A10.B在让步,时间等状语从句中,如果主从句中主语一致,从句中谓语含be动词,可以将从句中的主语和be省略,即在how后加they(theworks)are,再分别与选择项搭配后,就会发现正确答案是B。11.Aconsidering"考虑到",而considered"被认为",根据全句含义,句中主语they和considering是主动关系,因此选择项。12.C13.A14.D  lack作名词,后加of短语。如用A项,lacking是及物动词的动名词,后面不用介词of或作不及物动词,后面加介词in…。15.Dput/place/layemphasison是固定搭配,表示"强调,注重。"16.Dtheresultsofwhich等于whoseresults,是非限制性定语从句。17.A18.C该题空格处缺少的是连词,且在从句中作主语,所以排除A,D;that在名词性从句中只起连接作用。19.B20.Donwhichtobasehisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory=Theprofessorwillbasehisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheoryonsufficientgrounds.21.C  句中有连词that和谓语mustbestimulated,缺少一个谓语动词,排除A,D,该句译成汉语是"有。。。的证据",而不是"它是。。。的证据"所以排除B.22.B23.C24.D25.C26.C27.A  定冠词the加上表示时间的名词起连词作用,引导时间状语从句。如thenight/theminute/thespring/theyear等。28.Blookforwardtodoingsth./sth.表示"盼望做某事",而lookforwardtodo更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15sth.表示向前看目的(要做。。。)29.Dshall用于第二,三人称表示说话人的心愿;will表示主语的心愿。30.Dcan"thelpbutdo…相当于havetodo….。31.DThereisnoneed(forsb.)todosth.是一个固定句型,相当于Itisunnecessary(forsb.)todo…;或sb.havenoneedtodosth..32.Bpostageincluded等于includingpostage。33.Bfixone"seyeson/upon是固定短语,表示"注视"34.A强调从句中谓语动词的动作发生的晚,表示"。。。。。。才。。。。。。"。35.Cdo(es)是代动词,用来代替上文savealotoflabor。36.A比较状语从句中省略与主句相同的成分,只保留比较对象。37.C38.Cleftwondering中left的逻辑主语是thelittleboy,所以可转换成Thelittleboywasleftwondering…。39.D非谓语动词的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作时,用过去分词。40.A41.Some25,000peoplewerereported______intheeverrecordedworstearthquakeinIran,whichoccurredlatethismonth.  A.werekilledB.tobekilledC.killingD.tohavebeenkilled42.  _____theteacher"ssuggestion,Tomfinallyfoundawaytosettletheproblem.  A.FollowingB.TofollowC.FollowD.Hefollowed43.  ______thatnoonewaseverpreparedforit.  A.Sosuddenlydidthebadnewscome  B.Sosuddenlythebadnewscame  C.Sodidthebadnewscomesuddenly  D.Didthebadnewscomesosuddenly44.  "______thefriendshipbetweenourtwopeoplelastforever!",andwiththissincerehope,thepresidentconcludedhisspeech.     A.CouldB.MayC.WouldD.Must45.  Weneedamorecapableleader,______withstrongwillandaswellasgoodhumour.     A.whoB.thatC.one  D.which46.Manypeopleattendvariouspubliclectures,chiefly______themselvesfamiliarwiththelatestdevelopmentofdifferent更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15fields.     A.gettingB.togetC.tohavegotD.got47.  Itisnolongeraproblem_______thepoorchildreninthisdistrictcangotoschool.     A.that          B.whether       C.so           D.because48.Ofalltheapplicants,______doyouthinkisfitfortheposition?     A.whoB.whoeverC.whomeverD.whichever49.  Partoftheworkistobefinishedtodayand______bythisweekend.     A.anotherB.theothersC.therestD.theother50.  Generallyspeaking,thehardoneworks,_______.     A.thebetterhegetsresultB.thebetterresulthegets     C.hegetsbetterresultD.doeshegetbetterresult51.  Withtheworldwideoilcrisis,thepriceofoilhasbeenraised______15%.     A.aboutB.withC.ofD.by52.Thelectures,______thecurrentinternationalissues,arewellreceived.     A.arecoveredB.coveredC.coveringD.tocover53.Peterisveryangryabout______ofthechangedtimetable.     A.notinforming  B.notbeinginformed     C.beingnotinformedD.nottobeinformed54.  Itis______thatterrorismisagreatthreattoworldpeace.A.widelyaccepted  B.widelyacceptingC.wideaccepted     D.wideaccepting55.  Thehousebuiltofstonelastslongerthan____builtofwood.  A.theoneB.oneC.thatD.its更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1556.  E-mailaswellastelephones____moreandmorepopularindaily communication.  A.havebecomeB.becomeC.arebecomingD.isbecoming57.  Thiskindofcloth____well.  A.washes   B.wash   C.iswashed    D.iswashing58.  Whatdoyoumean____sayingthatyou"veneverheardofitbefore?  A.in       B.by      C.as        D.with59.He"sanintelligentboy.He____madesuchafoolishmistake.  A.can"thave   B.maynothave  C.mightnothave  D.mustn"thave60.Eachoftheengineersandprofessorsisworkinghardattheirposts,____toaccomplishthegoalassoonaspossible.  A.wish      B.forwishing   C.wishing    D.towish61.Itisjustashardtopersuademywifenottodance____tokeepmefromthefootball field.  A.soitisB.asitisC.soisitD.asisit62.  Itwasdarkandcold.Theyhadtofindahouse____andsomewood____.  A.tostayin…tomakeafirewith  B.tostay…tomakeafirewith   C.tostayin…tomakeafire       D.tostay…tomakeafire63  Someofthemiddle-agedpeople____tothemeetingwerefamousprofessors.  A.wereinvitedB.whoinvited   C.inviting      D.invited更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1564  Mostgreenvegetables,____fortoolong,willlosenutrition.  A.iftobecooked  B.ifcooked  C.ifcooking  D.ifbeingcooked65.  ____youdislikeancientbuildings,WarrickCastleisworthavisit.      A.As         B.If         C.Evenif       D.Nowthat66.  ____theexpense,I____around-the-worldtour.  A.Wereitnot…wouldtake    B.Ifitwerenot…take  C.Weren"titfor…willtake     D.Ifithadn"tbeenfor…wouldhavetaken67.____fromthetopofthemountain,thewholecitylooksbeautiful.  A.Seen       B.Seeing      C.See       D.Looked68.____theessayasecondtime,thehiddenmeaningwillbecomeclearertoyou.  A.Whilereading  B.Afterreading  C.YourhavingreadD.Whenyouread69.  ____impressedthevisitorsdeeplywas____theworkersmadewiththeirhands.  A.What…thatB.That…thatC.What…whatD.That…what70.Thenewspaper"sownerandeditor___awayonholiday.    A.isB.areC.beD.havebeen71.  Recentestimatesshowthat___morethantwomillionbird-watchersintheUnitedStates.  A.thereareamong  B.aretherethe   C.thereare  D.amongthe   72.  EllisHaizlipbeganhisstagecareerinWashington,D.C.,___supervisedtheHowardUniversityPlayersduringtheirsummerseason.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15  A.hewas     B.wherehewasC.whichhe     D.wherehe73.  Somepeopleholdthatthemoreconservativetheworldbecomes,haveoldfurniture,oldhousesandoldpaintings.A.thesmarteristo  B.thesmarteritisto  C.isitthesmartersoD.isonetothesmarter74.Shewasjustabouttoexplain___shehadn"tpassedhermathstestchieflyoutofcarelessness___herunclecame.A.hermother…when              B.tohermotherwhy…thatC.hermotherthat…when          D.tohermotherthat…when75.  Withtheshiningwaterbeforeyouandthewind___,treesbehindyou,youcannothelp___.  A.blown…butfeelrelaxedB.blowing…feelingrelaxed  C.blown…butfeelrelaxingD.blowing…butfeelrelaxing76."Willyoubeabletofinishthejobthisweek?"   "___." A.Ican"tsayit               B.Idon"tknowthat  C.I"mnotsurethis            D.Idon"texpectso77.  It"simpossibleforachildtodosomuchworkwithinashortperiodoftime,________?     A.isn"titB.isitC.hasitD.hasn"tit78._______thatMrThomsongotsuchrarefishes?  A.Whenandwherewasit  B.Whenandwhereitwas  C.WasitwhenandwhereD.Whenandwherewereit79.Onlyafterababysealispushedintotheseabyitsmother___toswim.  A.howwillitlearn  B.itwilllearnhow  C.willitlearnhow  D.anditwilllearnhow更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1580.PeterandBobbothdidwell,butPeteris___ofthetwo.  A.moretalented    B.themosttalented    C.mosttalented   D.themoretalented答案:41.D当不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作时,不定式用完成时,且kill与逻辑主语people之间是被动关系,故选D42.AFollowing做伴随状语,修饰found。伴随状语只有两种形式,主动用following形式;被动用followed形式43.A本句测试的是so---ad.---that…结果状语从句的倒装结构,即so–ad.提到主语之前,主句用部分倒状。44.BMay用在第二,三人称的疑问式结构中表示"祝愿"。45.Cone做leader的同位语46.B47.A  句中it是形式主语,代替that引导的主语从句。48.A49.C在四个选项中只有therest可以代替可数名词或不可数名词,其它三个只代替可数名词。上句work是不可数名词,所以答案是C.50.B51.D  by加百分数或表示数量的名词,表示"相差的程度"。52.C  53.B54.A副词widely表示比喻含义"广泛地";而副词wide表示具体含义"宽地,完全地"  55.C不定冠词a限定名词时,下文one用来代替;而定冠词the限定名词时,下文that用来代替56.D57.A  read,start,write等不及物动词加上方式状语或半系动词feel,taste,look等加表语形容词,在英语中是主动形式,而表示汉语中被动意义。58.B59.A60.C61.B  同36题62.A动词不定式tolivein和tomakeafirewith分别作定语修饰ahouse和somewood,与被修饰的名词构成了动宾关系,所以动词不定式用及物动词或不及物动词加介词构成的相当于及物动词的短语动词。63.D64.B65.C主句与从句之间是让步关系,所以用evenif.66.D  与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。67.A更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh1568.D非谓语动词做状语,其逻辑主语是句中主语。Thehiddenmeaning不能执行read的动作,所以排除AB,C项属于动名词独立主格结构,在句中做主语。69.C70.A  and连接两个名词表示"一副,一双,一套等或一个人兼两个职务,即用一个冠词或物主代词限定两个名词做主语,谓语用单数形式。71.C72.D73.B74.D  explain/announce等后面的结构是~sth.tosb.或~tosb.sth.,to不可省略。75.B76.DIdon"texpectso.=Iexpectnot.能这样使用的动词还有Believe,think和suppose;而在hope等动词后,否定形式只有Ihopenot.不能说Idon"thopeso.77.A78.A强调句79.Conly加状语提到主句前面时,主句中主语和谓语用部分倒装。80.D81.Whenthefarmercamebackfromwork,hispetdogjumpedout       thedoortowelcomehim.A.fromB.frombehindC.ofD.ofbehind82.  ___hewasill,IwasexpectedtotakehisplacegreatlysurprisedmeforIdidn"thavemuchworkingexperience.  A.If          B.Thatif         C.That          D.Ifthat83._____sceneryinnationalparksisusuallyattractive.  A.AB.AnC.TheD.One84.  Ifyouhaveacold,stayathomesothatyouwon"tspreaditto_____.  A.anotherB.theotherC.othersD.theothers  85.  Those_____togototheexhibitionshouldinformtheoffice.  A.notwantingB.whonotwantC.notwantedD.arenotwant86.Thechildren_____andwewillneverneglectedthem.  A.broughtupwell  B.wasbroughtupwell  C.hadbeenwellbroughtupD.havebeenwellbroughtup  87.  Themountainvillageismyhometown.  Ispent  _____  merrynighttherewhenIwasyoung.  A.agreatmanyB.plentyof  C.manya        D.agreat更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15deal88.  InallEnglishtownsthereisaspeedlimitof30milesanhour,_____?  A.isthereB.isn"tthereC.isitD.isn"tit  89.  Whyareyoualwaysmakingthesamemistake?Thinkof_____Itoldyou.  A.thatB.whenC.howD.what  90.  Nothingis_____time;yetnothingislessvalued.  A.morepreciousthan  B.lesspreciousthan  C.mostprecious   D.aspreciousas  91.  Could_____havebeen_____whohelpedSunnygetherworkdone?  A.they…itB.they…themC.it…themD.it…they  92.  Iknowaplace_____Icangetacalculatoronsale.I"llpickoneupforyoutomorrow.  A.whereB.whereverC.howD.which  93.  Howteachersperformintheirclasses_____astronginfluenceonthegrowthofthepupils.  A.hasB.haveC.havingD.tohave94.  Ifoundthecat_____underthebed,whohadcaughtamouse.  A.hidingB.hiddenC.tohideD.havinghidden95.  ----Howdidhegetbacklastnight?  ----Ithinkhe_____backonfoot,astherewerenobusesortaxiesthenatall.  A.mighthavecomeB.needn"thavecome  C.musthavecome  D.shouldhavecome   96.  Thedoctorwouldallowhimtogohome_____heremainedinbed.  A.asthough  B.forfearthat  C.onconditionthat  D.asfaras    97.  Oneofthemostimportantsocialproblemsoftodayis_____jobstotheunemployed.  