安徽专升本英语语法考点解析 22页

安徽省统招专升本英语语法表格示意图一．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5◆用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6◆用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,inawordII.定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物（这种泛指不需掌握）Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4◆用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6◆表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9◆在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s，对比inthe1960s和inhis60s10◆用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.(按小时计费)11◆用于方位名词，身体部位名词，表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.（the不能换成my）III.零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3◆季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring但theSpringFestival4◆表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5◆学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6◆与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.IV有无冠词的词汇或词组的对比不可数名词的具体化用作可数名词cloth（布料—不可数）与atablecloth（桌布）；beer(啤酒)与abeer（一杯啤酒）；glass（玻璃）与alookingglass（镜子）◆相似词组的对比inchargeof/inthechargeof;incaseof/inthecaseof;infrontof/inthefrontof;outofquestion/outofthequestion二、数词I．序数词onetwothree…与基数词firstsecondthird...II．分数onethird三分之一/twothirds三分之二…III．数词的重要表达1Tensofmillionsof复数名词；thousandsof复数名词；dozensof/scoresof表示许多2Threedozeneggs三打鸡蛋；threescorestudents六十位学生（三个20）；3Aten-year-oldboy；a300-wordcomposition；atwo-minutedrive；twominutes’dive4Inthesixties在六十年代/inhissixties在他六十多岁时5Agreatnumberof复数名词/thenumberof复数名词/alargeamountof不可数名词22 三．代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词◆that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：◆不定代词用法示例oneone可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.someany1.some多用于肯定句2.也可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。3.some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。4.some和数词连用表示“大约”Ihavesomequestionstoask.Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.1.any多用于疑问句和否定句2.some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。3.any可与比较级连用表示程度。Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?eacheveryeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上each可以单独使用，后面不跟名词Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.Each(ofus)hasadictionary.Weeachhaveadictionary.every强调整体，所指的数是三个或三个以上。every后接名词，everyone可以后接of结构Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints.Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.nonenonone作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.no等于notany，作定语。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.otheranotherother泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用theother+单数名词，特指两者中的另外一个theother+复数名词=theothers（表示在一定范围中的其他…）other+复数名词=others（没有范围的其他…）如：theotherday,everyotherweekHeheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,buttheotherspassedtheexam.（ourclass是一个明确的范围）Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.another指“又一个，另一个”无所指Thetrousersaretoolong.Pleasegivemeanotherpair.allbotheitherneithernoneall+复数名词，表示三个或以上概念all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both+复数名词，表示两个either+单数名词，表示两个中的一个neither表示两个都不none表示三个或以上都不全部否定用neither和none.（表示“都不是”）（both/all与not搭配表示“不都是”）AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish.Allthatglittersisnotgold.（发光的不都是金子。）Bothofusarenotteachers.我们俩不都是教师。Eitherofthetwoanswersisacceptable.Neitherofusisateacher.我们俩都不是教师。Noneofusis/areateacher.我们都不是教师。22 四．形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置◆theonlypersonawake3和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong4形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone◆从抽象到具体如：thebeautifulsmallroundnewredChinesewoodtable3)复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词1．副词的分类：1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,why◆2．几个副词的用法◆so/how/tooso/how/too+adj./adv.Itissohotaday./Howhottheweatheris!/Itistoodifficultaquestion.what/suchwhat/such+(adj.)nounItissuchahotday./Itissuchhotweather./Whatahotdayitis!enoughenough+nounadj./adv.enoughtodoIhaveenoughmoneytobuyahouse.Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.however表“但是”，用逗号隔开注意与while的区别Somepeopleagree.However,othersdisagree.=Somepeopleagreewhileothersdisagree.almostnot与notnearlyhigh可测量的高度highly抽象的高度too肯定句中的“也”either否定句中的“也”III.◆形容词和副词比较等级：22 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2可以修饰比较级的词有：much,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3◆表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore（主谓）themore（主谓）”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5◆表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6–以or结尾的形容词，本身含有比较的含义，所以不能用-er或more/less构成比较级，其后加to.如besuperior/inferior/junior/senior/major/minor/prior/posteriorto7◆特殊结构notsomuchAasB（不是A，而是B）；nomorethan仅仅；aswellas/assoonas/as(so)longas/asfaraswouldratherdoratherdo（宁愿…而不愿意…）；ratherthan而不是/otherthan除了；cannot(never)…too越…越好五．