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高中英语语法系统讲解之三介词和连词

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高中英语语法系统讲解之三介词和连词介词一.介词的语法作用用来表明名词、代词与句屮其他词的关系的词叫介词。介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词及其宾语在句中作定语、状语、表语及宾语补足语等成分。如Thekey(o(hedoorismissing.(定语)MarxstayedinBelgiumforsometimeandthenwenttoFrancc.(状语)Japanistoihceas(ofChina.(表语)Makeyourselfathome.(宾语补足语)二.介词的分类1.根据介词的构成形式可将介词分为以下几类:简单介词:at,by,for,in,on,from,during,past等复合代词:outof,onto,into,insede,without等短语介词:becauseof,insteadof,infrontof,bytheendof等双重介词:frombehind,fromaround,tillafter等动词的・ing形式介词:including,considering,regarding,concerning等2.根据介词的意义可将介词为以下几类:①表示方位和空间关系的介词:at,round,in,over,below,infrontof,outside,among,awayfrom,around,on,under,above,behind,inside,nearto,off,beyond,past,across,over,up,opposite②表示时间的介词:at,in,around,between,since,during,till,after,on,about,round,for,until,by,before,from...to...③表示工具、手段、方式等的介词:like,in,with,by@表示其他含义的介词:without,besides,with,except,insteadof三.常用介词的用法1.表示时间的介词①at,in,on和byA.at的用法:a.时间的一点、时刻等,如at12:00,atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,atdawn,atdaybreakb.较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节LI或被认为是一年中标志人事的LI了,如atChristams,atNewYear,attheSpringFestivalB.in的用法:a.表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晩等),如inthe1980s,inQingDynasty,inOctober,inthemorningb.表示在一段时间之后,如F11bebackinanhour.C.on的用法:a・用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期儿等。onOctober1st,onarainyday,onNationalDayb.用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。如ontheeveofvictory(胜利前夕),onthemorning ofJanuary3rd,ontheafternoonofhisarrivalb.准时、按时ontimeA.by的用法:a.表示"不迟于,在(某时)前”,如Hcmusthavearrivedtherebynow.b.表示"在间""在时间”,如Heworkedbydayandsleptbynight.温馨提示:当时间名词前被this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。®after与in二词均可表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。A.in的用法:in表示以此刻为起点的将來一个时段Z后,常与将來时态的谓语动词连用。如Myfatherwillbebackfromabroadinthreedays.B.after的用法:a.与表示一段时间的词连用,常与过去时态的谓语动词连用,这时相当于“一段时间+later”女口Helefthomeandwenttothefrontaftertwodays/twodayslater.b.与表示时间点的词连用,常与将來时态的谓语动词连用。女HFllgoandseeherafterthreeo"clock.易错误区:“inthepast”意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如Inthepast,novillagcrsdareddothat;inthepast/last+时间段”意为"在过去的中/内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时态连用。如Inthepast/lastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthisvillage.③during,for,from和sinceduring除具备in表吋间段的用法外,还可指在某一活动过程中,如duringthenight,duringthefire,duringthemeetingofor后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为状态持续了多久,如Ihavelivedinthiscityformorethan10years.from接时间点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及持续时间的长短,如Myyoungersisterbegantolearndancefromtheageoffive.since接时间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,I仏几还强调该行为或状态从起始点一宜持续到此时此刻,因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用,女口IhavebeenworkinginthisfactorysinceIgradcuatcdin1993.1.表示空间和方位的介词①above,over,on,below,under,beneathA.above侧重于相对水平鬲度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。