英语语法——基本句子成分和结构 7页

雅思语法Victor第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构一、英语句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分，主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Tomisagoodboy.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it为形式主语，不定式为真实主语）2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：(1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.(2)复合谓语：由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。例如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Wearehavingaquickbreakfast.3.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,keep,remain,become,get,grow,turn,look,seem,feel,smell,sound,taste等）之后。表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语（系表结构）。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。例如：Mymotherisadoctor.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（现在分词）Thedoorisclosed.（过去分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone.（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）4.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）-7- 雅思语法VictorTheheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavethree.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词）Ithink(that)heisfitforthisjob.（宾语从句）宾语种类：(1)双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.=Lendyourdictionarytome,please.间宾直宾直宾间宾※可以带双宾语的动词有bring,give,show,send,pass,tell,lend,offer,buy,make,do等。(2)复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.宾语宾语补足语5.宾语补足语：用以补充说明宾语，并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make,let,see,find,name等）或介词（如with）+宾语+宾补。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Iaskhimtogohomenow.（不定式）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Hefoundthedoorlocked.（过去分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）6.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分充当：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry.（现在分词）Americaisadevelopedcountry.（过去分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）Hismathsisverygood.（形容词性物主代词）Iamthelastpersontoleavetheclassroom.（不定式）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnGerman.（介词短语）7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式充当：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（现在分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）-7- 雅思语法VictorOnceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnighthedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语从句）Mr.Smithlivedonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithabookinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语从句）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语从句）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语从句）8.同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词或代词，对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。它近乎于后置定语，对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。例如：YangtzeRiver,thelongestriverinChina,flowsthroughthecenterofthecity.（名词）Weallarestudents.（代词）Thefactthatthetransportofgoodscoststoomuchwasnotdiscussed.（同位语从句）Passivesmoking,thebreathinginofthesmokefromtheburningoftobaccobetweenpuffsorofthesmokeexhaledbyasmoker,canalsocauseahealthrisk.（动名词）9.插入语：插入语是对句子的额外补充说明，是句子主体内容之外的成分，用逗号或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。虽然处于句子内部，但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。如果将插入语去掉，则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。从语义上看，插入语的作用仅仅在于表明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、根据或评价。插入语可以是副词、动词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语，也可以是各类从句。例如：Theboxisalittlebitheavy.Icanmanageit,though.（副词）Thelong-buriedpast,itseems,offershopeforthefuture.（动词短语）ChinaandIndia,forexample,arefriendlyneighbours.（介词短语）Itissaidthatthebloodpoisonis,sotospeak,anewerproductfromanimprovedformula.（动词不定式短语）Jack,asfarasIknow,isnotashonestasweexpected.（从句）二、英语句子结构1.基本句型(1)主-系-表Peopleareclearlymorecuriousaboutbadnewsthangoodones.Traditionalmethodsmayproveeconomicallyvaluableinthefuture.(2)主-谓Often,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.-7- 雅思语法VictorThisattitudealteredwiththerealizationthatmarginalcommunitiescansurviveandadaptinspiteofpartialintegrationintoanotoriouslyfickleworldeconomy.(3)主-谓-宾Everysolidobjectwillreflectasound,varyingaccordingtothesizeandnatureoftheobject.ResearchintoUnitedStateshasshownarelationshipbetweentemperatureandstreetriots.(4)主-谓-宾-宾Byherhardworkshewonherselfaplaceintheschoolteam.Inreturn,we’llsendyouathank-youpresent,whichyoucanchoosefromalistofhigh-qualityitems.(5)主-谓-宾-补Thecolderwatermadethediversworseatsimplearithmeticandothermentaltasks.Thoseskillswillmakethemmorevaluableemployeesinthefuture.2.存在句型（therebe句型）Thereisnosuchathingasanunbiasedobservation.ThereisnodoubtthatthenewgeneticanddentalevidenceprovidesstrongbackingforGreenberg’sview.