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高中英语语法动词的语气——虚拟语气讲解 语法复习十:动词的语气——虚拟语气 一、语气的定义和种类 l、语气:语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 2、语气的种类: (1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:Wearenotready.我们没准备好。Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气啊! (2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Openthedoor,please。请打开门。 (3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.如果我是你,我就学英语了。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功! 二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法 条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如: Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。) 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下: 从 句 主 句 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be的过去式一般用were) would/should/could/might+动词原形 与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would/should/could/might+have+过去分词 与将来事实相反 动词过去式,should+动词原形,wereto+动词原形 would/should/could/might+动词原形
注:主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should 可用于各种人称。 l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifmybrotherwerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.要是我哥哥在这儿,一切都没问题了。 2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn"t (couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。 3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Ishould (would,could,might)gotoseemygrandmother.如果明天是星期天,我就(可能)去看望我奶 奶。Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了。 4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在) 5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: (l)省略连词if。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had或should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。例如:Shouldhecome(Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.我要是你,就不做这事。 (2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。如:Withoutair(Iftherewerenotair),therewouldbenolivingthings.如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了。Butforyourhelp(Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事。 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(IfIhadn’tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.)我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话,我就……);Iwouldhavefinishedthework,butIhavebeenill.(IfIhadn’tbeenill,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.)我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成……) 6、省去条件从句或主句:表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。 (1)省去条件从句。如:Youcouldhavewashedyourclothesyourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"Ifyouhadwantedto")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。) (2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:Ifmygrandmotherwerewithme!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。);Ifonlyshehadnotleft!如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。) 三、虚拟语气的其他用法 l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:在"Itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构,表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如:Itisimportantthateverymember(should)informhimselfoftheserules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。 2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法:
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如:IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道);2)表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如:Iwish(wished)Ihadn’tspentsomuchmoney.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉);3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止;Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.但愿你立刻来。 (2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等。如:Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.我要求他立刻答复我。 3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 (1)在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonethisoffice.即使生了病,他俩去办公室。 (2)由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我,好像我是陌 生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。 注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。 (3)在inorderthat或sothat引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用“could或might(有时也用should)+动词原形”。如:Mrgreenspokeslowlysothathisstudentscould(might)hearclearly.格林先生说得很慢,好让学生听清楚。 4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法:在"Itistime(that)…"句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词形式一般用过去式,意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如:It’s(high)timewedidourhomework.我们该做作业了。 5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法 (1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中。如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别太晚睡觉。 (2)在一些习惯表达中。如:Iwouldrathernottellyou.我宁愿不告诉你。 (3)用“may+动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐!Maygoodluckbeyours.祝你顺利。
练习、虚拟语气 1.IfI____wherehelived,I____anotetohim. A.knew,would B.hadknown,wouldhavesent C.know,wouldsend D.knew,wouldhavesent 2.Ifthey____earlierthanexpected,they____herenow. A.hadstarted,wouldbe B.started,mightbe C.hadstarted,wouldhavebeen D.willstart,mighthavebeen 3.Ididn’tknowhistelephonenumber.____it,I____then. A.HadIknown,wouldringhimup B.ShouldIknow,wouldhaverunghimup C.IfIknew;wouldringhimup D.HadIknown;wouldhaverunghimup 4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe_____,she____absentfromschool. A.werenotill;wouldn"tbe B.hadbeenill;wouldn"thavebeen C.hadbeenill;shouldhavebeen D.hadn"tbeenill;couldbe 5.WereItodoit,I________itsomeotherway. A.willdo B.woulddo C.wouldhavedone D.weretodo 6.I________himtheanswer________possible,butIwassobusythen. A.couldtell;ifithadbeen B.musthavetold;wereit C.shouldhavetold;haditbeen D.shouldhavetold;shoulditbe 7.Withoutyourhelp,we________somuch. A.won"tachieve B.didn"tachieve C.don"tachieve D.wouldn"thaveachieved 8.Youdidn"ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice,you________suchamistake. A.Hadyoutaken;wouldn"thavemade B.Ifyouhadtaken;wouldmake C.Wereyoutotake;shouldnthavemade D.Haveyoutaken;wonthavemade 9.Wewishwe____whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool. A.did B.couldhavedone C.havedone D.shoulddo 10.Shewishesshe____tothetheatrelastnight.