介词I.介词分类：1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词◆concerning（关于）,given（鉴于）II.常用介词区别：1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关◆7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别◆besides指“除了，包括在内”，except指“除了，不包括在内”，beside在…旁边10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置III．重要的介词1.介词的意思◆across（穿过；在对面）；against（反对、在…….衬托下、靠着）；beyond（超出）；等2.介词的搭配◆resultin导致/resultfrom由…导致；befamousfor/as/to；befamiliarto/with；bedifferentfrom/in；besimilarto/in；inthemorning/onTuesdaymorning；whatfor；prevent/stop/keepsbfromdoing；protectsbfromdoing；等等Onseeingthepicture,heburstintotears./Atthesightofthepicture,heburstintotears.Hewillbebackinfivedays./Afterfivedays,hereceivedarewardfromthegovernment.itisimportant/necessary/easy/difficult/convenientforsbtodo；itiskind/considerate/thoughtful（表示人性格的词汇）ofsbtodo（=sbiskind/considerate/thoughtfultodosth.）六．名词（数、格、主谓一致）I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词22 II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives◆加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以音辅字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2◆单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4◆一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5◆部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8◆合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,drawbacks,go-betweens将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants,womendoctorsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes◆表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather◆表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s◆callatthedentist’s与callonthedentist◆合成词最后加’sanyoneelse’s,whoelse’s,father-in-law’s,22 2.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：1用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook2用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents3◆双重所有格：afriendofmine,aportraitofMr.Brown’s和aportraitofMr.BrownIV主谓一致◆◆◆（语法一致；意义一致；就近原则）A做主语A为单数名词Amaniscrossingthestreet.A为复数名词（theadj.表示人，复数；物，为单数）Threemenarecrossingthestreet./Theoldare…A为不可数名词Waterisessentialtous.A是集体名词以people,cattle,police为代表，复数概念Chinesepeopleareverymodest.以family,crew,government,class,team为代表，强调整体为单数，强调成员为复数Myfamilyisabigfamily.MyfamilyarenowwatchingTVathome.以information,equipment,furniture,news,advice,machinery等为代表，不可数名词Muchinformationiscontainedinthebook.但Threepiecesofinformationareprovidedbyhim.A是-s结尾的词表示学科，是单数，如physics,economicsStatisticsisabranchofmaths.统计学是数学分支。Statisticsshowthatthepopulationisontherise.统计数据（是复数，不是学科概念）组织机构等的名称，如theUnitedNationsTheBeijingOlympicGamesiswonderful.度量衡概念，强调整体概念是单数，而强调个体概念是复数300wordsisarequirementforthiscomposition.300wordshavebeentaughtrecently.以shoes,trousers,scissors为代表TheseshoesaremadeinHefei.ThispairofshoeswasmadeinHefei.ThesetwopairsofshoesweremadeinHefei.A前面有修饰成分Manya/morethanone+A+谓语单数Manyastudentisdiligent.(许多学生很勤奋。)Oneof/EachofA（复数名词）+谓语单数OneofthemisfromHefei.Therestof/MostofA+谓语（取决于A）Mostoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.ThenumberofA+谓语单数AnumberofA+谓语复数Thenumberofcollegestudentsisontherise.Anumberofcollegestudentsarestudyinghard.None/neitherof+复数名词+谓语（单复数皆可）Neitherofthemlike/likesmusic.AandBAandB通常表示复数概念，谓语用复数形式HeandIaregoingthere.AandB表示整体概念谓语用单数Breadandbutterishisfavoritefood.Each/everyAandeach/everyB谓语用单数Eachboyandeachgirlhasadictionary.AwithBwith可以替换为aswellas,togetherwith,alongwith,inadditionto,but,except等介词短语，或followedby,surroundedby或定语从句，谓语取决于A.Theteacheraswellasthestudentsiscoming.Theteacher,followedbythestudents,iscoming.Theteacherwhoissurroundedbythestudentsisgoingtogiveusalecture.AorBor可以替换为either…or/neither…nor/notonly…butalso谓语动词采取就近原则Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsit.Hasheoryoutakenmypen?特殊句式主语从句、todo、doing作主语，谓语一般用单数Togotobedearlyisagoodhabit.Togotobedearlyandtogetupearlyisagoodhabit.What主语从句，谓语取决于表语的单复数情况Whatheneedsisaradio./Whatheneedsarebooks.22 定语从句Heisoneofthestudentswhoareabsenttoday.Heisthe(only)oneofthestudentswhoisabsent.倒装句（包括therebe），谓语取决于就近原则Inthecornerstandsachairandtwobenches.强调句ItisIthat/whoamgoingthere.七．动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.5.重要的时态用法◆◆◆1现在时在条件和时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来概念Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillnotgoout.从句中一般现在时表示客观真理，不受主句时态影响Theteachersaidthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.2现在完成时短暂性动词的现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响，其动作不能和一段时间连接，但可以用havebeen+adj.表示一种状态，可以和时间段连接。Hehasgotmarried.(不能说hehasgotmarriedforthreemonths.)Hehasbeenmarriedforthreemonths.Hehasleft./Hehasbeenawayforashortwhile.3现在完成进行时完成进行时强调“一直”，应试中这种题目往往有情景介绍。--Youlooksotired!（情景）--Ihavebeenrunningforthewholemorning.4过去完成时过去的过去Theyhadfinishedthetaskbytheendoflastyear.22 5将来完成时在将来某个时间前完成的动作或状态BythetimetheyarriveinHefei,wewillhaveleftforBeijing.（从句中arrive形式表示将来概念。）II.