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  • 2022-06-17 15:23:02 发布

高中英语语法_动词的语气——虚拟语气讲解

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高中英语语法动词的语气——虚拟语气讲解  语法复习十:动词的语气——虚拟语气  一、语气的定义和种类  l、语气:语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。  2、语气的种类:  (1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:Wearenotready.我们没准备好。Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气啊!  (2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Openthedoor,please。请打开门。  (3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.如果我是你,我就学英语了。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功!  二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法  条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。  如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如:    Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。)  在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:  从 句  主 句  与现在事实相反  动词的过去式(be的过去式一般用were)  would/should/could/might+动词原形  与过去事实相反  had+过去分词  would/should/could/might+have+过去分词  与将来事实相反  动词过去式,should+动词原形,wereto+动词原形  would/should/could/might+动词原形   注:主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should 可用于各种人称。  l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifmybrotherwerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.要是我哥哥在这儿,一切都没问题了。  2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn"t   (couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。  3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Ishould  (would,could,might)gotoseemygrandmother.如果明天是星期天,我就(可能)去看望我奶     奶。Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了。  4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在)  5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:  (l)省略连词if。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had或should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。例如:Shouldhecome(Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.我要是你,就不做这事。  (2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。如:Withoutair(Iftherewerenotair),therewouldbenolivingthings.如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了。Butforyourhelp(Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事。  假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(IfIhadn’tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.)我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话,我就……);Iwouldhavefinishedthework,butIhavebeenill.(IfIhadn’tbeenill,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.)我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成……)  6、省去条件从句或主句:表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。  (1)省去条件从句。如:Youcouldhavewashedyourclothesyourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"Ifyouhadwantedto")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。)  (2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:Ifmygrandmotherwerewithme!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。);Ifonlyshehadnotleft!如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)  三、虚拟语气的其他用法  l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:在"Itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构,表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如:Itisimportantthateverymember(should)informhimselfoftheserules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。  2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法:   (1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如:IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道);2)表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如:Iwish(wished)Ihadn’tspentsomuchmoney.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉);3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止;Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.但愿你立刻来。  (2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等。如:Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.我要求他立刻答复我。  3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法  (1)在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonethisoffice.即使生了病,他俩去办公室。  (2)由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我,好像我是陌  生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。  注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。  (3)在inorderthat或sothat引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用“could或might(有时也用should)+动词原形”。如:Mrgreenspokeslowlysothathisstudentscould(might)hearclearly.格林先生说得很慢,好让学生听清楚。  4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法:在"Itistime(that)…"句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词形式一般用过去式,意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如:It’s(high)timewedidourhomework.我们该做作业了。  5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法  (1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中。如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别太晚睡觉。  (2)在一些习惯表达中。如:Iwouldrathernottellyou.我宁愿不告诉你。  (3)用“may+动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐!Maygoodluckbeyours.祝你顺利。   练习、虚拟语气  1.IfI____wherehelived,I____anotetohim.  A.knew,would                                        B.hadknown,wouldhavesent  C.know,wouldsend                                D.knew,wouldhavesent  2.Ifthey____earlierthanexpected,they____herenow.  A.hadstarted,wouldbe                                  B.started,mightbe  C.hadstarted,wouldhavebeen                 D.willstart,mighthavebeen  3.Ididn’tknowhistelephonenumber.____it,I____then.  A.HadIknown,wouldringhimup           B.ShouldIknow,wouldhaverunghimup  C.IfIknew;wouldringhimup                D.HadIknown;wouldhaverunghimup  4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe_____,she____absentfromschool.  A.werenotill;wouldn"tbe                      B.hadbeenill;wouldn"thavebeen  C.hadbeenill;shouldhavebeen               D.hadn"tbeenill;couldbe  5.WereItodoit,I________itsomeotherway.  