中考英语语法难点汇总 9页

2010年中考英语语法难点汇总介词I.要点1、介词和种类(1)简单介词，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。(2)复合介词，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系(1)和动词的搭配，如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。(2)和形容词的搭配，如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat等。(3)和名词的搭配，如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等。3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少数几个副词。如：   Hecamerightafterdinner.   Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.4、某些介词的意义与用法举例(1)at,on,in(表时间)   表示时间点用at，如atfouro"clock,atmidnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at，如atthattime,atChristmas等。   指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on，如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。   指长于或短于一天的时段用in，如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。(2)between,among(表位置)   between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between,如   I"msittingbetweenTomandAlice.   Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.   among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：   Heisthebestamongthestudents.(3)beside,besides   beside意为“在……旁边”，而besides意为“除……之外”。如：   Hesatbesideme.   Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?(4)inthetree,onthetree   inthetree指动物或人在树上，而onthetree指果实、树叶长在树上(5)ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthis9 way   ontheway指在路上intheway指挡道   bytheway指顺便问一句inthisway用这样的方法(6)inthecorner,atthecorner   inthecorner指在拐角内atthecorner指在拐角外(7)inthemorning,onthemorning   inthemorning是一般说法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨(8)bybus,onthebus   bybus是一般说法onthebus特指乘某一辆车II.例题例1.Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?    A.except  B.but  C.beside  D.besides解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为“除了……”，C—beside意为“在……旁边”，不符合题意。而D—besides,意为“除了……之外，还有”。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例2.Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.    A.on  B.at  C.in  D.during解析：我们均知道，atnight这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。例3.I"mlookingforward____yourletter.    A.to  B.in  C.at  D.on解析：该题正确答案为A。lookforwardto为固定搭配，意为“期望、盼望”。连词I.要点1、连词的种类(1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。(2)从属连词用来引导从句，如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。   除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。2、常用连词举例(1)and和，并且   Theydrankandsangallnight.(2)both…and和，既……也……   BothmyparentsandIwentthere.(3)but但是，而   I"msad,butheishappy.(4)either…or或……或……，要么……要么……   Eitheryou"rewrong,orI9 am.(5)for因为   Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而，可是   Affirst,hedidn"twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.(7)neither…nor既不……也不   Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.(8)notonly…but(also)不但……而且……   Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.(9)or或者，否则   Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.   Areyouaworkeroradoctor?(10)so因此，所以   It"sgettinglate,soImustgo.(11)although虽然   Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.(12)assoonas一……就……   I"lltellhimassoonasIseehim.(13)because因为   Hedidn"tgotoschool,becausehewasill.(14)unless除非，如果不   Iwon"tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.(15)until直到……   Hedidn"tleaveuntileleven.(瞬间动词用于not…until结构)   Hestayedthereuntileleven.(16)while当……时候，而(表示对比)   WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬间动词)   Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.(17)for因为   Hewasill,forhedidn"tcome.(结论是推断出来的)(18)since自从……   Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.(19)hardly…when一……就   Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.(20)asfaras就……来说   AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.   Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II.例题例1.Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,9 David.    A.aswell B.aswellas C.sowell D.sowellas解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。和…一样好为aswellas.故该题正确答案为B.例2.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.    A.when B.where C.which D.while解析：该处意为“然而”，只有while有此意思，故选D。例3.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?    A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise解析：该处意为“或者”，正确答案为C。动词时态、语态I.要点1、一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.(2)表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如：   Whatareyoudoingnow?(2)和always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：   Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如：HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?4、一般将来时   表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：   I"llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.   We"regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.5、一般过去时   表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.6、过去进行时   表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：   Whatwereyoudoingthistime9 yesterday?7、过去完成时   表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：   Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.8、一般过去将来时   表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：   Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn"t.9、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。   