illThesunisabovethemountainintheeast.Thepositionhepointedtowasbelowthesealevel.B.over侧重于垂直高度,即位于正上方,其反义词是undero如Becareful,thereisaheavyboxoveryourhead.Thelitdcmouseisunderthetabic,soitisnoteasytofindit.C.on侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是beneath。如Therearesomestampsonthedesk.@across,ovei;through,past四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿,穿越”,表示运动发生在物体的表Iftl;over意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发生在物体的上方;through意为“穿过,通过”,表示运动发生在某物的空间;past意为“从旁边经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。 如TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts,overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.Afterthemeeting,Iwentpastthepastofficestraighttomyhome.③at,in,on三者均表示地点,“在……处”A.ata.用于指较小的地方,如We"llmeeteachotheratthepark.b.用于门牌号码前,如Mygrandparentsliveat105BeijingRoad.B.in用于指较大的地方,女口ShelivedinHongKongfor20years.C.on—般指与面或线接触,如Putthepicturesonthewall.®near,by,beside,at四个词都表示“在……附近”,但侧重点不同。A.near表示相对的“近”,而实际距离对能并不近。如Anewhospitalisbeingbuiltnearourschool.B・by和beside都表示“靠近”,但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。如Iplantedanappletreebytheriver.Thegirlwassittingbesidehermother.C・at表示“在……旁边”Z意,但多表示冇冃的的和所处的位置,而by和beside仅表示位置关系。女FlWearesittingatthedeskslisteningtoourteacher.®to,for,toward(s)用于表示來往行动动词Z后,表示行动的方向,多用to,如go,come,walk,run,dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take等;用于表示"起程,出发,离开”的动诃Z后,多用for,如leave,start,setoff等;用于表示“朝方向”时,to和towards是同义词,不表到达,而9不仅表方向,还表到达。女IIAfterthesoldiersgotwellprepared,theysetoffforthefront.Theplaneisflyingtowardsthenorth,butit"sdifficulttodecidewhichareait"sflyingto.®in,on,to在方位名词前的区别,三词都可表示两地Z间的位置关系。in表示在范围之.内,如ShandongProvinceis/liesintheeastofChina.;to表示在某范围Z夕卜的地方,如Japanis/liestoeastofChina.;on表示"毗邻、接壤”,如Mongoliais/liesonthenorthofChina.□⑦between,among二词均表示"在中间,在Z间”。between表示在二者之间,有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语,但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系,如Thissecretisonlybetweenyouandme.ifljamong指在三者或三者以上Z间,女IIWe"llvisitatownamongthemountains.⑧in,on二词均可表示“在……上”,描写两个物体的接触情况。in侧重于接触的深度,如Wefoundasquareholeinthewestwall.on侧重丁•表面接触,如Thereisamapoftheworldonthewall.温馨提示:①英语中若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in,illTheyhittheboyinthefaceandthenranaway.而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on,如Theteacherpattedtheboyontheheadandcomfortedhim.①表示植物本身生长III来的叶、花、果等,用on,如Therearelotsofapplesonthetree.®表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用inthetree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如Birdsoftenplayinthetree.◎after,behind二词表示"在之后”。after多指动作顺序的先后,behind表示静态位宜的前后。二者表示位宜时常可通用。 女口Wintercomesafterautumn.Behindthehospitalstoodaschool.Shutthedoorafter/behindyou.1.表示工具、手段、方式的介词①by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式A.bya.不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不帯冠词,如bysea,bywater,byland,byrailb.涉及交通工具的名词时丿IJby,但名词须用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语,如bybike,bytaxi,byplane,byship/boat,bytrain,byspaceshipB.