2013届浙江省金华市孝顺高级中学高考英语语法专题复习课件《非谓语动词经典用法讲解》 39页

非谓语动词经典用法讲解 非谓语动词命题规律1.考查立意较低，主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法。但是，题目的设置注重了情景化和结构复杂化，加大了考生对题干句的理解难度。2．设问的角度呈现出多样化趋势，不仅仅是非谓语间的互相干扰。 命题趋势不容置疑，高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，试题的特征将继续呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度的多样化”的趋势，但试题的难度将会有所控制。 解题思路①解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）；②找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）；③搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；④将该选项置入空中，看是否能够做到字从意顺，或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。 分词、不定式作宾补用法要点一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1．感官动词see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,notice等和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。如：IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustnow.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。IheardhersingingandEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。IheardtheEnglishsongsungmanytimes.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：Ilookeddownatmyneckandfoundmynecklacegone.(状态)Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.(完成) 2．leave后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave保留了原来之义“留下”，但表达的确切之义应是“使……处于某种状态）。leavesb.doingsth.让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。）leavesth.undone留下某事未做（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多）leavesb.todosth.留下某人做某事leavesth.tobedone留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作。）如：It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成）Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork.他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来）Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.我们匆匆忙忙导结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来） 3．have,get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中heave,get表示“使、让、叫”之意。①havesth.done=getsth.done“使/让某事由别人去做”（叫/让某人做某事）。如I’llhave/getmybikerepairedtomorrow.此外，havesth.done还表示“使遭受……”之意。如Tomhadhislegbrokenwhileplayingfootball.Mr.Smithhadhishousebrokenintowhilehewasawayonholiday.②havesb./sth.doing使/让某人/物持续地做某事（现在分词表示主动，正在进行）getsb./sth.doing使某人/物开始行动起来如：Thepeasantshadthetractorworkingdayandnightattheharvesttime.农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。Thecaptaingotthesoldiersmovingtowardthefrontafterashortrest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意：“havesb.doing”若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。如：Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourparentslikethat.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。Don’thavethewaterrunningallthetime.不要让水流个不停。③havesb.dosth.(getsb.todosth.)使/让/叫某人去做某事如：Motherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.Ican’tgethimtostopsmoking.Hewon’tlistentome. 二、下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,等。如：①Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedtoissueclearwarningbeforefiringanyshots.②Theteacheraskedusnottomakesomuchnoise.③Thefluisbelievedtobecausedbyvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat. 三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看（lookat,see,watch,notice,observe）；3使（make,let,have）；2听（listento,hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let,make外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外find,catch,keep,have也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。如：Atthattime,Ifoundhimcryinginthestreet.Hewascaughtstealing.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.Themissingboyswerelastseenplayingneartheriver. 不定式、分词作定语用法要点一、不定式作定语1．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.Hereissomepaperforyoutowriteon.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).Wefoundawaytosolvethisproblem(in). 2．当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式tosend的动作执行者是“你”）Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式tobesent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”） 3．用不定式作定语的几种情况：不定式表将来：Iborrowedsomebookstoreadduringmyholiday.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。如：Hewasthebestmantodothejob.ShewasthefirstwomantosinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.Womenandchildrenwerethefirsttogetintothelifeboats.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。如：DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteEnglish?Ihavetochancetogosight–seeing. 二、分词作定语1．作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V–ing;being+过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用V–ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being+过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：Thehousesbeingbuiltarefortheteachers.ThebrokenglassisTom’s.Ihaveneverseenamoremovingmovie.2．作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：V–ing和过去分词。V–ing表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：fallingleaves正落的叶子fallenleaves落下的叶子boilingwater正沸腾的水boiledwater沸腾过的水（白开水） 三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：HaveyoureadthenovelwrittenbyDickens?Heismanlovedandrespectedbyall.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrasesknownonlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen!Thesongbeingsungisverypopularwiththestudents.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如：Thequestiontobediscussedatthetomorrow’smeetingisaveryimportantone. 不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。Decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help此外，afford,strive（斗争）等也要用不定式作宾语。