英语语法教材(改2学生) 60页

英语语法EnglishGrammar（改编版2）第一章动词的时态TensesofFiniteVerbs一、动词的16种时态：现在一般时work/works现在进行时are/is/amworking现在完成时have/hasworked现在完成进行时have/hasbeenworking过去一般时worked过去进行时were/wasworking过去完成时hadworked过去完成进行时hadbeenworking将来一般时will/shallwork将来进行时will/shallbeworking将来完成时will/shallhaveworked将来完成进行时will/shallhavebeenworking过去将来一般时would/shouldwork过去将来进行时would/shouldbeworking过去将来完成时would/shouldhaveworked过去将来完成进行时would/shouldhavebeenworkingExercise1Writedownallthetensesoftheverb“take”,“make”,“get”.（Take“he”assubject）.二、动词时态的含义及用法1、一般时与进行时Exercise2Usethe“SimplePast”or“PastProgressive”tofilltheblanksinthefollowingsentences.1)I(call)________Rogeratninelastnight,buthe(be,not)_______athome.He(study)_________atthelibrary.2)I(hear,not)_________hearthethunderduringthestormlastnightbecauseI(sleep)_________.3)Itwasbeautifulyesterdaywhenwewentforawalkinthepark.Thesun(shine)________.Acoolbreeze(blow)________.Thebirds(sing)_________.4)Mybrotherandsister(argue)________aboutsomethingwhenI(walk)_________intotheroom.5)WhileMrs.Emerson(read)_________thelittleboyastory,he(fall)________,soshe(close)________thebookandquietly(tiptoe)_______outoftheroom.60 6)IreallyenjoyedmyvacationlastJanuary.Whileit(snow)________inIowa,thesun(shine)wasshininginFlorida.Whileyou(shovel)________snowinIowa,I(lie)________onthebeachinFlorida.7)WhileTed(shovel)__________snowfromhisdrivewayyesterday,hiswife(bring)_________himacupofhotchocolate.8)A:(hear,you)________whatshejustsaid?B:No,I(listen,not)__________.I(think)_________aboutsomethingelse.2、过去一般时和现在完成时(SimplePastvsPresentPerfect)1)从句子的意思判断该用哪种时态Didhecome?　　Hashecome?　2)从句子中表示时间的状语来决定用哪种时态(1)a)Imethimyesterday.　　(2)uptill/tonow,sofar,recently,before,inthepast…等。(3)与already,just(与justnow比较),ever,never等副词连用。b)I’vealreadyfinishedmywork.(4)since和for引出的时间状语时，c)Ithasrainedagreatdealsinceyouleft.Exercise3Usethe“SimplePast”or“PresentPerfect”tofilltheblanksinthefollowingsentences.1)I(attend,not)_________anypartiessinceIcamehere.2)Al(go)________toapartyatSally’sapartmentlastSaturdaynight.3)Bill(arrive)__________herethreedaysago.4)Bill(be)_________heresincethe22nd.5)Trynottobeabsentfromclassagainfortherestoftheterm.You(miss,already)________toomanyclasses.You(miss)________twoclassesjustlastweek.6)LastJanuary,I(see)_________snowforfirsttimeinmylife.7)Inherwholelifetime,Anna(see,never)________.8)Sofarthisweek,I(have)________twotestsandaquiz.9)Uptonow,ProfessorWilliams(give)________ourclassfivetests.10)I(know)_________GregAdamsfortenyears.11)What(learn,you)_________sinceyou(come)________?Howmanynewfriends(make,you)________?Ihopeyou(meet,already)________alotofinterestingpeople.12)LastnightmyroommateandI(have)________somefreetime,sowe(go)________toashow.13)Sincethebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,medicalscientists(make)________manyimportantdiscoveries.14)Librariestodayaredifferentfromthoseinthe1800s.Forexample,thecontentsoflibraries(change)________greatlythroughtheyears.Inthe1800s,libraries(be)________simplycollectionsofbooks.However,todaymostlibraries(become)________multimediacentersthatcontaintapes,computers,60 disks,films,magazines,music,andpaintings.Theroleofthelibraryinsociety(change,also)________.Inthe1800s,libraries(be)_______openonlytocertainpeople,suchasscholarsorthewealthy.Todaylibrariesserveeveryone.15.A:AreyoutakingChemistry101thissemester?B:No,I(take,already)_________it.I(take)________itlastsemester.ThissemesterI’min102.3、过去一般时和过去完成时(SimplePastvsPastPerfect)　a.Theplayhadalreadystartedwhenwegottothetheater.　　b.TheytoldmethattheparcelhadarrivedonMay3rd.Exercise4Usetothe“SimplePast”or“PastPerfect”tofilltheblanksinthefollowingsentences.1)He(be)________anewspaperreporterbeforehe(became)becameabusinessman.2)I(feel)feltalittlebetterafterI(take)________themedicines.3)Iwaslate.Theteacher(give,already)________aquizwhenI(get)gottoclass.4)Theanthropologist(leave)________thevillagewhenshe(collect)________enoughdata.5)Itwasraininghard,butbythetimeclass(be)________over,therain(stop)_________.6)Class(begin,already)_________bythetimeI(get)________there,soI(take,quickly)________aseatintheback.7)I(see,never)_________anyofPicasso’spaintingsbeforeI(visit)________theartmuseum.8)Ialmostmissedmyplane.Alloftheotherpassengers(board,already)________bythetimeI(get)_________there.9)Yesterdayatarestaurant,I(see)_________PamDonnelly,anoldfriendofmine.I(see,not)________herinyears.Atfirst,I(recognize,not)________herbecauseshe(lose)_________atleastfiftypounds.4、完成时与完成进行时a.Hehasjustfinishedhishomework.b.Heisill.He’sbeenlyinginthebedforthreeweeks.c.Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.d.Thetelephonehadbeenringingforthreeminutesbeforeitwasanswered.e.Ishallhavebeenworkinghereinthisfactoryfortwentyyearsbytheendoftheyear.g.Thedaywasdrawingnearwhenwewouldhavecompletedthereservoir.h.HesaidthatbytheendoftheSpringtermhewouldhavebeenstudyingEnglishforthreeyears.Exercise5Usetheproperformofverbstofillintheblanksinthefollowing60 sentences.1.It(snow)________allday.Iwonderwhenitwillstop.2.We(have)________threemajorsnowstormssofarthiswinter.Iwonderhowmanymorewewillhave.3.It’stenp.m.I(study)_________fortwohoursandproperlywon’tfinishuntilmidnight.4.I(live)________heresincelastMarch.5.Thetelephone(ring)________foralmostaminute.Whydoesn’tsomeoneanswerit?6.Thetelephone(ring)________fourtimesinthelasthour,andeachtimeithasbeenformyroommate.7.Jacksuddenlyrealizedthattheteacherwasaskinghimaquestion.Hecouldn’tanswerbecausehe(daydream)__________forthelasttenminutes.8.Wakeup!You(sleep)_________longenough.It’stimetogetup.9.Atleasttwohundredpeoplewerewaitinginlinetobuyticketstothegame.Someofthem(stand)_________inlineformorethanfourhours.10)AnnandAndygotmarriedonJune1st.TodayisJune14th.AnnandAndy(be)__________marriedfortwoweeks.ByJune7th,they(be)________marriedforoneweek.ByJune28th,they(be)________marriedfourweeks.11)Thistrafficisterrible.We’regoingtobelate.Bythetimewe(get)_______totheairport,Bob’splane(arrive,already)_________,andhe’llbewonderingwhereweare.12)Thetrafficwasveryheavy.Bythetimewe(get)_______totheairport,Bob’splane(arrive,already)________.13)ThismorningIcametoclassat9:00.Rightnowitis10:00,andI’mstillinclass.I(sit)_________atthisdeskforanhour.By9:30,I(sit)________hereforhalfanhour.By11:00,I(sit)_________herefortwohours.14)I’mgettingtiredofsittinginthecar.DoyourealizethatbythetimewearriveinPhoenix,we(drive)___________fortwentyhours?15)Margaretwasbornin1950.Bytheyear2000,she(live)__________ontheearthfor50years.5、过去完成时、过去将来完成时a.Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.b.Bytheendofthatyear,Henryhadcollectedmorethanathousandforeignstamps.c.Hesaidhewouldhaverepairedallthemachinesbytheendofthenextweek.d.Bytheendofnextmonth,thebuildingwillhavebeencompleted.6、进行时与完成进行时WhenProfessorJonesretirednextmonth,hewillhavebeenteachingfor45years.三、时态呼应60 　1、a.Hesaysthathewillfindajob.b.Hesaysthathefoundajob.2、a.Hesaidthathewouldfindajob.b.Hesaidthathehadfoundajob.3、ThedoctorsaidthatIamalittleoverweight.a.Iheardthatyourchildrenlikemusic.c.Itoldyouthattheroadisclosed.　　需要遵守这种时态呼应规律的主要是下面几类从句：　　宾语从句，主语及表语从句，同位语从句，作表语用的sorry,afraid,glad,worried,certain,sure等形容词后面的从句。　　a.Whathewasuncertainaboutwaswhetherhewouldsucceedorfail.b.Heexpressedthehopethathewouldcometotheparty.c.Theyweresuretheycoulddotheworkwell.第二章被动语态PassiveVoice一、被动语态的构成(FormingthePassive)被动语态的形式：be+doneExercise1Turnthefollowingsentencesintothepassive:1.Tomopensthedoor.Thedoor_______openedbyTom.2.Tomisopeningthedoor.Thedoor_______openedbyTom.3.Tomhasopenedthedoor.Thedoor________openedbyTom.4.Tomopenedthedoor.Thedoor_________openedbyTom.5.Tomwasopeningthedoor.Thedoor_________openedbyTom.6.Tomhadopenedthedoor.Thedoor_________openedbyTom.7.Tomwillopenthedoor.Thedoor_________openedbyTom.8.Tomisgoingtoopenthedoor.Thedoor_________openedbyTom.9.Tornwillhaveopenedthedoor.Thedoor__________openedbyTom.Exercise2Turnthefollowingsentencesintothepassive:l)Didn"ttheytellyoutobeherebysixo"clock?2)Thewindblewhishatdownthestreet.3)Wehaveaskedsomefriendsofherstojoinus.4)Hefoundthedoorclosed.5)Theywilltakehertohospitaltomorrow.6)Somebodyhassplitteaal1overthetablecloth.8)TheRepublicanPartyhavenominatedawell-knownbusinessmanastheircandidate.60 9)ThechairmanhasappointedMr.Brownastreasurer.10)Ladiesusedtoweartheirdressesverylong.二、被动语态的用法Exercise3Turnthefollowingsentencesintothepassive,ifpossible:l.PeoplegrowcorninIowa.2.Petercameheretwomonthsago.3.Someonemadethisantiquetablein1734.4.AnaccidenthappenedatthecornerofFifthandMain.5.SomeonewasmakingthecoffeewhenIwalkedintothekitchen.6.Translatorshavetranslatedthatbookintomanylanguages.7.Thejudgeswilljudgetheapplicantsonthebasisoftheiroriginality.8.Mysister"sp1anewillarriveat10:35.9.IsProfessorRiversteachingthatcoursethissemester?10.Whendidsomeoneinventtheradio?11.ThemailcarrierhadalreadydeliveredthemailbythetimeIleftforschoolthismorning.12.Whenissomeonegoingtoannouncetheresultsofthecontest?13.EversinceIarrivedhere,Ihavebeen1ivinginthedormitorybecausesomeonetoldmethatitwascheapertolivetherethaninanapartment.14.Theyaregongtobuildthenewhospitalnextyear.Theyhavea1readybuiltthenewelementaryschco1.15.Ifyouexposeafilmtolightwhi1eyouaredevelopingit,youwillruinthenegatives.三、双宾语句子的被动语态SomeonegaveMrs.Lee(I.O.间接宾语)anaward(D.O.直接宾语).Mrs.Leewasgivenanaward.AnawardwasgiventoMrs.Lee.Exercise4Rewritethefollowingsentencesintwopassiveforms:1.SomeonehandedAnnamenuattherestaurant.2.IndianaUniversityhasawardedPeggyascholarship.3.SomecompanypaidFredthreehundreddollarsinconsultingfees.4.AlocaladvertisingcompanyhasofferedMariaagoodjob.5.Theywillsendyouabillattheendofthemonth.6.Someonewillgivethestarvingpeopleaweek"ssupplyofriceassoonasthefoodsuppliesarriveinthefamine-strickenarea.60 7.Someonewillreadyouanotherchapternexttime.8.Peopleoughttotellushowmuchtheyexpectofus.9.IcanassureyouIwillarrangeeverythingintime.10.Peoplesaythattortoiseslivelongerthanelephants.第三章主谓一致Subject-verbConcord一、语法一致（GrammaticalConcord）1、主语由“aswellas+名词/代词”等短语修饰时的主谓一致这些词和词组有：（together）with,aswellas,like,but,except,ratherthan,morethan,including,accompaniedby,combinedwith,plus,besides,nolessthan等。Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.John，alongwithtwentyfriends,isplanningaparty.2、以-s结尾的单数名词做主语1)news:HereisthenewsfromtheBBC.2)以-ics结尾表示学科名称的名词,这类名词有：physics，politics，mathematics，athletics，economics，classicsstatistics，linguistics，ethics,gymnasticsStatisticsisabranchofmathematics3)以-s结尾表示疾病名称的名词，如:measles(麻疹)，mumps（流行性腮腺炎），rickets（佝偻病），shingles（带状疱疹）Measlesisaseriousillness.3、二合一复数名词做主语glasses（眼镜）spectacles（眼镜）scales（天平）scissors（剪刀）clippers（钳子）tweezers（镊子）jeans（工装裤）pants（裤子）shorts（短裤）slacks（便裤）tights（紧身衣裤）trousers（裤子）Mybluetrousersarealmostwornout.Myglasses(spectacles)arenew.〖注〗Apairofglovesisanicepresent.60 二、概念一致（NotionalConcord）1、集体名词的主谓一致1）通常作复数的集体名词这类词有：people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,militia,youth,livestock（农场里饲养的牲畜）等Themilitiaarealloutdrilling.Cattleprovideuswithmilk,beefandhides.2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词这类词有：machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise(商品)等，Allthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinchina.3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词这类词有：audience,herd（兽群、牧群）,crowd,troop,team,family,committee,class（班级、年级）,crew（全体船员、乘务员）,staff（职工）,enemy,government,group,population,couple（一对、一双）,army,jury（陪审团）,department,orchestra,union（工会、协会、联盟）,board（委员会）,community（公社、团体、公众）,council,party（党派、一批、一组）,club等，Thecommitteeisupstairshavingameeting.Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.2、and连接主语时的主谓一致1)MybeststudentandfriendhasgonetoAmerica.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.【注】Awriter,andsometimesanartist,isinvitedtoaddressthesociety.Peter,andperhapsJohn,playsfootball.2)Everyboyand(every)girllikessports.Noteacherand(no)studentisadmitted.3、数量词及其短语做主语1)TendollarsisallIhaveleft.Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.2)Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.AbouteightypercentofthepeopletherespeakEnglish.60 Thirtypercentofwhatweneedisprovidedbythiscompany.Onlyaboutone-thirdoftheclassisgoingtomakeitnextyear.【注】Three-fourthsofanybody’sfamearemeresuggestion.4、“the＋形容词/分词”做主语1）Theextremelyoldneedagreatdealofattention.TheindustriousDutchareadmiredbytheirneighbours.2）Thenewalwayssupersedestheold.Theaccusedwasafamousdoctor.5、eitherof和neitherof用于主语时，Eitheroftheengineersiscapableofthiswork.Neitherofyourfriendsiscomingtoyourbirthdayparty.6、“thenumberof/anumberof+名词”结构的主谓一致Alargenumberofpeoplehavecometoseetheexhibition.Thenumberofstamp-collectorsisgrowing.三、近邻一致(PrincipleofProximity)1、…or…HeorIaminthewrong.Heorhisbrothersweretoblame.2、either…or…/neither…nor…EitherTimorhisbrothershavetoshovelthesnow.Neitheryounoryourbotherisinfault.3、notonly…butalso…；not...but…；notjust...buteven…Notonlyhebutalsohiswifehasarrived.Notonebutallofuswereinvited.Notjustthestudentsbuteventheteacherisenjoyingthefilm.四、“表部分的名词＋of＋名词”结构与动词的一致1、谓语动词与of后面的名词的数保持一致的结构有：alotof,allof,someof,noneof;plenty/mostof,themajority/restof,(a)60 part/halfofThemajorityofthedamageiseasytorepNoneofthebookssatisfythestudents.Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.2、a(great/good)dealofAgreatdealoftimewaswasted.Agreatdealofleavesandwoodwasburiedintheearth.五、短语、从句或句子作主语时的主谓一致a.Servingthepeopleisourgreathappiness.b.Whetherhewillgoabroadisuncertain.c.“Howdoyoudo?”isnotaquestionbutagreeting.d.TheextentofJane"sknowledgeonvariouscomplexsubjectsastoundsme.【注】Whatweneedmostis(are)books.六、定语从句的主谓一致1a.I,whoamyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.b.Physicalscienceconcernsitselfwiththoseareasofsciencewhichdealprimarilywithnon-livingthings.2、“oneof＋复数名词＋定语从句”，HeisoneofthestudentsinthisschoolwhocomefromAmerica.[=OfthestudentsinthisschoolwhocomefromAmerica,heisone.]HeisoneofthestudentsinthisschoolwhocomesfromAmerica.[=Ofthestudentsinthisschool,heisonewhocomesfromAmerica.]【注】Thereisnooneofuswhowantstogo.SheistheonlyoneofthegirlsIknowwhoplaysintheband.Exercise1Choosethecorrectformoftheverbtocompleteeachsentence.1.Acarwithpoorbrakesandnobrakelights（is,are）dangerous.2.Thesubjectsyouwillbestudyinginthiscourse(is,are)listedinthesyllabus.3.Onlytheblackwidowspider,ofallthespidersintheUnitedStates,(has,have)causeddeathamonghumanbeings.4.Oranges,tomatoes,freshstrawberries,cabbage,andgreenlettuce(is,are)richinvitaminC.5.Theprofessorandthestudent(agrees,agree)onthatpoint;60 6.Almosteveryprofessorandstudentattheuniversity(approves,approve)ofthechoiceofDr.Brownasthenewpresident.7.Makingpiesandcakes(is,are)Mrs.Reed"sspecialty.8.(Is,Are)havingtheresponsibilityfortakingcareofpetsgoodforyoungchildren?9.Halfofthestudentsintheclass(is,are)fromArabic-speakingcountries.10.Thenumberofstudentsatthatuniversity(is,are)approximately10000.11.(Does,Do)allofthishomeworkhavetobefinishedbytomorrow?12.Whatpercentageofthepeopleintheworld(is,are)illiterate?13.Massachusetts(is,are)astateinthenortheasternpartoftheUnitedStates.14.Fiftyminutes(is,are)themaximumlengthoftimeallowedfortheexam.15.TheEnglish(is,are)proud,independentpeople.16.Theweatherinthesouthernstates(gets,get)veryhotduringthesummer.17.TheresultsofDr.Noll"sexperiment(was,were)publishedinascientificjournal.18.Everyman,woman,andchild(is,are)protectedunderthelaw.19.OneofthecountriesIwouldliketovisit(is,are)Italy.20.Tenminutes(is,are)morethanenoughtimetocompletethisexercise.21.Japanese(is,are)verydifficultforEnglishspeakerstolearn.22.Theoldinmycountry(is,are)caredforbytheirchildrenandgrandchildren.23.Thisexerciseonsingular-pluralagreementofsubjectsandverbs(is,are)easy.Exercise2Choosethecorrectformoftheverbtocompleteeachsentence,andtranslatethemintoChinese.1.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(is,are)________pervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.2.Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompany(has,have)________onlyrecentlycometorealizethis.3.Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”(makes,make)_______itsoundlikeaprecisescience.4.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworld(has,have)________up-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthat(was,were)________baseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.5.What(is,are)______hardertoestablish(is,are)_______whethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmen(assumes;assume)________theyarepresidingover(is,are)________forreal.6.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace(is;are)_______onlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,which(is;are)________drivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.60 7.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanities(has;have)______,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentry.8.Thetrueenemiesofscience,(argues;argue)_______PaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,(is;are)________thosewho(questions;question)_________theevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.9.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead–(has;have)_________enthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.10.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinents(has;have)________beenconstructedindetail。11.Such,then,(is;are)_________thewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.12.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,which(has;have)_______justbeenpublishedinNature,(suggests;suggest)________thatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.13.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,(is,are)_______notthepreserveofpeoplealone.。14.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,(is,are)________,asyet,anunansweredquestion.15.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,(is,are)________apromisingstart.16.Thattheseasarebeingoverfished(has,have)________beenknownforyears.第四章虚拟语气SubjunctiveMood一、虚拟语气在条件从句中的应用1、非真实条件句的基本形式条件从句动词主句动词与现在事实相反were/didwould/should/might等+do与过去事实相反haddonewould/should/might等+have+done将来不大可能发生的情况were/didshould＋dowereto＋dowould/should/might等+doa.IfIhadthetime,Iwouldgowithyouimmediately.60 b.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.c.Ifhehadfinishedhiswork,hewouldhavegonetotheconcertyesterday.d.Ifitwereto/shouldraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.e.Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.【注】1)IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethisjob.2)a.WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.b.Hadhefinishedhiswork,hewouldhavegonetotheconcertyesterday.c.WereItogototheMarssomeday,Icouldseethesurfaceofitwithmyeyesopen.d.Shoulditsnowthisafternoon,theflightwouldbecancelled.3)与现在事实相反与过去事实相反Ifitwerenotfor……Ifithadnotbeenfor……Wereitnotfor……Haditnotbeenfor……Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldneverhavebeenabletogetoverthedifficulties.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldneverhavebeenabletogetoverthedifficulties.Exercise1Usethecorrectformoftheverbtocompleteeachsentence.1.IfI(have)_______enoughmoney,Iwillgowithyou.2.IfI(have)________enoughmoney,Iwouldgowithyou.3.IfI(have)________enoughmoney,Iwouldhavegonewithyou.4.Iftheweatherisnicetomorrow,we(go)_______tothezoo.5.Iftheweatherwerenicetoday,we(go)________tothezoo.6.Iftheweatherhadbeenniceyesterday,we(go)_________tothezoo.7.IfSally(be)________athometomorrow,Iamgoingtovisither.8.Jimisn’thomerightnow.Ifhe(be)________athomerightnow,I(visit)_________him.9.Lindawasn’tathomeyesterday.Ifshe(be)________athomeyesterday,I(visit)_________her.10.Anaerosolspraycanwillexplodeifyou(throw)_________itintoafire.11.Youshouldtellyourfatherexactlywhathappened.IfI(be)_______you,I(tell)_________himthetruthassoonaspossible.12.IfI(have)__________mycamerawithmeyesterday,I(take)________apictureofAlexstandingonhishead.13.IgotwetbecauseIdidn"ttakemyumbrella.However,I(get,not)________wetifI(remember)__________totakemyumbrellawithmeyesterday.14.I(change)__________thepresenteconomicpolicyifI(be)_________thePresidentoftheUnitedStates.60 15.Iftheteacher(be)_________absenttomorrow,classwillbecancelled.16.Georgehasonlytwopairsofsocks.Ifhe(have)_________morethantwopairsofsocks,he(haveto,not)__________washhissockssooften.17.Itissnowing,soIwon’tgowithyou.Butifit(snow)_________,Iwouldgowithyou.18.Youweren’tlistening,soyoudidn’tunderstandthedirections.Butifyou(listen)________,you(understand)__________thedirections.19.Youweresleeping,soIdidn’ttellyouthenewsassoonasIheardit.Butifyou(sleep)_________,I(tell)_________youthenewsassoonasIheardit.20.Grandpaisnotwearinghishearingaidbecauseit’sbroken.Butifit(break,not)_________,he(wear)__________hishearingaid.Exercise2Rewritethefollowingsentences,basedontheexample.Example:Therewasatestyesterday.Youdidn"tknowthat,soyoudidn"tstudy.ButifIhadknown(thattherewasatestyesterday),Iwouldhavestudied.1.Yourfriendwasinthehospital.Youdidn"tknowthat,soyoudidn"tvisither.2.I"venevermetyourfriend.Youdidn"tknowthat,soyoudidn"tintroduceme.3.Therewasapartylastnight.Youdidn"tknowthat,soyoudidn"tgo.4.Yourfriend"sparentsareintown.Youdidn"tknowthat,soyoudidn"tinvitethemtodinner.5.Iwantedtogotothesoccergame.Youdidn"tknowthat,soyoudidn"tbuyanotherticket.Exercise3Rewritethefollowingsentences,basedontheexample.Example:Theotherteamcommittedafoul(犯规),buttherefereedidn"tseeit.Iftherefereehadseenit,ourteamwouldhavewonthegame.→Hadtherefereeseenit,ourteamwouldhavewonthegame.1.Youreallyshouldlearnhowtouseacomputer.Ifyouhadusedacomputer,youcouldhavefinishedtheworkinhalfthetime.2.Thefactorywasonthevergeofbankruptcy.Ifithadgoneoutofbusiness,hundredsofpeoplewouldhavelosttheirlivelihood.3.WewouldhavewonthegameifThompsonhadcaughttheball.4.IfThompsonhadnotdroppedtheball,wewouldhavewonthegame.