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局考感知k1.(2017.全国卷II,62)Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandwork.答案:fromtoandfromwork“上下班”。2.(2017•全国卷III,68)Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfulltimebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegreeengineeringorarchitecture.答案:ingetadegreein...“获得学位”。3.(2017.天津高考,12)WhenyoudrivethroughtheRedwoodForestsinCalifornia,youwillbetreesthatareover1,000yearsold.答案:among句意:当你驾车穿越加利福尼亚的红木森林时,你将会置身于千年以上树龄的树林中。among“在之间;在中”,由前文中的drivethroughtheRedwoodForests可知among符合句意。4.(2017.北京高考,35)Manypeoplewholivealongthecoastmakealivingfishingindustry.答案:in句意:许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。介词in在此表示“从事于渔业谋生”。makealivinginfishingindustry“靠5.(2017•江苏高考,32)Determiningwhereweareinrelationoursurroundingsremainsanessentialskillforoursurvival.答案:t0句意:根据我们周围的环境来判定我们所处的位置仍
然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。inrelationto“与相比/相对”our1.(2016.全国卷II,64)Mostofusaremorefocused
tasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.答案:onbefocusedon“专心于,集中于”,固定短语。1.(2016.浙江高考,7)Thestudysuggeststhatthecultureswegrowupinfluencethebasicprocessesbywhichweseetheworldaroundus.答案:in们看我们周句意:该项研究表明,我们成长的文化环境会影响我的世界的基本过程。inthecultures“在的文化中”,介词in的宾语thecultures是定语从句“wegrowupin”的先行词。2.(2016.四川高考,67)Themothercontinuedtocarefortheyoungpandamorethantwoyears.答案:for句意:熊猫妈妈继续照顾年幼熊猫两年多时间。for可接表示一段时间的短语。3.(2016•江苏高考,33)Parentsshouldactivelyurgetheirchildrentotakeadvantagetheopportunitytojoinsportsteams.答案:of句意:父母应积极督促孩子抓住机会加入运动队。takeadvantageof“利用”。4.(2015.安徽高考,33)Theybelievethattherearetransportdevelopmentsthecornerthatwillbringalotofchangesforthebetter.答案:around句意:他们相信,不久就会有能带来大量好的变化的交通发展。aroundthecomer“即将来临”。一、介词的分类1.根据介词的构成形式可将介词分为以下几类:
简单介i司:at,by,for,in,on,from,during,past等复合介例:onto,into,inside,without等短语介i司:becauseof,insteadof,infrontof,bytheendof等双重介词:frombehind,fromaround,tillafter等动i司的-ing形式介i司:including,considering,regarding,concerning1.根据介词的意义可将介词分为以下几类:(1)表示方位和空间关系的介词(短语):at,round,in,over,below,infrontof,outside,among,awayfrom,around,on,under,above,behind,inside,nearto,off,beyond,past,across,over,up,opposite(2)表示时间的介词(短语):at,in,around,between,since,during,till,after,on,about,round,for,until,by,before,from...to...(3)表示工具、手段、方式等的介词:like,in,with,by(4)表示其他含义的介词:without,beside(s),with,except,insteadof二、常用介词的用法1.表示时间的介词(l)at,in,on和by①at的用法:a.时间的一点、时刻等,如at12:00,atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,atdawn,atdaybreakb.较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日了•,如atChristmas,atNewYear,attheSpringFestival②in的用法:a.表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、卜午和傍晚等),如inthe1980s,inQingDynasty,inOctober,inthemorningb.表示在一段时间之后,如I’llbebackinanhour.③on的用法:
a.用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如onOctober1st,onarainyday,onNationalDayb.用于表示特定的上午、卜午或晚上。如ontheeveofvictory(胜利前夕),onthemorningofJanuary3rd,ontheafternoonofhisarrivalc.准时、按时ontime①by的用法:a.表示“不迟于,在前”,如ThedocumentsneedtobereadybynextFriday.b.表示“在日间”“在夜间”,如Heworkedbydayandsleptbynight.注意:当时间名词前被this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。(2)after与in二词均可表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。①in的用法:in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。Myfatherwillbebackfromabroadinthreedays.②after的用法:a.与表示一段时间的词连用,常与过去时态的谓语动词连用,这时相当于“一段时间+later”。Helefthomeandwenttothefrontaftertwodays/twodayslater.b.与表示时间点的词连用,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。I"llgoandseeherafterthreeo’clock.注意:inthepast意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。Inthepast,novillagersdareddothat.“inthepast/last+时间段”意为“在过去的中/内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时连用。
Inthepast/lastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthisvillage.(2)during,for,from和sinceduring除具备in表时间段的用法外,还可指在某一活动过程中,如duringthenight,duringthefire,duringthemeeting。for后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为或状态持续了多久。Ihavelivedinthiscityformorethan10years.from接时问点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短。Myyoungersisterbegantolearndancingfromtheageoffive,since接吋间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。IhavebeenworkinginthisfactorysinceIgraduatedin1993.1.表示空间和方位的介词(1)above,over,on,below,under,beneath①above侧重于相对水平高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。Thesunisabovethemountainintheeast.Thepositionhepointedtowasbelowthesealevel.②over侧重于垂直高度,即位于正上方,其反义词是underoBecareful;thereisaheavyboxoveryourhead.Thelittlemouseisunderthetable,soitisnoteasytofindit.③on侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是beneath。Therearesomestampsonthedesk.Thedolphinsdisappearedbeneaththewaves.(2)across,over,through,past四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿,穿越”,表示运动发生在物体的表面;over意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发
生在物体的上方;through意为“穿过,通过”,表示运动发生在某物的内部;past意为“从旁边经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts,overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.Afterthemeeting,Iwentpastthepostofficestraighttomyhome.(1)at,in,on三者均表示地点,“在……处”①ata.用于指较小的地方,如We’llmeeteachotheratthepark.b.用于门牌号码前,如Mygrandparentsliveat105BeijingRoad.②in用于指较大的地方,如ShelivedinHongKongfor20years.③on—般指与面或线接触,如Putthepicturesonthewall.(2)in,on,to在方位名词前的区别,三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系in表示在范围之内,如ShandongProvinceis/liesintheeastofChina.;to表示在某范围之外的地方,如Japanis/liestoeastofChina.;on表示“毗邻、接壤”,如Mongoliais/liesonthenorthofChina.(3)between,among二词均表示“在中间,在之间”between表示在二者之间,有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语,但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系,而among指在三者或三者以上之间。Thissecretisonlybetweenyouandme.We"llvisitatownamongthemountains.1.表示工具、手段、方式的介词(1)by,in,on三词都表示出行的方式①bya.不涉及交通T具的名词吋用by,名词前不带冠词,如bysea,bywater,byland,byrail,byail•等。b.涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词须用单数,其前面不加冠
