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第5章数词表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。数词分为基数词、序数词、小数、分数和百分数五种。基数词、小数、分数和百分数表示数目或数量的多少,如one,two,three,20%,5.25等。序数词表示顺序和等级,如first,ninth,fifth,twenty-eighth等。数词与不定代词用法很相似,其功能相当于名词或形容词。数词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等成分。一、基数词1.基数词的构成基本基数词共31个,其中100以下的27个,100以上的4个。如下所示:100以下的基本基数词:1~101one2two3three4four5five6six7seven8eight9nine10ten11~1911eleven12twelve13thirteen14fourteen15fifteen16sixteen17seventeen18eighteen19nineteen20~9020twenty30thirty40forty50fifty60sixty70seventy80eighty90ninety100以上的基本基数词:100a/onehundred
1,000a/onethousand1,000,000a/onemillion1,000,000,000a/onebillion(美)a/onethousandmillion(英)(1)13~19数字的表达13~19的数字皆以-teen[-ti:n]结尾,其中,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen和nineteen分别由four,six,seven,eight,nine加后缀-teen变成,eighteen中只保留一个t。thirteen,fifteen分别由three和five转化而来。(2)20~90数字的表达20~90的数字皆以-ty结尾,其中,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety分别由six,seven,eight和nine加后缀-ty变成,eighty中只保留一个t。21~99之间的各数字须在十位与个位之间加连字符号“-”,如:thirty-nine。注意:在读音时,注意百位和十位之间、百位和个位之间要加连接词and。134,056,486应读作onehundredandthirty-fourmillion,fifty-sixthousand,fourhundredandeighty-six。104读作onehundredandfour。(3)“万”的表达英语中表示“万”时,用10千。fortythousand四万。表示“亿”时需用一千个百万表示。twothousandmillion两亿。(4)其他注意事项1000以上的数字,从后向前数,每三位加“,”;第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为onethousandmillion,或onebillion(美国),然后每一节按百、十、个的顺序表示。基数词hundred,thousand,million,billion作确定的数目时不用复数形式,如twohundred,threethousand。若其后加名词时,名词需用复数,如fivehundredstudents。注意:hundred,thousand,million,billion等词可以用howmany,many,several,afew等词修饰。—Howmanyhundredpeopleattendedthemeeting?—Onlyafewhundred.有几百人参加了这次会议?只有几百人。2.基数词的语法功能基数词起名词或形容词的作用,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语。Threefromeightleavesfive.(主语、宾语)八减去三得五。Mytelephonenumberis21653289.(表语)我的电话是21653289。Westillhaveonehourleft.(定语)我们还有一个小时的时间。Wetwowillhelpyou.(同位语)我们两个会帮你的。二、序数词1.序数词的构成
序数词除了开头的三个词(first,second,third)有独特的形式外,其他都是在基数词词尾加-th构成。基本序数词的构成:(1)1stfirst2ndsecond3rdthird4thfourth5thfifth6thsixth7thseventh8theighth9thninth10thtenth(2)11theleventh12thtwelfth13ththirteenth14thfourteenth15thfifteenth16thsixteenth17thseventeenth18theighteenth19thnineteenth(3)20thtwentieth21sttwenty-first22ndtwenty-second23rdtwenty-third24thtwenty-fourth25thtwenty-fifth26thtwenty-sixth27thtwenty-seventh28thtwenty-eighth29thtwenty-ninth(4)30ththirtieth40thfortieth50thfiftieth60thsixtieth70thseventieth80theightieth90thninetieth100thonehundredth1000thonethousandth1,000,000thonemillionth1,000,000,000thonebillionth