A.whattobegiven  B.havinggiven  C.howtogive  D.tohavegiven   98.ThedoctorsaidIwasover-weight.IfonlyI_____更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15less!  A.ate  B.havebeeneating  C.haveeaten  D.hadeaten  99. Itissaidthathegotlaughedatfor_____.  A.hisdishonestB.beendishonestC.beingdishonestD.tobedishonest100.Ababyanimalknowsanimalsof_____ownkindwhenitseesthem,whenitsmellsthemandithearsthem.  A.herB.one"sC.itsD.their参考答案及解析:81.B82.B  That引导的是主语从句,而if从句是that主语从句中的条件状语。83.C84.C85.Anotwanting等于whodonotwant.86.D87.C  manyamerrynight=agreatmany/plentyofmerrynights.88.B89.Dof后面是介词宾语从句,需要连词且在从句中做tell的直接宾语;所以用what,that在名词性从句中补充当成分,没有实在意义。而BC连接副词,在从句中只做状语。90.A否定意义的词语与比较级连用,表示最高级的含义。91.D  强调句92.A93.A  94.B95.C96.Conconditionthat=if97.C做表语的非谓语动词表示具体时间(将来)的行为,故用不定式一般时,排除BD,短语中不缺少成分,排除A98.Difonly后用虚拟语气。此句中表示与过去事实相反。99.Cfor介词,后接名词或相当于名词的短语或从句。100.C101.AfterChristmas,_____clothingonsaleinthatshopattractedquiteafewhousewives.A.avarietyofB.anumberofC.thenumberofD.thegreatdealof102.Themayorpromisedthecitygovernment_____thebuildingofthenewroadswiththetaxesitcollected.A.shallfinanceB.maysupportC.canhelpD.shouldprovide更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15103.Whoeverdoeswrongtohiscountryortothepeopledeserves_____.A.topunishB.tobepunishedC.topunishmentD.ofbeingpunished104.Somechildrenusuallybehaveintheirownway_____theydonotgetalongwiththeirclassmatesandthereareoftendisagreementsbetweenthem.A.eventhoughB.onconditionthatC.sothatD.unless105.Secondaryandhighereducation_____availabletoallhighschoolgraduatesinthiscountrysofar.A.havemadeB.weremadethemselvesC.havebeenmadeD.weremadeit106.ThemotherbelievesthatJohn"sstupid,butit"sdifferent_____ofMary;she"sjustlazy.A.inspiteB.inthecaseC.inthecourseD.incase107.Theimageofadevotedandnobleangelinwhite_____healsthewoundedandrescuesthedyingismakingacomeback_____thenationfacesacrisis.A.that…becauseB.who…whenC.which…thatD.what…as108.Abouthowmanyelements_____makeupmostofthesubstanceswemeetineverydaylifeA.itiswhichB.whatitisC.isitthatD.itisthat109.Thegovernmentwasbelievedtobeconsidering_____alaw_____itacrimetoimportanykindofweapon.A.topass….tomakingB.tobepassing….tomakeC.passing…madeD.passing….making.110.DewittWallancefoundedtheReader"sDigestasapocket-sized,non-fictionmagazine_____toinformandentertain.A.wasintendedB.intendingC.tointendD.intended111._____thisinstrumentshouldhaveputitsworkpermitnumberonthebox.A.WhocheckedB.WhoeverinspectedC.NomatterwhoexaminedD.Thosewhoestimates112.IamsureIcanhelpyoufind____bedforyournewhouse,butnowI"mheadingfor____bedand____goodsleep.A.a,a,theB.a,/,aC.the,a,aD.a,the,a113.Twoofthenotebooks____Tomhadlostonthebuswerereturnedtothemaindeskathis更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15dormitory.A.whatB.whichC.whoD.whose114.Thedrinktastealittle____tome.A.strongB.stronglyC.sostrongD.toomuchstrong115.Myroommatelostalotofweight____everyday.A.toexerciseB.withexerciseC.forexerciseD.byexercising116.Iwentto____tobuyarulerandarubber.A.astationerB.astationer"sC.thestationerD.stationer"s117.Theyarrivedthereatlast,____.A.wastiredandhungryC.beingtiredandhungryC.tiredandhungryD.tiredlyandhungrily118.-Whatwasthepartylike-Wonderful.It"syears____Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.since119.Timeshouldbemadeagooduse____ourlessonswell.A.oftolearnB.oflearningC.tolearnD.tolearning120.Youcannotbe____carefulwhenyoudriveacar.A.veryB.soC.tooD.enough答案:101.A102.A同29题103.Bdeservepraising(=tobepraised;=praise)值得赞扬104.C105.C将被动语态还原成主动语态就不难看出此题测试的是makesth.adj.结构,表示"使成为……"。106.Binthecaseof意为:就……来说,至于;incaseof意为:以防万一107.Bwho引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词angelinwhite"白衣天使";而when引导的是时间状语从句,表示"当国家(民族)面临危机时。"108.C强调句,被强调部分是"howmanyelements"。109.Dconsider后只能用动名词做直接宾语,排除AB;而后一空格用making构成现在分词短语作定语。110.D111.Bwhoever引导主语从句,失去疑问含义,表示强调"无论谁;谁……谁就……"等于anyonewho;而who引导名词性从句时,who保留疑问含义"谁"。112.Bbed作为和(睡眠,病床)有关连的意义使用时通常不加冠词,但看作一件(家具)时就要加冠词。第一个bed指家具,前面要用冠词;而headfor更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15bed相当于gotobed,前面不用冠词。113.B114.A在57题中讲过。115.D116.B117.C形容词作结果状语,等于Theyarrivedthereatlastsothattheyweretiredandhungry.118.D119.A将句子还原成主动语态Weshouldmakeuseoftimetolearnourlessonswell.后,就不难看出"Tolearn……"作目的状语。120.Ccan"ttoo加形容词表示"越……越好;……都不为过"。121.Whenhearrived,hefound____theagedandthesickathome.A.nothingbutB.nonebutC.noneotherthanD.nootherthan122.Johnseemsaniceperson.____,Idon"ttrusthim.A.EventhoughB.EvensoC.ThereforeD.Though123.Excuseme.Ifyourcall"snottoourgent,doyoumind____minefirstA.ImakeB.ifImakeC.metomakeD.thatImake124.Weagreedtoaccept____theythoughtwasthebesttouristguide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever125.____sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.A.NosooneritgrewdarkthanB.HardlydiditgrowdarkthatC.ScarcelyhaditgrowndarkthanD.Itwasnotuntildarkthat126.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman____anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed127.Thereisanincreaseof16%intheconsumptionoftobacco_____thepreviousyear.A.overB.thanC.toD.then128.______ontime,Ithink,themedicinewillworkonhimbeforelong.A.TakenB.BeingtakenC.IftakingD.Take更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15129._____youwantmetofireyou,Isuggestyoustopwearingsportsclothesatoffice.A.AslongasB.AsfarasC.SinceD.Unless130.Nobodyintheclassexceptyouandme_____totheprincipalabouttheairqualityproblems.A.hascomplainedB.havecomplainedC.complainD.complaining131.Whycan"tyousmokeAtnotime_______inthemeetingroom.A.doessmokingpermitB.smokingbepermittedC.issmokingpermittedD.permitssmoking132.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience___onbenches,chairsorboxes.A.havingseatedB.seatingC.havingbeenseatedD.seated133.Thesewinnersfromthatkeyschoolarewiseanddiligent,actuallythereare______studentsinthatschoolA.manysuchB.suchmanyC.somanyD.somuch134.Jackgotagoodmarkalthoughhehaddone_____theothers.A.halfasmuchasB.asmuchashalfC.ashalfasD.asmuchhalfas135.IntheUSA,boththefederalandstategovernmentshavelaws_____toguardconsumersagainstdeceptiveadvertisementsA.tobedesignedB.designedC.todesignD.designing136.Itis_____honorforMrs.Blacktobeinvitedtoactasanhostessattheparty.A.anB.aC./D.the更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15137.Don"tforgettheappointmentwiththeprincipalattheregistryoffice,_____youA.don"tB.doC.willD.shall138.Wehavenointerestintheactress"sscandal(丑闻),_____hasbeenthefocusofthenewspaper"sattentionformonths.A.whichB.whatC.whoD.that139.Terrydoesn"tliketheideaofhiswife_____inthataffair.A.beinginvolvedB.involvingC.involvedD.tobeinvolved140._______tobemuchchanceofourcatchinghimupinthenearfuture.A.Youdon"tseemB.Theredoesn"tseemC.Thatdoesn"tseemD.Itdoesn"tseem答案:121.B空格后theagedandthesick,等于theoldpeopleandthesickpeople,所以but前应用表示"人"的不定代词。122.B123.B124.D125.D126.A在havesb.dosth.结构中dosth.做宾语theserviceman的补足语,和serviceman构成了逻辑上的主语和谓语的关系,表示"叫某人做某事"。127.Aover介词"比"。如用than前面要有形容词比较等级。再如:Asasecretary,girlsarefavoredoverboys.128.A129.D130.Anobody做主语,谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。131.C同第六题。132.D133.Asuch与不定冠词连用时要放在它的前面;而与some,any,no,every,another,many,all等连用时放在它们的后面。134.A135.B136.Ahonor在此题中代指一件具体的事,作可数名词,表示"(一件)引以为荣的事";也可以表示"引以为荣的人"。137.C祈使句的反意疑问句有:1)表示建议以Let"s开始的句子,用shallwe;2)表示有礼貌的邀请用won"tyou;3)表示不耐烦用can"tyou;4)其它情况用will/would更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15you。138.A139.A140.BThereseems/doesn"tseemtobe…"似乎有/没有";而Youseem/don"tseemtobe…"你好象是/不是;根据后面主语chance,应用B项。菲顾名思义,非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。包括:不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。不定式1.不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例): 主动式被动式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing/完成进行式tohavebeendoing/1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。如:Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.  他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。Hestoodasideformetopass.  他站到一边让我通过。2)不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutthismatter.  她似乎已听说过这件事。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.  我很抱歉让你等了这么久。Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIhappenedtohaveanimportantthingtodo.       我本来想告诉你这件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。Ithasbeenanhonorformetohavetraveledsomuchinyourcountry.         对我来说,在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。3) 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:It’sniceofyoutobehelpingusthesedays. 你真好,这些天一直帮我们。Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.  他假装在认真地听老师讲课。Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.  我们没料到你一直在这儿等我4) 不定式的完成进行式 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。如:TheyaresaidtohavebeenworkinginTibetfor20years.    据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。Wearehappytohavebeenhelpingeachotherthesedays.    我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。1)动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如:      Trynottobelateagainnexttime.                  尽量下次不要再迟到。Hewishedusnevertomeetheragain.  他希望我们永远不要再见到她。2)      疑问词+动词不定式:不定式和疑问词whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用,通常跟在tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain,advise,teach,discuss,findout等动词后面作宾语,有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如:Onhearingthenews,hedidn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.         听到这个消息,他不知道该哭还是该笑。Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotdecided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。Themostimportantproblemishowtogetsomuchmoney.         最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。介词后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如:MarygavesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.  玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.  我不知道该怎么做。但是but和except后面可以跟不定式。如:Hedidnothingbutwanderonthestreet.他除了在街上闲逛外,没有做什么。Ihavenochoicebuttowait.我除了等待以外别无其他选择。3)    不定式的被动式:当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式,tobe+过去分词和tohavebeen+过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如:It’sagoodthingforhimtohavebeenscoldedbytheteacher.         