例如：①ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.②Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.③Inordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate–runcompaniesarestrivingtomaketheirproductsmorecompetitive. 二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。consider/suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse,pardon,admit,delay/putoff,fancy,avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practise,deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape,imagine,forbid,risk此外beusedto,lookforwardto,leadto,devoteto,stickto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,can’tstand(无法忍受),giveup,feellike,insiston,putoff,thankyoufor,apologizefor,bebusy(in),havedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。①Thesquirrelswasluckythatifjustmissedbeingcaught.②IcanhardlyimaginePetersailingacrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.③Iwouldappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon. 三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。1.forgettodosth.忘记去做某事forgetdoingsth.忘记已经做过某事remembertodosth.记住去做某事rememberdoingsth.记得曾经做过某事regrettodosth.后悔/遗憾去做某事regretdoingsth.后悔做过某事stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事stopdoingsth.停止做一件事情trytodosth.努力/试图做某事trydoingsth.尝试着做某事meantodosth.意欲/想/企图做某事meandoingsth.意味着做某事goontodosth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事goondoingsth.继续做同一件事(=goonwithsth.)can’thelptodosth.不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁地做某事 2．动词like,love,prefer后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like,love,prefer前有would/should后面则应接动词不定式。如：Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimthisafternoon.I’dliketogoswimmingthisweekend.3．在动词allow,advise,forbid,permit后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：allow/advise/forbid/permitdoingsth.allow/advise/forbid/permitsb.todosth.如：Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.Wedon’tallowstudentstosmoke. 4．动词need,require,want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。beworth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need表“需要”，require表“要求”，want表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：need/require/wantdoing/tobedoneneed/require/wantsb.todosth.beworth+n.(表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词)beworthdoingbeworthyofbeingdonebeworthyof+n.值得……beworthytobedone如：Thewindowneeds/requires/wantscleaning.Thewindowneeds/requires/wantstobecleaned.窗户需要擦一下。Theplaceisworthvisiting.Theplaceisworthyofavisit.Theplaceisworthyofbeingvisited.Theplaceisworthytobevisited.那个地方值得一去。如：①onlyoneofthesebooksisworthreading.②—Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?—Oh,excellent,It’sworthreadingasecondtime. 四、动词不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,findout等词的宾语时，前面常带wh–引导词。即how,what,whether,where,when,who等+todo。但why+不带to的不定式。注意此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。例如：Heshowedushowtodothework.(=Heshowedushowweshoulddothework.)Idon’tknowwhattodo.(=Idon’tknowwhatI’lldo.)Canyoutellmewhydoit? 五、动词不定式在介词but,otherthan后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在can’tchoosebut,can’thelpbut,can’tbut后面的不定式也要省略to。如：Wecoulddonothingbut/otherthanwait.Wehadnothingtodobut/otherthanwait.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Ican’tchoosebutlaugh.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 不定式、分词作状语用法要点一、不定式作状语Hesatdowntohavearest.(表目的)Theywenttheretovisittheirteacher.他们去那里拜访老师。（表目的）Hewokeuponly/justtofindeverybodygone.他醒来发现大家都走了。（表示结果）MygrandmotherlivedtoseetheliberationofChina.我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。（表示结果）在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：Iamverygladtoseeyou.我非常高兴地见到你。Iamsosorrytohearyourmotherisill.听到你母亲生病真遗憾。 在带有enough或too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：Hewastooexcitednottosayafewwords.他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.他到上学年龄了。Sheistootiredtodothejob.她太累而不能做那件工作了。注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用inorderto(为了)或soasto(以便)+动词原形。soasto不用于句首。Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.他早起为了赶上第一班车。Thebusstoppedsoastopickuppassengers.汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。Tolookathim,youwouldlikehim.(表条件)Totellyouthetruth,Ihavegotnomoneyaboutme.Tobehonest,Iknownothingaboutit.(修饰全句，独立成分) 二、分词作状语1．分词作状语形式的选择 2．分词作状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。3．分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如：Hearingthenews,theygotexcited.(时间)Becarefulwhile/whencrossingthestreet.(时间)Havingbeenbittenbyasnake,shewasfrightenedatit.(原因)Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.(条件)Thecupdroppedtotheground,breakingintopieces.(结果)Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.(让步)Theteachercameintothelab,followedbysomestudents.(伴随状况) 4．独立成分作状语有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：Generallyspeaking…一般说来Franklyspeaking…坦白地说Judgingfrom…根据……来判断Considering…考虑到……Totellyouthetruth…说实话 非谓语动词其它用法一、疑问词+不定式结构疑问词（who,which,when,where,how,what等）+不定式，这个结构在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。如：Ididn’tknowwhattodo.(宾语)Whentoholdthemeetingisnotknownyet.(主语)Myquestionwashowtogetsomanybooks.(表语)注意句型：Whynotdosth.?Whydosth.? 二、不定式的主动和被动1．不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：Doyouhaveaknifetocutthewatermelon?(Aknifecutsthewatermelon.)2．不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如：Shehasasistertolookafter.(Shelooksafterhersister.)Iknowwhattodo.