2016海文考研英语语法讲义 19页

京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分考研英语基础班语法讲义一：考研语法重要性考研语法是解决各个题型的一个基础所在。Ø（2002年阅读）Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherintheshortterm.二：考研语法的实质——破解长难句三：如何有效破解——通过一套完整的拆分信号，而这套信号就是我们在这次语法课程当中讲到的考研语法体系。ØThistrendbeganduringthesecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusionthatthespecificdemandscannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.看到这句是不是有些稍许的茫然ØThistrendbeganduringthesecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusion.看到这句心里边升起了光明的一线ØThistrendbeganduringthesecondWorldWar.再看这句，人生变的色彩斑斓ØThistrendbegan.这句一看，所有的疑问便烟消云散。以上的那个句子经过层层的抽丝剥剥茧，达到了以下的最精炼的一个呈现。达到这样的境界的话，你能第一时间抓住句子的主干，从而提高理解的速度和精度。四：语法体系的内容在总结了近十年的考频之后，我们得出了如下一个考研语法的重难点即：三个从句、三个非谓语、四个特殊结构。三个从句包括：名词性从句、形容词性从句、状语从句三个非谓包括：分词、不定式、动名词四个特殊结构包括省略、比较、倒装、分割这三大类别中的十个点就组成了我们这套语法体系。这些概念听起来似乎抽象，但学完之后你就会发现，它们会友好的融入你身体的一部分，成为帮助你理解句子的助手。五、考研语法内容详解（一）基本概念1：句子成分的概念句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“”的部分是主干部分。例：Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.2：两个简单句及其扩展的介绍：Ø主语+谓语+宾语Ø主语+系动词+表语注：其实所有的句子都是在这两个句子的基础之上通过重组、叠加变复杂的。I(主语)+love(谓语)+you（宾语）主语的扩展：I,fullofcreativityandimagination,loveyou.I,themostconsiderateandhandsomeboyintheworld,loveyou.Iwhoisthemostconsiderateandhandsomeboyintheworldloveyou. 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分谓语的扩展Iloveyouwithheartandsoul.IloveyoumorethanIcansay.Iloveyou,willingtodoeverythingforyou.宾语的扩展Iloveyou,thesmartestgirlintheworld.Iloveyouwhoisthesmartestgirlintheworld.Ø句型拓展图3.复合句的概念：以上给大家介绍了两组简单句及其扩展，其实所谓简单句就是句子中只有一个独立的谓语动词。与简单句相对立的概念是复合句。复合句说的更直白一些就是通过连词把各个分句连接起来，包括并列复合句和主从复合句。并列复合句是指通过and,or,but等连词连接起来的句子，分句间的关系是平等的。而主从复合句指的是由that,which,how,whether等连接起来的句子。1，（2）主（3）+谓+（5）宾（6），7（二）名词以及名词性从句1.（1）名词的语法功能：主语、宾语、表语、同位语（2）各种名词性形式主语的部分可以有如下变形：名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-主语从句宾语的部分可以有如下变形：名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-宾语从句表语的部分有如下变形：名词-名词词组-动名词-不定式-表语从句同位语部分可以有如下变形：名词-名词词组-同位语从句2.动名词与不定式（1）概念：由动词转换而来，可是不能再担当独立的谓语，但是保留部分动词的特征（2）结构：也就说它长的啥模样：a、动名词：动词+ingb、不定式：to+动词原形（3）动名词做主语ØGettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.ØReallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.Ø(2005.49)Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(组织)oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.（4）不定式做主语ØToerrishuman;toforgive,divine.ØItissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.（5）动名词与不定式做宾语Ø(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Ø（1997Text2）Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Ø(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittinga 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分criminalact.3.名词性从句：（1）概念：主语、宾语、表语、还有同位语这几个部分终极复杂的变化就是变成一个从句来承担相应的成分。例句展示：a.主语以及主语从句Thereasonsareclearnow.Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.Ø(2005Text2)Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.b.宾语以及宾语从句Hehasmadeclearthefacts.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.c.表语以及表语从句Itisaquestion.Thediscussioniswhetherthebookisworthreading.d.同位语以及同位语从句Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.ØEvidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.（2）名词性从句检测：名词性从句（1995翻译）Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation.（三）形容词以及形容词性从句1.形容词的语法功能：定语、表语、补语、状语。Sheisbeautiful.（形容词做表语）WefindtheNETEMdifficult.（形容词做宾语补足语）Thegirlstoodthere,fulloffear.（形容词短语做状语）Heisahandsomeboy.（形容词做定语）Heisaboywhoishandsome.（从句做定语）2.定语从句详解：（1）定语从句的构成该从句基本构成是：先行词（被修饰的名词）+关系词（引导词）（2）定语从句的类别从修饰的语义紧密与否的角度可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，其实从结构上来看就是看被修饰的词与后面的引导词之间是不是有一个逗号隔开。例如以下这句。Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.（3）相关引导词定语从句的引导词可分为关系代词和关系副词两种a.关系代词：that引导、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。Ø(2005.49)Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(组织)oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytask 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分anddemandsastrategicchoice.ØMostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday’sevents.b．关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。ØThedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.ØLiteratureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.c.as引导的定语从句：Øas引导限定性定语从句的条件：如所修饰的名词前有such、thesame、as出现，后面的从句将由as引导。