对他来说,被老师责备是一件好事。Theyseemedtobesatisfiedwiththeresult. 他们似乎对结果很满意。Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.  他要求被派往农村工作。Shewasthelastpersontohavebeenmentionedatthemeeting.        她是会上最后一个被提到的人。Ihadtoshouttobeheard.  我不得不大喊才能被听到。Wedon’tlikeourfriendstobelaughedatfromtimetotime.        我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。2.        不定式的语法作用  1)       不定式作主语:Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes. 百闻不如一见。Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnotaneasything.掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式短语移到谓语之后,使句子显得平稳一些。如:It’sgoodmannerstowaitinline.  排队等候是很有礼貌的。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimspeaktohismotherlikethat.   听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。2)       不定式作表语: Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.  最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。       Thegreatesthappinessistoworkforthehappinessofall.       最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。3)       不定式作宾语: Hewantedtoknowthetruth.  他想知道真相。Iprefertobestarvedtodeathratherthanbeg.  我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。HepretendedtohavereadthebookwhenIaskedhimaboutit.       我问到他的时候,他假装读过这本书。另外,不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时,人们常常用it代表不定式,而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如:Doyouthinkitbettertotranslateitinthisway?       你认为这样翻译是不是更好?Ifeelitagreathonortobeinvitedtospeakatthemeetingbeforesomanystudents.       我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。4)       不定式作补语:①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语,这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如:IwouldlikeyoutohelpmewithmyEnglishexercises.             我想请你帮我做英语练习。Ineverexpectedtheshoestobewornoutsosoon.         我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。注意:动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如:Whocanhelpme(to)carrythisheavybox?  谁能帮我拎这个重箱子? ②在make,let,have等使役动词和hear,see,watch,notice,feel,observe等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带to。 Ioftenhearhersinginthenextroom.  我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。 Theymakethebabygotobedat7:00p.m.everyday.     他们每天让孩子晚上7:00上床睡觉。注意:get,leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思,和使役动词意思相近,但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如:I’llgethimtotryitagain.                      我将让他再试一次。Howcouldyouleavehimtohavesupperwithastranger? 你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭?注意:当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时,不定式就成了主语补语,作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如:Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesistercry,todayhewasmadetocrybyhislittlesister.  尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹,但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.  经常有人听到他唱这首歌。③think,consider,believe,declare,suppose,find,imagine,know,understand,take,prove,feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由tobe+形容词或名词构成,think,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15consider,find后的tobe常可省略。如:Whenhewokeup,shefoundherself(tobe)badlyinjured.   她醒来的时候,发现自己受了重伤。Ithoughther(tobe)niceandhonestthefirsttimeImether.  我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。      含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时,不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如:    Theyoungmanwasconsideredtohavegreatpromise.   这个年轻人被认为大有前途。    Thesituationwasfoundtobequiteencouraging.  形势看来很使人鼓舞。④以besaid,bereported,beknown,seem,happen,prove,appear等构成谓语的句子中,动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如:Morethan20peoplewerereportedtohavebeenkilledintheaccident.   据报道,有20多个人死于事故。Ihappenedtobetalkingwithhimwhenhewashitbyacar.  他被汽车撞的时候,我碰巧在和他谈话。不定式作定语:不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后,以下几种情况常用不定式作定语:①能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语,常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan,intention,failure,wish,determination等。如:Hehasn’tkepthispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly.       他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。Mywishtobeateacherisquiteunderstandable.       我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。②常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语,常见的有ability,anxiety,eagerness,ambition等。如:Hiseagernesstofinishhisworkintimewasquiteobvious.他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。Weadmirehisabilitytospeakaforeignlanguagesowell.我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。③序数词、形容词最高级或被only,last,next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如:Heisalwaysthefirstpersontocomeandthelastonetoleave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。ThenextpersontoattendthemeetingisDr.Baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如:person,man,thing,something,anything,nothing,time,way,reason,chance,courage,opportunity等。如:Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。Hehadnoreasontoleavehisfriendsandlivealoneontheisland.他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。⑤不定式作定语时,有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系,如果该不定式动词是不及物动词,它后面需加上适当的介词。如:Thereisnothingtoworryabout.                       没什么可担心的。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15Therearemanyinterestingbookstochoosefrom,butIdon’tknowwhichtoborrow.  有很多有趣的书可以挑选,但我不知道该借哪一本。6) 不定式作状语: 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。①不定式作目的状语,有时也可以用inorder(not)to,soas(not)to结构。如:       Inordertoprotecttheyoungplantsfromthesun,Motherputthemintheshade.为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏,妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。Hegotupveryearlythismorningsoasnottobelateforschoolagain.今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。注意:soas(not)todo不可以置于句首。②不定式作结果状语,常见的结构有too…to,enough…to,so…asto,such…asto,onlyto…等。如:Thequestionistoodifficultformetoanswer.  对我来说,这个问题很难回答。Hesaidhewascleverenoughtodealwithitbyhimself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗?Hewokeuponlytofindhimselfinhospital.他醒来发现自己在医院里。注意:too…to通常表示太……而不……,但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。Sheisonlytoogladtostayathome.  她太想留在家里了。Heistooanxioustoknowtheexaminationresults.他很急切地想知道考试结果。另外还有ready(现成的,乐意的),eager(迫切的),inclined(偏于…的),apt(易于)。③不定式作原因状语,通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有:happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever,frightened,shocked,sorry,eager,proud,disappointed,foolish,impatient,unwise,naughty等。如:Theyaresurprisedtolearnofhisdeath.  得知他死亡的消息,他们很惊讶。WeareproudtobeyoungpeopleofnewChina.成为新中国的青年,我们感到很骄傲。另外,hard,difficult,easy,fit,comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候,作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外,还可以是表示物的词。如:Thewaterisnotfittodrink.  这水不适合饮用。Theroomisverycomfortabletolivein.  这个房间住起来很舒服。注意:后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系,此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则需要带上适当的介词。3.        不定式的复合结构   1)       不定式复合结构的构成不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语,一般可以是句子的主语或宾语,或者由物主代词暗示出来。如:Theyplantobuildahotel.  他们计划建造一个酒店。Hisfathersenthimabroadtostudyliterature.  他父亲送他出国去学文学。Icouldseehereagernesstogoabroad.  我可以看出他急切地想出国。但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语(即不定式动作的执行者),此时一般用for/of+名词(代词)短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如:It’sexpensiveforpeopletouseelectricityforcooking.   人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15It’scarelessofyoutomakesuchamistake.         你犯这样的错误真是粗心。2)       不定式复合结构的语法作用不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语,通常用it作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如:It’snecessaryforthegoodstobepackedinstrongcases.   货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。Theythoughtitimpossibleforustofindthelostchildinthedarkness.       他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如:That’sforyoutodecide.  那个由你来决定。Forthetesttobepassed,thestudentsshouldworkharderthanbefore.      为了能通过考试,学生们应该比以往更认真学习。Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread.  我有几本书送给你读。注:1.        不定式不带to的规则:前面我们已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种情况请大家注意:①动词原形come,go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如:Gotellher. 去告诉他。 Comehaveaglass.  来喝一杯。②在why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:Whyspendsomuchmoney?  为什么花这么多钱?Whynotletherhaveatry?  为什么不再让她试一试?③在hadbetter(还是……最好),hadbest(最好,顶好),wouldrather(宁可,宁愿),wouldrather…than(宁可……而不……),wouldsooner(宁可,宁愿),wouldsooner…than(宁可……而不……),cannotbut(不得不,必然),cannotchoosebut(只得),cannothelpbut(不得不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:You’dbetterlistentoyourteacher’sopinion.  你最好听一听老师的看法。Iwouldratherworkthanstayidle.  我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。Ratherthanrideonacrowdedbus,healwayspreferstorideabicycle.      他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。LiuHulanwouldsoonerdiethansurrender.  刘胡兰宁死不屈。One’sworldoutlookcannotbutcomethroughinwhatonesaysanddoes.一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。④在介词but,except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不用to。如:LasteveningIdidnothingbutrepairmyfarmtools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其它的事情。Nowtherewasnothinghecoulddoexceptadmitdefeat.  现在他只有认输。如but之前没有do,其后的不定式则一般要加to。如:I’mafraidwehavenochoicebuttotakeataxi. 恐怕我们别无选择,只好乘出租车了。Theydesirednothingbuttosucceed.  他们只想成功。⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时,为了避免重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。如:Ireallydon’tknowwhattosayanddo.  我真的不知道该说什么,该干什么。Canyouhelpmetocallhimandaskhimtoattendthemeetingat2:00p.m.?更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15         你能不能帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?  但如果两个不定式有对比的意思,则不定式符号to不可被省去。如:  Icamenottoscoldyoubuttopraiseyou.  我是来夸你的,不是来骂你的。  Thepurposeofthenewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.         