英语语法第四课时 6页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:23:58 发布

英语语法第四课时

  • 6页
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第四课时:基本语法(四)一致原则:主谓一致,代词与先行词一致,人称代词与先行词一致主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题,可依据三项原则:语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则,总结如下:一.谓语动词用单数(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词。例如:Toworkhardisnecessary.努力工作是必要的。Readingwithoutcomprehensionisnogood.只读不理解是不好的。Itpaystoworkhard.天道酬勤。(2)事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例如:TheUnitedStateswasformedin1776.美国于1776年成立。TheNewYorkTimesstillhasawidecirculation.纽约时报发行量仍然很大。Rootsisanovelaboutablackfamily.《根》是一部关于(美国)黑人家庭的小说。(3)表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数。例如:Twoweekswastoolong.两周太长了。Tendollarsisasmallsum.十美元是个小数目。Fivetimesfivemakestwentyfive.五乘以五是二十五。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。4)表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage.语言学是人类语言中的一个分枝。(5)有些名词形式是复数,意义为单数,作主语时,要求单数动词。例如:Thechaoswasstoppedbythepolice.混乱被警察阻止了。Thenewsisagreatencouragementtous.这新闻对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。Herpresentwhereaboutsisstillunknown.她目前的行踪仍然不明。(6)主语是单数时,尽管后面跟aswellas(以及),nolessthan(不少于……,多达),ratherthan(而不是),morethan(不止是,超过),but(除了),except(除……外),besides(加之,还有),with(和……一起,和……一块儿),alongwith(跟……一起),accompaniedby(由……陪同),combinedwith(加上),inadditionto(除……以外),including(包括),togetherwith(与……一起)等,谓语动词仍用单数形式。(7)某些不定代词,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing等,当他们作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如:Eachoftheboyshasanapple.每个孩子都有苹果。Somebodyisusingthephone.有人正在用电话。Everythingaroundusismatter.我们周围一切都是物质。但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。例如:Is(Are)eitheroftheboysready?两个男孩都准备好了吗?Neitherofthenovelsis(are)interesting.哪一本小说都没意思。(8)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时,动词用单数谓语形式。例如:Thegovernmentismadeupofseniormembersofthefourmainrightwingparties.这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成。Hisfamilyisnotverylarge.他的家庭并不太大。6 Thestaffofourschoolisopposedtothedrasticchangesinthesystemofeducation.我们学校的教员都反对教育体制的激烈改革。Thecrowdwasdeeplystirredbyhisspeech.他的演说深深地打动了听众。(9)一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,用and连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式法制lawandorder肥皂水soapandwater茶杯碟子acupandsaucer刀叉forkandknife针线theneedleandthread反复尝试,不断摸索trialanderror马车horseandcarriage岁月timeandtide奶油面包breadandbutter盛衰,潮涨潮落theebbandflowEg.BreadandbutterisourdailyfoodTimeandtidewaitsfornoman(10)用and连接的并列成分前面有each,every,manya,no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词也相应地用单数形式。例如:InChina,everyboyandgirlhastherighttocompulsoryeducation.在中国每个儿童都有权利接受义务教育。EachmanandwomanwhotakestheTOEFLissupposedtogetthescorereportinfiveweeks.参加托福考试的每个人都能在五个星期内收到成绩通知单。Manyastudentandteacherhasseenthefilm.不少老师和学生都看过这部影片。(11)none(of+名词或代词)在正式文体中被看做单数,谓语动词用单数,但非正式文体中也可以用复数。例如:Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.我们中似乎没有人想到它。“Isthereanyletterforme?”“Sorry,there’snone.”“有我的信吗”?“对不起,没有。”Noneofthedrivershas(have)turnedup.一个司机都没有来。二.谓语动词用复数(1)用and,both...and连接的并列主语,或在both,(a)few,many,several等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如:Plasticsandrubberneverrot.塑料和橡胶永不生锈。HeandIwereclassmateswhenwewereatcollege.他和我大学时曾是同班同学。Bothofthesenovelsareinteresting.这两部小说都有意思。Fewpeopleknowit.几乎无人知道。(2)集体名词people,police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth等,常用复数形式的谓语动词。例如:TheChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。Mostpolicewearuniforms.绝大多数警察穿制服。Thecattlearegrazinginthesunshine.一群牛在阳光下吃草。(3)当表示民族的词与冠词合用充当主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:TheJapanesewereonceveryaggressive.日本人曾是很具有侵略性的。TheEnglisharemoreconservativeandlesstalkativethantheAmericans.英国人比美国人保守且不爱说话。(4)某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人。作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:Thericharenotalwaysselfish.