词或任何修饰语,如bybike,bytaxi,byplane,byship/boat,bytrain,byspaceship,bycar,bybus等。①当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语,如traveltoNewYorkinthisplane;leaveonanearlytrain;gotoschoolonmybike。注意:步行、骑马等均可用on,如onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamelo(1)with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。Weseewithoureyes,hearwithourears,andwalkwithourlegs.②by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。如byhand,inink,onthetelephone,overtheradio,throughthetelescopeo注意:使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示,如inEnglish/Japanese,inblueink。(2)表达“用方法/式”时,多用in,by,with。如inthis/that/thesameway;bythis/thatmeans,bymeansof...;withthis/thatmethod1.一些常用的介词搭配(1)outof+名词outofquestion毫无疑问outofthequestion不可能outoforder(1儿器或设备)发生故障,失灵;(举止)不当outofsight看不见outofplace不适当;不相称;不在适当的位置上outofpity出于同情outofcuriosity出于好奇(2)in+名词+介词incaseof要是……;在……的时候inhonorof力了纪念
infavorof支持inmemoryof为了纪念inchargeof负责intermsof谈及;就而言;在方面inneedof需要inpraiseof表扬inviewof鉴于inreturnfor作为对的网报inresponseto对的答复或反应(1)toone’s+情感名词toone’ssurprise令某人惊讶的是toone’sjoy使某人高兴的是toone’sdisappointment令某人失望的是toone"sdelight使某人高兴的是专项训练LI.单句语法填空1.Thesecommentscameinresponsespecificquestionsoftenaskedbylocalnewsmen.答案:to句意:这些评论是对当地记者经常询问的特定问题的回应。inresponseto“作为对的回答;作为对的反应”,习惯搭配。2.thistimenextweekwewillbeinNewYork.答案:By句意:下星期的这个时候我们将在纽约。by作为介词,后接时间点,意为“在……之前”。3.HewenttoShanghaianimportantmeeting.答案:for句意:他去上海参加一个重要会议。for在此处表示目的,其后习惯于接名词或代词。4.Inadditiontheinjuresinthefaceandhands,hebrokebothlegswhileplayingthefinalgame.答案:to句意:决赛时除了脸部和手部受伤外,他还摔断了双腿。inadditionto=besides“除之外(还)”。
1.Humanlifeisregardedaspartofnatureand,assuch,theonlywayforustosurviveistoliveharmonywithnature.答案:in句意:人类生活被认为是自然的一部分,同样我们要生存下去的唯一方式就是要与大自然和谐相处。inharmonywith“与……和谐相处;与……一致’’。6.ShecontributedmorethananyotherscientistsolvingthestructureofDNA.答案:to句意••她在解决DNA结构方面,比任何一个科学家贡献都大。contribute...tosth./doingsth.“为某事/做某事做出贡献”,to为介词,后跟名词或动名词作宾语。7.Lastyearwasthewarmestyearonrecord,withglobaltemperature0.68average.答案:above句意:去年是有记录以来最暖和的一年,全球气温高于平均气温0.68度。根据语境thewarmestyearonrecord可知是比平均气温高0.68度。aboveaverage意为“高于平均温度”。8.InIndia,forexample,mostpeopletraditionallyeattheirhands.答案:with句意:在印度,大多数人历来采用手抓的方式吃饭。with+人体部位或工具,表示“用……(工具)”。9.Thismeetingroomisanonsmokingarea.Iwouldliketowarnyouadvancethatifyousmokedhereyouwouldbefined.答案:in句意:这个会议室是禁烟区。我想提前告诫你如果你吸烟你会被罚款的。inadvance“预先;提前”,固定搭配。10.Haveyoueverheardofthetreesthatarehomesanimalsbothonlandandsea?答案:to句意:你听说过既可作为陆上动物们又可作为海上动物们栖息地的树吗?behometo...“是的家园或栖息地”。
9.单句改错1.MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbackmydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s.答案:back后加togobackto“追溯到”,固定短语。2.Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsbecomingrichinashortperiodoftime.答案:dreams后加about/ofdreamabout/ofdoingsth.“梦想做某事”。3.Thedictionaryisout-of-date:manywordshavebeenaddedthelanguagesinceitwaspublished.答案:added后加toaddsth.to“增加”,为固定搭配。4.ManyofthethingswenowbenefitfromwouldnotbearoundthankforThomasEdison.答案:thank—but句意:如果没有托马斯•爱迪生的话,我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。butfor“如果没有……的话”,固定搭配。5.NowIamleavinghometocollege.Atlast,Iwillbeonmyown,butIstillwanttohavemyparentstoturntowheneverIneedhelp.答案:home后的to—forleave...for...“离开去”,固定搭配。III.语法填空TheDutchareusedtolivinginacountrywhichisalwaysexposedtodangersofdeadlyfloods.Acountrywithahalfofitslandbelowsealevelcannotafford1(ignore)theproblemofrisingsealevel,andHolland,whichalreadyhasspentabout$2.5trilliononflood_2_(prevent),planstoinvestmoreoverthenextcentury.Lifeinthesechallenging2(circumstance)hasinspiredtheDutchtodevelopmanyexcellent