新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艰难。1.动词不定式的省略问题:上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语,下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时,往往要省略动词不定式,但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to,一般有下面几种情况:①含有助动词或情态动词如begoingto,usedto,haveto,oughtto,beableto,beaboutto等+动词原形结构时: ---DoyouthinkIoughttogotoseemydoctor?   你认为我应该去看医生吗?---Yes,Ithinkyououghtto.  是的,我想你应该去。Shemustgobutyoudon’thaveto.  她必须走,但你没有必要。②含有动词want,decide,like,love,hope,wish,mean,refuse,try等+不定式作宾语结构时:---DidyougotoseetheGreatWall?  你去看长城了吗?---Iwantedto,butIwastoobusy.  我本来想去的,但我太忙了。Youmaygowiththemifyouhopeto.  如果你希望的话,你可以和他们一起去。③含有动词如ask,tell,order,advise,persuade,warn,wish,permit,allow,forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时:Don’tdoanythingunlessyourfathertellsyouto.  除非你父亲叫你去做,不然不要做任何事情。---MayIuseyourcar?  我可以用你的汽车吗?---No,Iforbidyouto.  不,我禁止你使用。④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready,pleased,afraid等+不定式作表语结构时:---Willyoulendmeahand?  你能帮我一个忙吗?---I’mwillingto,butIcan’tnow.  我很愿意,但我现在不行。---Wouldyoupleasecometomybirthdaypartytomorrow?    明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗?---I’llbegladto.  我很乐意。2.不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别: 动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动,有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况:①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?  你有开门的钥匙吗?②不定式做后置定语,和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式,不定式为不及物动词时,其后应加相应的介词。如:Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthisquestion?  针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗?Heisapleasantpersontoworkwith.他是一个合作愉快的人。③不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15Thefishisdelicioustoeat.  这鱼很好吃。Thechairiscomfortabletositon.  这把椅子坐起来很舒服。①在Therebe结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。如:Thereisnothingtoworryabout.  没什么可担心的。Thereisalotofworktodo.  有许多事情要做。(表示某人必须做这工作)注意下面两个句子的含义:Thereisalotofworktobedone.  (强调有许多事情必须做。)Thereisnothingtobedone.  (强调出了某事,现在没办法解决。)1.forsomebodytodo和ofsomebodytodo的用法区别:句型“Itis+形容词+forsomebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性,如:important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。It’sdifficultforustofinishtheworkwithintwohours.我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。It’sreasonableforthemtorunawaysoquickly.       他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。“Itis+形容词+ofsomebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如:kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus. 难为你这么为我们着想。It’ssillyoftheboytokeeppouringwaterintothebasket 这个男孩真傻,一直往篮子里倒水。2.高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词:能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有:want(想要),like(喜欢),wish(希望),hate(憎恨,讨厌),prefer(宁愿),hope(希望),fail(失败),plan(计划),refuse(拒绝),ask(要求),continue(继续),manage(设法),try(尽力),offer(提供),start(开始),begin(开始),forget(忘记),remember(记得),promise(答应),mean(打算),pretend(假装),intend(想,打算),attempt(尝试,企图),decide(决定),learn(学会),desire(渴望,请求),agree(同意),care(关心,喜欢),choose(选择),determine(下决心),expect(期望),afford(负担得起,买得起)等。能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有:感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel等;使役动词make,let,have等;还有一般的动词如advise(建议),allow(允许),ask,beg(乞求),command(命令,指挥),tell(告诉),invite(邀请),force(强迫),oblige(强迫),get(致使),help(帮助),wish,want,like,hate,prefer,intend,expect,encourage(鼓励),persuade(说服),permit(允许,许可),remind(使想起,提醒),request(请求,要求),order(命令),warn(警告,提醒),cause(引起)等。3.高中阶段常见的不定式短语:高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语,如:beabletodo(能,会),beabouttodo(即将做……),usedtodo(过去常常……),begladtodo(乐意做……),wouldliketodo(想要做……),belikelytodo(很可能做……),goallouttodosomething全力以赴,besupposedtodo应该等。高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,也可以称它们为插入语。如:totellyouthetruth(说老实话),tobefrank(坦率地说),tobeginwith(首先),tobebrief(简言之),tomakealongstoryshort(长话短说),tobeexact(精确地说),tosay更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15nothingof(姑且不说),toconclude(总而言之),tobesure(诚然、固然),todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话),sotospeak(可以这么说、打个譬喻说)等。Totellyouthetruth,Ihatehim.  说老实话,我恨他。Tobefrank,Idon’tagreewithwhatyousaid.  坦率地说,我不同意你说的话。 选择填空:1.I’veheardhim ______  aboutyouoften.A.speak               B.speaks              C.spoke               D.speaking2. Iwenttoseehim, _______   himout.             A.finding           B.find                  C.onlytofind       D.tofinding3.   Hedidn’tknow _______   orstay.             A.toleave              B.ifthatheshouldleave         C.iftoleave                D.whethertoleave4.   ---WilltheSmithsgoabroadthissummer?             ---No,theyfinallydecided _______  .             A.to             B.notgoing                C.notto              D.nottobegoing5.---Iusuallygotherebytrain. ---Whynot  _______    byboatforachange.A.totrygoing             B.tryingtogo     C.totryandgo     D.trygoing6.   Hepretended_______   nothingaboutit.             A.know               B.toknow           C.knowing           D.knew7.   LittleJimshouldlove _______  tothetheatrethisevening.             A.tobetaken       B.totake              C.beingtaken       D.taking 8.   Theywouldnotallowhim_______  acrosstheenemyline.             A.toriskgoing     B.riskingtogoing C.forrisktogo    D.riskgoing9.Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymind_______  tobuy.A.what                B.which              C.how                 D.where10.  CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_______   thefirstcomputer.             A.toinvent           B.inventing          C.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented11.  Themissingboyswerelastseen  _______  neartheriver.             A.playing             B.tobeplaying     C.play                 D.toplay12.  Thepatientwaswarned  _______  oilyfoodaftertheoperation.             A.toeatnot          B.eatingnot         C.nottoeat          D.noteating13.  Iregret _______  youthatweareunabletoofferyouemployment.             A.informing         B.havinginformedC.toinform        D.toinforming14.  Youhadbettergetadoctor  _______  yourbadtooth.             A.pullout            B.topullout         C.pulledout         D.pullingout15.Thematterhadbetter  _______ asitis.             A.leave                B.beingleft          C.leaving             D.beleft16.  Hewassofoolish _______ hiscarunlocked.             A.toleave            B.thatleave          C.astoleave        D.forhimtoleave17.Almosteveryonefails _______   thedrivingtestonthefirsttry.             A.passing            B.tohavepassed  C.topass                    D.inpassing 18.  Thegirlwasmade _______   shedidn’tloveatall.             A.marryaman             B.tomarryaman     C.tomarrywithaman           D.married更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15withaman19.Themanwillusewhathehas_______    acameraforhiswife.             A.toget               B.got                   C.buy                  Dbought20..Toanswercorrectlyismoreimportantthan  _______   .      A.aquickfinish    B.tofinishquickly     C.finishingquickly            D.youfinishquick21.  Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident _______     losehisjob.      A.soasnotto             B.sonotasto     C.soastonot             D.notsoasto22. Ifeltitanhonor_______   tospeakhere.      A.toask              B.asking              C.tobeasked       D.havingasked23.  ---I’dliketobuyanexpensivecamera.      ---Well,wehaveseveralmodels_______   .      A.tochoosefrom B.tochoose         C.tobechosen     D.forchoice24. _______   totheleftandyou’llseethepostoffice.A.Toturn            B.Turning          C.Turned             D.Turn      25.  Willyoubeabletoattendthelecture          nextweek?             A.giving              B.given                C.tobegiven       D.beinggivenⅡ.句子改错: 1. Idon’tknowiftohelphimornot.2.Shecan’thelpcleaningthehousebecauseshe’sbusymakingacake.3. Weallhopeyoutomakerapidprogress.4. Theresultsoftheresearcharetopublishsoon.5. Itistooheavyformetoliftit.6. It’sawfullygoodforyoutocomeandmeetus.7. Theseareverygoodbooksforyourchildrentoberead.8. Hedidwhathecouldhelpmewithmyphysics.9. Let’sfindaplacetoputthethings.10.Itwouldbeeasiertoclimboverthemountainthangoingroundthevalley.I.         选择填空:1---5   ACDCD                    6---10  BAABC11---15 ACCBD             16---20 CCBAB21---25 ACADC              II.      句子改错:1.   if→whether   2.  cleaning→toclean    3. hope→wish4.      publish→bepublished 5.    liftit→lift   6.  for→of7.  beread→read  8.        help→tohelp   9.        things→thingsin10.    going→togo -ing分词1.-ing分词的构成   -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化,通常有下表几种形式(以do为例): 主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeingdone更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15完成式havingdonehavingbeendone      -ing分词的否定形式是由not加-ing分词构成。如:       Notknowinghisaddress,Icoulddonothingbutstayathomeandwait.                    不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等着。      Hisnotcomingmadeallofusangry.  他没来使我们大家都很生气。2.-ing分词的一般式和完成式:   -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如:      Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.  作为一个学生,他对书本很感兴趣。      Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格。3.-ing分词的被动式:   -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(beingdone)和完成被动式(havingbeendone)。如:Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.   正在被讨论的问题很重要。Henevertalkedabouthishavingbeeninterviewedbythereporter.      他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.      被老师批评以后,他把烟戒了。   注意:在need,want,require,beworth等动词(短语)后,作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如:Yourshoesneedcleaning. =Yourshoesneedtobecleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。Thisbookiswellworthreading.  这本书很值得一看。4.-ing分词的语法作用    -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。   1)–ing分词(短语)作主语:Layingeggsistheantqueen"sfull-timejob.  