A.willdo         B.woulddo                    C.wouldhavedone  D.weretodo  6.I________himtheanswer________possible,butIwassobusythen.  A.couldtell;ifithadbeen                        B.musthavetold;wereit  C.shouldhavetold;haditbeen                 D.shouldhavetold;shoulditbe  7.Withoutyourhelp,we________somuch.  A.won"tachieve                                B.didn"tachieve  C.don"tachieve                                   D.wouldn"thaveachieved  8.Youdidn"ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice,you________suchamistake.  A.Hadyoutaken;wouldn"thavemade       B.Ifyouhadtaken;wouldmake  C.Wereyoutotake;shouldnthavemade   D.Haveyoutaken;wonthavemade  9.Wewishwe____whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool.  A.did                  B.couldhavedone       C.havedone         D.shoulddo  10.Shewishesshe____tothetheatrelastnight.   A.went                B.wouldgo                 C.hadgone          D.weregoing  11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe________betallwhenhegrowsup.  A.could        B.should                     C.would        D.wereableto  12.MysisteradvisedmethatI________accepttheinvitation.  A.could        B.must                       C.should        D.might  13.Heasksthathe________anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere.  A.isgiven            B.mustgive                C.shouldgive    D.begiven  14.DoyouthinkofWangFang"ssuggestionthathe________Mr.Litotheparty?  A.willinvite          B.haveinvited              C.isinvited           D.invite  15.Iinsistedthathe________atonce.  A.begone         B.go           C.wouldgo        D.mightgo  16.LiMinginsistedthathe________anythingatall.  A.hadn"tstolen    B.shouldn"tsteal       C.doesn"tsteal    D.steal  17.Itisquitenaturalthatmycominglateagain________themveryangry.  A.hadmade                B.wouldmake             C.makes              D.make  18.Heactedasifhe________everythingintheworld.  A.knew            B.knows           C.hasknown        D.won"tknow  19.ReaditaloudsothatI________youclearly.  A.mayhear                 B.willhear                 C.hear                        D.haveheard  20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey________theirfirsttrain.  A.caught              B.willcatch                  C.mightcatch         D.shallcatch  21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth.  A.are                 B.shallbe                  C.were               D.shouldbe  22.Thatisagoodbook.You________ityesterday.  A.couldbuy          B.shouldbuy              C.shouldhavebought           D.bought  23.Itishightimewe________home.  A.willgo            B.wouldgo              C.havegone                D.went  24.I"dratherthatyou________home.  A.went                       B.havegone                C.willgo                    D.hadgone   25.IfonlyI_________tothelecture!  A.listen                      B.willlisten             C.amlistening                    D.hadlistened  26.----Ifhe_____ ,he______thatfood.       ----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.  A.waswarned;wouldnottake                         B.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetaken  C.wouldbewarned;hadnottaken                           D.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken  27.Ididn"tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.  A.hascome          B.didcome                      C.came           D.hadcome  28.Withoutelectricity,humanlife________quitedifferenttoday.  A.is                B.willbe                          C.wouldhavebeen    D.wouldbe  29.He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.  A.mighthavegiven     B.mightgive               C.mayhavegiven        D.maygive  30.Ifcitynoises_______fromincreasing,people_______shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.  A.arenotkept;willhaveto                               B.arenotkept;haveto  C.donotkeep;willhaveto                               D.donotkeep;haveto  31.Mike"sfather,aswellashismother,insistedthathe________home.  A.stayed              B.couldstay                           C.hasstayed          D.stay  32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe________theworkall.  A.haddone          B.havedone                     C.did               D.do  33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty________thatMarywouldcometoseeher.  A.hassheknown     B.hadsheknown          C".ifsheknow        D.ifshehasknown  34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney,what________?  A.willyoubuy             B.wouldyoubuy  C.wouldyouhavebought       D.willyouhavebought  35.Ifyou________thatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepy.  A.didn"tsee         B.haven"tseen               C.wouldn’thaveseen         D.hadn’tseen  36.Ourmonitorrequestedthat________.  A.alltheclassstudiedmorecarefullytheproblem  B.theproblemwasmorecarefullystudied  C.withgreatcaretheproblemcouldbestudied   D.alltheclassstudytheproblemmorecarefully  37.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?  ----Yes,butI________.busydoingmyhomework..  A.was                 B.were                C.hadbeen          D.wouldbe  38.Histiredfacesuggestedthathe________reallytiredafterthelongwalk.  A.hadbeen           B.was                  C.be            D.shouldbe  39.Itisimportantthatwe________.  A.shallclosethewindowbeforeweleave         B.willclosethewindowbeforeweleave  C.mustclosethewindowbeforeweleave         D.closethewindowbeforeweleave  40.Ididn"tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseI______him.A.hadtelephoned        B.wouldtelephone       C.wouldhavetelephoned    D.telephone  语法复习十:动词的语气——虚拟语气  1~5BADAB 6~10CDABC 11~15CCDDB 16~20ADAAC 21~25DCDAD  26~30BDDAA 31~35DABBD 36~40DABDC