*5.Theartistsandcreativethinkersthroughoutthehistoryoftheworldhavechangedallofourlives.Iftheyhadnotdaredtobedifferent,thehistoryofcivilizationwouldhavetoberewritten.6.Ifthereshouldbeaglobalnuclearwar,somescientistspredictthatlifeonearthasweknowitwouldendforever.8.IfTomhadtoldthetruthabouthiseducationalbackground,heprobablywouldn"thavegottenthejobwiththeaccountingfirm.9.Iknowyou"regettingdiscouragedandareplanningtodropoutofschool.60 However,ifyouweretofinishyoureducation,manymorecareeropportunitieswouldbeopentoyou.10.I"mgladIwenttothemeeting.IfIhadn"tbeenthere,myproposalprobablywouldnothavebeenaccepted.2、错综时间非真实条件句Ifithadnotrainedheavilylastnight,therewouldnotbesomuchwateronthegroundnow.Ifithadnotbeenforme,youwouldnotbefree.Exercise4Rewritethefollowingsentences,basedontheexample.Example:I’mhungrynowbecauseIdidn"teatdinner.ButifI"deatendinner,Iwouldn"tbehungrynow.1.Theroomisfulloffliesbecauseyouleftthedooropen.Butifyouhadnotleftthedooropen,theroomwouldnotbefullofflies.2.Youaretiredthismorningbecauseyoudidn"tgotobedatareasonablehourlastnight.Butifyouhadgonetobedatareasonablehourlastnight,Youwouldnotbetiredthismorning.3.Ididn"tfinishmyreportyesterday,soIcan"tbeginanewprojecttoday.ButifIhadfinishedmyreportyesterday,Icouldbeginanewprojecttoday.4.Helenissickbecauseshedidn"tfollowthedoctor"sorders.Butifshehadfollowedthedoctor"sorders,Helenwouldnotbesick.5.I"mnotyou,soIdidn"ttellhimthetruth.ButifIwereyou,Iwouldhavetoldhimthetruth.6.Idon"tknowanythingaboutplumbing,soIdidn"tfixtheleakinthesinkmyself.ButifIknewanythingaboutplumbing,Iwouldhavefixedtheleakinthesinkmyself.7.Ireceivedagoodjobofferfromtheoilcompany,soIwon"tseriouslyconsidertakingthejobwiththeelectronicsfirm.ButifIhadnotreceivedagoodjobofferfromtheoilcompany,Iwouldseriouslyconsidertakingthejobwiththeelectronicsfirm.8.Ididnoteatbreakfastseveralhoursago,soIamhungrynow.ButifIhadeatenbreakfastseveralhoursago,Iwouldnotbehungrynow.9.Heisnotagoodstudent,hedidnotstudyforthetestyesterday.Butifhewereagoodstudent,hewouldhavestudiedforthetestyesterday.3、含蓄条件句含蓄条件句是指假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过上下文或其它方式表示出来的。Iwouldhavetelephonedyou,butIforgotyourtelephonenumber.我忘了你的电话号码，否则，我会给你打电话的。上面这句是通过but后面的句子表现出其含蓄的意思：IfIhadrememberedyour60 telephonenumber,...。常用来引导含蓄条件句的词和结构有：without,butfor,butthat,otherwise,or等。Butforthetwowordsofencouragement,hewouldneverhaveinventedtelephone.要不是这两个字的鼓励，他永远也发明不了电话。Withouttheirhelpwecouldn"thavesucceeded.没有他们的帮助，我们不会成功的。YouremindedmeofwhatIshouldotherwisehaveforgotten.你提醒了我，要不然我就会把这事给忘了。Exercise5Rewritethefollowingsentences,basedontheexample.Example:Iwouldhavevisitedyou,butIdidn"tknowthatyouwereathome.-IwouldhavevisitedyouifIhadknownyouwereathome.1.Itwouldn"thavebeenagoodmeetingwithoutRosa.2.Iwouldhaveansweredthephone,butIdidn"thearitring.3.Icouldn"thavefinishedtheworkwithoutyourhelp.4.Iliketotravel.IwouldhavegonetoNepallastsummer,butIdidn"thaveenoughmoney.5.Isteppedonthebrakes.Otherwise,Iwouldhavehitthechildonthebicycle.6.Cathyturneddownthevolumeonthetapeplayer.Otherwise,theneighborsprobablywouldhavecalledtocomplainaboutthenoise.7.Jackwouldhavefinishedhiseducation,buthehadtoquitschoolandfindajobinordertosupporthisfamily.二、虚拟语气用于表示愿望、建议、命令等意义的词引出的从句中1、在suggest,propose,recommend,move,vote,advise,urge,demand,request,require,ask,order,command,insist,maintain,deem,desire,prefer，decide等动词引出的宾语从句中，Imovethatallforeignforces(should)withdrawfromthatcountry.Hesuggestedthatthework(should)bestartedatonce.2、由上面所列举的动词派生或转化的名词以及idea,plan等词后面的表语崐从句和同位语从句也要用相同的虚拟语气的形式，Yourdecisionthatshe(should)befinedisquitereasonable.3、上面所列的动词的过去分词和一些形容词，如：necessary,essential,imperative,important,vital,crucial,advisable,appropriate,natural,possible,probable,preferable,desirable,better,insistent,urgent等Itisadvisablethathe(should)gotogivealecturethere.【注】Iadvisethathenotsmoke.Exercise6Choosethebestonefromthefourchoicestocompleteeachsentence.60 1.“DidyourfathergotoNewYork?”“No,thedoctorsuggestedthathe_______there.”a.nottogob.won’tgoc.shouldnotgod.notgoing2.Thecommitteerecommendedthatthecompany__________innewproperty.a.investb.investsc.investedd.willinvest3.Thelawyeraskedthatthecase__________foronemonth.a.waspostponedb.hadbeenpostponedc.bepostponedd.wouldbepostponed4.Wedesirethatthetourleader________usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.a.informb.informsc.informedd.hasinformed5.Whatdoyouthinkofthedoctor’srecommendationthatourgeneralmanager_______afewmoredaysinhospital?a.willstayb.muststayc.oughttostayd.stay6.Theprofessorgaveordersthatthetest____________before3:30.a.befinishedb.willfinishc.willbefinishedd.shallfinish7.Myideaisthatwe________theothergroupstoafriendlycompetition.a.willchallengeb.challengesc.maychallenged.challenge8.Itisessentialthateverymember__________hissubscriptionbytheendofthemonth.a.sendb.sendsc.willsendd.willhavebeensending9.“Isitnecessarythatshe_________herhomework?”a.didb.doesc.mustdod.do10.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios________after11o’clockatnight.a.isnotstartedb.willnotbestartedc.notbestartedd.isnottobestared三、虚拟语气在其它结构中的运用1、wish后宾语从句的虚拟形式时态“真实”句中的动词wish后从句中的动词过去Hedidn’ttellme.Shewasn’thereyesterday.Johncouldn’tcome.Iwishhehadtoldme.Iwishshecouldhavebeenhereyesterday.Iwishhecouldhavecome.现在Hedoesn’tknowEnglish.Itissnowingrightnow.Mysistercan’tswim.IwishheknewEnglish.Iwishitweren’tsnowingrightnow.Iwishshecouldswim.将来Marywillnotcome.Jimisn’tgoingtocome.Iwish(that)shewouldcome.Iwishheweregoingtocome.Exercise7Usethecorrectformoftheverbtocompleteeachsentence.1.Marthaistiredbecauseshewenttobedlatelastnight.Shewishesshe________60 tobedearlierlastnight.2.Ican"tgowithyou.IwishI________withyoutomorrow.3.Myfriendwon"tlendmehiscar.Iwishhe________mehiscarformydatetomorrownight.4.Patriciaisn"tcomingtodinnerwithustonight.Iwishshe________todinnerwithus.5.Theteacherisgoingtogiveanexamtomorrow.Iwishhe____________usanexamtomorrow.6.Jerrydidn"tcometothemeeting.Iwishhe__________tothemeeting.7.IamnotlyingonabeachinHawaii.IwishI_________onabeachinHawaii.8.Heneedssomemoney.Hewisheshisparents__________himsome.2、wouldrather,hadrather,wouldjustassoon等Iwouldrathershewereherenow.Ihadratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.【注】I’drathernothavetoldhimthenews.I’dratherhavestayedathomethanwenttothedullfilm.3、It"stimethat...引出的从句中的动词多用一般过去时。It"s(high)timethatwewenttobed.该上床睡觉了4、asif或asthough引出的方式状语从句和表语从句中的动词也要用虚拟语气，其形式如下：现在：did/were过去：haddone将来：would/might/could+doTheyaretalkingasthoughtheywereclosefriends.Ifeelasifwehadknowneachotherforyears.Itlooksasifitmightrain.【注】Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.Itlooksasifitweretorain.5、ifonly引起的感叹句表示现在：were或动词的过去式表示过去：had+过去分词或couldhave+过去分词表示将来：would+动词原形Ifonlytherewereforty-eighthoursineveryday!IfonlyIhadn"tdonethat!Ifonlyshecouldhavelivedalittlelonger!60 6、incase,lest,forfearthat引出的目的状语，Heputhiscoatoverhissonincaseheshouldcatchcold.IwillnotmakeanoiseforfearthatIshoulddisturbhim.Iremindedhertwiceofitlestshe(should)forget.【注】Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.四、某些情态助动词+动词现在完成式的特殊含义must+have+v-edmay+have+v-edmight+have+v-edshould+have+v-edoughtto+have+v-edneedn"t+have+v-edIthinktheymusthaveleftearly.TheyshouldhavearrivedinBeijingbythistime.Yourelderbrotherneedn"thavecomelastnight.Exercise8Choosethebestonefromthefourchoicestocompleteeachsentence.1.You’vebeenwearingthesameclothesforages.Isn’tittimeyou_______somenewclothes?a.mustbuyb.boughtc.willbuyd.wouldbuy2.I’dratheryou________anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.a.don’tdob.didn’tdoc.won’tdod.haven’tdone3.Ifonlythecommittee_________theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.a.approvesb.willapprovec.canapproved.wouldapprove4.IfonlyI_________thebooksonthereadinglistbeforeIattendedthelecture!a.havebeenreadingb.hadbeenreadingc.havereadd.hadread5.Idon’tthinkshe’llbeupset,butI’llseeherincase_________.a.sheisb.shewillbec.shedoesd.shewouldbe6.TheGermanforcenowlostnotimeinretreat,lestthey_________andsurrounded.a.wouldbecutoffb.becutoffc.willbecutoffd.werecutoff7.Kittytalksasifshe_________onthespot.a.isb.hasbeenc.wered.be8.“Youmissedagoldenopportunity.”---“Yes,I_________thatjobwhenitwasoffered.”a.shalltakeb.shouldtakec.musthavetakend.shouldhavetaken9.John’sscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass;he_________lastnighta.shouldn’thavestudiedb.shouldhavestudied60 c.musthavestudiedd.oughttohavestudied10.“Iwonderwhythey’relate.”“They__________thetrain.”a.needn’thavemissedb.shouldhavemissedc.mayhavemissedd.oughttohavemissed11)You__________thewashing-up.Iwouldhavedoneitforyou.a.needn’thavedoneb.don’tneedtohavedonec.weren’ttodod.mustn’thavedoneExercise9TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.Coketownwasatownofredbrick,orofbrickthatwouldhavebeenredifthesmokeandtheasheshadallowedit;butasmattersstooditwasatownofunnaturalredandblacklikethepaintedfaceofasavage.2.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.3.Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.4.Itwouldbefoolishtogotoaninterviewforajobinalawfirmwearingjeansandasweater;anditwouldbediscourteoustovisitsomedistinguishedscholarlookingasifweweregoingtothebeachoranightclub.5.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.6.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.7.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviorthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.8.Butforhispoverty,hewouldhaveassistedmorestudentslivinginthepovertystrickenareastogotouniversitiesandhewouldhavefulfilledhisdream.破解Exercise10ErrorCorrection1.ThisisthelongestflightIhaveevertaken.BythetimewegettoABLosAngeles,wehadflownfor13hours.CD2.CustomersareaskedtoensurethattheyhavegivencorrectchangebeforeABleavingtheshopasmistakescannotbeafterwardsremedied.CD3.Hewascaughtcheatingintheexamination.Ifhehadhadatail,hewouldputABCDitbetweenhislegs.4.IoftenwonderwhatmylifewouldbelikeifIdidn"tgotothebeachthatABCafternoonwhenIwas14.D60 5.HisrecommendationthatAirForceinvestigatestheUFOsightingwasABapprovedbythecommissionandreferredtotheappropriate.CD6.Itistheinteractionbetweenpeople,ratherthantheeventsthatoccurintheirABlives,thatarethemainfocusofsocialpsychology.CD7.MorethanthreeyearsaftermovingfromAustraliatothisremotepointofABEngland,wearestilllearninghowthingshavedonehere.CD8.Iintendtomovethatwe’llhaveageneralcleaningafterclassthisafternoon.ABCD9.TobeabletoappreciatesuchpaintingsrequiresmorethoughtsthanhasgivensoABCDfar.10.Hesaidthatthepassengermusthavehadanaccident;otherwiseheABwouldarrivebythattime.CD第五章非限定动词Non-finiteVerbs第一节动词不定式一、动词不定式的形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing－－－－进行式tobedoing－－－－二、不定式的作用1、作主语、表语Tosolvethisproblemisnotaneasything.（主语）Hiswishistobecomeanengineer.（表语）2、作宾语1)以不定式直接作宾语的动词：agree,refuse,afford,apply,arrange,ask,beg,demand,decide,settle,determine,attempt,try,manage,choose,claim,deserve,desire,engage,promise,guarantee,fear,hope,expect,wish,learn,offer,plan,vote,prepare,pretend,threaten,neglect,fail,happen,hesitate等。60 Hesworenottotellthetruth.Hedoesnotfeartospeakhismind.2)以连接代(副)词+不定式作宾语的动词这类动词多属“考虑、讨论、得知、想出、忆及”等含义的词。如:ask,consider,decide,discover,discuss,dispute,debate,explain,find,inquire,know,recall,notice,remember,show,tell.例：Let"sdiscusswhattodonext.Theydebatedwhethertogotothemountainortogototheseaside.3)用it作形式宾语，而将其真实宾语不定式后置的动词这类动词多属“认为、判定、感觉”等含义的词，如consider,feel,find,judge,make,think等。Hejudgesitsafertogoawaythantostay.Thismadeithardformetocontrolmyself.3、作定语1)“不定式+介词”修饰名词ahousetolivein；achairtositon比较：somethingtoeat;watertodrink2)“介词+关系代词+不定式”修饰名词Shehadnotimeleftinwhichtopackherthings.Autumnisagoodseasoninwhichtohaveoutings.4、作状语1)表示目的Afterhefinishedhiswork,hecametohelpus.Ithinkyoushouldstudyhardinorder(soas)topasstheexam.2)表示结果WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousosad?“only+todo”Theyliftedarock,onlytodropitontheirownfeet.3)在作表语用的形容词（或过去分词）后面作状语。Iwassurprisedtoseeyouintheclassroomatthistime.常用在这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有:happy,surprised,lucky,fortunate,ashamed,frightened,shocked,sorry,glad,delighted,willing,eager,proud,disappointed,angry,right,anxious,clever,unwise,quick,slow,foolish,rude,thoughtless,considerate,wrong,等。