产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Sayingiseasierthandoing.  说比做容易。在下面两种结构中,-ing分词也作主语。①为了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主语,而把真实主语放在句末。如:Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.  作无益的后悔是没有用的。It"sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.  辩论这事是浪费时间。②在Thereisno结构中,通常用-ing分词。如:Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.  这种事开不得玩笑。Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.  历史车轮不可阻挡。   2)-ing分词(短语)作表语:Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.  他的爱好是收集邮票。Theproblemisquitepuzzling.  这个问题很令人困惑。   3)-ing分词作宾语:①–ing分词作动词宾语。如:Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.  我建议用另一种方法做这件事。WeenjoyattendingMissLi"sclass.  我们喜欢听李老师的课。②-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语,而用it作形式宾语。如:Idon’tthinkitpossiblelivinginsuchacoldplace.      更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?  你觉得再试一次会有好处吗?③-ing分词作介词宾语,经常用在一些短语的后面。如:I"magainstinvitinghimtodinner.  我反对邀请他来吃饭。Theydon’tfeellikewalkingthatmuch.  他们不喜欢走那么多路。HewenttoLondoninthehopeofbeingafamouspainter.    他去了伦敦,希望能成为一个著名的画家。   此类短语还有很多。如:lookforwardto(渴望,盼望),beproudof(以……自豪),beresponsiblefor(对……负责),insiston(坚持),thinkof(考虑,想到),dreamof(梦想),objectto(反对,抗议),hearof(听说),prevent…from(防止,阻止),keep…from(防止,阻止),stop…from(防止,阻止),beengagedin(从事于),dependon(依靠,依赖),thank…for(因……而道谢),excuse…for(因……而道歉),aimat(目的在于),devote…to(献身于),setabout(着手做),be/getusedto(习惯于),befondof(喜欢),beafraidof(害怕),betiredof(对……厌烦),succeedin(成功地做……),beinterestedin(对……感兴趣),beashamedof(对……感到羞愧)等等。   注意:在有些句子中,介词常可省去。如:Ihavenodifficulty(in)communicatingwithforeigners.      我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。Heusedtospendalotoftime(in)playinggames.  过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。Whatcanpreventus(from)gettingmarried?  有什么能阻止我们结婚?   另外,-ing分词可以和一些介词如in,on,after,against,before,by,for,without,besides等构成短语,在句中作状语。如:Heleftaheadoftimewithoutsayingaword.      他一句话也没说就提前离开了。Besidescookingandsewing,shehadtotakecareoffourchildren.      除了做饭和缝纫以外,她还要照顾四个孩子。Onhearingthenews,allthepupilsjumpedwithjoy.      听到这个消息后,所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。   4)-ing分词作定语:①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如:readingroom  阅览室  swimmingpool  游泳池    diningcar  餐车sleepingcar  卧车  singingcompetition歌咏比赛  waitingroom 候车室awaitingcar一辆等待着的车  asleepingchild一个酣睡的孩子   flyingfish  飞鱼theexcitingnews令人振奋的消息          aboringspeech令人乏味的演出②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面,也相当于一个定语从句。如:Whoisthecomradestandingbythedoor?  站在门边的同志是谁?Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.  他们住在一所朝南的房子里。③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:Thewords,usuallydealingwithcurrentwork,weremostlywrittenbyhimself.      歌词一般讲当前的工作,大部分是他自己写的。Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyandworn-outovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.       当她出现的时候,约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。   5)-ing分词做状语:    -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。①-ing分词短语作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时可由连词when,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15while引出。如:Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.       他一边看书,一边不时地点头。Seeingthosepictures,sherememberedherchildhood.      看到那些画,他想起了她的童年。②-ing分词短语作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:Notknowinghisaddress,Ican’tsendthisbooktohim.      因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书送给他。Manyofus,beingsoexcited,couldn’tgotosleepthatnight.   因为非常激动,那晚我们许多人都没睡着。③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如:Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.  他父亲死了,留给他许多钱。Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.      她非常生气,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。④-ing分词作伴随状语,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间,表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如:Theystoodthereforhalfanhourwatchingthestarsinthesky.   他们在那儿站了半小时,观察着天上的星星。Followingtheoldman,theyoungpeoplestartedwalkingslowly.      年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 ⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语,相当于一个状语从句。如:Apersonstandingatthefootofahighmountainwillfindhimselfverysmall.      一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.      尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。   注:-ing分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语,表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如:Hishairbecamegreywiththeyearspassing.  随着时间的推移,他的头发变花白了。Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.      没人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。   6)-ing分词作补语:①--ing分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,lookat,listento,observe,have,get,leave,keep,set,catch,find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语,作宾语补语。如:InoticedamanrunningoutofthebankwhenIgotoffthecar.      我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。Lastnighttheshopkeepercaughtachildstealingsomefoodintheshop.      昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态,这时,-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如:Wewerekeptwaitingforquitealongtime.  让我们等了好长时间。Jilywasneverheardsingingthatsongagain. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。5.-ing分词的复合结构:   -ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成,在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格,通常在句中作主语和宾语。如:Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.  他的到来使我们大家都很高。Hewasawakenedbysomeone’sknockingatthedoor.  他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。1.–ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15   -ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于:在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词;在表示具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。如:Smokingisforbiddenhere. (泛指吸烟)这里禁止吸烟。It’snotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.  (指你吸烟)吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。Myjobisteaching. 我的工作是教书。MyjobistoteachyouEnglishthisterm. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。2.高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词:mind(介意),suggest(建议),enjoy(欣赏,),admit(承认),appreciate(感激,欣赏),avoid(避免),delay(推迟),dislike(不喜欢,厌恶),escape(逃脱),finish(完成),forgive(宽恕),imagine(想象),keep(保持),miss(错过),practise(训练),resist(抵抗,抵制),risk(冒险),deny(拒绝,否认),consider(考虑)等。3.有些动词既能接不定式,又能接-ing分词,含义有所不同。如:①forget,remember,regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作,而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如:Doyourememberseeingmebefore?  你记得以前见过我吗?Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.  离开时要记得锁门。②动词mean,stop,try,goon等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语,意思也有所不同。如:Itrynottothinkaboutthat.  我尽量不去想那件事。Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain? 请你再试一次好吗?Imeantochangeitforanotherone.  我想换成另外一个。Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.  误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。Havingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.                    做完练习以后,我们继续学习下一单元的单词。Afterashortrest,theywentonworking.  短暂地休息以后,他们又继续工作。Hestoppedtalkingwhenthebellrang. 铃响的时候,他停止了讲话。Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.   工作的时候,他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。   注意:有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。③动词allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语,不可以接动词不定式作宾语,但可接不定式作宾语补语。如:Pleasepermitmetosayafewwords.  请允许我说几句话。Wedon’tpermitsmokinghere.  我们这儿不允许吸烟。④动词need,require,want作“需要”解时,后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如:Theroomwantscleaning/tobecleaned.  这个房间需要打扫。Theselittlechildrenrequirelookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully.      这些小孩需要细心地照料。⑤动词like,hate,prefer等后面,如表示一般性动作,多用-ing分词;如指特定的具体的某次动作,多用不定式。如:Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimwithyou.        我喜欢游泳,但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。Ipreferwalkingtoschooleveryday.  我情愿每天步行去学校。Iprefertostayathometoday.  今天我情愿呆在家里。⑥动词begin,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15start后面,如表示有意识地开始做某事,常用-ing分词,否则用不定式更多一些。如:Webegantodothatjoblastyear.  我们去年开始做那工作的。      Theystartedtalkingaboutthefilmatonce. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。             注:下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语:a.当start,begin本身用于进行时态时。 Whentheteachercameintotheroom,hewasstartingtowritetohisparents.      老师走进教室的时候,他正开始写信给他的父母亲。b.当start,begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearingthenews,hestartedtothinkofagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.      一听到消息,他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。c.当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.      我们正准备离开,天开始下雨了。4.-ing分词作表语的两种不同含义:①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如:Theirjobisbuildinghouses. 他们的工作是盖房子。Therealquestionisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.      真正的问题是了解人民的需要。②-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如:Thisstoryisveryinteresting.  这故事很有趣。Theproblemisquitepuzzling.  这个问题很令人困惑。5.-ing分词作定语的两种不同含义: ①–ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如:readingmaterial  阅读材料     walkingstick  手杖      fishingpole  鱼杆flyingsuit  飞行服   writingtable  写字台      listeningpractice  听力训练②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如:developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping  发展中国家agrowingcity=acitythatisgrowing  发展着的城市anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary  看起来很普通的房子atouchingstory=astorythatistouching  一个动人的故事workingpeople=peoplewhoareworking  劳动人民6.不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别:   在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后,既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复合宾语,两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时,表示动作正在进行;用不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。如:Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor? (Someoneisknockingatthedoor.)      