富人不总是自私的。Thewoundedarewelltreatedhere.伤员在这儿接受良好治疗。Theagedsufferfromvariousmiseriesinthiscountry.老年人在这个国家承受各种悲惨遭遇。(5)不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数。例如:Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear.那年出口三百万吨煤。6 Twomillionsquaremetersofhousingwereconstructedinmyhometownlastyear.我的家乡去年盖了二百万平方米的住宅。三.谓语动词可用单数也可以用复数1.就近一致有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致,主要有以下两种情况:(1)用连词either...or,neither...nor,whether...or,notonly...but(also),or等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致。例如:Whathedoesorwhathesaysdoesnotconcernme.他做什么或是他说什么与我无关。Eithertheboyorthegirlknowshimwell.不是这男孩就是那女孩了解他。Neithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonme.钱和荣誉都不会让我动心。Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.你和他都错了。(2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。例如:Whereisyourmotherandyoungersisters?你的母亲和妹妹们在哪里?Thereisabook,twopencilsandsomebuttonsonthetable.在桌子上,有一本书,两支铅笔和一些扣子。(3)主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,accompaniedby,aswellas,nolessthan,except,besides,with,combinedwith,inadditionto,including,togetherwith等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致.如:ProfessorTaylor,withsixofhisstudents,isattendingaconferenceinBostonorganizedtocomparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations.Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.2.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如:army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,family等等例如:Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.家庭是社会的基本单元。ThefamilywerewatchingTV.全家人正在看电视。Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.委员会一月开两次会。Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.委员会意见有分歧。Theaudiencewasenormous.观众人很多。Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.听了这话听众都很感动。3.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。这些短语有:alotof(lotsof),plentyof,aheapof(heapsof),halfof,twothirdsof,ninetypercentof,partof,restof,someof,noneof等。例如:Lotsofdamagewascausedbythefire.火灾造成了很大的损失。Twothirdsofpeoplepresentarewomen.在场三分之二的人是妇女。40percentofthestudentscomefromthesouthofChina.40%的学生来自中国的南方。Anumberofstudentswerelate.许多同学迟到了。4.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致。例如:I,whoamyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.我作为你的朋友会尽力帮助你。Eachofuswhoarehisclassmatesiswillingtohelphim.我们这些他的同班同学都乐意帮助他。5.代词的一致6 代词一致是指句中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致,或者与它所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。例如:Heisdevotedtohisagedmother.他全心全意地照顾他的年迈的母亲。Thecityisproudofitsparks.这座城市为它所拥有的公园而自豪。Youwillbelateforyourappointment.你约会要迟到了。Theoldmanhurthisfoot.老人伤了他的脚。(1)由and连接两个先行词时,代词用复数。例如:Thetouristandbusinessmenlosttheirluggageintheaccident.在事故中旅游者和商人丢失了行李。(2)由either...or,neither...nor,notonly...but(also),or连接先行词,如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的一致的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数、性上保持一致。例如:NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.玛丽和爱丽丝都没带钥匙。Neitherthepackagenorthelettershavereachedtheirdestination.包裹和信都未到达目的地。DidAndreworAliceloseherselfconfidence?是安德鲁还是艾丽斯失去了信心?NotonlyTombutIcandomyworkwell.我和汤姆都能将工作做好。在正式语体中,如果两个先行词在性或数上不一致,则用两个不同的人称代词。如:IfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrink.如果是大卫或珍妮特来,他或她是要喝点儿的。(3)当each,everyone,everybody,noone,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。例如:Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.每个人使劲扯着嗓门讲话。Noneoftheboyscandoit,canhe?没人能做这件事,他行吗?Nobodywantstogothere,doeshe?没人愿意去那儿,他愿意吗?在非正式文体中,也可根据意义一致原则用复数代词。例如:Everybodyknowswhattheyhavetodo.每个人都知道他们必须做什么。(4)everything,anything,something,nothing之类的不定代词作主语时,句中相应的代词,一般只按语法一致的原则,用其单数的形式。例如:Everythingisready,isn’tit?一切都准备好了,对吧?Somethingstrangehappened,didn’tit?不是吗?某种奇怪的事情发生了。(5)当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。例如:Theyeachhavetwocoats.他们每人两件外衣。Weareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily.我们各自负责自己的家6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数:第一组:agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数第二组;thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数第三组;morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数第四组;thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%ofonethirdofplentyoftherestof谓语的数与of后面的名词一致第五组;(n)either…(n)or….notonly…..butalso……not…..but……谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致.注意比较:Morestudentsthanone6 havebeenreferredtoMorethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbook练习:1.Whenwearetoholdthesportsmeet_______beendecided.Whetherhesucceedsorfails_______matter.A. have;don’tB. has;don’tC. have;doesn’tD.has;doesn’t2.Twentymiles________alongwaytocover.A.seemtobeB.isC.areD.were3.Iknowthatall_________gettingonwellwithher.A.wereB.areC.isD.was4.Morethanoneanswer_________tothequestion.A.hadgivenB.weregivenC.hasbeengivenD.havebeengiven5.Thewounded_________goodcareofherenow.A.istakingB.aretakingC.arebeingtakenD.istaken6.Thepolice_________aprisoner.A.aresearchedforB.issearchingC.aresearchingforD.issearchingfor7.Itwasreportedthatsix_________includingaboy.A.hadkilledB.waskillingC.werekilledD.waskilled8.TheUnitedNations_________in1945.A.wasfoundB.wasfoundedC.werefoundedD.werefound9.Manyastudent_________thatmistakebefore.A.hadmadeB.hasbeenmadeC.havemadeD.hasmade10.TheArabianNights_________wellknowntoEnglishlovers.A.isbeingB.areC.wereD.is11.Yournewclothesfityou,butmine_________me.A.don’tfitforB.doesn’tfitforC.don’tfitD.doesn’tfit12.Someperson_________callingforyouatthegate.A.willbeB.isbeingC.isD.are13.Thenumberofthepeoplewho_________cars_________increasing.A.own….areB.own…isC.owns…isD.owns…are14.Politics_________oneofthesubjectsthatIstudy.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.Doyouknowthesingeranddancerwho________standingatthegate?Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhich_______Taiwan.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;isD.are;are16.There_________pricelessjewelryondisplayattheexhibitionhall.A.areB.haveC.isD.has17.Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforit_________amysterytous.A.hasbeenremainedB.havebeenremainedC.remainD.remains18.AmericanandDutchbeer_________bothmuchlighterthanBritish.A.areB.isC.wereD.was19.ItisnotIbutyouwho_________thefirsttoruntothegoalinthatcompetition.A.isB.wasC.areD.isgoingto20.Everymeans_________beentriedsincethen.6 A.hasB.haveC.areD.is21.Oneandahalfbananas_________onthetable.A.areleftB.isleftC.haveleftD.hasleft22.Someoftheoranges_________turnedbad.Someofthemilk_________turnedsour(酸).A.have;hasB.have;haveC.has;haveD.have;is23.Eachstudent_________gotanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Thestudentseach________adictionary.A.have;hasB.has;haveC.have;haveD.has;has24.Eitherthejudgeorthelawyers___________wrong.Eitheryouorhe_________toblame.A.is;areB.are;isC.are;areD.is;is25.Hisfamily_________allverywell.Hisfamily_________a“fivegood”one.A.are;isB.is;isC.are;areD.is;are26.Mybluetrousers_________wornout.Onepairoftrousers________notenough.A.is;areB.are;areC.is;isD.are;is27.Thegirlaswellashisparents_____abike.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheprofessor______surprisedatMary’sanswer.A.have;wasB.have;wereC.has;wasD.has;were28.Everymanworkerandeverywomanworker______freemedicalcare.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirl______givenapresent.A.  enjoy;isB. enjoy;areC. enjoys;isD. enjoys;are29.Thiskindofsnakes_________verydangerous.Thesekindsofmetal________hardtofind.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are30.Thenewsatsixo’clock___________nottrue.Thosepiecesofnews___________tobebroadcasted.A.are;isB.are;areC.is;areD.is;is31.Thepopulationoftheearth_______increasingfast.Onethirdofthepopulationhere________workers.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;isD.are;are6