动词的被动语态：常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…◆Sthissaid/believed/reported/supposedtodo（将来）/tohavedone（已完成）如：Thebookissaidtobetranslatedintoforeignlanguages./Thebooksissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoforeignlanguages.下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Theclotheswasheswell./◆Thebooksellswell.（事物的内在属性，不强调具体的动作）Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.（系表结构）下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等◆Hewasmadetodothehomework.(主动态Hismothermadehimdothehomework.)◆Hewasseentoentertheroom.（主动态Someonesawhimentertheroom.）(但Someonesawhimenteringtheroom.=Hewasseenenteringtheroom.）七．情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don’thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do.No,…don’t.oughtto应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall.No,…shan’t.should应当，应该（表义务责任）shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?22 本该（含有责备意味）will意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will.No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto过去常常（现在已不再）usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.No,…didn’t.II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测：◆◆◆以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点：1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非谓语动词◆◆◆I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen◆只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider◆22 can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto◆两者都可以◆◆意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作已经发生）goontodo（接着做另外一件事）goondoing（接着做同一件事）trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）trydoing（试试去做，看有何结果）meantodo（打算做，企图做）meandoing（意识是，意味着）can’thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage◆主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成，如seesbdosthIheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make◆现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel◆主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成，如seesbdoingsthIfoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。如seesbdone(sb与do被动关系)Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别：区别举例不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.Ihavenoplacetolivein.（注意in不能省略）动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：区别举例不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。◆Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。◆◆Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)22 VI独立主格结构◆◆区别独立主格结构带有自己的逻辑主语，与主句主语不一致Hestoodthere,hisnosebleeding.（bleeding的逻辑主语是hisnose,不是he）注意：在“Hestoodthere,hisnosewasbleeding.”中，“逗号”前有分句，逗号后再出现分句时，要么用连接词，要么将其中一个分句（句子）改成分词结构或独立主格结构。一般的分词结构的逻辑主语往往是主句主语Hestoodthere,bleeding.(bleeding的逻辑主语是主句主语he；bleed和he是主动关系，且表示伴随状态，所以用bleeding)用法逻辑主语+doing/havingdoneWeatherpermitting,wewillgoouttoplay.（weather和permit是主动关系，用现在分词）逻辑主语+done/havingbeendoneTheproblemsdiscussed,themembersarguedwitheachother.（讨论和争论同时进行）Theproblemshavingbeensolved,theywenthome.（先解决问题，后回家）逻辑主语+todoLet’scleantheclassroom,Tomtofetchsomewater.逻辑主语+无动词结构Hecamein,(with)ahatonhishead.Hestoodthere,swordinhand.九．定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语，宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.Asweknow,Chinaisgreat./Chinaisgreat,asweknow.as做宾语一般不省略；as表示“正如”，可前置关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich◆◆关系代词或关系副词的选用关键在于看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。Thiswasawonderfulholidaythat/whichIspentinmyhometown.（该定语从句Ispentinmyhometown中“I”是主语，“spent”是谓语，及物动词，“inmyhometown”是地点状语，显然，该从句缺少spent的宾语，所以先行词theholiday做spent的宾语，用which/that引导该从句）Thiswasawonderfulholidaywhen/inwhichIspentmy20thbirthdayinmyhometown.（该定语从句Ispentmy20thbirthdayinmyhometown中，主谓宾分别是I,spent,mybirthday，显然，先行词aholiday不能再做从句的主语或宾语，可以使用intheholiday做时间状语，所以用when/inwhich引导从句）Thisisthewaythat/inwhichhesolvedtheproblem.（定语从句）Thisishowhesolvedtheproblem.(表语从句)Allthathesaidwasreasonable.（定语从句）Whathesaidwasreasonable.(主语从句)II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1．先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.22 much,等不定代词时。1．先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时2．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时3．先行词既指人又指物时4．先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时5．句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1．在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3．先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。◆◆Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句　对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十．名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever注意：名词性从句中that引导陈述句，不做成分；whetherWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.Whatimpressedmemostwastheirkindness.Whathesaidwasbeyondme.22 /if引导一般问句，表示是否，不做从句的成分；what不仅引导名词性从句，且在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。