当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应冇冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语,如traveltoNewYorkinthisplane;leaveonanearlytrain;gotoschoolonmybike温馨提示:步彳亍、骑马等均可用on,如onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamel®with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。A.with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如Theyarediggingwithapick/spade.Weseewithoureyes,hearwithourears,andwalkwithourlegs.B.by,in,on,over,through等多川于无形的工具或方式手段。女IIbyhand,inink,onthetelephone,overtheradio,throughthetelescope温馨提示:①使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示,如inEnglish/Jtipancsc,inblueink®表达"用方法/式"时,所用介诃分別为:inthis/lhat/thesame…way;bythis/that...means,bymeansofwiththis/that...method2.表示原因的介词①at,for,with三词均可组成介词短语,表示行为或状态的原因、动机或理由。A・就常与表示感情色彩的动词、形容词或过去分词搭配,后接表示具体事物的名词。如Wewereexcited/happy/fightenedatthenews.Iwasangryatherwords.A.for和with后接表示感情的抽彖名词,其中with侧垂于随着心理变化而发生的感悄变化。女口Sheoftenhangsdownherheadforshame.Hewentredwithange匚②becauseof,dueto,thankstoH个词组均意为"由于,因为"A.becauseof"因为,由于”,通常作状语,位于句首或句尾。如ThesportsmeetwillbeputofftillnextSaturdaybecauseoftheheavyrain.B・dueto"因为,由于",通常作表语。如Hisillnesswasduetosmokinganddrinking.B.thanksto"幸亏,多亏”,既可用于褒义,又可用于贬义,多位于句首。如ThankstotheParty"sgoodpolicy,thefamersarenowlivingahappyandrichlife.3.其他易混介词①about>on,of表示"关于"A.about侧重于与人或事物冇关的事迹或悄况。女[1TheRedArmymantoldusastoryaboutChairmanMao.B.on侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。女口WhomadethereportonthesituationintheMiddleEast?C・of在与tell,read,know,think等动词连用时,侧重于粗略涉及,而about涉及的情况则详细得多。如…Doyouknowaboutthatmanoverthere?…No,1knowlittleofhim.②in和of表示比较范围,均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。 A.in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。如Marysingsbestinmyclass.B.of表示同一类人或事物屮的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较,但比较级前须加定冠词the。如Ofalltheboys,Tomrunsthefastest.①表示“包括、排除”的介词的区别:besides,except,but,otherthan,exceptfor,exceptthan/whenA.用于否定句时‘besides,except与but口J相互替换。如Nootherstudentspassedthedifficultmathsexamexcept/beside/butLinTaoandWuDong.B.用于肯定句时的用法a.except意为“除Z外”(不再有),女IIWeallpassedtheexamexceptTom.bebesides意为“除Z外”(还冇),如WeallpassedtheexambesidesTom.温馨提示:besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在旬屮;而except多放在句中。此外,except前儿乎总有all,any,every,no及其复合词等;而besides前可用,也川不用,依句意1何定。女IIHeansweredallthequestionsexceptthelastone.Ihaveafewfriendsbesidesyou.a.exceptfor意为“除了因为……”,表示除去整体中的一部分,它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正句子的主要意思。如Thecompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.C.except和but/otherthan都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互换;但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but/otherthan不町替换excepto如Hehasalwaysbeeninhighspiritsexceptrecently.Thewindowisneveropenedexceptinsumme匚D.but,except后都町接thatong句作宾语,二者可互换。如Iaskednothingfromhimbut/exceptthatheshouldwritetomeeveryotherweek.E.以上比较了except,besides,but作介词的区别,另外,besides还可用作副词,意为""而11,还有"。如Idon"twanttogo;besides,Iamtootired・Thisismybestsuit;Ihavetwootherbesides・1.介词与某些词类的搭配①名词与介词的固定搭配A.要求to的名词:key,answer,vis仏apology,introductionB.要求in的名词:interest,satisfaction,expertC.要求on的名词:mercy,congratulationD.要求其他介词的名词:prizefor,respectfor,victoryover,strugglewith②形容词与介词的固定搭配JA.