5、复合结构中的不定式1)复合宾语(或宾语补足语)Thedoctoroftenadvisedpeoplenottodrinkexcessively.60 Hechallengedmetoswimacrosstheriver.2)复合谓语不定式常与seem,appear,prove,happen,besaid,bereported,beknown,belikely,becertain,besure等联合构成谓语。例：Heissaidtohavebeeninjuredinanaccident.Chinaisknowntobealargecountrywithabigpopulation.三、不定式结构中的“to”1、在下列情况下，不定式的“to”应省略。1)在一般的助动词或情态动词后面，如do,will,shall,would,should,can,may,must等，Ifyouseeanythingstrangeyoushouldcallthepolice.但在ought,have和be后，to不可省略。Wearetomeetattheschoolgate.2)在see,hear,feel,watch,observe,perceivenotice,let,make,have等感觉动词和使役动词的宾语后面。Isawhimputthekeyinthelock,turnit,andopenthedoor.Ididn"tperceiveanyonecomein.【注】Hewasseentoenterthatbuilding.Nooneisevermadetobeahero.2、在下列情况下，不定式的“to”需要保留或重复1)Hemeanstohelp,nottohurtus.2)"Willyoucomewithus?""Iwouldliketo.""Doyouwanttoswimthisafternoon?""Iprefernotto."Exercise1Usetheinfinitivewith“to”orwithout“to”tofillintheblanks.Tom:Now,I’vespokentotheManagingdirector,andheseems(be)_______ready(listen)________tooursideofthestory.Infact,he’soffered(talk)_______tous,butonlyifweagree(go)_______backtoworkimmediately.IsaidI’dlethim(know)______ourdecisionafterthismorning.Well,haveyougotanything(say)_______?Bert:Yes.Ihave.I’mnotreturningtoworkuntilhepromises(give)_______Ronhisjobback.Andnoonecan(make)_______!Afterall,that’swhywe’reonstrike,isn’tit?Tom:Noone’sgoingtomakeyou(do)_______anything,Bert.Butyoumust(remember)________thatit’sadifficultsituation.EveryonesawRon(hit)_______Mr.Cowley.There’snodoubtaboutthat.Thequestioniswhyhehithim.Wehope(show)________thatitwasMr.Cowley’sfault.Butwecan’t(do)____thatifthemanagementrefuses(discuss)______itwithus,canwe?Dave:Tom’sright,Bert.Frankly,Ithinkweshould(do)____whattheManagingDirectorsays.It’snotverysensible(stay)_______onstrikeunderthe60 circumstances.Itwon’thelpRon(get)_______hisjobback,willit?Bert:Istilldon’tlikeit.WeallknowwhatMr.CowleysaidtoRon.Tom:Yes,butnooneheardhim(say)______it,didthey?It’sRon’swordagainstMr.Cowley’s.Look,let’s(have)______avote.Anyonewhowishes(continue)_______thestrike,putupyourhands.Well,itlooksasifthemajoritywants(return)________towork.Whataboutyou,Bert?Whathaveyoudecided(do)________?Bert:Youneedn’t(worry)______.Iintend(accept)_______themajoritydecision.Tom:Good.Now,I’vegotalotofthings(do)_______first,butI’llarrangeforus(meet)________theManagingDirectorassoonaspossible.Inthemeantime,I’lltellhimhecan(expect)_______(see)_______usbackatworktomorrow.四、动词不定式的逻辑主语1、“for＋名词（代词宾格）”Idon"tthinkitadvisableforhimtostudymedicine.2、“of＋名词（代词）”It"skindofyoutohelpme.It"swrongofhimtoinsultyou.这类形容词有kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite,thoughtful等。五、动词不定式几种形式的用法1、一般式Maryinvitedustogotoherhomethisweekend.Iamgladtoseeyou.2、完成式Aseriousaccidentwasreportedtohaveoccurredneartheshop.3、进行式Thenewstudentseemstobegettingonverywellwiththeother崐studentsintheclass.4、不定式完成式的特殊含义在表示意愿的动词（过去时），如wished,hoped,intended,expected,meant,以及was（were）等词的后面，Ihopedtohavepassedtheexamination.Heintendedtohavegoneabroad.六、动词不定式作独立成分Tobesureheisanableman.Tomakematterworse,thebankbroke.Exercise2Choosethebestonefromthefourchoicestocompletetheeach60 sentence.1.Graceadvisedustowithdraw___________.a.asnottogetinvolvedb.astogetnotinvolvedc.soasnottogetinvolvedd.soastogetnotinvolved2.Hemadealongspeech_______hisignoranceofthesubject.a.inordertoshowb.soastoshowc.toshowd.onlytoshow3.TomhurriedtoMary’shouse_________shewasoutwithanotherboy.a.tofindb.findc.findingd.onlytofind4.Youarecordiallyinvitedtoaparty_______at7o’clocknextMondayevening.a.tobeheldb.tohavebeenheldc.heldd.beingheld5.I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem_______allthetime.a.togetworseb.tobegettingworsec.tohavegotworsed.gettingworse6.Thepeopleonthethirdfloorseem__________aparty.Youcanhearthenoiseofalotofchampagnebeingopened.a.havingb.tobehavingc.tohavehadd.beinghad7.Thehealthcenterinthecityisreportedintoday’sPeople’sDaily________acoupleofmonthsago.a.tobesetupb.tohavebeensetupc.beingsetupd.havingbeensetup8.Hissisterwasarrestedthenextdayasshewasbelieved_______inrevolutionaryactivities.a.takingpartb.havingtakenpartc.totakepartd.tohavetakenpart9.Someofthestarsaresofarawaythatitisimpossible__________inmiles.a.ofourmeasuringthemb.ofustomeasurethemc.forustomeasurethemd.forourmeasuringthem10.It’sunwise__________theproposal.a.fortheirturningdownb.forthemturningdownc.ofthemtoturndownd.oftheirturningdown11.We________atsix,butthetrafficjamhasmadethisarrangementimpossible.a.hadmetb.weremetc.metd.weretohavemet12.Imeant_________you,butIforgot.a.telephoningb.havingtelephonedc.tobetelephoningd.tohavetelephoned13.Haveyoudecidedwhether________homeortostayatschoolduringthevocation?a.gob.goingc.togod.went14.Icouldhavecomelastweekifyou___________.a.wantmetob.wantedmetoc.hadwantedmed.hadwantedmeto15.Theymovedtothecountrysothatthechildrencouldhaveagarden________.60 a.toplayb.toplayinc.tobeplayedd.tobeplayedin第二节分词一、分词的形式1）现在分词主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone2）过去分词done二、分词的作用1、作表语Thenewsisencouraging.Thedoorislocked.2、作状语1)WhileflyingovertheChannel,hesawashipsinking.2）Feelingverytired,Iwenttobedearly.3)Theoldmanwasfastasleep,holdingabookinhishand.Hecameaccompaniedbyhisson.4)Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatarea.5)Youwillonlymakeyourselfmoretired,keepingonyoufeet.6)Knowingallthis,theystillinsistedonmypayingforthedamage.3、作宾语补足语Hediscoveredthepoorgirlsittingnearthefirescrying.Hefoundtheplacemuchchanged.4、作定语Themandancing(=whoisdancing)withMaryismycousin.Isthisthebookrecommendedbyourteacher?三、现在分词的一般式与完成式Comingdownthemountain,hemetanoldfriend.HavingdoneallIcould,Iquietlyawaitedtheresult.四、分词的逻辑主语1、与句子中的主语保持一致Workingthisway,theygreatlyreducedthecost.Seenfromthehill,thetownlooksverybeautiful.2、带有自己的逻辑主语分词独立主格结构："名词＋分词（短语）。Nightcomingon,westartedonourwayhome.Theweatherbeingfine,wewentout.60 3、"with+名词+分词（短语）Withtheoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardsthemountains.Withtheproblemsolved,thiskindofmedicineisnowinregularproduction.。4、无人称独立分词Heisstrong,consideringhisage(=ifweconsiderhisage).Strictlyspeaking,thereisnohistorybeforethatperiod.Exercise3PointouttheIndependentParticipleStructuresandtellthepartstheyplayinthesentence.1.Weatherpermitting,weshallstartnow.2.Martinhadtocarryhiswaterfromthekitchen,therebeingnotapintheroom.3.Fleurhavingdeclaredthatitwassimplyimpossibletostayindoors,theyallwentout.4.Johnbeingill,Peterhadtodotwomen"swork.5.Bytwelveo"clock,withthesunpouringintotheroom,theheatbecamequiteoppressive（难以忍受的）.6.Ithavingrainedheavilyduringthenight,therewasnoracingthefollowingday.7.AfterSuppertheysatonthenarrowporch,facingthedarkwhisperingstream,thenightpouringintothedeep,stillvalley.8.Shegotup,theclothesfoldedoverherarm.9.Wesatsilent,hereyesstillfixedonmine.10.Sheadvancedtwomorestridesandwaited,headhalfturned.11.InthelibraryDiana,herfaceflushed,talkedtoayoungdramatist.12.Allthingsconsidered,thereislittlehopeoftheirwithdrawal.13.ThePresidentlistenedtoher,standingatthefire-place,headbowed,motionless.五、分词三种被动形式的区别现在分词一般式的被动形式：beingdone现在分词完成式的被动形式：havingbeendone过去分词：done1、现在分词一般式的被动形式Thatbuildingbeingrepairedisourlibrary.2、现在分词完成式的被动形式Thefirstquestionhavingbeenanswered,wemustnowanswerthesecondquestion.3、过去分词1)Thesebuildingsnewlybuiltinthatareaareinusenow.2)Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.60 Exercise4Choosethebestonefromthefourchoicestocompletetheeachsentence.1.___________mystudies,Idecidedtobecomeadressdesigner.a.Notwishingtocontinueb.Wishingtonotcontinuec.Nottowishtocontinued.Towishnottocontinue2.__________inthecountry,wehadfewsocialvisits.a.Livingb.Havinglivedc.Tolived.Tobeliving3.__________,hewasabletoanswerallthequestionsontheexamination.a.Readingalltherequiredmaterialb.Tohavealltherequiredmaterialreadc.Havingreadalltherequiredmateriald.Asitwasthecasethathehadreadalltherequiredmaterial4.Itrainedfortwoweeksonend,____________.a.ourholidaywascompletelyruinedb.ourholidayhavingbeenruinedcompletelyc.completelyruiningourholidayd.completelyruinedourholiday5.Ridingmybicyclehomefromschool,________asIwentaroundthecorner.a.acarhitmeb.itwasstruckbyacarc.Iwasstruckbyacard.ithitacar6.Havingtakentheexamination,__________.a.theinstructorgavemeapassinggradeb.theinstructorwasgivenapassinggradec.Iwasgivenapassinggradebytheinstructord.apassinggradewasgiventome7.Tosucceedinadifficulttask,_________.a.persistenceisneededb.youneedbeapersistentpersonc.oneneedstobepersistentd.persistenceiswhatoneneeds8._________,heremainedapopularleader.a.Whiledefeatingb.Ifhavingdefeatedc.Becausebeingdefeatedd.Thoughdefeated9.__________intheexperiment,heneglectedhisfoodandsleep.a.Absorbedb.Beingabsorbedc.Absorbingd.Tobeabsorbed10._________,there’snoschool.a.ItisSundaytodayb.BeingSundaytodayc.TobeSundaytodayd.ItbeingSundaytoday11.Weather_________,thepicnicwillbeheldasscheduled.a.permitsb.shouldpermitc.willpermitd.permitting12._________,Ifeltquitesatisfiedwiththeresults.a.Thematterwassettledsopeacefullyb.Wehadsettledthemattersopeacefullyc.Thematterbeingsettledsopeacefullyd.Thematterhavingbeensettledsopeacefully60 13.________mostoftheweek,thehouseseemsprettyempty.a.Thechildrenaretravellingb.Thechildrenhavebeentravellingc.Withthechildrenbeingtraveledd.Withthechildrentraveling14.Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_______onbenches,chairsorboxes.a.havingseatedb.seatingc.seatedd.havingbeenseated15.________everythingintoconsideration,theyoughttobegivenanotherchance.a.Takingb.Havingtakenc.Totaked.Tohavetaken16.Thelittleboyfounditveryinterestingtowatchtheboats__________.a.tobeunloadingb.beingunloadedc.beunloadedd.havingbeenunloaded17._________economically,onetinwilllastforatleastsixweeks.a.Usingb.Usedc.Beingusedd.Havingbeenused18.WhenIreturnedhome,Ifoundthewindowopenandsomething_______.a.beingstolenb.stolenc.tobestolend.havingbeenstolen第三节动名词一、动名词的形式主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone二、动名词的作用1、作主语Talkingmendsnoholes.It"snogooddoingthat.2、作表语HerjobisteachingChineseforforeignstudents.3、作宾语1)作动词的宾语acknowledge,admit,confess,advise,advocate,allow,permit,appreciate,avoid,bar,forbid,consider,delay,deny,discontinue,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,include,involve,mention,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recall,recommend,report,resist,risk,stand,suggest,tolerate,understand等。例：Headvocatesbuildingmoreschools.Hedepreciateschangingtherulesatpresent.【注】(1)forget+不定式forget+动名词60 Ihaveforgottentobringmytextbook.I’llneverforgetfindingthatrareoldcoininmygarden.(2)remember+不定式remember+动名词Pleaseremembertowriteyourletter.I"llalwaysremembermeetingyouforthefirsttime.(3)stop+不定式stop+动名词Youshouldstopsmoking.Everyhourhestoppedtosmokeacigarette.(4)regret+tosay(totell,toinform)...regret+动名词Iregrettosaythatwecan"tstayhereanylonger.Iregretbeingunabletohelp.Heregretstellinghereverything.(5)mean+不定式mean+动名词Imeanttocallonyou.ButIwassobusy.Acceptingthejobmeanslivingabroad.2)作介词的宾语①Iamproudofbeingacollegestudent.②与before,after,on/uponOnreceivingatelephonecall,mybrotherwentout.三、动名词的逻辑主语1、Ihopethattheywillexcusemyleavingearly.Ourgoingthereisuncertain.2、Heisproudofhisfatherbeingascientist.Idon"tlikethemsmokingintheroom.3、Thereisnodangeroftheceilingfalling.四、动名词的一般式与完成式1、动名词一般式：1)Theyareallinterestedincollectingstamps.2)Hetookgreatdelightinhelpingothers.2、动名词完成式：a.Hedidn"tmentionhavingmetme.60 b.IrememberseeingyousomewhereinBeijing.