其他的w-/h-在名词性从句中做状语或定语。◆◆表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后Theproblemisthatwelackfund.Theproblemiswhenhewillcome.Chinaisnotwhatitusedtobe.◆◆从句采用陈述语序。宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.◆◆注意同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对前面名词的解释说明，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰限制。That在名词性从句中不做成分，而在定语从句中要做主语、宾语或表语。Thenewsthatwewonthematchwasexciting.（that在从句中不做成分。）Thenewsthathebroughtwasexciting.（前句是同位语从句，后者是定语从句）十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,nowthat,inthatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。条件状语if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that比较状语than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore方式状语asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Outrushedthechildren.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒装never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修饰的状语放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引导的让步状语Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虚拟条件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句22 If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!十四、反义疑问句I．形式肯定+否定-Theyareverylateforthemeeting,aren’tthey?-Yes,theyare.（是的，他们迟到了。）-No,theyaren’t.(不，他们没有迟到。)否定+肯定Youcan’tdoit,canyou?-Yes,Ican.（不，我能）–No,Ican’t.（对，我不能。）◆不能用No,Ican.或Yes,Ican’t.形式II．特殊句式1反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little,few,never,hardly,seldom，nobody,nothing,barely,scarcely等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。Shenevertellsalie,doesshe?Hewasseldomlate,washe?(不用wasn’the?)2反意疑问句的陈述部分为Iam……时，问句部分习惯上用aren’tI表示Iamaveryhonestman,aren’tI?3陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时，问句部分的主语用itSomethingiswrongwiththecomputer,isn’tit?Nothinghashappenedtothem,hasit?4陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone),anybody(anyone),nobody(noone),everybody(everyone)时，问句部分的主语用he或they，这时问句动词的数应和he或they一致。Someonehastakentheseat,hasn’the?Everyonehasdonetheirbestinthegame,haven’tthey?5祈使句let’s引导，用shallweLet’sgohometogether,shallwe?letus引导，用willyouLetusstoptorest,willyou?肯定祈使句则用willyou或won’tyou都行Dositdown,won’tyou?/willyou?Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?(won’tyou?)否定祈使句，用willyouDon’tmakeanynoise,willyou?22 6陈述部分为There(Here)+be+主语时，问句部分用动词+there(here)?形式Therearetwocakesontheplate,aren’tthere?HereisastoryaboutMarkTwain,isn’there?7must作为情态动词表“必须”，这时反意疑问句直接用mustn"t/needn"t当must表示推测时又分以下几种情况：a：对现在事实的推测，反意疑问句与must后面的动词呼应Youmustbejoking,aren"tyou?Hemusthaveabigfamily,doesn"the?b:对过去事实的推测，表示动作的时候用did当助动词，表示状态时用wasMr.Greenmusthavebeenpunishedforhisbeingrudeatthemeeting，didn‘the?Shemusthavebeenapoliceman,wasn"tshe?若句中有表示过去完成时的时间状语，问句部分应用hadn"t.Theymusthavelearnt5000Englishwordsbytheendoflastterm,hadn"tthey?8辨析Hehastogothere,doesn’the?Hehasgonethere,hasn’the?He’dbettergothere,hadn’the?He’drathergothere,wouldn’the?十五。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.强调句（注意itwas…that…省略后，notuntil提前引起的倒装）2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.倒装句（注意与第一句的区别）3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.比较级4.Thisriverisfourtimesthelengthofthatriver.比较级倍数表达5.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.独立主格结构（该结构可以改成aguninhishand）6.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!倒装表示祝福。7.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!（wish如果引导从句需用虚拟语气，但此处不是从句）8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.主语从句（注意what只能引导名词性从句，且在名词性从句中做主语、宾语、表语。比较that引导的名词性从句和定语从句以及what的名词性从句）9.Itimpressedmemostthathehadmuchimaginationandpatience.主语从句10.Hehadmuchimaginationandpatience,whichsurprisedmemost.非限定性定语从句11.Helayonthegrass,(with)hiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.独立主格结构（注意独立主格结构中不能使用谓语动词。若使用谓语动词，则需增加连接词。处理好公老虎和母老虎、夫妻、夫妾的关系）12.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.倒装句13.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.倒装句14.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.现在分词（现在分词的逻辑主语是主句主语。）15.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.（注意该句中词的搭配、时态的搭配）16.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.让步状语从句（区别muchas与asmuch）17.Howfinetheweatheris!感叹句（区别how/so/too与what/such的用法）18.Whatafinedayitis!感叹句19.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.倒装句20.300wordsisarequirementforthistypeofwriting.主谓一致21.Itisnousecryingforhelp.动名词结构22.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!虚拟语气23.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.被动语态24.Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguages.被动语态25.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.26.“Heworksparticularlyhard.”“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”27.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.28.Manyastudenthasparticipatedintheactivity.主谓一致29.BythetimetheyarriveinHefei,wewillhaveleftforBeijing.时态搭配30.Letuscleantheclassroom,willyou?