要求at的形容词:afraid,angrytgood,bad,clevertsurprised,excitedtpuzzled,frightenedB•要求of的形容词:afraid,sure,certain,full,tired,fond,proud,worthyC.要求with的形容词:angry,strict,careful,busy,popularD.要求in的形容词:weak,strict,rich,interested,successfulE<要求to的形容词:next,good,polite,kind,crueLrude,known,married,close,similar,dueF•要求for的形容词:sorry,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungryG要求from的形容词:far,different,free,safe,absent,tiredH.要求about的形容词:sorry,worried,anxious,careful,sure,certain温馨提示:同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义不同。如rHeisgoodtoher.rHewastiredofthework・ (Theadviceisgoodforhe匚[Hewastiredfromthework.1.关于介词的省略①在某些名诃词组前,刊以省略。如(in)thatday,(on)Mondays,(in)theyearbeforelast@在of+形状、大小、年龄、面枳、材料结构中,of常省略。女IIWhenIwas(of)yourage,Iknewmuchlessthanyou.Thedesksinourclassare(of)thesamecolor,material,shape,heightandlength・①在肯定句中表一段时间的介词for常省略。女UHehasbeenwaitingforyou(for)awholeafternoon.®在句子中,如并列的介词和同,可省略后面的介词。女IIYoucanwearthatoutfitinsummerand(in)winte匚温馨提示:如并列的介词不相同,相关的介词必须列出:①Thechildrenwereinterestedinanddisgustedbythemovie.®Itwasclearthatthisplayercouldbothcontributetoandtearnfromeverygameheplayed.①Hewasfascinatedbyandenamoredofthisbeguilingwoman.©在某些习语中的省略。如bebusy(in)doingsth,(in)...waynext(to),havedifficult/trouble(in)doingsth,stop...(from)doingsth,spend...(in)doingsthopposite(to),haveagoodtime(in)doingsth,waste...(in)doingsth,passtime(in)doingsthkilltime(in)doingsth,(in)this/thatway,(at)anytime,near/nearer/nearest(to)prevent/stop...(from)doingsth,It"s(of)nouse(in)doingsth附:常见介词to,at,on,in,from和foi•的常见搭配1.to的常见搭配①动词+…+to…A.动词+to:adjustto"适应”,attendto“处理;照料”,agreeto,amountto"加起來达”,belongto,cometoa达到”,drinkto为干杯”,getto,happento,holdtou紧握”,lendto,listento,occurto“想起",objectto,pointto,seeto,respondK)"参与;涉及",referto,replyto"回答",sticktoa坚持”,turnto求助”,writetoB.动词(+sth)+to+sb:announceto通知某人”,describetou向某人描述”,explainto»expressto,mentionto,nodto,reportto,sayto,shoutto,suggestto,speakto,talkto,whisperto“和某人低声耳语"C.动词+sth/sb+to+sth/sb:addto,comparetou比作",carryto,devoteto"致力于”,introducetou介绍给”,inviteto"邀请参加”,jointo"连接到”,leaveto“委托给”,reduceto"下降至”,sentenceto"判处”,taketo@be+形容词/过去分词+to:bealiveto"觉察;晓得”,beattentiveto,beawaketo"知晓”,beblindto“缺乏眼光”,becloseto“紧挨着”,becommonto"对某人来说很普通”,becontraryto“违反;反对”,bedevotedto"致力于”,bedeafto"不愿意听”,beexposedto"暴露;遭受”,befairto“对公平”,befamiliarto"为所熟悉”,begratefulto"对某人心存感激”,begoodto"对有好处",beharmfulto"对有危害”,beimportantto,bekindto,beknownto,bemamedto,bemovedto,benearto,benecessaryto,beoppositeto“在对面”,beopposedto,bepleasantto“合某人之意”,beproperto"专属”,bepoliteto"礼貌待人",berudeto"粗暴对待”,berelativeto“与 冇关”,bestrangetou不习惯”,besimilartou类似”,besuitabletou适合",betrueto,bethankfulto,beusefulto,beusedto③to+名词:toadegree“在某种程度上”,todate“到现在为止”,toone"sfeet“跳起來”,toone"smind"照看来",(oone"ssurprise,toone"staste“符合胃口",tooneself“独自享用”,toorder"订做”,totheletter“不折不扣地”,tothepoint"屮肯地”1.at的常见搭配①动词+at:arriveat,callatu访问某地”,catchat(it)a当场抓住",fireat,glanceat,glareat,grieveat“忧伤”,knockat,laughat,lookat,pullat"拉扯”,rejoiceat"因高兴",smileat,shootat,stareat,thrustat"刺向”,tearat“撕”,trembleat"颤抖”,wonderat“对感到吃惊”,workat@be+形容词/过去分词+at:beangryat,bealarmedat“对保持警觉”,beastonishedat,bebadat,becleverat"对某事很灵巧”,bedelightedat"高兴”,bedisgustedat"厌恶”,bedisappointedat"対失望”,begoodat"扌闻长”,beimpatienta(“对不够耐心”,bemadat“狂热于”,bepleasedat"对感到高兴”,bepresentat“出席besatisfiedat“满意besimprisedat,beshockedat,beterrifiedat,bequickat③at+名词:atadistance,ataloss,atatime,atall,atanycost,atbestu最多,充其量”,atfirst,athandu手头”,atheart"在内心里",athome,atlast,atleast,atmost“最多atonce,atpresent3・on的常见搭配①动词+…on…A.