有人在敲门你听见了吗?Doyouhearsomeoneknockatthedoor? (Someoneknockedatthedoorjustnow.) 你听见有人敲门了吗?7. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语,后接-ing分词或名词。如:admitto(承认),contributeto(捐助、贡献),getdownto(着手做),givewayto(让位于),keepto(坚持、遵守),leadto(导致),lookforwardto(期待),taketo(从事),turnto(求助于),stickto(忠于、坚持),pointto(指向、表明),seeto(注意、处理),beusedto(习惯于),devoteoneselfto(献身于),beequalto(胜任的、等于),befamiliarto(为……熟悉).   高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语,如generallyspeaking(一般来说),judging更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15from…(根据……来判断),considering…(考虑到……),talkingof…(谈到……,提到……),supposing…(假如……)等,它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语,也可当作一个插入语。如:Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustcomefromCanada.      从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。Consideringhowpoorhewas,wedecidedtolethimattendtheconcertforfree.      考虑到他是多么的穷,我们决定让他免费听音乐会。选择填空:1.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped___________  inthehotbattle.A.havekilled                             B.tokill               C.tobekilled                             D.beingkilled2.   ___________   theletter,hewentouttopostit.A.Writing                                  B.Beingwriting                  C.Havingwritten                       D.Written3.Don"tyouremember  ___________       ?A.seeingthemanbefore             B.toseethemanbeforeC.sawthemanbefore                D.tohaveseenthemanbefore4.Peoplecouldn"t help   ___________         thefoolishemperorintheprocession.A.laughat                                 B.tolaughat        C.laughingat                             D.laughingon5.We’relookingforward     ___________    thephotoexhibition.A.tovisiting                            B.tovisit              C.tohavingvisited                  D.visiting6.Thegirl  ___________        underthattreeismysister.A.sitting                                   B.sits                  C.issitting                                D.sat7.Thissentenceneeds   ___________        .A.aimprovement                       B.improve            C.improving                              D.improved8. ___________   anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual..A.Notknown                            B.Knownnot       C.Knowingnot                          D.Notknowing9.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman     ___________     inbed,dead.A.lying                                     B.lie                    C.lay                                        D.laying10.Therewasterriblenoise   ___________       thesuddenburstoflight.A.followed                                B.following          C.tobefollowed                        D.beingfollowed11.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,  ___________         alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepare                              B.preparing          C.prepared                                D.waspreparing12. “Can"tyouread?”Marysaid  ___________       tothenotice.A.angrilypointing                      B.andpointangrily  C.angrilypointed             D.andangrilypointing13.Howabouttwoofus    ___________      awalkdownthegarden?A.totake                                         B.take                C.taking                                   D.tobetaking14.---Imustapologizefor ___________     aheadoftime.   ---That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknow               B.notlettingyou更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15knowC.lettingyouknownot               D.lettingnotyouknow15.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting. ---Well,nowIregret ___________   that.A.todo                                     B.tobedoing      C.tohavedone                          D.havingdone16.Wouldyou  ___________         meyouridentificationcard,sir?A.mindtoshow                        B.mindshowing   C.troubletoshow                           D.troubleshowing17.Hesuggested    ___________    onSaturday.A.tohaveameeting                   B.havingameeting   C.ameetingtohave            D.thathavingameeting18.Itisnogood ___________        tocomenow.Heisbusy.A.ifyouaskhim                        B.toaskhim   C.askinghim              D.thatyouaskhim19.Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteused   ___________  lateforhislecture.A.tohavestudents                     B.forstudentstobeC.forstudents’being                 D.tostudents’being20.Hedressedhimselfquicklyand ___________    hisschoolbag,wenttoschool.A.carried                                  B.tocarry            C.carrying                                D.carries21.___________  forseveralweeks,thecityneededfood.A.Ashavingflooded                   B.beingflooded     C.Havingbeenflooded               D.Toflood22.  ___________  illworriedmyparentsgreatly.A.Ifell                                     B.Mefalling       C.Myfalling                              D.Ifalling23.Sheiswritingalettertoafriendofhers,    ___________    himtoattendthemeeting.A.havinginvited                        B.inviting             C.toinvite                                 D.invited24.Ourtownhasdozensoffactories, ___________      severalsawmills.A.included                                B.areincluding     C.areincluded                           D.including25.___________   theclassroom,thestudentswenttotheplaygroundtowatchthefootballmatch.A.Toclean                                B.Havingcleaned     C.Cleaned                                 D.Cleaning1—5      D C A C D                 6---10  A C D A B      11---15   B A C B D         16---20  B B C D C        21---25 C C B D B过去分词1.过去分词的定义动词的-ed分词即过去分词,是由动词的过去分词构成,一般只有一种形式。2.过去分词的语法作用:    过去分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词,在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。1)过去分词作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如:       Don’ttouchtheglassbecauseitisbroken.                不要碰那个杯子,它是坏的。       Heisquitepleasedwiththedesignofthedress.  她很喜欢那礼服的式样。2)过去分词做定语:   单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个定语从句。如:Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.  更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15激动的人们奔进了大楼。Weneedmorequalifiedteachers.  我们需要更多合格的教师。    过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如:Isthereanythingplannedfortomorrow?  明天有什么活动吗?Thesuggestionmadebytheforeignexpertwasadoptedbythemanager.    外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如:Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.这些书是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。Themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents,wasasuccess. 这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千个学生出席了。3)过去分词做状语:   过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。①表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如:Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylookedlikeabiggarden. 从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。AcceptedbytheParty,hedecidedtodevotehislifetothecauseoftheParty.入党以后,他决定献身于党的事业。②表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:Deeplymovedbythestory,theexcitedpeoplestoppedquarrellingwitheachother.激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。 Encouragedbythespeech,theyoungpeoplemadeuptheirmindstotakeupthestruggle.       受到了讲演的鼓舞,年轻人决定起来从事斗争。③表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如:Givenanotherchance,hewilldobetter.再给他一次机会,他会做得更好。Comparedwithyourbrother,youshouldmakegreatereffortstostudyEnglish.和你哥哥相比,你应该更加努力学习英语。Ifheated,watercanbeturnedintosteam.        水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。④表让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如:Exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber.     尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。Laughedatbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisstudy.  尽管被许多人嘲笑,他还是继续他的研究。⑤表方式或伴随情况。如:Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。Seatedatthetable,myfatherandIweretalkingaboutmyjob. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。4)过去分词作补足语:   过去分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,find,get,have,feel,make,leave,keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语,用作宾语补语。如:Whenwillyougotothehospitalandhaveyourtoothexamined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿?Whenyouaremakingaspeech,youshouldspeakloudertomakeyourself更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15heard.当你在作报告时,你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。   当这类句子变成被动语态时,过去分词用作主语补语。如:Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.  有人发现其中一个杯子破了。Theyshouldbekeptinformedofthesituationthere. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。1.过去分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如:Whenaskedwhyhecamehere,theboykeptsilent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时,他沉默不语。Bornandbroughtupinthecountryside,hewasinterestedinbiology.由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致,必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。2.动词have后所接的三种宾语补语:   havesomebody/somethingdosomething不定式作补语必须省去to,不定式动作由宾语发出,表示一次性的动作。如:   Ihadtheworkersdothejobforme.                   我让工人们替我完成了工作。   Jimoftenhashisfatherhelphimwithhishomework.    吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。   havesomebody/somethingdoingsomething -ing分词作补语,分词动作也由宾语发出,强调动作的延续或正在进行。如:Theyhadthetractorworkingallthetime.  他们让拖拉机一直工作着。Wewon’thavethechildtalkingtohismotherlikethat. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。   havesomebody/somethingdone过去分词作补语,宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系,通常有两种情况:①主语让别人做某事,强调主语的意志。如:Hehadhishaircutyesterday. 他昨天理发了。Lateronthecenterhadagreatmanynewtreesplanted.后来,这个中心让人种了很多树。②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境,说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如:Hehadhislegbrokeninthematchlastmonth.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。Hehadoneeyelostinthewar.  