反义疑问句31.Idon’tthinkheisright,ishe?反义疑问句32.Ifeelitanhonortobeinvitedtomakeaspeechhere.It作形式宾语33.Ifeelitisanhonortobeinvitedtomakeaspeechhere.It作形式主语22 第二节常用动词搭配221.addto增加，增进add…to把…加进…addup相加addupto总计，所有这一切说明1)Idon"tthinkthesefactswill________anything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开breakoff暂停，中断breakin强行进入，插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_____________the22 policeandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.3)Don"tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.4)Whydon"tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup抚养，呕吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引进，挣钱bringback使回想起bringdown使下降，使倒下1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywillbring________aneweditionofthebook.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon号召，拜访（某人）callat拜访、参观（某地）callfor去叫某人,要求,需要callup使回忆起,征召入伍callin召集，请某人来callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不举行1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I"llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn"tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout发生，出现comedown下跌，落，降，传下来comein进来comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon来临/快点comeout出版，结果是comealong一道来，赶快cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒，合计，总共是comeover走过来comeup发芽，走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback回想起comefrom来自，源自1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate.5)Hecame__________melikeatiger.6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear.7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago.8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob.9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars.10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven"tcome__________yet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)6.cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削减cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系cutup连根拔除，切碎through剪断，凿穿cutout删（省）掉，戒掉cutin插嘴1)Don"tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor（旷野）tothevillage.4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces.5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________.（down,down,across,up,off,in）7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）diefrom死于（意外事故、情形）dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种diedown(炉火)渐熄dieoff逐一死去22 8.fallbehind落后falloverone"sfeet跌跤falldown掉下，跌倒fallback撤退，后退1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk.2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers.3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken.（down,behind,back,over）9.goinfor从事，喜爱，参加gothrough通过，经受goover复习，检查goup（价格）上涨，建造起来goafter追捕，追赶goagainst违反goahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧goaway离开goby时间过去godown下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉goon(with)继续进行gowith相配，陪同gowithout没有，缺少goout外出，熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应gobackon背约，食言gobeyond超出1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears.2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently.3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet.4)Let"scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______.5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople,6)Ican"tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty.7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination.8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople.9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.10)Thistiedoesn"tgo___________myblueshirt.11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______.12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball.(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)10.getdown下来，记下，使沮丧getdownto致力于，专心于geton进展，进步，穿上，上车getoff脱下,下车getin收集，插（话）getaway逃跑，逃脱，去休假getover忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展，相处getup起床getthrough打通电话，完成，通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近，几乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取回，收回getout1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn"tget____whathesaid.2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties.3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I"llgotothecinema.5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness.6)Don"talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking.7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)11.giveaway赠送，泄露，出卖giveout发出，疲劳，分发，公布giveoff发出（光、热、气体）givein(tosb.)