例如：He’llrepeatsuchquestionasarediscussedinthebook.Suchastudentasworkshardwillbesuretosucceed.Theymadethesamemistakeasotherswouldhavemadeonsuchanoccasion.Øas引导非限定性定语从句：as引导非限定性定语从句和which相似，往往指代一整句话。不过位置相对来说比较灵活。可以位于句前，句中、或句末。(1997Text2)Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialrelationships.作文常用句型：Asisshowninthepictures,…Asisseenfromthechart,…Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove,…4.分词详解（1）分词的类别：可分为现在分词，过去分词a.现在分词b.过去分词（2）分词的语法功能a.分词做定语：ØWeareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.再来看一个例句：Ø（2006Text4）Afterall,whatisonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Ø（2003年63题）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.b.分词做状语：*Waitingforabus,abrickfellonmyhead.再看这一句，ØGivenmoretime,Iwouldbeabletocompleteit.Ø(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Ø独立主格结构独立主格结构的实质就是分词的逻辑主语和主句主语不一致了。a.名词+分词ØTimepermitting,wearegoingtoBeijingBotanicalGarden. 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分b.介词+名词+分词ØAcarroaredpast,withsmokepouringfromtheexhaust.(排气管)c.副词+分词ØGenerallyspeaking,heisanhonestperson.分词检测题Ø（1999Text1）Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Ø(1999Text3)But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbetherightwaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.（四）副词性从句类别：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。（2004，48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.1．时间状语从句。常用引导词：when,while,as,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas;themoment,theminute,thedayeverytime;nosonner...than...,hardly...when,scarcely...when.a.连词引导词when,while,untilØ(2008Text1)Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.Ø(1999Text1)AfootballplayerwasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.Ø(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.not...until结构的四种句式:正常句式倒装句式Until位于句首强调句式译文：直到……才（2002年完形）Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot___the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).A.afterB.byC.duringD.untilb.短语引导词(2005text3)Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.c.时间名词引导词Thebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.(2004text1)Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility.d.检测题：ØOurnosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearedilutedtofarbelowonepartinonemillion.（2005完形）ØEvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerican’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsof 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分workingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.(2004年阅读)ØTheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.2.让步状语从句(1)Though系列：常见的引导让步状语从句的连词有though,although,eventhough和evenif。Ø(1999passage4)Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.Ø(2007Text2)ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.检测题：Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.(1998passage1)(2)While系列示例：Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,____notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeverydaysurvivalskillsneededtoturntheirlivesaround.(2006)A.whenB.onceC.whileD.whereasStrangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,____othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.A.whenB.sinceC.forD.whereas(3)Nomatter系列具体例子：Nomatterwhathappens,hewillnotchangehismind.Nomatterwhobreaksthelaw,hewillgetpunished.它们都可以转换成：难点：Nomatterhowcomplicatedtheproblemsmayseemtobe,healwaysfindswaystosolvethem.同样地：Howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.(4)as系列a.形容词/副词/分词/名词（无冠词）/短语+as+主语+谓语动词b.动词原形+as+主语+助动词（may/might,will/would,can/could,do/does/did）第一类：Althoughhewasaking,hewasunhappy.Althoughheisachild,heknowstohelpothers.Thoughheisyoung,healreadyknowswhatcareertogointo.Thoughitsoundsstupid,everybodyshownoobjectiontoit.Althoughitisraininghard,I’mgoingoutforawalk.Althoughweweresurroundedbytheenemy,wemanagedtomarchforward.Althoughhewasmunchingtheapple,hehadgotaneyeforallJohn’smovement. 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分Althoughtheytriedhard,theycouldn’tmakeherchangehermind.