五、need,want,require，worth等词Thehousewantscleaning.=Thehousewantstobecleaned.Exercise5Usethecorrectformoftheverbtocompletethesentence1.Thechairisbroken.Ineed(fix)______it.Thechairneeds(fix)_______.2.Whatamess!Thisroomneeds(clean)_______up.Weneed(clean)_______itupbeforethecompanyarrives.3.Myshirtiswrinkled.Itneeds(iron)_________.4.Thereisaholeinourroof.Theroofneeds(repair)_________.5.Thedogneeds(wash)_________.He"sbeendigginginthemud.Exercise6PointouttheCompoundGerundStructuresinthesentencesandtellthepartstheyplay.1.Jim’scomingtothatfishingvillagewasablessing.2.Howdidyougetoutwithouthisseeingyou?3.Itwasquiteunexpectedhiscomingbacksosoon.4.Hedidnotrecollectsuchathinghavinghappenedtohimbefore.5.“Won’tyousitdown?"shesaid."Youmustforgiveourbeingatwork.6.Shewonderedathiscaringforthingslikethat.7.Iremembermybrother-in-lawgoingforashortseatriponceforthebenefitofhishealth.8.Therewaslittlelikelihoodofhismeetinganybodyatthattime.Exercise7Tellthepartofthe“V–ing”ineachsentence：GerundorPresentParticiple？1."Idon"trememberhearingitbefore,shemurmured.2.Thestreamlayshiningalongitswoodedcourse.3.Themorningwasfine,thesunjustcomingup.4.Herose,andwithoutsayinggoodnight,wenttowardsthedoor.5.Afteralongperiodofwriting,editing,andpatchingup,weagreedonafinaldraft.6.Sunshinecamespillinguponus.7.George,onhearingthestory,grinned.8.Thegirlapproachinghimonthepavementlookedwarmlyc1adwithhercoatandscarf,herhairflowinginthebreezefromthesea.9.Sittingattheemptytablemadehimfeelsorryforhimself.10.Withasuddentighteningofthemuscleshebecameawareofafigurewalkingnoiselesslybesidehim.11.Davelivedtherelikearent-payingtenant,hiscomingsandgoingsbeingofsmallconcerntoothers.12.ThedistraughtJenny,sittingbyhersleepingchild,wasatlastmadetorealize,byitspeacefulbreathing,thatalldangerwasover.13.StephaniewalkedslowlyacrossthecampusenjoyingtheSaturdayafternoon60 luxuryofwalkingwithouthurrying.Exercise8UsethecorrectformoftheverbtocompletethesentenceExample:WhenItravel,Iprefer(drive)drivingto(take)takingaplane.1.Ialwaysremember(turn)_______offallthelightsbeforeIleavemyhouse.2.Icanremember(be)________veryproudandhappywhenIgraduated.3.Whatdidyouforget(do)________beforeyouleftforclassthismorning?4.Ican"teverforget(watch)________ourteamscorethewinninggoalinthelastsecondsofthegametocapturethenationalchampionship.5.Iregret(inform)__________youthatyourloanapplicationhasnotbeenapproved.6.Iregret(listen,not)_________tomyfather"sadvice.Hewasright.7.Whenastudentasksaquestion,theteacheralwaystries(explain)to________theproblemasclearlyaspossible.8.Whendoyouexpect(leave)________onyourtrip?9.Thebabystarted(talk)_________whenshewasabouteighteenmonthsold.10.Idon"tmind(wait)_______foryou.Goaheadandfinish(do)______yourwork.11.I"vedecided(stay)________hereovervacationand(paint)________myroom.12.I"mgettingtired.Ineed(take)__________abreak.13.Sometimesstudentsavoid(look)_______attheteacheriftheydon"twant(answer)_______aquestion.14.Theclubmembersdiscussed(postpone)________thenextmeetinguntilMarch.15.Thesoldierswereordered(stand)________atattention.16.Thetravelagentadvisedus(wait,not)_______untilAugust.17.Thechildrenpromised(play)_______morequietly.Theypromised(make,not)________somuchnoise.18.Lindaoffered(lookafter)________mycatwhileIwasoutoftown.19.Markmentioned(go)_______tothemarketlatertoday.Iwonderifhe"sstillplanning(go)________..20.Couldyoupleasestop(whistle)_______?I"mtrying(concentrate)_________onmywork.21.Mr.Buckwarnedhisdaughter(play,not)________withmatches.22.Lizencouragedme(throwaway)________myoldrunningshoesand(buy)________anewpairwithoutholesinthetoes.23.Sallyremindedme(ask)________you(tell)______Bob(remember)_________(bring)________hissoccerballtothepicnic.24.I"mconsidering(dropoutof)_________school,(hitchhike)_______toNewYork,and(try)_______(find)________ajob.25.Youshouldn"tputoff(pay)________yourbills.Exercise9ErrorCorrection1.Thenewtechnologyhasmadepossibleforthedoctortomakediagnoses60 ABwithoutseeingthepatientinperson.CD2.Althoughfitnesswillnotguaranteethatyouwilllivelonger,itcanhelpyouABenjoyingtheyearsyoudolive.CD3.WhileschoolsdevelopingonlinecurriculatrytostrikeabalancebetweenABprofitsandprestige,manyeducatorsareconfusingabouttheirroleinthisCdigitalworld.D4.OverseastravelsoundsexcitedandsometimesexoticbutnoteveryoneABCcanaffordit.D5.SomeofthesestudieshaveshownthatalthoughsomepeoplehavetroubleAtofallasleep,othershaveanequallydifficulttimewakingup.BCD6.Thepresidentdevotedhisenergiestoupdatethecurricular,makingtheeducationABCofferedatWashingtonCollegeasmeaningfulandusualaspossible.D7.TheteapotIboughtyesterdaywasofsoinferiorqualitythatItookitbacktotheABCshopkeeperandaskedforbetterone.D8.MyfriendJohnwasreportedtobeaccusedofcheatinginastock-changedeal.ABCD9.Havingisolatedonaremoteisland,withlittleworktooccupythem，thesoldiersABCsufferedfromboredomandlowspirits.D10.TherulingpartycouldevenloseitsmajorityinthelowerhouseofABparliament,startedaperiodofprolongedstruggling.CDExercise10TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese1.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.2.Feelingthreatened，companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels，tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.3.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice，therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovidefor60 exportatcompetitiveprices.4.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudentscareerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.5.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing，andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.6.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics，Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.8.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovementsthemselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.第六章定语从句AdjectiveClauses一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句ThemanwhomImetteacheschemistry.2、非限制性定语从句Mr.Lee,whomImetyesterday,teacheschemistry.二、that，which,who,whom的用法及区别1、下列情况下多用that1）some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all等,all,something,anything,nothing,everything,much,little,few等，a.Allthatglittersisnotgold.b.ThereislittlethatIcoulddoforyou.2）形容词最高级(eg.thebest,theworst);(eg.first,last,next);（theonly,thevery,thejust,thesame）a.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthathasevercomefromHollywood.b.TheistheveryT-shirtthatIwanttobuy.c.Heisthebestspeakerthataddressedthemeeting.d.AnnwasthefirstgirlthathelpedmewhenIgothere.3)Heisnotthatmanthathewas.4）a.Whichwasthehotelthatwasrecommendedtoyou?b.Whothatyouhaveeverseencanbeathiminchess.60 5)Heissupposedtobeagiftedpianistthattherehaseverbeen.6)Hewaswatchingthechildrenandtheparcelsthatfilledthecar.2、下列情况多用which，who,whom:1)a.Water,whichisaclearliquid,hasmanyuses.b.Thebackgardenofourhousecontainsalawn,whichisverypleasanttositoninsummer.c.IliketochatwithJohn,whoisacleverfellow.2)Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.3)those,all,one,he,they等指人时，a.Thosewhoarefreenowmaygohome.b.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.4）“those+复形名词”之后，Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.5)LarrytoldherthestoryoftheyoungairmanwhichInarratedatthebeginningofthisbook.Sheistheonlygirlinourclasswhoknowshowtoplaythepiano.6)Ihavethatwhichyougiveme.三、介词+which/whom的用法SheisthewomanaboutwhomItoldyou.Sheisthewomanwho(m)/thatItoldyouabout.SheisthewomanItoldyouabout.Exercise1Combinesentencesusingprep.+which/whom1.Themeetingwasinteresting.Iwenttoit.2.Imustthankthepeople.Igotapresentfromthem.3.Thepicturewasbeautiful.Shewaslookingatit.4.Themanisstandingoverthere.Iwastellingyouabouthim.四、whose的用法Exercise2Combinethesentencesusingwhose1.Themancalledthepolice.Hiswalletwasstolen.2.Imetthewoman.Herhusbandisthepresidentofthecorporation.3.Theprofessorisexcellent.Iamtakinghercourse.4.Mr.Northteachesaclassforstudents.TheirnativelanguageisnotEnglish.5.Icomefromacountry.Itshistorygoesbackthousandsofyears.6.Thepeoplewerenice.Wevisitedtheirhouse.60 7.Iliveinadormitory.Itsresidentscomefrommanycountries.8.Ihavetocalltheman.Iaccidentallypickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeeting.9.Themanpouredaglassofwateronhisface.Hisbeardcaughtonfirewhenhelitacigarette.五、名词＋of＋which的用法Wetoureda300-year-oldhouse.Theexteriorofthehouseconsistedoflogscementedwithclay.Wetoureda300-year-oldhouse,whoseexteriorconsistedoflogscementedwithclay.【注】“whose”与“名词+of+which”的区别Thisisanewcomputerwhoselowcostwillmakeitveryattractivetostudents.Exercise3Combinetwosentencesbychangingthesecondintoanattributiveclause.1.TheyownanoriginalPicassopainting.Thevalueofthepaintingisoveramilliondollars.2.Iboughtamagazine.ThetitleofthemagazineisContemporaryArchitecturalStyles.3.Mycountryisdependentuponitsincomefromcoffee.Thepriceofcoffeevariesaccordingtofluctuationsintheworldmarket.4.Thegeneticengineersareengagedinsignificantexperiments.TheresultsoftheexperimentswillbepublishedintheJournalofScience.5.Theprofessorhasassignedthestudentsaresearchpaper.Thepurposeoftheresearchpaperistoacquaintthemwithmethodsofscholarlyinquiry.六、量词＋of＋which/whomInmyclassthereare20students.MostofthemarefromtheFarEast.Inmyclassthereare20students,mostofwhicharefromtheFarEast.Exercise4Combinetwosentencesbychangingthesecondintoanattributiveclause.1.Thecityhassixteenschools.Twoofthemarejuniorcolleges.2.Itriedonsixpairsofshoes.Ilikenoneofthem.3.Thevillagehasaround200people.Themajorityofthemarefarmers.4.Thatcompanycurrentlyhasfiveemployees.Allofthemarecomputerexperts.5.Aftertheriot,overonehundredpeopleweretakentothehospital.Manyofthemhadbeeninnocentbystanders.七、where,when的用法60 1、whereExercise5Combinetwosentencesbychangingthesecondintoanattributiveclause.1)Thecitywasbeautiful.Wespentourvacationthere.2)Thatistherestaurant.Iwillmeetyouthere.3)Thetownissmall.Igrewupthere.4)Thatisthedrawer.Ikeepmyjewelrythere.5)Thebuildingisveryold.Helivesthere.OptionalEx.Workinginpair,askandanswerthequestion.Example:A:Wherewereyouborn?B:Beijingisthecitywhere/inwhichIwasborn.2、whenI’llneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichImetyou.I’llneverforgetthedaythatImetyou.I’llneverforgetthedayImetyou.Exercise6Combinetwosentencesbychangingthesecondintoanattributiveclause.1)Mondayistheday.Wewillcomethen.2)7:05isthetime.Myplanearrivesthen.3)1960istheyear.Therevolutiontookplacethen.4)Julyisthemonth.Theweatherisusuallythehottestthen.OptionalEx.Workinginpair,askandanswerthequestion.Example:A:Whenwereyouborn?B:1985istheyearwhen/inwhichIwasborn.八、将定语从句缩略为短语1、ThegirlwhoissittingnexttomeisMary.=ThegirlsittingnexttomeisMary.2、Anyonewhowantstocomewithusiswelcome.Anyonewantingtocomewithusiswelcome.3.GeorgeWashington,whowasthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates,wasawealthycolonistandageneralinthearmy.GeorgeWashington,thefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates,wasawealthycolonistandageneralinthearmy.4.Theboy(whom)IsawwasTom.60 Exercise7Changeattributiveclausesintoadjectivephrasesorviceversa.1.Dr.Stanton,whoisthepresidentoftheuniversity,willgiveaspeechatthecommencementceremonies.2.Didyougetthemessagewhichconcernedthespecialmeeting?3.TheconclusionwhichispresentedinthatbookstatesthatmostoftheautomobileswhichareproducedbyAmericanindustryhavesomedefect.4.Thereisnoendtotheproblemsthatfaceaheadofstate.5.Theremustexistinamoderncommunityasufficientnumberofpersonswhopossessthetechnicalskillthatisrequiredtomaintainthenumerousdevicesuponwhichourphysicalcomfortsdepend.6.Heread“TheOldManandtheSea”,anovelwrittenbyErnestHemingway.7.Thesunlightcomingthroughthewindowwakesmeupearlyeverymorning.8.Mercury,thenearestplanettothesun,isalsothesmallestofthenineplanetsorbitingthesun.9.Two-thirdsofthosearrestedforcartheftareundertwentyyearsofage.10.Anystudentnotwantingtogoonthetripshouldinformtheoffice.