屈服giveup放弃，让（座位）1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________.2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell.3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners.4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies.5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________?6)Don"tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________.7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)12.handin交上，提交handout分发handdown流传，遗传13.hangabout闲逛hangup挂电话14.holdback阻止，隐瞒holdup举起，使停顿holdon别挂电话，等，坚持holdout持续，坚持，伸出holddown控制，镇压1)I"msureheisholdingsomething_________.2)Shemanagedtohold______heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I"llcomesoon.22 4)Ourfoodsupplywon"thold_________formorethanafewdays.5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods.6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold___________thecity"spopulation.7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please.(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持，keepupwith跟上keepoff(grass)不接近，离开keepawayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise)坚持，遵守keepon继续，坚持下来keepback阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher.2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords.3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears.4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone.5)"Don"ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep__________!"6)Keep_________untilyousucceed.7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou"llsucceedintheend.8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________.9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame.10)Ican"tkeep________witheverythingyou"redoing.(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)16.knockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockover撞倒knockoff停止工作，休息1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________.2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday.3)Tryknocking__________thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked__________thecarparkedthere.(down,off,on,into)17.leavefor离开前往leaveout删去，遗漏leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走leaveto留给，遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留，剩下，延期1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?"demandedtheteacher.2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece.3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________.4)Don"tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow.5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow.6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory.(out,to,behind,over,over,over)18.lookup查找，向上看lookthrough翻阅，浏览lookon旁观lookon…as看作lookinto调查lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookout(for)当心lookabout/around/round四下查看lookdownupon瞧不起lookbackupon回忆，回顾lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents"papers.2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront.3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim.4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth.5)Shewassosnobbish（势利）thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours.6)Thepolicepromisedtolook__________thecaseassoonaspossible.7)Helooked__________butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)19.makeup编造，配制，打扮，组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成makeout弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）makefor走向，驶往，促使1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit?2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London?3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera.4)Wemustmaketheloss_________nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________forthedamagehehaddone.5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan"tmake___________whoitis.22 (into,for,out,up/up,up,out)20.passaway去世passby经过passdown(on)…to传给passthrough经历passover漠视，忽视1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed________tomefrommygrandfather"sgrandfather.2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace.3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes.4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.(down,away,through,over)21.payback还钱，报复payfor付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应payoff还清1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary?2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme.3)I"llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.4)Someday,you"llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday.5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet?（for,back,back,for,off）22.pickup拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge)，恢复重获(pickuphealth)pickout挑选，辨认，看出1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue.2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00.3)Thepatienthaspicked_________healthduringthelasttwoweeks.4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes.5)Ican"tpickJohn___________inthecrowd.6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio?7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词23.