以上句子可以分别转换成：第二类：Althoughyoumayobject,I’llgo.Althoughhemighttry,hecouldn’tsolvetheproblem.Althoughtheywouldsearch,theywouldfindnobodyinthehouse.检测题：,sheoftenbehaveslikeachild.A.AsoldissheB.AsoldsheisC.OldasissheD.Oldassheis,thepostmankeptondeliveringourletterswhichwesomuchlookedforwardto.A.TiredashewasB.AshewastiredC.TiringashewasD.AstiredhewasMuchIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalherinthoroughness.A.thatB.asC.althoughD.what3.条件状语从句(1)if和unless（）wintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?Amancan’trideyourback（）itisbent.(2)onlyif和ifonlyonlyif可以看作if的加强版，表示“只有”，而ifonly多用于虚拟，表示“要是......就好了”。比如2000年完形填空里就出现过这么个题：Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamilyonlyifheproducesasurplus。（2000年完形）而ifonly一般都这样出现：IfonlyIhadanotherchance.Ifonlyonehadanunlimitedsupplyofmoney!(3)短语引导词suppose/supposing(that),assuming(that),provided/providing(that),as(so)longas等Solongasyouworkhardenough,anironrodcanbegroundintoaneedle.更多的例子：Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.检测题：Ø（1993语法）YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.untilØ（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.4.原因状语从句介词、连词和复合连词都可表示因果关系。a.介词：Becauseof/dueto/owingto（）hiscarelessnesswehadanaccident.b.连词及复合连词 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分引导词：because;nowthat;seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),given(that)____theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.(2003)A.IfB.AlthoughC.whereasD.BecauseCriticismandself-criticismisnecessary___ithelpsustofindandcorrectourmistakes.其实，除了inthat还有很多复合连词也能引导原因状语从句，如nowthat;seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),given(that)等。下面是例句，大家可以体会一下意思。Seeingthatit’sraininghard,we’llhavetostayhereforthenight.Seeingsheislawfullyenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.Giventhattheyareinexperienced,they’vedoneagoodjob.Nowthatwehaveallthematerialready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.检测：ØTheoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviortheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithothers.（2004完形）A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.because5.结果状语从句常用引导词：so...that;such...that;sothat;suchthat；从句位于主句之后。Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder---kitichenrage.（2001翻译）Diplomatsandcrabsarecreatureswhomoveinsuchawaythatitisimpossibletotellwhethertheyarecomingorgoing.检测题：Ø(2004,63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.ØConversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedtothatithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.ØHowever,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(1996翻译)6.目的状语从句。引导词：sothat,inorderthat，从句中常含有may/might,shall/should,will/would,can/could等。sothat不仅能引导结果状语从句，也能引导目的状语从句，区别就是：引导目的状语从句时，从句中常含有may/might,shall/should,will/would,can/could等。Whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.(2005text1)再看其他例句：Learntosubsistupononlyonejobsothatyoucouldhavetimetofocusonotherthingsthatbringsyourjoy.替换下面这种形式也是可以的： 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分Learntosubsistupononlyonejobinorderthatyoucouldhavetimetofocusonotherthingsthatbringsyourjoy.检测题：ØIntheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.（2003.35）A.ifonlyB.nowthatC.sothatD.evenifØFormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm"haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway",sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.(2003text4)7.地点状语从句。Where可以引导时间状语从句，wherever,anywhere,everywhere也可以引导。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thecreditcardmaycashmoneywhereverhewishesto.(1994passage2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.(1998passage2)8.方式状语从句引导词主要有as,like,asif,asthough,theway等。Worklikeyoudon’tneedmoney,lovelikeyou’veneverbeenhurt,anddancelikenobody’swatching.PreparefortheNETEMlikeyou’vegotonlyonechancealifetime.DoastheRomansdowheninRome.Doitthewayyoulike.（五）特殊结构1.省略结构：ØAnd省略要学会ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.（2002翻译）Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.检测：（1995Text3）Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Ø状语省略要清晰Thoughstilldistant,theprospectsforpassingtheexambecomebright.Whenpublished,thenovelwillbecomeoneofthebestsellersoftheyear.Althoughhard-working,hecouldn"tearnenoughtosupporthimself.2.