九、way后面的定语从句Howdoyouthinkofthewayheworks?　十、as引导的定语从句1、限制性定语从句a.Let"sdiscussonlysuchquestionsasconcerneveryoneofus.b.Herbehaviorwassuchasmightbeexpectedofayoungchild.c.Ifeeljustthesameasyoudo.d.Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.e.Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.2、非限制性定语从句a.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.b.Shewentdowntowntodosomeshoppingagain,aswasexpected.c.Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.d.Asisknowntoall,hestudiesveryhard.60 常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：asissaidabove,asalreadymentionedabove,asweallknow,asitis,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper等。3、as在定语从句中，既可被看作主语，也可被认为省略主语it，谓语可用实义动词。Hehasmadesomegrammarmistakesagain,as(it)oftenhappens.Exercise8ErrorCorrection1.Itisimportanttobepolitetopeoplewholivesinthesamebuilding.2.Shelivesinahotelisrestrictedtoseniorcitizens.3.Mysisterhastwochildren,whotheirnamesareAliandTalal.4.TherearetenuniversitiesinThailand,sevenofthemlocateinBangkokisthecapitalcity.5.IwouldliketowriteaboutseveralproblemswhichIhavefacedthemsinceIcometoUnitedState.6.Thereisasmallwoodenscreenseparatesthebedfromtherestoftheroom.7.Onthewall,thereisacolorfulposterwhichitconsistsofagroupofyoungpeoplewhodancing.Exercise9Choosethebestanswer1.Inrecentyears,manydiscoverieshavebeenmade_______greatlyfacilitatethestudyofelectricity.a.whichb.whatc.sothatd.inorderthat2.Inafewsecondsthewaterintheflaskwillboil,_________youmaypoursomecoldwateroverit.a.thenb.whenc.therefored.inthatcase3.Hehelpsmeineveryway________andisconstantlyregrettingthathecannothelpmemore.a.hepossiblycanb.hepossiblycandoc.whichhepossiblycandod.bywhichhepossiblycan4.Heispleasedwithwhatyouhavegivenhimandall________youhavetoldhim.a.thoseb.whichc.whatd.that5.That’sthesameman________askedmeformoneyyesterday.a.whob.whichc.thatd.as6.Ourcompanywouldneverconsiderinvestingmoneyinanycountry________governmentisweakandunstable.a.whoseb.whoc.thatd.what60 7.Hehasmadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_________ofgreatimportancetoscience.a.whichIthinkisb.ofwhichIthinkitisc.Ithinkwhichisd.whichIthinkitis8.Theradioset_________hasgoneoutoforder.a.Iboughtitforherb.whichIboughtitforherc.Iboughtforherd.whatIboughtforher9.ThetrainwascrowdedandIhadtogetintoacarriage________alreadysevenotherpeople.a.whentherewereb.whichtherewerec.wheretherewered.thattherewere10.Manyformsofapparatushavebeendevised_______amoreaccurateknowledgeofbloodpressurecanbeobtained.a.thatb.whichc.inthatd.bywhich11.Boththescientistsunderstoodthattheairwasamixtureoftwogases,_________was“combustible”andtheother“useless”.a.whichb.thatc.oneofwhichd.oneofthat12.Thisbookistoanswersuchquestions________areoftenaskedbyschoolboys.a.whichb.thatc.asd.what13.Thesizeoftheaudience,_________wehadexpected,waswelloveronethousand.a.whob.whomc.asd.that14.TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,________isoftenthecaseinothercountries.a.asb.whatc.thatd.whether15.________isknowntous,dieselenginesarecheapertorunthangasolineengines.a.Whatb.Thatc.Asd.WhichExercise10Translation1.Letitbeamomentyourememberastheinitiationofyourjourneyintothelargerworld,atimewhenyouconsideryourroleasacitizenandwhatfuturecontributionmightbe.2.Andfinally,Ihopeyourtimeherewillhelptoprovideafoundationonwhichyouwillmakeyourcontributionstohumanityandtoabetterfutureforyourselvesandthegenerationsthatwillfollow.3.Forallthesereasons,readingnewspapersefficiently（主语）,whichmeansgettingwhatyouwantfromthemwithoutmissingthingsyouneedbutwithoutwastingtime,demandsskillandself-awarenessasyoumodifyandapplythetechniquesofreading.4.ForasmoothfunctioningoftheEUinstitutions,however,whoselegislationordinarypeopledonotunderstandanyway,theuseofEnglishaslinguafrancawouldbeinfinitelybetter.5.PeopleinAsiaandCaribbeanwhospeakthoseotherkindsofEnglishtowhich60 ChildscomparesJapaneseEnglishcananddoconversefluentlyinthem,witheachotherandwithforeigners.6.Theproblemthenarisesastothepointatwhichonecansaythattheirimitationscanbeconsideredasspeech.7.Thefroghasamessageforus.Anditisthesamemessagethatsomesoberfolkshavehadforus.8.Ittookmorethantwentyyearsforsalestotoponemilliondollars,whichtheydidshortlybeforetheCivilWar.9.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.10.InAustraliawhereagingpopulations,lifeextendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart--otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherighttodiemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.第七章名词性从句NounClauses1）疑问词：when,where,why,how,who,whom,what,which,whose;2)whether,if;3)that;4)whoever等。a.Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.b.Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.c.Ishouldliketoseewhereyoulive.一、以that开头的名词性从句1、Ithink(that)heisagoodactor.Thatshewasabletocomemadeusveryhappy.2、Thatshedoesn’tunderstandspokenEnglishisobvious.二、以it为形式主语和形式宾语的名词性从句主语从句和宾语从句往往以it为形式主语和形式宾语Itisnotknownyetwhethertheywillcometoday.HemadeitquiteclearthathepreferredtostudyEnglish.三、带-ever的词引出的名词性从句whoever(=anyonewho),whomever(=anyonewho(m),whatever(=anythingthat,whichever(=anyofthe+名词),whenever(=atanytimethat),wherever(=60 anyplacethat),however(=inanywaythat).a.Whoeverwantstocomeiswelcome.b.TherearefourgoodprogramsonTVateighto’clock.Wecanwatchwhicheverprogram/oneyouprefer.c.Thestudentsmaydresshowevertheyplease.Exercise1Completethefollowingsentenceswith“-ever”wordsExample:Heisfreetogoanyplacehewishes.Hecangowhereverhewants.1.Heisfreetogoanytimehewishes.Hecango_________hewants.2.Idon’tknowwhatyoushoulddoaboutthatproblem.Do________seemsbesttoyou.3.TherearefiveflightsgoingtoChicagoeveryday.Idon’tcarewhichonewetake.Wecantake_________onefitsinbestwithyourschedule.4.________leadsalifefullofloveandhappinessisrich.5.Ifyouwanttorearrangethefurniture,goahead.Youcanrearrangeit_______youwant.Idon’tcareanywayortheother.6.Ihaveacar.Icantakeyou________youwanttogo.7.Ihavefour.Take________onepleasesyoumost.8.Iknowyou’refailingallofyourcourses,butthereisnothingIcandoaboutit.Itisuptoyoutodo________isnecessarytoimproveyourgrades.9.Helikestotellpeopleabouthisproblems.Hewilltalkto________willlistentohim.Buthebores________hetalksto.10.Irenedoeswhatevershewantstodo,goes________shewantstogo,getsup_________shewantstogetup,makefriendswith_________shemeets,anddresses__________shepleases.四、宾语从句简化为“疑问词＋不定式”结构a.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddo.Idon’tknowwhattodo.b.Pamcan’tdecidewhethersheshouldgoorstayhome.Pamcan’tdecidewhethertogoor(to)stayhome.Exercise2Replacetheobjectclausewithinfinitiveineachsentence.1.TheplumbertoldmehowIcouldfixtheleakinthesink.2.PleasetellmewhereIshouldmeetyou.3.Jimfoundtwoshirtsheliked,buthehadtroubledecidingwhichoneheshouldbuy.4.HetoldmewhenIshouldcome.5.Donhadanelaborateexcuseforbeinglatefortheirdate,butDandydidn’tknowwhethersheshouldbelievehimornot.五、同位语从句60 a.Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.b.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.c.Itisaquestionhowhedidit.六、whether和if引出的的名词性从句的区别1、只能用whether的情况1)Answermyquestionwhetheryouarecoming.2)Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn’tbeendecidedyet.【注】Ithasn’tbeendecidedwhether/ifweshallattendthemeeting.3)Italldependsonwhethertheywillsupportus.4)Hedoesn’tknowwhethertostayornot.5)Idon’tmindwhetherornotyoulikeit.2、whether和if都可用的情况1)Iwonderwhether/ifthenewsistrueornot.2)Hewasnotsurewhether/ifitisrightorwrong.Exercise3Whatnounclausecanbefoundinthesentence.1.Whereveryouareismyhome–myonlyhome.2.HewasagaintorturedbythedoubtwhetherornothemightventuretomeetAntoniaatthestation.3.Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet!4.HegrabbedhissuitcaseandgavetheimpressionthathewasboardingtheTokyoplane.5.Wefinditnecessarythatwepractisespoken-Englisheveryday.6.Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.7.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.8.Whereshehasgoneisnotknownyet.第八章状语从句AdverbialClauses一、时间状语从句（adverbialclauseoftime）　由下列连词引起：when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,(ever)since,once,assoonas,directly,immediately等。另外，还可有everytime,eachtime,themoment,theminute,theday等名词词组引起。Hemadeforthedoordirectlyheheardtheknock.Exercise1Combinetwosentenceswith“until”.Example:Ican’tpaymybills.Ihaven’tgottenmypaycheckyet.60 Ican’tpaymybillsuntilIgetmypaycheck/mypaycheckcomes.1.Wecan’tleaveyet.WehavetowaitforNancy.2.Tellmethetruth,orIamnotgoingtoleavethisroom.3.Finally,Donaldarrived.Beforethat,ithadbeenadullparty.4.Dinnerwon’tbereadyforawhile.Ithinkweshouldjustsitherebythefire.5.WhenIgotobedatnight,Iliketoread.Afterawhile,Igetsleepy.二、地点状语从句（adverbialclauseofplace）由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等引起。Everywheretheywent,theywerewarmlywelcomed.三、原因状语从句(adverbialclauseofcause)由as,because,since,seeing(that),consideringthat,nowthat,inthat,giventhat,onthegroundthat,notthat...butthat等连词连接。例：a.Themotherfeltworried,notthattheboywouldnotbestudyinghardbutthathemightnotpayattentiontohishealth.b.IcametoseeyouonthegroundthatMr.Andersonsaidthatyouwereinterestedinourproject.四、条件状语从句(adverbialclauseofcondition)由if,unless,suppose,supposing(that),providing(that),provided(that),intheevent(that),incase(that),so/aslongas,oncondition(that)等词引起。例：a.Telephoneusincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.b.IwillnotgounlessIhearfromhim.五、结果状语从句(adverbialclauseofresult)　由that,so(that),so...that,such...that,withtheresultthat等引起。例：so...that和such...that的用法区别1、“so+形容词/副词＋that”Theweatherwassonicethatwewenttothezoo.HewalkedsoquicklythatIcouldn’tkeepupwithhim.2、“such+(a)+形容词＋名词＋that”Itwassuchniceweatherthatwewenttothezoo.【注】…somuchmoneythat……sofewfriendsthat……somanymistakesthat…60 …solittletroublethat…Shemadesomanymistakesthatshefailedtheexam.Exercise2Combinetwosentencesusing“so…that”or“such…that”.1.Thecarwasexpensive.Wecouldn’taffordtobuyit.2.Grandpaheldmetightlywhenhehuggedme.Icouldn’tbreatheforamoment.3.Ihadtowearmywoolcoat.Itwasacoldday.4.Idon’tfeellikegoingtoclass.We’rehavingbeautifulweather.5.Ittookusonlytenminutestogetthere.Therewaslittletraffic.6.Theclassroomhascomfortablechairs.Thestudentsfinditeasytofallasleep.7.Tedcouldn’tgettosleeplastnight.Hewasworriedabouttheexam.8.Thetornadostruckwithgreatforce.Itliftedautomobilesofftheground.9.Toomanypeoplecametothemeeting.Therewerenotenoughseatsforeveryone.10.Theaudiencebooedtheactors.Itwasabadperformance.六、程度状语从句（adverbialclauseofdegree）so(that),suchthat,tothedegree/extentthat等a.Herheartbeatsothathecouldhardlybreathe.b.Hiscourageissuchthathedoesnotknowthemeaningoffear.七、目的状语从句(adverbialclauseofpurpose)　由so,sothat,inorderthat,incase等引起。a.I’llringhimupatoncesoheshouldn’twaitforme.b.Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.