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下putupwith忍受putout伸出，扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进，翻译putaway放好，存钱putdown记下，平息puton穿戴，上映，增加(putonweight/speed)putforward提出，提前putthrough接通电话putaside放到一边putback放回1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek.2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt（暴乱）.3)Putyourwatch__________.It"sslow.4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake.5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension（分机）2.6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn.7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.（摆架子）8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice.9)Ican"tput__________withyourlaziness.(away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)24.pulldown拆掉，推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出,(火车)离站pulldown往下拉,拆毁pullover驶到一边pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境pullup（使）停住1)Thetrainslowlypulled__________anddisappearedinthedistance.2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled______,andnewonesaretobebuilt.3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn.4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________.5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights.(out,down,over,through,up)25.pushover推倒，刮倒pushahead(on,forward)继续前进，坚持下去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1)We"vedecidedtopush__________withourplantobuildanewroad2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane.3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules________atanycost..4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________.5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus.(on,over,through,over,through)26.runacross偶然碰到runafter追逐，追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选runinto偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞runoutof用完1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you"llrun_________someonesomeday.2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition.3)Ourwaterhasrun__________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?22 4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure?5)Hedidn"twanttorun___________presidentthatyear.6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties.(into,across/into,out,after,for,into)27.seeoff送行seethrough看透，识破seeto照料，照管28.sendfor派人去请sendoff送行sendout发出（光亮）等sendup发射29.setup建立setoff出发，触发，引起setout动身，着手(todo)，陈述setabout开始着手(doing)settowork(n.)开始做setback拨回，使推迟1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes.2)Weset__________readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.3)Weset_________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe"vebeentravellingeversincethen.4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink.5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport?6)Thepresidentset__________aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.（抗议）(back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)30.takeoff脱掉，起飞takeon呈现雇佣takeaway拿走takein吸收，领会takeup从事，占用（时间空间）takedown记录，取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeout1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty.2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems.3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor.4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught.5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather"sbusiness.6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime.7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany.(back,down,for,in,over,up,on)takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职31.thinkof想起thinkof…as把…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkover仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好32.turnoff/on打开turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转turnout证明为，结果，制造成品turnto转向，求助turndown调低，拒绝turnagainst变得敌视，反对turnaway打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turnback返回，转回去turnround转过身来turnup向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turnin上缴turnupsidedown把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort.2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface.3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem________inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess.5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______.6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________.7)Thearmyturnedhim___________onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.8)Sheturnedthewholehouse___________inhersearchforhermissingpurse.9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow.10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned__________theforeignerswholivednearby.11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear.(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)22 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