动词+on:acton"对有作用”,bringon"促使;导致”,callon,counton,carryon,dependon,feedon,figureon"料想;推断”,goon,haveon,insiston,keepon,leanonu依赖”,liveon以为生”,pullonu迅速穿上",puton,switchonu接通(电源)”,taketo,turnonu接通(Hi源)”,workon,waitonu侍侯"B.动词+sb(sth)+on+sb(sth):baseon,congratulateon,fixon"固定Shavemercyon,havepityon,keepwatchon,spendon②be+形容词+on:bedependenton“依赖”,behardon,beimpressedon“对印象深刻”,bekeenon“渴望”,bestricton“对严格”③on+名词:onboard"乘(车、飞机)”,oncall“听候召唤”,onduty,onearth,onfire着火”,onfoot,onguard,onhireu受雇”,onholiday4.in的常见搭配①动词+…+in…A.动词+in:believein,breakina闯入,打断”,bringinu引起;产生;带来”,callin"下令收回”,fillin,getin"收获”,handin,involveinu涉及”,liein,resultin,sharein"共享”,succeedin,takein,turninBe动词+sb/time/money+in:helpsbin,sparetime/moneyin,spendtime/moneyigwastetime/moneyin@be+形容词+in:beactivein,beabsorbedin,bebusyin,bebornin,beconcernedin,beclothedin"穿着”,bedisappointedin,bediligentin"勤于”,beexperiencedin,beemployedin"任职于beengagedin"忙碌”,beexpertin,beexcellentin,beinterestedin,belacking in,berichin,beslowin,besuccessfulin,beskilledin,bestrictin,beweakin③in+名词:inadvance,inall,inbed,inbody"亲自”,inbriedu简明扼要”,incase"万”,inchargeu主管”,indanger,indebt,indespair,inforce人最地;有效",infullu全部地”,inflower"开花”,ingeneral,initself,inlove,inorder,inperson,inpublic,inprogress"冇进展inpractice"在实践上”,inrags,inresearch,inreturn,inruins"一片废墟",inshort“总之”,intheory“理论上”,introuble,intears,intime,inturn,invain,inview"看得见”4.from的常见搭配①动词+…from…A•动词+from:comefrom,datefrom,departfrom“违背diefrom,escapefrom,fallfrom,hangfrom,hearfrom,learnfrom,returnfrom,risefrom,resultfrom,sufferfromB•动词+sth/sb+from+sth/sb/aplace:borrowfrom,choosefrom,keepfrom,preventfrom,protectfrom,receivefrom,removefrom,savefrom,separatefrom,stopfrom@be+形容词+from:beabsentfrom,bedifferentfrom,befarfrom,behiddenfrom,bemadefrom,betiredfromT大Iiflj疲倦”③from・・・to・・・:frombadtoworse,frombeginningtoend,fromcovertocover"从头至U尾",fromChinatoPeru"到处”,fromdaytoday,fromfirsttolast,fromhandtomouth,fromheadtofoot,frommouthtomouth,fromstarttofinish"丿人头至0尾”,fromtoptotoe“从头到脚”,fromtimetotime“不时地”,fromtoptobottom“彻底地”6.for的常见搭配®动词+...+for...A・动词+for:accountfor,answerfor,applyfor,apologizefor,begfor,callfor""要彳W",carefor,enterfor报名参加”,fightfor,hopefor,inquireforu查询;求见",leavefor,lookfor,longfor,mistakefor,planfor,preparefor,providefor"为提供",reachfor,runfor竞选",standfor,searchfor,sendfor,speakfor陈述意见、愿望”,takefor“当作”,wishfor,waitforB・动诃+sb+for+sth:askfor,blamefor,excusefor,forgivefor,pardonfor,payfor,praisefor,punishfor,pushfor"催逼”,rewardfor,thankfor@be+形容词+for:beanxiousfor,beeagerfor,bebadfor,beconvenientfor,begoodfor,befamousfor,befitforu适合于”,begratefulforu对心存感激”,beimpatientfor,belatefor,benecessaryfor,bereadyfor,besorryfor,beresponsiblefor,besuitablefor,beunfitfor,beusefulfor③for+名词:forall,forasong"非常便宜地”,forcertainu确切地”,forcompany"陪着”,forever,forexample,forfearu以免”,forfairu肯定地”,forfreeu免费”,forfun,forinstance,forluck"祝福”,forlife"终身",forlong,fornothing,foronce“有牛第一次”,foroneselfa替H己”,forpleasure“为了消遣”,forsale“供出售”,forshame“真丢脸”,forshort“简称”,forsport“好玩”,forsure“确切地”®动词+副词/名词+for:beinfor"将遇到”,makeupfor,goinfor,lookoutfor,takesthforgranted,haveanearfor"对听觉灵験”,haveagiftfor连词:是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何成份,一般不重读。一.连词的分类1・按连词的构成可将其分为以下几类: ①简单连词,如and,if,or,because,but,so@关联连词,如both...and...»not...butnotonly...butalso...③分词连词,女□supposing,providing,provided,given@短语连词,如asif/through,evenif/through,as/solongas2.按连词的性质可将其分为以下几类:①并列连词,如and,but,or,nor,so,for,aswellas,while,when,notonly...butalsoboth...andeither...or...»neither...nor,therefore,yet,nevertheless,however等。它们用来连接平行的词、词组或分句。②从属连词,如after,when,before,as,while,since,until,till,although,though,if,evenif,unless,lest,because,than,that,whether,sothat,assoonas,aslongas,inorderthat,asthough,suppose(that),provided(that),incase(that),now(that),oncondition(that),seeingthat,so...that,such...that,as...as,so...as等。它们用来引导从句。温馨提示:除连词外,连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词也可以来引导一个从句。一.并列连词1.表示并列关系的连词:主要表示“和,补充,增加”之意,包括等。如and,both...and,neither•••nor,notonly•••but(also),aswellas等。如NeitherMarynorTomcametoourpartyyesterday.Sheplaysboththepianoandtheguitar.HehasbeentoallthecountriesintheMiddleEastaswellasEurope・Heisnotonlyourteacherbutalsoourfriend.温馨提示:在连接三个或三个以上的名词或相当于名词的短语吋,i般应在最后两者Z间力IIando如Hegotup,washedhisface,hadbreakfastandrushedtoschool.2•表示转折关系的连词:主耍有but,only,while,when,whereas等。女[1Agreatdealhasbeenaccomplished,butmoreremainstobedone・Heisriding,whilehisfatheriswalkinginthedust.Whydidyouborrowthebookwhenyouhadone?Heisill,whereasIamonlyalittletired.only表示意义转折,只见于非正式文休。如Youmaygo,onlycomebackearly.(only=but)温馨提示:①有些词或短语在句屮也表示转折意义,如still,yet,however,allthesame,afterall等。通常作连接性状语。如Theproblemwasalittlehard,yetIwasabletoworkitoutIexplainedtwice,stillhecouldn"tunderstand・②whild在表示转折关系时,往往连接内容和结构对称的句子。如1lovestrongteawhilemyfatherlovescoffee.®both...and...not结构和neither...nor…的区别在于前者表示部分否定,而后者表示全部杏定°女UBothyouandIarenotcorrect.NeitheryounorIamright.3.表示选择关系的连词:主要有or,either…or,orelse,whether…or,otherwise等。如Whichdoyoulikebetter,teaorcoffee?Eitheryouleavethishouseorfllcallthepolice・Doitatonce,orelse!=Doitatonce,otherwiseyouwillsufferinsomeway.Takeataxi,otherwiseyouwon"tgetthereintime.4.表示因果推理关系的连词:主要有so,for,then,therefore等。 如Theairhereispolluted,sothecropsaredying.Itmustbelate,forIhavebeenherealongtime・温馨提示:for,because,as,since在用法和意义上的区别:①for引导的句子是并列分句,只能后置,并用逗号与前面的句子隔开。主耍用来表示推测性原因,或附带解释、说明前一分句的情况。女IITheelectriccurrentmusthavebeenturnedoff,forthelightwentout.②because用来引导表示肓•接原因的从句,语气很强,明确地说明因果关系。其引导的从句可置于句首、句末或句屮。如Heisabsenttodaybecauseheisill.for引导分句表示因果关系吋,它可以和because互换使用。如上句也刊以说成:Heisasenttoday,forheisill.但表示推测性原因,就不能互换使丿IJ。如Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.③since,as都是不讲自明的原因,是已知的原因,as的语气比since要弱。女HSince(As)youdon^tfeelwell,youhadbetterstayathome.一.从属连词:用来连接分句,表示各分句Z间的关系。其可分为引导名词性从句、状语从句的连词和引导副词性从旬的连词。用法详见“主从复合句部分”。