八、让步状语从句(adverbialclauseofconcession)由though,although,nomatterwhat/how/when/where,evenif,eventhough,however,whoever,whatever,grantedthat,inspiteofthefactthat等词引出。a.Grantedthatyou"vemadesomeprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.b.Youcan’tcomein,whoeveryouare.九、比较状语从句(adverbialclauseofcomparison)由than或as/so…as等引出。例：a.Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.b.Theprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpected.60 Asunselfishnessistherealtestofstoringaffection,sounselfishnessoughttobetherealtestoftheveryhighestkindofart.　【注】a.Theremaybemoreimportanceinitthanwouldseem.b.Philosophersarefairerthanisabsolutelynecessary.c.Don’teatthanisgoodforyou.十、方式状语从句（adverbialclauseofmanner）由as,justas,asif(though),how等引起。例：　　a.WemustdoasthePartytellsus.b.Heactedasif(asthough)nothinghappened.c.Doithowyoucan.十一、as引导状语从句的倒装现象　1、倒装让步从句　　“名词（形容词、副词）+as+主语+谓语动词”“动词原形+as+主语+may(might/will/would)”a.Childasheis,heknowsalotaboutelectricity.b.Muchashelikesplayingfootball,hehasnotimetodoso.c.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock.2、倒装原因从句　　CarelessasJohnwas,hecouldneverpasstheexamination.　3、倒装方式从句　　TheygotothelibraryfrequentlyasdoesBrown.十二、状语从句简化为修饰性短语由if,although(though),unless,until(till),when或while等引导的状语从句往往可以简化为修饰性短语：a.Thisinformationisimportantiftrue(=ifitistrue).b.When(youare)inRomeyoushoulddoastheRomansdo.c.Pleasedonottalkwhileeating.应注意以下几点：1、WhileIwaswalkingtoclass,Iranintoanoldfriend.=Whilewalkingtoclass,Iranintoanoldfriend.2、BeforeIleftforwork,Iatebreakfast.=Beforeleavingforwork,Iatebreakfast.3、Whiletheteacherwaslecturingtotheclass,Ifeltasleep.Exercise3Changeadverbialclausesintophrases,ifpossible.60 1.WhileIwaswatchingTVlastnight,thetelephonerang.2.SinceIcamehere,IhavelearntalotofEnglish.3.WhileIwaslivinginJapanlastyear,IlearnedmanythingsaboutJapanesecustoms.4.WhileIwastryingtogettosleeplastnight,amosquitokeptbuzzinginmyear.5.Mrs.Alexandernearlyfaintedwhenshelearnedthatshehadwonthelottery.6.Whenyoufinishtheexamination,bringyourpapertothefrontoftheroom.Exercise4Pointouttheadverbialclauseinthesentence.1.Ishallgoprovidedyouconsenttoaccompanyme:ifyourefuse,Ishallnotstirafoot.2.Oneofherlungsisaffectedalittlesothatshehastorest.3.Thecurtainswerenotyetdrawn,thoughthelampsoutsidewerelighted.4.Thewindhaddropped,anditwasaslove1yamorningasonecoulddesire.5.Theydrovewithwindowsclosedsothatheshouldnotcatchcold.6.Fromwherehesathecouldseeac1usterofapp1e-treesinblossom.7.Asthetwilightwasbeginningtofade,weheardthesoundofacarriage.8.Herannoyancewassogreatthatshecouldnotfindthefittingwordsforit.9.Lateasitwas,westillcontinuedourway.10.Couldyoustayalitt1elonger,weshouldfinishtheworktoday.11.Shewasgoingontiptoes,lestsheshoulddisturbhim.12.Shutthewindowforfearthatitmayrain.13.Hehadonlyspokenthatonewordsinceheenteredtheroom.14.Youwouldn"thaveabadtimeatall,solongasyouweren"tseasick.15.Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday.16.Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.Exercise5Translation1.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicromechanics，therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.而且，受益2.Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.3.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.60 4.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.5.Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.6.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.7.GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose，thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.8.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.Exercise6.ErrorCorrection1.Thisresearchprogramisfinancedbytwofunds,thelargestofwhichcouldABClastfortwoyears.2.OneexportremarksthatacomputerwithsomanytubesasthebrainhasneuronsABCwouldrequiretheEmpireStateBuildingtocontainit.D3.TherestauranthasopenedupabeautifulrecreationalareaandaconferencehallABonthetopfloorinwhichwecanhaveasplendidviewofthecity.CD4.ThefactwhichagoodteacherhassomeofthegiftsofagoodactordoesnotABmeanthathewillindeedbeabletoactwellonthestage.CD5.ThatthewomanwassayingwassoimportantthatIaskedeveryonetostopABCtalkingandlisten.D6.VincentVanGoghkilledhimselfwhenhewasonly37,butheleftbehindABhimmorethan2000paintingsanddrawings,thatestablishedhisCreputationinawayhewouldneverhaveconsideredpossible.60 D7.ThepolicefinallycaughtupwiththemanwhomtheythoughtwastheABCescapedprisoner.D8.Eachculturehasitsowndistinctivewaysofseeing,feeling,thinking,ABspeaking,believing,andjustlikenotwohumansareidenticalinallCrespects,sonotwoculturesareidenticalinallrespects.D9.ThereasonI’mplanningtopayavisittoTibetisbecauseIwanttogainarealABCaccesstonature.D第九章倒装结构Inversion一、部分倒装1、a.Notonlydidweenjoythefilm,butwealsohadawonderfultime.b.Scarcelyhadhearrivedwhenhehadtoleaveagain.c.Nowhereisteamspiritsoimportantasinthesesports.2、ShouldyouseeHarry,givehimmyregards3、a.SowidelyspokenisEnglishthatitisoftendescribedasthe“linguafranca”:b.Sotiredwashethathewenttobedrightaway.4、Onlyinthiswaycanyouhopetofinishtheworkattheendofthismonth.5、Ihaveneverbeendishonest,nordoIplantostartbeingsonow.二、全部倒装1、Herecomesthebus.2.Ontheirfaceswasconfidence.3.Fromcolleaguesandoldschoolmatescamecheerfulgoodwishesclothedinfriendlyjokes.三、as和than引出的倒装结构a.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.60 b.Challengersaysexpressingyourfeelingsbeforeamoveiscrucial,asisbecominginvolvedinyourcommunityquicklyafterit.第十章综合练习ComprehensiveExercises句子类型1、简单句(SimpleSentence)句子的五种基本结构：1）“主语＋谓语”Thingshavechanged2）“主语＋谓语＋主语补语”；“主语＋连系动词＋表语”Hediedyoung.他年轻时就死了。HeandIareprettygoodswimmers.Thedoctorsseemedverycapable.3）“主语＋谓语＋宾语”Sheheardwhisperings.4）“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语”Hepaidmeavisit.5）“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补语”Hewatchedhercomein.2、并列句（CompoundSentence）3、复合句（ComplexSentence）PartISentencesAnalysis1.Whenhehadcomp1etedtheworkingmodelhesentittothenumerousmanufacturers,whoshowedlittleinterest.2.Althoughtherioters,whowereledbyayoungfanatic,knewwhatseriousconsequencesmightresultfromtheiraction,theypersisteduntiltroopshadtobesentin.3.Theypressedon,hopingthattheirluckwouldchange.4.Afterthegamewasover,thewinningteamreturnedtotheirhometownandweregivenacivicreception,becausetheyhadbroughthomethecupforthefirsttime.5.Aninspectorpokedhisheadthroughthewindowandinformedusthataminorfaulthadoccurredandtherewouldbeadelayuntilitwasrepaired.6.Heconsultedatime-tableandfoundthattherewasatrainwhichwouldgethimtoCrewebeforetheweddingwasduetostart.60 7.Noonecouldpredicthowthewarwouldspread,orhowlongitwouldlast,orhowitwouldend.8.Atelevisiondirectorcontrolsthecamerasbymeansofheadphoneseachcameramanwears,andpersonallydecideswhichshothewilluse.9.Everyonehassomeexperienceoffailure,andanhonestrecordofhowitfeelsisthechiefmeritofthisshortstory,publishedlastweek.10.Twonounsaresadtobeinappositionwhentheyaresimilarinmeaningandareidenticalingrammaticalfunction.11.RefrigeratedshipsnowbringmeatfromSouthAmericathatisnodearerthanEnglishfreshmeat，anditisnowworthwhileeventoflyfoodsintoBritain,suchasearlyvegetablesfromtheScilliesandtheChannelIslands,notjustforamillionaire’stableataWestEndhotel,butforthelocalpublictobuyinloca1marketslikeBrixtontheNorthEndRoad.12.Hisstateofweaknesswassuchthathewasunabletodigestanyfood,hewasconsumedbyfever,andhewouldhavediedbutfortheattentionofhisfriendswhorescuedhimfromtheexcessesintowhichhehadbeenthrowinghimself.13.Aftertheyhadeaten,theyclimbedwherethepathledthem,pastatetheredgoatandtoagrassyplacefromwhichtheyhadawideviewoftheharbourandthesea.14.Whatisperhapsevenmoredauntingisthatstartingtorebuildthecityinvolvesreeducatingthousandsofpeop1eintheirattitudetoproperty.15.Althoughtheyarec1earlypreparedtoholdoutforaslongasisnecessary,itisinevitablethattherebelsmustfinallylose,becausetheirnumbersarefewerandtheirsuppliesoffoodareincreasinglylow.PartⅡErrorCorrection(1)1.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefilesmustbeprintedrightaway.ABCD2.Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeen［A］happytogiveyouamakeupexaminationhadyougone［B］andexplained［C］thatyourparentshadbeen［D］illatthetime.3.AnewproductshouldbejudgednotbythepromisesmadeincommercialsandABadvertisementsbutalsobytheresultdemonstratedinactualuse.CD60 4.Thereplacementofshopssuchasthegrocer"sandchemist"sbycafesABhaveleftthehousewiveswithinsufficientfacilitiesforshopping.CD5.Whenapostofficehandleslargequantitiesofmaildaily,itisessentialAthatmechanicalmethodsareusedtomaintainproductionandinsureBCpromptdeliveryofthemails.D6.Evenif［A］automakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunon［B］alternativefuels［C］,thecarswon"tcatchoninabigwaywhen［D］driverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.7.Manyyoungconsumersdonothavesteadyincomes,sotheymighthaveABdifficultytoborrowmoneyfromanagencyinbusinesstomakeloans.CD8.Itisindeedhardtooverestimatethevalueoflanguageincommunication,Abutitisevenhardtooverestimateitsvalueinthinking.BCD9.PerhapssurprisinglythemainobstaclestorealizingthisdreamisneitherABCDtechnicalnorcommercial.10.Thelight,whichotherwisedisturbedthepatient,wasexcludedfromhisABCroombymeansofthewindowblind.11.Asthechildrenbecomefinancially［A］independentof［B］thefamily,theemphasison［C］familyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosave［D］fortheretirementyears.12.Thirteenhundredmedicalprofessionals,allofwhichhavebeentrainedtoABtreatdrugdependency,attendedtheannualconventionsponsoredbyCDasociety.13.Theemergenceofelectronicfunds-transfertechnologymakespossibletoABCchangethenatureofmoneyandtodivorceitfromevil.D14.Were［A］theTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatitcould［B］dramaticallytransformafamilyran［C］enterprisethatstillgets90%ofits［D］revenuesfromnewspapers.15.IfyoureadCanadianEnglishDictionaries,youcertainlyfindbothAAmericanandBritishspellingslisting,andthefirstwordisthespellingBpreferredbytheeducatedCanadianmajority.CD60 16.Historically,noartistshavepresentedclearerorthemorecomplete　ABrecordsofthedevelopmentofhumanculturethansculptorshave.CＤ17.UsuallyyouwillbemorelikelytofindinsectsifyouexaminefinertwigsABratherthanthecoarsepartsoftree.CD18.Onesignbywhich［A］youaremakingprogressinanart［B］suchaspaintingorphotographyisthat［C］youbegintorealizehowmuchthereis［D］tolearn．19.ThereformofthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemcoversactuallymanyABdimensions,andallofwhomhavedifferenttimehorizon.CD20.Seetoit［A］thatyouincludein［B］theexaminationpaperwhatever［C］questionstheydidn"tknowtheanswer［D］lasttime.21.Despitethissimilaritywithothercreatures,theevolutionofhumankinddiffersABfromotherspeciesinoneimportantanduniqueway.CD22.Abiologistdoesnotmerelydescribeorganisms,buttriestolearnthatcausesABCthemtoactastheydo.D23.NeverbeforeIhaveseenanyonewhohastheskillJohnhaswhenheABCrepairscars.　D24.Whenhespeaksatbanquets,hemakesapointofgoingintotheABkitchenandtoshakehandswitheverywaiterandwaitress.　CD25.Thescientists,concernedaboutthepotentialhazard,wantedthelatestresearchABfindingmadepublicly.CD26.Thewarmwinterhelpeddryoutalivetreesandbushes,aswellastheABCdeadneedles,leavesandlimbsonthegroundbeneaththetrees.D27.ButsomedoctorsbelievethatRobintodayissoweaktobeoperatedonforhisABCDlivertumor.60 28.ItissaidthatEinsteinfeltverybadlyabouttheapplicationofhisABCtheoriestothecreationofweaponsofwar.　　　