methodsof4(fight)floods.ThankstotheskillofDutchengineers,floodinginHollandisrarelywidespread,andisinsteadlimited5certainareasofthecountry.TwosuchareasarethevalleysoftheRhineandtheMeuseRivers.Inspiteoflargefloodwall,theseriversregularlyfloodthesurroundingareas.Duringdrytimes,however,thoseareasareperfectly6(pleasure)tolivein.Onesolutionthat7(develop)nowisatypeofhousethatseemsnormaleveryday,exceptthatitcanfloatduringtimesofhighwaterratherthan8(simple)sinkbeneaththewavesasnormalhouseswould.Groupsofhouseswouldformfloatingneighborhoodsin9peoplecouldlivetogetherduringtimesofhighwater,temporarilygettingaroundbyboat10thefloodends.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.篇章导读:本文是一篇说明文,介绍了荷兰人抗击洪水的经历和方法。1.toignore考查固定短语。句意:任何一个半数陆地低于海平面的国家都无法忽视海平面上升的问题。can’taffordtodosth.“无法承受做某事”。2.prevention考查词性转换。由“Sb.spendmoneyonsth.”结构可知,所填词应为名词形式,故填prevention“预防”。3.circumstances考查名词的复数。句意:在这些具有挑战性的情形下生活鼓舞了荷兰人研发了许多抗洪的优良方法。由设空前的形容词challenging可知,应填名词circumstances“情况,情形”。4.fighting考查非谓语动词。介词of后面跟动名词,fightingfloods“抗击洪水”。5.to考查介词。belimitedto“限于”。6.pleasant考查词性转换。句意:这些地区居住非常舒适。由设空前的“areperfectly”可知,应填形容词,且此处表示“舒适的”,故填pleasant。
7.isbeingdeveloped考查动词时态和语态。句意:现在正在开发一种解决方案。由句中的now及develop与solution之间为逻辑上的动宾关系可知,应用现在进行时的被动语态。7.simply考查词性转换。此处用副词修饰sinkbeneaththewaves...o8.which考查定语从句的引导词。先行词是floatingneighborhoods,关系代词which作介词in的宾语,inwhich相当于whereo9.till/until考查连词。句意:“直到洪水结束”,till/until是连词,意为“直到’’。IV.短文改错Onedaywhenwewereplayingthebasketball,IsawTimwearingapairsneakersofmystyle.Ithoughttheyweremyshoes,soIshoutedangryandblamedhimforusingmypersonalpossessionswithoutpermit.ThenIwentbacktothedormafterhecouldsayanything.Iopenedthedooronlytofindmineownsneakersjustundermybed.Forawhile,Istoodtherestill,shockingandguilty.Whenrealizingmyactmusthavehurthim,immediatelyIrushtothecourttoapologytohimsincerely.Fortunately,thoughhewasangryandsad,hepardonedme.Withmyrelief,theconflictendedhappily.答案:Onedaywhenwewereplayingthebasketball,IsawTimwearinga①pairAsneakersofmystyle.Ithoughttheyweremyshoes,soIshouted②ofangryandblamedhimforusingmypersonalpossessionswithout©angrilypermit.ThenIwentbacktothedormafterhecouldsayanything.I④permission⑤beforeopenedthedooronlytofindmineownsneakersjustundermybed.For⑥myawhile,Istoodtherestill,shockingandguilty.Whenrealizingmyact⑦shockedmusthavehurthim,immediatelyIrushtothecourttoapologytohim
⑥rushed⑨apologizesincerely.Fortunately,thoughhewasangryandsad,hepardonedme.Withmyrelief,theconflictendedhappily.⑩To1.去掉the考查冠词。球类运动名词前不加冠词。2.pair后加of考查固定搭配。apairof“一双”,是固定搭配。3-angry-^angrily考查副词。shout是动词,要用副词修饰。々.permit-^permission考查名词。without是介词,后接名词作其宾语,动词permit的名词是permission。5.after^before考查连词。句意:然后他还没来得及说什么我就回到了宿舍。before“来不及;尚未……就……”。6.mine->my考查代词。sneakers是名词,其前用形容词性物主代词作定语。7.shocking-*^shocked考查过去分词。此处shockedandguilty是形容词短语作状语。8.rush—rushed考查动词的时态。全文讲述的是发生在过去的事情,用一般过去时。9.apology—apologize考查动词。apology“道歉”,是名词,apologize“道歉”,是动词,此处应是动词。10.With-^To考查固定搭配。toone"srelief“令某人感到宽慰的是”,是固定搭配。