在战争中,他失去了一只眼睛。3.非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式:thebridgetobebuilt  将要建造的桥 (表示将来的动作)thebridgebeingbuilt  正在建造的桥 (表示正在进行的动作)thebridgebuilt   造好的桥 (表示完成的动作)4.过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别:   过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受,而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征,如:Hearingthenews,wefeltverysurprised.  听到那个消息,我们感到很惊讶Thenewsisverysurprising.  这个消息很令人惊讶。Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremovedtotears.看到这么动人的情景,所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。   英语中这样的分词还有很多,如:amusing,amused;encouraging,encouraged;disappointing,disappointed;exciting,excited;puzzling,puzzled;satisfying,satisfied;worrying,worried;tiring,tired;pleasing,pleased;interesting,interested;astonishing,astonished等。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh155.过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别:过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语:boiledwater开水   boilingwater正沸腾的水developedcountries发展的国家    developingcountries发展中国家fallenleaves落叶   fallingleaves正在飘落的叶子changedcondition改变了的情况   changingcondition变化着的情况   由此可见,过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作;而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。w.w.w.k.s.5.回扣:语法重点扫描,帮你轻松记牢1.这些不可数名词随时都会帮你得分:(没有复数,不加a/an)有一些抽象名词:weather(天气),news(新闻),word(=news),advice(忠告),behavior(行为),fun(娱乐),information(情报,信息),progress(进步),damage(损害),harm(伤害),music(音乐),courage(勇气),experience(经验)等即使被形容词修饰,也不加不定冠词a/an。2.这些末尾字母要双写或要添加字母的不规则动词你都记住了吗?picnic—picnicked—picnicked—picnicking野餐panic—panicked—panicked—panicking恐慌begin--began--begun--beginning开始admit--admitted--admitted--admitting允许进入;承认refer--referred--referred--referring指;参考occur—occurred—occurred--occurring发生control—controlled—controlled—controlling控制forget--forgot--forgotten--forgetting忘记permit--permitted--permitted--permitting允许prefer--preferred--preferred--preferring更喜欢regret—regretted—regretted--regretting后悔;遗憾3.其后只能跟动名词而不可跟动词不定式作宾语的动词很重要!mind(介意),miss(错过),enjoy(享受…的乐趣),can’thelp(忍不住),avoid(避免),appreciate(感激),risk(冒险),finish(完成),escape(逃避),practise(练习),suggest(建议),stand(忍受),keep(保持),delay(推迟,延期),imagine(想象),report(报道)4冠词:规则1当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素时,用a;而当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素时,用an。(特别提醒:判断a还是an的依据是其后的词的发音,而不是字母。)例如:auniversitystudent,auniquestyle,aEuropeanwriter,anhonestboy,anx-ray,an800-metre-longbridge等。规则2:定冠词用于姓氏名称的复数前,表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如:theSmiths史密斯一家人;theBrowns布朗夫妇5替代词:(1).Awallmadeofbricksismuchfirmerthanonemadeofmud.砖砌的墙比泥墙牢固多了。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15(2).TheweatherofBeijingismuchcolderthanthatofShanghai.北京的天气比上海冷得多。(3)Thisstoryisaninterestingone.这是个有趣的故事。(4)---Howaboutthepriceofthesewashingmachines?这些洗衣机的价格怎么样?---Theyareatleastequalinprice,ifnotcheaperthanthose/theonesatotherstores.即使不比其他店的便宜也至少和其他店的价格一样。(5)ThelaptopIboughtlastweekisbetterthantheone/thattheschoolhadboughtforus.6一般现在时用来表示习惯性﹑经常性或固定不变的动作或状态。现在进行时主要用来表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。⑴.Helikesreadingnovels.HeisreadingHarryPorternow.他喜欢看小说,现在正在看《哈里波特》。⑵.Mr.Smithoftentravels.HeisvisitingBeijingthisweek.史密斯先生经常旅行,这周他正在北京旅游。7一般现在时还可用来表示客观规律或真理;在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态也要用一般现在时。⑴.Thegeographyteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeast.地理老师告诉我们太阳从东边升起。⑵.Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧⑶.Whenhearrives,we’llgoouttomeethim.当他到达时,我们将出去迎接他。⑷.Iwillnotgobacktomyhometownifitrainstomorrow.如果明天下雨我将不回家乡了。8现在进行时+always等可用来表示感情色彩;一些短暂性动词如start,leave,come,go,move,return等和延续性动词如play,stay,fly等的进行时可表示将来。⑴.Heisalwayshelpingothers.他总是乐于助人。⑵.Sheisconstantlycomplainingofherworkinghard.她老是不断地抱怨她工作辛苦。⑶.Whoareyouplayingthegamewith?你们将和谁比赛?9一般过去时表示“在现在时刻之前已经结束的动作或状态,或过去经常重复的动作。”严格地说,过去时所说的事与现在无关,它只是在叙说或回忆过去发生的事。现在完成时中的动作也是过去发生的,但它叙说的目的是强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响,是借过去说现在。⑴.Isawthefilm“GoneWiththeWind”severalyearsago.(回忆过去曾看过这部电影)⑵.Ihaveseenthefilm“GoneWiththeWind”.(为了说明:现在我了解这部电影)⑶.Helivedherefiveyearsago.(只能说明他五年前在这儿住过。)⑷.Hehaslivedhereforfiveyears.(五年前开始,一直住这儿,现在还住这儿)10一些表示愿望打算的词,如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,用过去完成时表示过去想做而未曾实现的愿望打算或意图。如:⑴.IhadhopedtoseemoreofShanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)⑵.Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthatmoment.我本想去帮你的,但当时确实太忙。⑶.Ihadthoughtyouwouldcometomorrow.我原以为你明天才来呢。11不用被动语态的动词1)表示状态特征的联系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear+形容词/名词(构成系表结构)⑴.Thesteelfeelscold.钢摸上去是冷的。⑵.Hisplanproved(tobe)practical.他的计划被证明是可行的。2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词如read,write,act,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15shut,dry,eat,drink等,一般不单独使用,常加上一个修饰语。如:⑴.Ilikethispenverymuch.Itwritessmoothly.我喜欢这支笔,它写起来很流畅。⑵.Thecoatdrieseasily.这外套易干。3)表示“开始”“结束”“运动”的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,move,run用主动形式表示被动意思。⑴.Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday.这家商店每天下午六点钟关门。⑵.Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning.每天上午七点开始工作。4)当want,need,require作“需要”讲时,后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,动名词与句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系。如:Thehouseneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.(=toberepaired)这屋子需要打扫了。12.时间状语从句和条件状语从句特别提醒:①如果主句是一般将来时,那么,从句谓语要用一般现在时或现在完成时来表示将来。②记住固定句式:“nosooner…than-从句”和“hardly/scarcely…when-从句”,意思都是“一…就”。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。⑴.Iwillstayhereuntiltherainstops.我将呆在这儿一直到雨停下.⑵.WewillholdthesportsmeetingthisFridayunlessitrains.如果天不下雨,我们将在周五举办运动会。⑴.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.直到汽车停下才下车.⑵.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.我一到家天就下雨了。13倍数表达法的三种基本句式:①…倍数+as+原级+as…②…倍数+比较级+than…③…倍数+thesize/length/weight/heightof…如:特别提醒:表示倍数的词始终在前面。如:我们的新房子是旧房子的三倍大。⑴.Ournewhousewasthreetimesaslargeastheoldone.⑵.Ournewhousewastwicelargerthantheoldone.⑶.Ournewhousewasthreetimesthesizeoftheoldone.14.强调句是对普通句子的某一部分(谓语除外)进行强调而产生的特殊句式,结构为:“Itis/was+被强调部分+that+句子的其余部分”或“Itis/was+sb.+who(m)/that+句子的其余部分”.①强调句的陈述句⑴.ItwasJuliathat/whodrewabeautifulpicturetheotherday.是朱莉娅前几天画了一幅漂亮的画。⑵.ItwasabeautifulpicturethatJuliadrewtheotherday.朱莉娅前几天画的是一幅漂亮的画。②强调句的一般疑问句⑴.WasitJuliawho/thatdrewabeautifulpicturetheotherday?是朱莉娅前几天画了一幅漂亮的画吗?⑵.WasitabeautifulpicturethatJuliadrewtheotherday?朱莉娅前几天画的是一幅漂亮的画吗?③强调句的特殊疑问句⑴.Whowasitthatdrewabeautifulpicturetheotherday?是谁前几天画了一幅漂亮的画?⑵.WhatwasitthatJuliadrewtheotherday?朱莉娅前几天画的是什么?如果对“not…until”句型中的“until部分”进行强调,必须将not提前:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15⑴.Itwasnotuntilhisteacherexplainedittohimthatheunderstoodthesentence.只到老师向他解释了以后,他才理解这个句子。被强调部分可以是从句:⑴.ItwasashewalkedintotheofficewithafrozensmilethatIsensedhimtobeannoyed.是当他带着僵硬的笑走进办公室时我才意识到生气了。⑵.Itwasbecausetheywereeagertoviewtheexoticlandscapesthattheoldcoupletraveledabroad.是因为他们渴望看异国风光那对老年夫妇才到外国去旅游的。15非谓语动词一.作主语⑴.Workingintheseconditionsisnoeasyjob.在这种状况下工作绝不是一件容易的事。⑵.Hiscomingherewillbeagreathelp.(不可用He和Him)他来这里(对我们)是一个很大的帮助。⑶.Jack’ssuddenlydisappearingmadethemworried.(不可用Jack)杰克的突然消失使得他们很担心。⑷.Havingstudiedcomputerisanimportantqualificationforthejob.学了电脑知识对这份工作来说是一个重要的资历。⑸.Theirbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtotheiruneasiness.(不可用They和Them)主人忽略他们增加了他们的不安。特别提醒:当动名词带逻辑主语时,只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格,不可以用人称代词主格和宾格,也不可以用名词的普通格。二.作宾语⑴.Doyoumindmy/mereadingyourpaper?你介意我看你的考卷吗?⑵.Shedoesn’tlikeMary(Mary’s)talkingthatway.她不喜欢玛丽那样讲话。⑶.Theycouldn’tstandbeingtreatedlikethat.他们不能忍受被那样对待。⑷.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.(not须放在having前)我感到遗憾,没有听从她的建议。⑸.Ihavenoideaoftheirhavingdonesuchathing.我不知道他们已经做了这样的事。⑹.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.我不记得曾经给予了实验这种办法的机会。⑺.Irememberhisnothavingtoldusaboutthematter.(not要放在his的后面having的前面)特别提醒:动名词作宾语时,可以带逻辑主语。此时,带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格,也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。三.作定语非谓语动词作定语一般要跟在名词后。⑴.We’dbetterfindsomeworkforthechildrentodo.我们最好找些事情让孩子们来做。⑵.Heisthefirstonetohelpmewithcomputer.他是第一个帮我学电脑的。⑶.Sheboughtabookshelftoputherbookson.她买了一只书架来放书。⑷.Yourabilitytoanalyzetheproblemreallysurprisedus.你的分析问题的能力真让我们感到惊奇。⑸.Theplantobemadeisofvitalimportance.将要制定的计划很重要。⑻.Thebuildingbeingconstructedwillbeusedasalibrary.在建的大楼将被用作图书馆。四.作状语1.非谓语动词作状语必须遵守的基本原则:更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15①非谓语动词必须和主语有逻辑上的一致关系:主谓(主动)关系或动宾(被动)关系。②与谓语动词所表示的动作在时间上的关系:先,后,或是同时。⑴.Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(不一致×)⑵.Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(一致√)⑶.Depressed,hewenttoseehiselderbrother.(先。但不强调)因为感到很难过,所以他去见他哥哥。⑷.Havinglivedinthecityformanyyears,heknewitverywell.(先,且强调)生活在城里很多年了,所以他很了解它。⑹.Encouragedbythesesuccesses,theydecidedtoexpandthebusiness.由于受到了成功的鼓励,他们决定把生意做大。⑺.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.离开机场时,他们不断地向我们挥手。⑻.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteantherlettertothem.因为没有收到回信,所以他决定再写一封信给他们。⑼.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.被老师批评后,李明戒了烟。2.too…todo和onlytoo…todo我们都知道,在一般情况下,too…todo结构具有否定意思。例如:Hewastootiredtowalkanylonger.他太累了,不能再走了。但是,在一些特殊结构中,动词不定式就再没有否定意义了。特别提醒:①当onlytoo和alltoo与动词不定式连用时,表示肯定意义。②too+ready(apt,anxious,eager,glad,willing)+todo,其后的动词不定式不再具有否定意义,而具有肯定意义。例如:⑴.I’monlytoopleasedtohelpyou.我很高兴能帮助你。⑵.Theyarealltooenthusiastictotakepartintheactivity.他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。⑶.Sheistooreadytosuspect.她爱起疑心。⑷.Heistoowillingtoworkasavolunteer.他很愿意当志愿者。⑸.Weweretooeagertogooutforfreshair.我们很想出去吸收新鲜空气。五.作宾语补足语常用结构:动词+宾语+do/doing/done。常见的动词有:,feel,hear,listento,havemake,let,see,lookat,observe,notice,watch等。)一感二听三让四看⑴.Hesawagirlgetonthetractoranddriveoff.(用动词do作宾补表示动作的全过程已结束)Agirlwasseentogetonthetractorand(to)driveoff.(变为被动语态时,必须用带to的不定式)⑷.Suddenlyheheardsomeoneknockinggentlyonthewindow.突然他听到有人在轻地敲窗子。⑸.Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.我感到心里卸下了一个沉重的担子。