A.went B.wouldgo C.hadgone D.weregoing 11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe________betallwhenhegrowsup. A.could B.should C.would D.wereableto 12.MysisteradvisedmethatI________accepttheinvitation. A.could B.must C.should D.might 13.Heasksthathe________anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere. A.isgiven B.mustgive C.shouldgive D.begiven 14.DoyouthinkofWangFang"ssuggestionthathe________Mr.Litotheparty? A.willinvite B.haveinvited C.isinvited D.invite 15.Iinsistedthathe________atonce. A.begone B.go C.wouldgo D.mightgo 16.LiMinginsistedthathe________anythingatall. A.hadn"tstolen B.shouldn"tsteal C.doesn"tsteal D.steal 17.Itisquitenaturalthatmycominglateagain________themveryangry. A.hadmade B.wouldmake C.makes D.make 18.Heactedasifhe________everythingintheworld. A.knew B.knows C.hasknown D.won"tknow 19.ReaditaloudsothatI________youclearly. A.mayhear B.willhear C.hear D.haveheard 20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey________theirfirsttrain. A.caught B.willcatch C.mightcatch D.shallcatch 21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth. A.are B.shallbe C.were D.shouldbe 22.Thatisagoodbook.You________ityesterday. A.couldbuy B.shouldbuy C.shouldhavebought D.bought 23.Itishightimewe________home. A.willgo B.wouldgo C.havegone D.went 24.I"dratherthatyou________home. A.went B.havegone C.willgo D.hadgone
25.IfonlyI_________tothelecture! A.listen B.willlisten C.amlistening D.hadlistened 26.----Ifhe_____ ,he______thatfood. ----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately. A.waswarned;wouldnottake B.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetaken C.wouldbewarned;hadnottaken D.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken 27.Ididn"tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_________,shewouldhavemetmybrother. A.hascome B.didcome C.came D.hadcome 28.Withoutelectricity,humanlife________quitedifferenttoday. A.is B.willbe C.wouldhavebeen D.wouldbe 29.He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy. A.mighthavegiven B.mightgive C.mayhavegiven D.maygive 30.Ifcitynoises_______fromincreasing,people_______shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow. A.arenotkept;willhaveto B.arenotkept;haveto C.donotkeep;willhaveto D.donotkeep;haveto 31.Mike"sfather,aswellashismother,insistedthathe________home. A.stayed B.couldstay C.hasstayed D.stay 32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe________theworkall. A.haddone B.havedone C.did D.do 33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty________thatMarywouldcometoseeher. A.hassheknown B.hadsheknown C".ifsheknow D.ifshehasknown 34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney,what________? A.willyoubuy B.wouldyoubuy C.wouldyouhavebought D.willyouhavebought 35.Ifyou________thatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepy. A.didn"tsee B.haven"tseen C.wouldn’thaveseen D.hadn’tseen 36.Ourmonitorrequestedthat________. A.alltheclassstudiedmorecarefullytheproblem B.theproblemwasmorecarefullystudied C.withgreatcaretheproblemcouldbestudied
D.alltheclassstudytheproblemmorecarefully 37.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible? ----Yes,butI________.busydoingmyhomework.. A.was B.were C.hadbeen D.wouldbe 38.Histiredfacesuggestedthathe________reallytiredafterthelongwalk. A.hadbeen B.was C.be D.shouldbe 39.Itisimportantthatwe________. A.shallclosethewindowbeforeweleave B.willclosethewindowbeforeweleave C.mustclosethewindowbeforeweleave D.closethewindowbeforeweleave 40.Ididn"tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseI______him.A.hadtelephoned B.wouldtelephone C.wouldhavetelephoned D.telephone 语法复习十:动词的语气——虚拟语气 1~5BADAB 6~10CDABC 11~15CCDDB 16~20ADAAC 21~25DCDAD 26~30BDDAA 31~35DABBD 36~40DABDC