D29.Althoughwehadbeenpresentatroughlythesametime,Mr.BrownsawtheABsituationquitedifferentfromthewayIsawit.CD30.Tothefinalists,PeterandI,thelasthighjumpwasthemostexcitingABCaswellasthemostdifficult.D31.Althoughthepolicearegivenconsiderableauthoritybysocietyto　Aenforceitslaws,theygetarelativelylowsalaryascomparedwiththatof　　　BCotheroccupationalgroupswhichhavemuchfewerauthority.　　D32.Theresidents,alloftheirhomeshadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpABCbytheRedCross.D33.JustatthatmomentIfeltthehotairtostrikeagainstmyface.ABCD34.Thebuscameaftertheywerewaitingforabouthalfanhour.ABCD35.TheArabianNightscontainthestoryofAladdin.ABCD36.ThisisthefirsttimethatIhadbeenabsentfromschool.ABCD37.Foundedin1961andemployedmorethan20,000people,thefactoryhasgainedABCareputationforgenerosity.D38.EventhebestofdriverscanhavetheaccidentifyouarenotdrivingcarefullyABCenoughorthedrivingconditionsarepoor.D39.Ishallgotothebutcher"sbeforeyouwillcomebackthisevening.ABCD40.Shedidn"thavetimetomeetusintheairportlastnightbecauseshewasbusyABtoprepareforthecomingexams.CD41.RecentlythecitycouncilwasdecidedtoopenallmeetingstorepresentativesofABCallminoritygroupsinthecommunity.D60 42.Therearenotmanypeopleinthiscitywhichowntheapartmentstheylivein.ABCD43.Eventhoughtheyhavebeenlivedsidebysidefortwentyyears,thetwoABCneighboursarenotveryfriendly.D44.IwouldratherthattheytakeawalktogetherinsteadofwatchingtelevisionABCintheevening.D45.Whathesaidinthemeetingwasnoteasytounderstandit.ABCD46.BenwasreadingNewYorkTimesafterhehadreturnedtohishouse.ABCD47.Neitherofthetwosistersareathome.ABCD48.ThenewsofthelosssufferedbythefamilyweremuchworsethanweABChadexpected.D49.ThoseofuswhousecomputersdayinanddayoutshouldhavetheireyesABCexaminedatregularintervals.D50.Ornithology,thestudyofbirds,isoneofmajorscientificfieldsinwhichamateursABplayaroleinaccumulating,researching,andpublishdata.CD51.JulianGodwin,socialworker,spokeswomanforthepeaceandwomen"ssuffrageAmovements,receivemanyprizesforherhumanitarianachievements.BCD52.MostofthedamagetopropertyattributedfromtheSanFranciscoearthquakeofAB1906resultedfromthefirethatfollowed.CD53.Becausegeophysicsembracestheconcepts,data,andmethodsofvariousotherAscience,itisverybroadinscope,andtheirboundariesarehardtodefine.BCD54.Themanagerpromisedtokeepmeinformingofhowourbusinesswasgoingon.ABCD55.ThenovelsofPearlS.BuckshowakeenunderstandingofChinaandChineseABpeople,knowledgewhichlearnedbylivingthereformanyyears.CD56.ThedevelopmentofphotographictechniquesandequipmentwhichprovidedanABimportantaidtoindustry,medicine,andresearch.60 CD57.ThetongueiscapableofmanymotionsandconfigurationsandplayingavitalroleABCinchewing,swallowing,andspeaking.D58.FewerpeopleresideinNewfoundlandasinanyotherCanadianprovinceexceptABCDPrinceEdwardIsland.59.MountEdithCavell,itisapeakintheCanadianRockies,isnamedafteraABCfamousnurse.D60.OneofthemostdifficultproblemsinunderstandingsleepisdeterminingthattheABCfunctionsofsleepare.D61.StatisticsarehismostdifficultsubjectandBobisworriedthathewon’tpasstheABCDtest.62.IntheUnitedStatesvoterselectrepresentativestothenationallegislature,whichABCisconsistedoftheHouseofRepresentativesandSenate.D63.ResearchershavefoundsubtleneurologicaldifferencesbetweenthebrainsofmenABandwomenbothphysicalstructureandinthewaytheyfunction.CD64.HarborsareprotectedareasofwaterthatcanbeusedtotransferringpassengersABCandcargobetweenshipsandshore.D65.ThepoorconditionofprisonersisthatconcernedDorotheaDix,anAmericanABCsocialworkeranddirectorofaschoolinBoston.D66.Littleweexpectedthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.ABCD67.PracticeproblemslimittheabilityofastronomerstodeterminethemassofABCasteroids,whicharesmallplanetarybodiesorbitingtheSun.D68.Sincethegroundiswhiteitmustbesnowinglastnight.ABCD69.Everyboy,girlandteacherinschoolsareconsciousoftheterribleconsequencesABCofcheatinginthetest.D70.Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeechthantheaudiencestartedcheering.ABCD60 71.AlmosteveryAmericancollegecampushaswhatcanbecalledaninternationalAclub,mainpurposeofwhichistopromotefriendshipandcommunicatingamongBCDallstudentsoftheworld.PartⅢErrorCorrection(2)（1）Whenweconsiderthecomfortablecircumstancesofaworkingfamilytoday,thelifeoftheworkingmaninl882seemsmiserableindeed.Butearlierithadbeenevenhard.Atthebeginningofthe1.________nineteenthcenturyworkinghourswerefromsunrisetosunset,paywasawful,andworkingconditionsbeingpooranddangerous.2._______Theworkingmanhadlittleschoolingbeyondhiscraft,andtherewaslittlehopethattheirchildrenwouldhave3._____nothingbetter.Therewerenopublicschools,andbesides,thefew4._______pennieswhichthechildrencouldearnneededtohelpsupportthe5.__________family,Ifhewaspresentbecauseofsickness,therewasoftenno6.________jobfromhimwhenhereturned.Sincetherewerealwaysplentyof7.______otherworkerstotakehisjob,hewaslikelytobehiredifheasked8.______formorepay.Viewedagainsttoday"sstandards,theattitudeofthenineteenth-centuryfactoryownersseemsincredible.Theybelievedthatwasgoodbusinesstohiremen,womenandchildrenascheaply9._______aspossible,makethemtoworkashardastheycouldand,when10.________theybecameinefficient,wornout,orunabletoworkforanyreason,dischargethem.(2)Ifindeedsilenceisgolden,itisalsobecomingasrareasgold.Itseemsthattheprogressesofmanincludesarisingvolumeofnoise.1.________Ineveryhomeastereoortelevisionwillfilltheroomssound.2.________Betweensunriseandsunset,streetsandhighwaysareaconstantsourceofvoicefromcars,buses,andtrucks.Youcanpassanyfactoryor3._______constructionareaandtheroaroftheirmachinerywillmakeyourears4.______ringing.Musicisplayedineverysupermarket,mostrestaurants,and5._______manyoffices.Bigcitiesoftheworldarewell-knownbytheirnoisiness.6._______Noisepollutionisthenewsideeffectofourtechnologicalage.Dayandnight,thesoundoftheworkfillstheair.Itseemsthat7.________thesmoothingeffectsofsilencearenowheretobefound.Eventhequietofourcarefulprotectedwildernessareascanbe8._________invadedatanymomentbyapassedjet.　9.________Wearelearning,finally,thatsilenceisanaturalresourceandmustbeprotectedbylaw.Itappearsthatweallfindcompanyin60 sound,ifwealldemandalittlequietfromtimetotime.10._______(3)Untiltheverylatestmomentofhisexistence,manhasbeenbound（捆）totheplanetonwhichheoriginatedanddeveloped.Nowhehadthecapabilitytoleavethatplanetandmove1.________outintotheuniversetothoseworldswhichhehasknownpreviouslyonlydirectly.Menhaveexploredpartsofthemoon,2.________putspaceshipsinorbitaroundanotherplanetandpossiblywithinthedecadewilllandintoanotherplanetandexploreit.Canwebe3._______tooboldastosuggestthatwemaybeabletocolonizeother　4.______我们提出这样的假设是否太冒昧了？planetwithinthenottoodistantfuture?Somehaveadvocated5._______suchaprocedureasasolutiontothepopulationproblem:shiptheexcesspeopleofftothemoon.Butwemustkeepinheadthe6._______过量的；额外的billionsofdollarswemightspendincarryingouttheproject.Tomaintaintheearth"spopulationatitspresentlevel.Wewouldhavetoblastoffintospace7,500peopleeveryhourofeverydayoftheyear.Whyarewespendingsolittlemoneyonspaceexploration?7._______Considerthegreatneedforimprovingmanyaspectsofthe8._________globalenvironment,oneissurelyjustifiedinhisconcernforthemoneyandresourcesthattheyarepouredinto　9._________thespaceexplorationefforts.Butperhapsweshouldlookat10._________bothsidesofthecoinbeforearrivinghastyconclusions.(4)Whenyoustarttalkingaboutgoodandbadmannersyouimmediatelystartmeetingdifficulties.Manypeoplejustcannotagreewhattheymean.Weaskedalady,whorepliedthatshethoughtyoucouldtellawell-manneredpersononthewaythey1.______occupiedthespacearoundthem—forexample,whensuchapersonwalksdownastreetheorsheisconstantlyunawareof2._______others.Suchpeopleneverbumpintootherpeople.However,asecondpersonthoughtthatthiswasmoreaquestionofcivilizedbehaviorasgoodmanners.Instead,this3._________otherpersontoldusastory,ithesaidwasquitewell-known,　4._______aboutanAmericanwhohadbeeninvitedtoanArabmealatone5.______ofthecountriesoftheMiddleEast.TheAmericanhasn"tbeen6.________toldverymuchaboutthekindoffoodhemightexpect.IfhehadknownaboutAmericanfood,hemighthavebehavedbetter.7._______Immediatelybeforehimwasaveryflatpieceofbreadthat60 looked,tohim,verymuchasanapkin(餐巾).Pickingitup,8.______heputitintohiscollar,sothatitfallsacrosshisshirt.His9._______Arabhost,whohadbeenwatching,saidofnothing,but10.________immediatelycopiedtheactionofhisguest.Andthat,saidthissecondperson,wasafineexampleofgoodmanners.(5)Morepeopledieoftuberculosis(结核病)thanofanyotherdiseasecausedbyasingleagent（动因）.Thishasprobablybeenthecaseinquiteawhile.Duringtheearlystagesof1.______theindustrialrevolution.perhapsoneineveryseventh2._______deathsinEurope"scrowdedcitieswerecausedbythedisease.3.______Fromnowon,though,westerneyes,missingtheglobalpicture,4.______sawthetroublegoingintodecline.Withoccasionalbreaksforwar,theratesofdeathandinfectionintheEuropeandAmericadropped5._________steadilythroughthe19thand20thcenturies.Inthe1950s,theintroductionofantibiotics(抗菌素)strengthenedthetrendinrichcountries,andtheantibioticswereallowedtobeimportedtopoor6._________countries.Medicalresearchersdeclaredvictoryandwithdrew.Theyarewrong.Inthemid-1980sthefrequencyofinfections7.______anddeathsstartedtopickupagainaroundtheworld.Wheretuberculosisvanished,itcameback;Inmanyplaceswhereit8._________hadneverbeenaway,itgrewbetter.TheWorldHealthOrganization9._______estimatesthat1.7billionpeople(athirdoftheearth"spopulation)sufferfromtuberculosis.Evenwhentheinfectionratewasfalling,populationgrowthkeptthenumberofclinicalcasesmoreorlessconstantlyat8millionayear.Around3millionof10.________thosepeopledied,nearlyalloftheminpoorcountries.(6)Moststudiessuggestthatwhenwomenandmendothesamejobandhavethesameexperience,payratestendtobesimilar.Mostofthedollardifferencesstemfromfactthat1._______womentendtobemorerecentlyemployedandhavemore2._______yearsonthejob.Whetherwomenwhohavestartedacareerwillattainpayequalitywithmenrestonatleasttwofactors.3.______First,willmostofthemcontinueparttimeattheirjobsafter4.________theyhavechildren?Abreakintheiremployment,oradecisiontoworkparttime,willslowitsraisesandpromotions–5.______becauseitwouldformen.Second,willmale-dominated6.______companieselevatewomentohigher-paidjobsatthedifferent7.________rateastheyelevatemen？Onsomefieldsthishadclearlynot8.______happened.Manymen,forexample,havecommittedtheir9._______60 livestoteachingcareers,yetrelativefewhavebecome10._________principalsorheadmasters.(7)AmongthemostfascinatingaspectoftheCalifornia1.__________GoldRushwastheinitialabsenceofpropertyrightstolandandofagovernmentcapableofenforcinglawandorder.Inspitestiffpenaltiesfordesertion(离职)forinstance,U.S.2.__________soldiersinCalifornialefttheirpostsindrovestohuntgold.3.________Anddespiteaninitialabsenceoflawandorder,violencein4.______thegoldfieldswassurprisinglow.AsJohnUmbeck,oneof5._________theleadingauthoritiesintheGoldRush,reports:during1848,6._______…nearly10,000peoplerushedtominegoldonpropertywhichnoonehadexclusiverights.Furthermore,although7._________nearlyeveryminercarriedagun,butlittleviolencewas8.__________reported.InJuly,whenGovernorMasonvisitedthemines,hereportedthattheminerswererespectingSutter’spropertyrightsandthat“Crimeofanykindwasveryinfrequent,andthatnotheftsorrobberieshadbeencommittinginthegold9._________district…anditwasamatterofsurprise,thatsuchpeaceful10.______andquietastateofthingsshouldcontinuetoexist.”60