⑹.Shesawthewoundedmanbeingcarriedintothehospital.她看到那位伤员正被抬进了医院。⑺.Thefilmsoonhaduscrying.这部电影很快使我们哭了起来。六.with复合结构16with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种,常在句中充当状语和定语,是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with+宾语+补语”组成,其中,宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。adv/prep.adj.其结构为:with+宾语+todo(与宾语有动宾关系,表示将要发生的动作)doing/beingdone更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15done⑴.Withthechildrenfollowinghim,hehadtogobacktothepark.由于孩子们跟着他,所以他只得回到公园去。⑵.Withtheworkfinished,hecouldgohome.工作已经做完,他可以回家了。⑶.Withsomanybookstoread,Icouldnotgoout.有这么多书要读,我不可以出去。⑷.Withtheweathersohot,theywentintohavearest.天这么热,他们进去休息了。⑸.WiththepricesofcolorTVsetsdownby50%,thecompanyhasaveryhardtime.由于彩电的价格下降了50%,所以公司的日子不好过。⑹.Hiswifecamedownthestairs,withherone-year-oldsoninherarms.他妻子从楼上下来,怀里抱着一岁大的儿子。⑺.Thestudentsstoodinlinewiththenationalflagbeingraised.学生成排站着,国旗冉冉升起。二.名词性从句1.that引导的名词性从句that在引导名词从句时①无任何词义。②在名词从句中不充当任何成份。③引导宾语从句常可以省略,引导其它从句时不可省。④that引导的从句是陈述一个事实,因此,它不在含有“疑问”的句子中引导名词性从句。如:⑴.ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.他们擅长英语我们都知道。⑵.Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.问题是我们没有足够的钱。⑶.SheexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometoChinaoneday.她表达了将来有一天来中国的希望。⑷.Hejudgedthat,becausehewasachild,hedidnotunderstandwine.他断定,因为他是个孩子,他不懂酒。⑸.Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.每人都知道发生了什么和她很着急。特别提醒:①that一般不可引导介词后的宾语从句(inthat,exceptthat,butthat除外)。②当that从句和主句之间有插入语时,that不可省略;③当that从句与它前面的另一名词性从句并列作宾语时,that不能省。2.what引导的名词性从句what引导的从句一定是名词性从句。what引导名词性从句时①必须充当句子成分,且常做主语、宾语和表语。②它有一定的词义,陈述“什么(事)”或“…的”。③不可省略。⑴.Whatweneedismoretime.(做宾语)我们所需要的是更多的时间。⑵.Peoplewereperhapsmorehonestalongtimeagowhenlifewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.(做表语)很久以前当生活与现在的生活完全不同时,人们或许更诚实。⑶.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjustwhatworriesthepublic.(做主语)是否能找到阻止污染的方法就是所令民众担心的事儿。3.whether与if引导的名词性从句whether和if都可以引导名词性从句,表示“是否”,但是①引导介词后的宾语从句时,用whether,不用if。②引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,用whether不用if。③在whetherornot结构中,不可用if替换。⑴.Everythingdependsonwhetherthesituationwillimprove.一切取决于形势是否好转。⑵.Idon"tknowwhetherornothe"llcome.我不知道他是来还是不来。⑶.Whetherwe"llgodependsontheweather.我们去还是不去要看天气而定。⑷.Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.问题是这是否值得做。4.引导同位语从句与定语从句的that的区别。更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15从语义上看,同位语从句是对它前面的名词的内容作补充说明。而定语从句是对它前面的名词起修饰限定作用。从语法上看,引导同位语从句的that在从句中不作任何成分,只起连接作用,且不能省略;而引导定语从句的that除了起连接作用外,还在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。作宾语时可省,作其它成分时不可省。例如:⑴.TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位语从句)他们表达了再次来拜访中国的愿望。⑵.Thehope(that)sheexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(定语从句)她表达的希望是他们能再次拜访中国。u.c.o.mwww.ks5u.com语法回扣错题重现题1._______medicalcareandeducationarethemostimportantmattersthat_____mostvoterspresentattheconferencefeelstronglyconcernedabout.A.the;theB.the;/C./;theD./;/2.Themostimportantthingaboutcottoninhistoryispartthatitplayedin_____IndustrialRevolution.A.不填;不填B.the;不填C.the;theD.a;the3.Everywheremanhascutdown    forestsinordertogrowcrops,ortousewoodasfuelorasbuildingmaterial.A.the;theB.the;/ C./;theD./;/4.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,______Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what5.---Isthisschool_______youvisitedafewyearsago?---Yes,butitisn’t_______itusedtobe.A.theone,whatB.one,thatC.that,theoneD.theone,one6..Grandpawantedsomemoreteabut______leftintheteapot.A.therewasnoneB.nonewereC.nothingwasD.therewasnoone7..---Ishecontenttoacceptourofferedprice?---Yes.Hecaresmoreaboutquality.Youknowmoneyis______tohim.A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something8.Shewenttothepartyinadressthatwasmoreattractivethan______.A.theothergirlsB.theoneofanyothergirlC.anygirl’sD.thatofanyothergirl9.Alicewas______girltoexpressherself.A.amuchtooshyB.toomuchshyaC.soshyaD.muchtooshya10.Asarecently-divorcedmanwithtwolittlechildren,Iwasdeterminedtogivethem_______possible.A.ahomelifesonormalandstableasB.asnormalandstableahomelifeasC.asanormalandstableashomelifeD.astablehomelifeasnormalas11.I_______tabletennisverywell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincehalfayearago.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play12.Youhavetowaittilltomorrow,whenourmanager_______back..更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15A.willcomeB.comesC.cameD.come13.---Haveyougotanynewsaboutthemissingchild?--Thevillagers_____thehillnearby.A.havebeensearchingB.aresearchingforC.searchedD.weresearching14.Thecompany______ariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappenedyet.A.hasbeenpromisingB.haspromisedC.promisedD.promises15.ItissaidthatAndersen(1805-1875),thegreatDanishwriter,_inthesmallvillageforyears.A.wouldliveB.haslivedC.hadlivedD.lived16.ThenovelHarryPotterwrittenbyJ.K.Rowlingsellsbest,butfiveyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedhowgreataroleshe______intheliteraryworld.A.wasplayingB.wastoplayC.hadplayedD.played17.She_inourschoolbeforeshewasadmittedtoBeijingUniversity.A.wouldstudyB.hasstudiedC.studiedD.wasstudying18..---Haven’tyoufinishedyourworkinthewesternareaasavolunteer?---Yes.I_thereforfiveyears.A.StayedB.havestayedC.hadstayedD.stay19.--HaveyouseenPeterrecently?---Yes,infactIsawhimthismorning.I_______himfor2years.A.haven’tseenB.hadn’tseenC.didn’tseeD.don’tsee20.hemayorofBeijingsaysthatallconstructionworkfortheOlympics_______completedbytheendof2006.A.willhavebeenB.hasbeenC.willbeD.has21.Howlong______inBeijing,Bob?---Justfortheweekend.Andthenwe’llgobacktoNewYorkonSundayevening.A.haveyoustayedB.haveyoubeenstayingC.areyoustayingD.didyou22..Afterheleftcollege,hewasemployedinaninternationalcompanyand_______thereeversince.A.workedB.hasworkedC.hadworkedD.wasworking23.Thetobaccowasfirstgrownin______isnowpartoftheUnitedStates.A.whereB.whatC.theplaceD.which24.Thisresearchisimportant________itreferstothesafetyoffood.A.asforB.forwhichC.inthatD.becausethat25.Kitty’sparentswishhertobeateacher,________shedoesn’twanttobeinstead.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whom26.Itwaslateintheafternoon_______wereachedthelittlevillage.A.whichB.untilC.sinceD.before27.Don"tbeafraidofaskingforhelp______itisneeded. A.unlessB.before C.althoughD.when28.Iliketheskirtatthefirstsight.I’llbuyit,_______.A.howmuchmayitcostB.nomatterhowitmaycostC.howevermuchitmaycostD.howmayitcost29---Mum,I"vefinishedmyhomework. ---Good,and_______youplayorwatchTV,youmustn"tdisturbme.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 A.wheneverB.whether  C.whateverD.nomatter24._______hewasabsentIwasexpectedtotakehisplacegreatlysurprisedme,forIdidn’thavemuchworkexperience. A.ThatifB.IfthatC.ThatD.If30.Ihopetomakefriendswith______sharesmyinterests.A.whoB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho31.--Whoarethose_______themselvesatthebackoftheclassroom?---Sorry,Ihaveno_______.A.sat;mindB.seated;ideaC.seating;ideaD.sitting;mind32.Peterdidn’tgo,becausenoonehadtoldhimabout_______alecturethefollowingday.A.theretobeB.therebeingC.therewouldbeD.therewas33._______withsomuchdifficulty,wefailedtofinishthetaskontime.A.Faced B.Face C.Facing D.Toface34..Withhisson________,theoldmanfeltunhappy.A.todisappointB.tobedisappointedC.disappointingD.beingdisappointed35.Ifyoureallywanttobeafriendofhis,you________alwaysbeblaminghim.A.mustn’tB.can’tC.needn’tD.oughtn’t36.Ithoughtyou________likesomethingtoread,soIhavebroughtyousomebooks.A.MayB.mightC.couldD.must37..Childrenarelovely,butsometimesthey_______beverynaughty.A.shouldB.CanC.wouldD.need38.---Itrainedsoheavily.---Yes.We_______aworsedayforthepicnic.A.shouldn’thavepickedB.needn’thavepickedC.couldn’thavepickedD.wouldn’thavepicked39.He’sbeenalittleworriedforthepastfewdays.Shemustbeangrywithhim,________she?A.mustn’tB.isn’tC.can’tD.wasn’t40..---Youdidn’tphoneBill?---_______Bill?A.MustIphoneB.ShouldIphoneC.ShallIphoneD.ShouldIhavephoned41..---Shemusthavegonebacktothevalley.---________,she________have.Theentrancetoitwasnowheretobefound.A.No;mustn’tB.Yes;mightC.Yes;couldD.No;couldn’t42..They________talkabouttheirdaysspenttogetherinBeijingforhoursonthephonethen.A.WouldB.shouldC.couldD.can43.Heleftatoneo’clock.Actuallyhe________alaterflight.A.musthavebookedB.couldhavebookedC.shouldbookD.needhavebooked44.Accordingtotherules,anyonewhoislateforworkmorethantwice________bedismissed.A.ShallB.wouldC.mayD.should45.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_______whatheatis. A.mandidknowB.manknewC.didn"tmanknowD.didmanknow46.So_______thatnofishcanliveinit. A.thelakeisshallowB.shallowthelakeisC.shallowisthelakeD.isthelakeshallow47._______,hisfaceaswhiteasasheetofpaper.更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15 更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15A.AboyrushinginB.InaboyrushedC.RushedaboyinD.Inrushedaboy48.Oureatinghabitshavechanged,______ourwayoflife,andthefuelweneedforourbodiesisalsodifferent.A.soisB.ashasC.whichhasD.thesameis49.Accordingtotheperiodictable,______stillsomeelementsundiscovered.A.thereseemtobeB.itseemsC.itseemstobeD.thereseemstobe50.TheboyhelduphisheadandpassedmeasifI_______exist.A.didn’tB.hadn’tC.wouldn’tD.haven’t51.Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhe______hereforclassthen.A.hadtobeB.shouldbeC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen52..---Jennylookshotanddry.---so______youifyouhadahighfever.A.willB.doC.areD.would53.IfI_____withherlastsummer,I______withhernow.A.worked;amgettingonverywellB.hadworked;wouldgetonverywellC.hadworked;wouldhavegotonverywellD.hadworked;willgetonverywell54.Whatwouldhavehappenedifyou_______herchild?A.couldn’thelpB.wouldn’thelpC.hadn’thelpedD.didn’thelp55.Withouthishelp,we_______suchrapidprogress.A.don’tmakeB.wouldnotmakeC.didn’tmakeD.wouldnothavemade56.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe_______.A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.willfallbehind57.Youradvicethat_______tillnextweekisreasonable.A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited更多内容尽在http://www.docin.com/susuh15