注：There之后除了使用系动词之外，也可以使用come,emerge,exist,lie,live,occur,stand,belikelytobe,happentobe,turnouttobe,seemtobe,usedtobe等表示状态或发生的动词。Now,however,thereturnedouttobemoretothestory.Inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustible.3.比较句型（形容词或副词的比较级+than）Morefoodisnowproducedperheadoftheworld’spopulationthanatanytimeinhistory.Itisagreatdealeasiertomotivateemployeesinagrowingorganizationthanadecliningone.Themoreeffortputinandthewiderthewholeschoolinvolvement,themoresubstantialtheresultsarelikelytobe.注：(1)可用于修饰形容词或副词比较级的词much,even,still,yet,far,alot,agreatdeal,twice,fivetimes,20%,alittle,abit,rather……(2)“最……”的其他表达法a.运用比较级表达最高级的概念Juliaistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Juliaistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Juliaistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.b.其他结构-7- 雅思语法VictorIhaveneverheardabettervoicethanyours.(3)倍数的表达A是B的三倍大。（A比B大两倍。）Ais3timesbiggerthanB.Ais3timesasbigasB.Ais3timesthesizeofB.AisbiggerthanBby3times.4.强调句型(1)Itis…who/that…Itisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedthecompanytoprosper.Itwasthelackofrepairworkwhichwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheexplosion.ItwasabovealltheFrench,followedcloselybytheAmericans,whowerethemostpassionateexportersofthenewinvention.（剑4，G，TA，R）(2)对not…until句型中的时间状语加以强调时，not也同时提前，跟在until前Itwasn’tuntilthe1950sthattheideaofaninternationaltreatywasproposed.(3)do/does/did+动词原形这种强调句型只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种，只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调，没有疑问和否定形式。do在句中要重读。Dobecarefulnexttime.Shedidtellmeaboutheraddress,butIforgetallaboutit.ExerciseI.确定句子成分并翻译句子1.Fishfeaturesverylargelyinthedietoftheseislanders.2.Infact,abasicamountofmovementoccursduringsleepwhichisspecificallyconcernedwithpreventingmuscleinactivity.3.Storiesabouttheproblemsoftourismhavebecomelegioninthelastfewyears.4.Inmostpartsoftheworld,therelationbetweenpopulationandresourcesisalreadyunfavorableandwillprobablybecomeevenmoreunfavorableinthefuture.5.Thisgrowingpovertyinthemidstofgrowingpovertyconstitutesapermanentmenacetopeace.6.Theteam’svictoryconsolidateditschanceforwinningthechampionship.7.Hisunclefoundhimawell-paidjobinShanghai.8.Inordertodealwithallcallseffectively,weofferyouanumberofoptions.-7- 雅思语法Victor9.Wewillholdyouresponsibleforalltheconsequences.10.Theyplacedtheirchildreninthecustodyoftheirneighbour.II.汉译英1.互联网是当今世界所有知识和信息的关键。2.近年来，政府对报纸的控制已经放松了。(loosen)3.所有这些因素或许可以证明巨大的收入是合理。(justify)4.大学授予我奖学金。5.我们发现他很适合做这项工作。6.区域外的必需品进入当地市场变得更加容易。7.他的薪水每年增加100美金。8.有争议的主要问题涉及到将来条约的期限。9.潮湿的空气给他的实验造成了一定的困难。10.他所受到的培训使他有资格做一名中文教师。III．使用强调句型（itis…that/who…）对划线的部分加以强调1.Thedivorcedwomenwillmostoftenhavetolookafterthechildren.2.HediscoveredUranusduringthelatterpartofthis.3.Thefirstmobilephonewasnotmadeuntilthefollowingyear.4.Becauseofthisfast-flowingwater,thissitewasanaturalplaceformanufacturingworks.IV.确定句子主干1.Agreatmanyprocessesdependingonsuchresearcharesoughtforwithcompletesecrecyuntilthestageatwhichpatentscanbetakenout.2.Betweenmidnightanddawn,wheresleepwillnotcomeandalltheoldwoundsbegintoache,Ioftenhaveanightmarevisionoffutureworldinwhichtherearebillionsofpeople,allnumberedandregistered,withnotagleamofgeniusanywhere,notanoriginalmind,notarichpersonality,onthewholepackedglob.-7- 雅思语法Victor3.Inordertoanalyzethelevelsofparticipationineducationandscience,threefactorscouldbeconsidered,includingtheaverageyearsofschooling,thenumberofscientistsandtechniciansper1000people,andthetotalamountofspendingonresearchanddevelopment.4.Howevermuchisknownaboutcausesandconsequencesatthemolecularlevel,andinspiteofanenormousaccumulationofchemicalandmorphologicaldataonembryosofvariouskinds,ourunderstandingofhowgenescontrolmorphogenesisisstillfarfromcomplete.5.Althoughtheexhibitionofficiallychartstheyears1906to1914,graphicdisplayboardsoutliningthebillsofenfranchisementof1918and1928,whichgavetheadultfemalepopulaceofBritainthevote,showwhatwasachieved.6.ThequestionofwhethertodivertthemselvesofstockincompaniesthatdobusinessinSouthAfricaisparticularlytroublesomeforthenation’s116privateBlackcollegesbecausetheireconomicbasesareoftenmorefragilethanthoseofmostpredominantWhitecolleges.7.Whenmoregeneralsupervisionandincreasedparticipationwereprovided,theemployee’sfeelingofresponsibilitytoseethattheworkgotdoneincreased.8.Althoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionradiatedfromtheearth’ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.9.Wellestablishedamongsegmentsofthemiddleandupperclassesbythemid-1980’s,thisviewofchildhoodspreadthroughoutsocietyinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesasreformersintroducedchildlaborregulationandcompulsoryeducationlaws,andpredictedontheassumptionthatachild’semotionalvaluemadechildlabortaboo.-7-