第20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90是将基数词词尾-y改为-i加-eth构成。如thirtieth,seventieth。其他序数词由以上基本序数词构成。仅把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。如twenty-first,twenty-second,twenty-third,twenty-fourth,twenty-fifth等。序数词的缩写形式是在数字后直接加上序数词最后两个字母构成。如1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,22nd,34th等。100以上的序数词的表示法如下:第100为100th(读作onehundredth),第101为101st(读作onehundredandfirst)其他的情况类推。2.序数词的语法功能序数词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。Thesecondwasatallman.(主语)第二个人是高个男子。Iamthesecondtoinviteyou.(表语)我是第二个邀请你的。Doyoupreferthefirstorthesecond?(宾语)第一个和第二个你更喜欢哪一个呢?三、数词的用法1.表达编号编号可用序数词或基数词表示,序数词位于名词之前,并加定冠词,基数词位于名词之后。一般情况下,用基数词较常见。第8号:Number8(读作numbereight,缩写为No.8)第109页:Page109(读作pageonehundredandnine)第9行:Line9(读作linenine或theninthline)第418房间:Room418,RoomNo.418或theNo.418Room12路公共汽车:BusNo.12,Bus12或theNo.12Bus第5大街:StreetNo.5或theNo.5Street电话号码009-902-435-7334:Tel.No.009-902-435-7334读作telephonenumberzero,zero,nine,(dash),nine,zero,two,(dash),four,three,five,(dash),seven,doublethree,four.邮政编码100089:postcode(或zipcode)100089注意:电话号码中的0可读作zero或o[u],双数如33可读作three,three或doublethree,中间的“-”号可读作dash,也可稍作停顿不读出。2.表达年、月、日和年龄公元前476年:476B.C.读作foursevensixB.C.或fourseventy-sixB.C.或fourhundredseventy-sixB.C.公元381年:381A.D.或A.D.381读作threeeighty-oneA.D.或threehundredandeighty-oneA.D.或threeeightoneA.D.公元1900年:1900读作nineteenhundred公元1908年:1908读作nineteenandeight或nineteenhundredandeight或onenineoheight2004年11月25日:November25(th),2004或,25(th)November,2004读作November(the)twenty-fifth,twothousandandfour在2004年12月22日:onDecember22,2004
在20世纪90年代:inthe1990s或inthe1990"s在七岁时:attheageofseven,atseven,atageseven。一个七岁的女孩:agirlwhoisseven,agirlwhoissevenyearsold,agirlagedseven,aseven-year-oldgirl,aseven-yearoldgirl,agirlofseven,agirlofsevenyearsold比较:在表示时间时,汉语中常以“年—月—日”的顺序,而英语中常以“日—月—年”或“月—日—年”的顺序。2004年6月1日在英语中可写为:June1,2004或1June,2004或1/6/2004或1.6,2004。在美国英语中也可写作6/1/2004或6.1,2004。必背:在英语中月份的省略写法如下:January—Jan.February—Feb.March—Mar.April—Apr.May—MayJune—JuneJuly—JulyAugust—Aug.September—Sept.October—Oct.November—Nov.December—Dec.3.表达时刻(1)通用法8:21读作twenty-onepasteight或eighttwenty-one8:56读作fourtonine或eightfifty-six8:30读作eight-thirty或halfpasteight(at)seveno"clock(在)七点钟(at)eighta.m.(或am)(在)上午八点钟注意:具体时刻表达法:在表达时刻时,如果在30分钟以内,可用past或after,9:25可读作twenty-fivepastnine或twenty-fiveafternine。如果超过30分钟,则用to或of,9:55可读作fivetoten或fiveoften。(2)不同的时制表示时刻时英国英语和美国英语有些差异。6点15分的英国写法为6.15或06.15,常读作aquarterpastsix;美国写法为6:15或06:15,常读作sixfifteen或fifteenaftersix。6点整的写法和读法为:6.00,06.00,6:00,06:00读作sixo"clock20:30读作twentythirty。4.表达币制(1)英国的币制英国的币制表示如下:1p一便士(读作onepenny或onep)10p十便士(读作tenpence或tenp)
£11.5611英镑56便士(读作elevenpoundsfifty-sixpence)(2)美国的币制美国的币制表示如下:1¢一美分(读作onecent)10¢十美分(读作tencents)$11.5611美元56美分(读作elevenUSdollarsfifty-sixcents,elevenUSdollarsfifty-six或elevenfifty-six)5.表达分数、小数、百分数表示分数时,分子须用基数词,分母须用序数词。分子如果是1以上的任何数时,表示分母的序数词须用复数形式。1/2:onehalf,ahalf(不读作onesecond)1/3:onethird或athird2/3:twothirds3/4:threequarters或threefourths2/5:twofifths5:fiveandthreefourths67.89读作sixty-sevenpointeightnine或sixsevenpointeightnine0.05读作zeropointzerofive46%读作forty-sixpercent注意:表达分数时基数词与序数词之间有时需加“-”。