(Idowhat.)3．不定式作表语形容词的关语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了forsb.。如：Thisbookisdifficulttounderstand.Thiskindoffishisnicetoeat.4．在therebe结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如：Thereisalotofworktodo.(Someonehastodothework.)Thereisalotofworktobedone.(Theworkhastobedone.)请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：Thereisnothingtodo.(无事可做，感到十分乏味。)Thereisnothingtobedone.(某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。) 三、不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后：expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try；或出现在beglad/happy,wouldlike/love等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be,have,havebeen，这些词要保留。如：Ihaven’tbeentoHongKong,butIwishto.—Areyouonholiday?—No,butI’dliketobe.—Ididn’ttellhimthenews.我没有告诉他那个消息。—Oh,yououghttohave.噢，你本应该告诉他的。 四、动名词作主语动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。Itis/wasnouse/good+doingsth.Itis/wasnotanyuse/good+doingsth.Itis/wasoflittleuse/good+doingsth.Itis/wasuseless如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收。Itisoflittlegoodstayinguptoolateeveryday.每天都熬夜没有什么好处若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。 五、注意以下表达的意义区别fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落下的树叶boilingwater沸腾的水boiledwater烧开过的水developingcountries发展中国家developedcountries发达国家Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimthisafternoon.Herjobisgivingpianolessonstochildren,butthisSundayherjobistoteachthechildrenhowtodance.Thegirlletoutafrightenedcryatthesightofthesnake.(Thegirlwasfrightened.)看到蛇，女孩尖叫起不。Hisfrighteningshoutscaredtheboysagain.(Theshoutwasfrighteningandtheboysfeltfrightened.)他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。类似的还有：anexcitingvoice令人兴奋的声音anexcitedvoice兴奋的声音apuzzlinglook令人迷惑不解的表情apuzzledlook困惑的表情 试题（一）1.AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgot______frommyfriends.A.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missed2.______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered3.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_____everything.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold4.Ireallyappreciate_______torelaxwithyouonthisniceisland.A.tohavehadtimeB.havingtimeC.tohavetimeD.tohavingtime5.______atthedoorbeforeentering,please.A.KnockedB.ToknockC.KnockingD.Knock 6.Sandycoulddonothingbut_____tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit7.MrReedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto______someschoolsforpoorchildren.A.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup8._____bloodifyoucanandmanyliveswillbesaved.A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive9.______fromhearttroubleforyears,Professorwhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.A.SufferedB.SufferingC.HavingsufferedD.Beingsuffered10.Inordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate–runcompaniesarestriving_______theirproductsmorecompetitive.A.tomakeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.havingmade 11.InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitD.tobewaiting12.When_____,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted13.Withalotofdifficultproblems______,thenewly–electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled14.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbeconetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun15.Havingatripabroadiscertainlyfortheoldcouple,butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen (二)1.pricesofdailygoods________throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying2.—Whydidyougobacktotheshop?—Ileftmyfriend______there.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitD.waits3.Themanager,______hisfactory’sproductswerepoorinquality,decidedtogivehisworkersfurthertraining.A.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.beingknown4.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif______whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee5.MrSmith,______ofthe_____speech,startedtoreadanovel.A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boring 6.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound______inthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked7.Theteacheraskedus_____somuchnoise.A.don’tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake8._____times,he’llmakeafirst–classtennisplayer.A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given9.Itisbelievedthatifabookis______,itwillsurely_____thereader.A.interested;interestB.interesting;beinterestedC.interested;beinterestingD.interesting;interest10.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_____.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught 11.Generallyspeaking,______accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken12.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenordered_____clearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissueB.beingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.tobeissued13.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman_____hishandintothepocketofapassenger.A.putB.tobeputtingC.toputD.putting14.I’mgoingtothesupermarketthisafternoon.Doyouhaveanything_____?A.tobebuyingB.tobuyC.forbuyingD.bought15.Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain______astheplanewasmakingalanding.A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.tobeseating answers:(一)1-5：AADBD6-10:ABBCA11-15:AACDB(二)1-5:BAADA6-10:BDDDC11-15:BADBC