比较结构ØAs…as…要记牢(1999.71)Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians.(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools. 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分ØThan的比较结构要分清more...than...；less...than...；nomore...than...；noless...than...ThepopulationinAmericaissmallerthanthatinChina.MichelleObamaislessbeautifulthanintelligent.Sheisnomoreintelligentthanhersister.Sheisnolessintelligentthanhersister.Thepresentcrisisisnomoreaneconomiccrisisthanapoliticalcrisis.sheisnolessbeautifulthanintelligent。真题示例：The“failed”experimentsareasmuchapartoftheprocessastheexperimentthatultimately“works”.Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.(2006.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.3、倒装结构Ø否定词位于句首;only位于句首的倒装；if从句省略倒装；为强调而构成的倒装。否定词位于句首Hedidnotrealizethathehadforgottentoattendtheconferenceuntilhegothome.Itisbynomeansasimpletaskforahuman。AtnotimeandundernocircumstanceswillChinabethefirsttouseormenacetousenuclearweapons.only位于句首Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.（2009）if虚拟条件句省略倒装IfIwerethepresidentofAmerica,IwouldmakemoreeffortstoenhanceSino-USrealtions.Iftheinternethadbeeninventedatthattime,WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedit.(2003年)Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournaments,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk.（2007年真题第一篇首句）Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.(1995，75)为强调而构成的倒装AtthecoreofthisdebatewaschairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.（1997,passage4）Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.(1998passage5)4、分割结构(2003，65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分Ø其他成分介入中间Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.(2006.47)Ø成分顺序被调整IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.(2006,46)2008，48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.四：长难句综合分析：（一）长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。（二）五个拆分信号：那么，我们该如何进行拆分呢？其实，我们讲过的语法体系，就是我们进行拆分的信号所在。按照从宏观到微观的过程，我们这些信号可以利用。a.标点符号：b.连词：并列句的并列连词and,or,but,yet,for；从句的从属连词which,that,when,if等。c.介词：d.不定式符号to：e.分词：（三）长难句分析1.(1999翻译)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.2.(1995Text3)Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable3.(2005翻译)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.4.(1996Text3)Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandownersandalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.5.(2001翻译)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”6.(2008年Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.7．（2008年完形）Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnotthoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.8．Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofadversecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.9.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica, 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.10.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.（2007Text4）11.Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.(2000passage3)12.（2001Text4）Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch–publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.考研英语语法基础班讲义—附录（长难句释义）一：考研语法重要性（2002年阅读）Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherintheshortterm.释义：强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。二：考研语法的实质——破解长难句三：如何有效破解ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothisconclusionthatthespecificdemandscannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.释义：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家政府得出这样的结论：具体的要求通常是无法具体地预见到的。四：语法体系的内容五、考研语法体系详解（一）基本概念（二）名词以及名词性从句1.名词2.动名词与不定式(2005.49)Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(组织)oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.释义：创造一种能够尊重不同文化与传统的欧洲特色并不是一件很容易的事情，而这些文化传统将会成为维系旧大陆的基础结构。这需要一种战略性的选择。(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.释义：最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题。（1997Text2）Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.释义：对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.释义：所有这一切都会增加儿童犯罪的可能性。3.名词性的从句：(2005Text2)Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.