“三分之二的学生”可写作two-thirdsofthestudents。6.表达算式英语中加、减、乘、除的读法主要有如下几种情况:5+6=11读作:Fiveand/plussixis/are/makes/make/equal/equalseleven.11-5=6读作:Elevenminusfiveequals/is/makessix.5×6=30读作:Fivetimessixis/are/makes/make/equal/equalsthirty.或Fivemultipliedbysixis/are/makes/make/equal/equalsthirty.30÷5=6读作:Thirtydividedbyfiveequals/is/makessix.或Fiveintothirtyequals/is/makessix.注意:在表示加和乘的算式中,谓语动词可用动词的单数形式,也可用复数形式,但减和除中,只能用单数形式。7.表达倍数表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice/double,三倍以上用基数词+times。数词表达倍数主要有如下五种方式:(1)double/twice/three/fourtimesasmany/much...as...型Wehaveproducedthreetimesasmanycomputersaswedidlastyear.我们生产的计算机是去年生产的三倍之多。(2)double/twice/three/fourtimesthesizeof...型用法与size相同的名词常见的有weight(重量),height(高度),depth(深度),width(宽度),age(年龄),length(长度)等。Chinaisalmosttwice/doublethesizeofMexicoinarea.在面积上中国是墨西哥的两倍大。(3)double/twice/three/fourtimes+what从句型
Thelengthoftheroadistwice/doublewhatitwasthreeyearsago.这条路是三年前的两倍长。(4)double/twice/three/fourtimes+比较级+than型Iamtwiceolderthanyou.我比你们大一倍。HehasreadthreetimesmorebooksthanIhave.他读过的书是我读过的三倍。(5)比较级+than...+by+倍数程度型Thelineislongerthanthatonebytwice.这根线是那根线的两倍长。注意:分数、百分数等也可用于上面的各种表达法中。IusuallyspendhalfwhatIearnonbooks.我经常将赚得的一半钱用于买书。Weincreased20%asmanyproductsaslastyear.我们比去年的产量提高了百分之二十。Welostthegamebyonescore.我们以一分之差输了这场比赛。8.复合数词的用法数词可以构成复合数词。复合数词用以表达计量、数目或数量,常用作形容词,在句中作定语,一般不作表语。athree-month-oldbaby一个三个月的婴儿atwo-monthvisittoJapan一次为期两个月的日本访问atwo-weektriparoundChina一次为期两周的中国旅行twohours"delay延误两个小时注意:在复合数词中,如果有连字符出现,不用复数形式。athree-months-oldbaby(×)atwo-monthsvisittoJapan(×)9.表达泛指的数目ten,hundred,thousand,million,billion等可以构成短语,表示泛指的数目多。这些词不能被具体的数字修饰,但可被many,several,afew等词修饰。tensof数十hundredsof数百tensofhundredsof数千thousandsof数千tensofthousandsof上万millionsof数百万hundredsofhundredsof成百成百的thousandsofthousandsof成千成千的millionsofmillionsof成百万的afewhundredsof几百severalthousandsof几千manymillionsof好几百万
注意:score,dozen也可表示数量。ascoreofpeople二十人adozenpeople十二人severalscoreofpeople几十人severaldozenpeople几十人ascoreofthem他们中的二十个adozenofthem他们中的十二个twoscoreofthesebooks这些书中的四十本twodozenofthesebooks这些书中的两打(many/several/afew)scoresof数十个(many/several/afew)dozensof数打点击考点1.About______filmswereshownduringthe5thShanghaiInternationalFilmFestival.A.twohundredofB.twohundredsofC.twohundredD.twohundreds2.Inourclass______ofthestudents______girls.A.threefifths,areB.threefifth,areC.threefifths,isD.threefifth,is3.Theboyalwaysstaystherefor______.A.oneandhalfhourB.oneandahalfhourC.oneandhalfhoursD.oneandahalfhours4.______foreignersvisittheGreatWalleveryyear.A.ThousandsofB.ThousandC.ThousandsD.Thousandof5.______oftheworkersinthisfactoryisabouttwohundred.______ofthemarewomenworkers.A.Thenumber,FirstthirdB.Thenumber,OnethirdC.Anumber,HalfD.Anumber,Threequarters6.Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin______?A.theRoom406B.Room406C.the406RoomD.406Room