释义：很显然，大多数总统顾问仍然没有认真对待全球变暖这个问题。Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.释义：有证据显示，六个月大的婴儿能够识别特定的语音。（1995翻译）Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation.释义：这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。（三）形容词以及形容词性从句1.形容词的语法功能2.定语从句详解：Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入，套入)eachday’sevents.释义：多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.释义：文学是一个殿堂，在那里，过去与未来想衔接，为的是更好的思考未来。Øas引导的定语从句：(1997Text2)Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialrelationships.释义：同任何发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的基础。4.分词详解（2006Text4）Afterall,whatisonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?释义：归根结底，几乎完全致力于描写快乐的那种现代表现方式是什么呢?（2003年63题）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.释义：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去与现在的文化时采用的跨文化视角，这使人类学研究成为一门独特而且非常重要的社会科学。(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.释义：沃尔夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯性思维的结构。（1999Text1）Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.释义：公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分(1999Text3)But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbetherightwaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.释义：但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。（四）副词性从句1．时间状语从句。(2008Text1)Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.释义：压力面前，男性和女性显示出不同的倾向。(1999Text1)AfootballplayerwasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.释义：一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪。(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.释义：计算机为消费者提供诸多方便的同时，也给商家带来很多优势。Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearedilutedtofarbelowonepartinonemillion.（2005完形）释义：即使人类的气味被稀释到百万分之一以下，我们的鼻子也有能力觉察到这些气味EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerican’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.(2004年阅读)释义：即使在格林斯潘还未承认美国过热的经济正在冷却的时候，许许多多的劳动者已经看出经济渐缓的迹象。TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.(2004,61)释义：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。2.让步状语从句(1999passage4)Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.释义：随后，该小组非正式地接受了几条一般的结论，尽管有些细节尚无定论。(2007Text2)ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.释义：人类有关智力的定义性术语似乎仍然是智商分数，即使人们并不像以前那样经常进行智商测试。Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.(1998passage1)释义：尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会破坏那里的环境，但世界银行已经这样做了。3.条件状语从句（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.释义：只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。4.原因状语从句 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分5.结果状语从句Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder---kitichenrage.（2001翻译）释义：家用电器将变的如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们将会导致/引发一种新的精神疾病的爆发---厨房狂躁症。Diplomatsandcrabsarecreatureswhomoveinsuchawaythatitisimpossibletotellwhethertheyarecomingorgoing.释义：外交官和螃蟹的行为方式如此之像，以至于无法判断他们到底是向前走还是往后退。(2004,63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.释义：这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(1996翻译)释义：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言无法解决世界上一些更加引人入胜和令人高兴的问题。6.目的状语从句。(2005text1)Whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.释义：但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。(2003text4)FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm"haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway",sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.释义：据说，科罗拉多州前州长理查德拉姆曾经说，老年多病者“有责任死去和让位”，以·让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。7.地点状语从句。(1994passage2)Thecreditcardmaycashmoneywhereverhewishesto.释义：信用卡可以让他们随时随地取现。(1998passage2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.释义：在美国任何地方，你都可以听到企业复苏的神话。8.方式状语从句Worklikeyoudon’tneedmoney,lovelikeyou’veneverbeenhurt,anddancelikenobody’swatching.释义：干活吧，像不需要钱一样去爱吧，像不曾受过一次伤一样跳舞吧，像没有人欣赏一样。（五）特殊结构1.省略结构：（2003Text4）ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.释义：据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。（2002翻译）Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected, 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.释义：)(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥（1995Text3）Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.释义：随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。2.比较结构(1999.71)Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians.释义：不同的历史学家对于历史有不同的定语。(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.释义：电视从未像近期的欧洲事件中那样把不同的国家和民族联系在一起。(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.释义：他们说科学之所以向前发展与其说是因为天才伟人的洞察力，还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。The“failed”experimentsareasmuchapartoftheprocessastheexperimentthatultimately“works”.释义：失败了的试验和最终成功的试验一样都是整个过程的组成部分。(1995passage5)Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.释义：在实践中，科学与其说是依靠有准备的实验，不如说依靠观察实验者的有准备的头脑。(2006.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.释义：但是，普通科学家的主要任务并非思考指导其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力投入到商业行为的探索一样。3、倒装结构（2009翻译）Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.释义：这种制度的副产品只有逐渐得到认识；而在实施这种制度的过程中，认识到这种效果具有指导作用的时间则更加缓慢。Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournaments,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk.（2007年真题第一篇首句）释义：如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合(1995，75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.释义：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。(1998passage5)Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanic 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分activityknowntogeologistsashotspots.释义：地球上散落分布着100多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。4、分割结构(2003，65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.释义：泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。(2006.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.释义：知识分子的作用与法官类似，后者必须接受如下义务，即以尽可能浅显的方式揭示导致他做出某一决定的推理过程。(2006,46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.释义：我把知识分子定义为这样的一种人：他已选择把用一种苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的活动作为他生命当中的主要任务和快乐。(2008，48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.释义：另一方面，他的批评者指责说，虽然他的观察能力强，但是却没有推理能力，达尔文认为这样的指责站不住脚，不予接受。四：长难句综合分析：（一）长难句拆分原则（二）五个拆分信号：（三）长难句分析1.(1999翻译)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.释义：这同样存在于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家中，传统历史学者（或前者）把历史仅仅看作是史学界外部和内部对历史史料的评论，社会科学历史学家（或后者）则把历史的研究看作是具体的方法的研究。2.(1995Text3)Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable释义：随着家庭远离稳定的社区、多年的朋友。大家庭的种种关系，非正式的信息交流被切断了。同时在需要时就能得到可靠可信的信息的信心也随之丧失了。3.(2005翻译)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.释义：仅此就可以表明，在电视行业里生存并不容易，统计数字更加印证了这个事实：1989年，在80家欧洲电视网中，一般以上出现亏损。4.(1996Text3)Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandownersandalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness. 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分释义：对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营相分离。5.(2001翻译)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”释义：但是，皮尔森指出，这只是人机结合的一个开端：“这只是漫长结合的一个开始，它将导致在下世纪之前，最终电子人的出现。6.(2008年Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.释义：华盛顿在目睹了美国独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇之后开始相信人人生就平等。于是，不顾亲属的反对，在他的遗嘱中，他赋予所有的奴隶自由的权利。7．（2008年完形）Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnotthoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.释义：他曾推动普及这样一种观点：一些以前被认为不是由细菌引起的疾病竟然也是传染病。当这个观点首次被提出时，曾引起极大的争议。8．Amanwithoutaneducation,manyofusbelieve,isanunfortunatevictimofadversecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.释义：没有接收教育的人，是一个在这种艰难环境下不幸的受害者。它被剥夺了二十世纪最伟大的机会之一。9.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.释义：同时，根据6月17日曝光，美国4千万张信用卡账户信息被盗。而在此前一天，美国联邦贸易委员会刚作出一个极为重要的决定，该决定对美国的公司提出警告，若它们无法对数据安全提供足够的保障，那么联邦管理机构就会采取相应的措施。信用卡资料被盗的消息使得这一重要决定蒙上了一层阴影。10.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.（2007Text4）释义：对于最迟钝的管理人员来说，也应该显而易见的是，作为最珍贵经济财产的诚信被轻易破坏，而要恢复诚信却代价高昂，而且，很少有什么比一个公司让敏感的个人信息落入不妥当人之手更可能破坏诚信的了。11.Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.(2000passage3)释义：当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。12.（2001Text4）Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch–publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“juggling 京盛博文教育--考研英语作文万能模板，大作文只需写一句话就考18分yourlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.释义：我发现（正如凯尔西在经受长期的巨大压力之后，多次公开宣称辞去《她》杂志的编辑职务后也会发现那样），放弃忙忙碌碌的生活教条，转而选择放慢生活节奏的做法所带来的回报，比金钱和社会地位更有价值。__