7.—Howlongistheriver?—It"s______metres.A.aboutthreehundredandseventeenB.abouttwohundredsandforty-fiveC.morethantwohundredsD.lessthanthreehundredsandseventy8.—Canyouwritethenumbereighty-fivethousand,sixhundredandtwenty-six?—Yes,itis______.A.85662B.85626C.58662D.586269.16-year-oldschoolleaversinEnglandshouldunderstand15_______words.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousandofD.thousandsof10.Theyhavegot______booksaboutscienceinthelibrary.A.hundredofB.hundredsofC.hundredD.hundreds11.______peoplegoswimminginsummerinDalian.A.ThousandsofB.HundredofC.ThousandofD.Hundred12.September______isTeachers"Day.A.thetenB.thetenthC.theten"sD.ten13.—Howdeepisthehole?—Itis______.A.fourmetredeepB.fourmetresdeepC.four-metredeepD.four-metres-deep14.Thelittleboywrotea______lettertohisuncle.A.five-hundred-wordsB.five-hundred-wordC.five-hundreds-wordD.five-hundreds-words15.HanMeimeiandLucyaregoodfriends.Theyarein______.
A.ClassThreeB.ThreeclassC.ClassThirdD.ThirdClass16.________peopleattendedthemeetinglastnight.A.AhundredofB.HundredC.HundredsofD.Hundredof17.Hewrotea________reportaboutthehistoryoftheresearchintospace.A.two-thousand-wordsB.two-thousand-wordC.two-thousands-wordD.two-thousands-words18.Wewillhavea_____holidayaftertheexam.A.twomonthB.two-monthC.twomonth"sD.two-months19.Wearegoingtolearn________nextweek.A.LessonTwelveB.LessonTwelfthC.TwelfthLessonD.theLessonTwelfth20.About________oftheworkersinthatsteelworksareyoungpeople.A.third-fifthsB.three-fifthsC.three-fivesD.three-fifth21.Two________diedofcoldlastwinter.A.hundredsoldpeopleB.hundredoldpeopleC.hundredsoldpeoplesD.hundredoldpeoples22.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced________tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas23.Shortlyaftertheaccident,two________policeweresenttothespottokeeporder.A.dozenofB.dozensC.dozen
D.dozensof24.________fromclassmademelagbehind.A.Aten-dayabsenceB.Aten-day-absenceC.Tendays"absenceD.Theten-day-absence25.Itisnotrarein________thatpeoplein________fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s;theB.the90s;/C.90;theirD.the90s;their26.I"msurehewillbebackin________.Justwaitforamomentortwo.A.adayortwoB.onedayortwoC.aortwodaysD.oneortwoday27.Everyfew________alongtheGreatWalltherearesomewatchtowers.A.hundredmetresB.hundredsmetreC.hundredsofmeterD.hundredsofmeters28.Hehasbeenherefor________.Iamsureheisnowalreadyfamiliarwiththepeoplehere.A.twoandahalfmonthsB.twoandhalfamonthC.twoandthehalfmonthsD.twoandahalfmonth29.—Didyoubuyanythinginthestore?—Yes,Iboughttwo________watches.A.fivedollarsB.five-dollarC.five-dollarsD.fivedollar30.Wecangothereonfoot.Itisonly________walk.A.twentyminuteB.twentyminutesC.atwenty-minuteD.twentyminutesof答案:1.C2.A3.D4.A5.B6.B7.A8.B9.A10.B11.A12.B13.B14.B15.A16.C17.B18.B19.A20.B21.B22.C23.C24.A25.D26.A27.A28.A29.B30.C