时／式　一般进行完成   现在amis　givenareamis　beingarehas　beengivenhave   过去was　givenwerewasbeinggivenwerehadbeengiven   将来shall　begivenwillshall　havebeengivenwill   过去将来should　begivenwouldshould　havebeengivenwouldII.例题例1.Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.    A.haddied B.died C.dead D.isdead解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例2.Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.    A.islooked           B.haslookedfor    C.isbeinglookedfor D.hasbeenlooked解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。短语动词I.要点   英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：(1)动词＋介词   常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：   Don"tlaughatothers.   Ididn"tcareaboutit.(2)动词＋副词   常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You"llhandinyourhomework9 tomorrow.   Pleasedon"tforgettohanditin.(3)动词＋副词＋介词   常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：   Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.   Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.(4)动词＋名词＋介词   常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.   Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.(5)动词＋形容词   常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：   Theprisonersweresetfree.   Hecutitopen.(6)动词＋名词   常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：   Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.   Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.(7)辨析   giveaway(让给，暴露)和giveup(放弃，停止)   putaway(放起，收起)和putout(扑灭)   turnup(出席，放大)和turnon(打开)   keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不让靠近)   makeup(编造，补上)和makeout(辨认)   takeoff(脱，起飞)和takeout(拿出)II.例题例1.Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.    AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup解析：该题正确uot；giveaway意为“分发”；layup“贮藏”。例2.Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.    A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship解析：该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。例3.____!There"satraincoming.    ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon解析：该题选A.lookout意为“小心”。9 动词不定式I.要点1、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。   式｜语态主动语态被动语态   一般式towritetobewritten   完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten   进行式tobewriting   完成进行式tohavebeenwriting2、不定式的句法功能(1)作主语   Tohearfromyouisnice.   Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.   不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It"snicetohearfromyou.   It"snoteasytobeagoodteacher.(2)作宾语   通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.   Pleaseremembertowritetome.(3)作表语   Myjobistopickupletters.   Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.(4)作定语   不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：   Ihavetwoletterstowrite.   Ihavealotofworktodo.(5)作宾补通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如：   Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.   Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.(6)作状语   Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.   Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.(7)作独立成分   Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.(8)“疑问词＋不定式”结构。如：   Idon"tknowhowtochoose9 them.   Icannotdecidewheretogo.(9)不定式的否定式。如：   Idecidednottogo.(10)不定式的完成式。如：   HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.   Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.(11)too…to结构。如：   Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.   Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高兴了，乐意去。)(12)主动表被动。如：   Thebookiseasytoread.   Ihaveabooktoread.II.例题例1.Ihaven"tgotachair____.    A.tosit B.fortositon C.tositon D.forsitting解析：该题选C。不定式tositon在句中作定语，修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是“动宾关系”，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2.Hewasmade____.  A.go  B.gone  C.going  D.togo解析：该题选D。makesb.dosth.如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3.Anewfactoryis____verysoon.    A.tobebuilt  B.built  C.tobuild  D.tobuilding解析：该题选A。istobebuilt意为“将要被建。相关联系题()1—Haveyougotsomewatertodrink?—Hereyouare.There___stillsomeinthebottle.A.areB.wereC.isD.was()2_____theremanyAmericanfriendsintheschoollastFriday?A.IsB.WasC.AreD.Were()3There____agreatmanyaccidentslastyear.A.wereB.areC.isD.was()4—Howmanychildren____inthepicture?—Three.A.hasthereB.isthereC.havethereD.arethere()5In1850,aboutathirdofU.S.A___coveredbyforests.A.wereB.hasbeenC./D.was9 ()6Mostofourearth____coveredbywater.A.areB.isC.wasD.were()7Sunday____thefirstdayoftheweek.A.isB.areC.amD.be()8.Neither___right.A.answersareB.answersaren"tC.answerisD.answerisn"t()9.Thepopulationoftheworld____still____now.A.has;grownB.will;growC.is;growingD.isgrown()10.There____manypeoplerunningintheparkeverymorning.A.isB.wereC.areD.have()11.Thesepoliceoften___thechildrenacrossthestreet.A.helpB.helpsC.helpingD.ishelping()12.___goingtoEnglandbyairnextweek.A.TheGreenfamilyareB.TheGreensfamilyareC.TheGreen"sfamilyareD.Greenfamilyare()13.Thewholefamily____enjoyingthebeautifulmusicnow.A.isallB.allisC.allareD.areall()14.Ourclass___big.A.isB.areC.wereD.will()15.NeitherhenorI____fromCanada.WearefromAustralia.A.isB.areC.amD.be()16.Eitheryouorhe____right.A.areB.isC.doesD.were()17.NeitherMarynorherbrother____goodatsinging.A.isB.areC.isnotD.arenot()18.NotonlyTombutalsoAliceandMary____busy.A.isB.wasC.areD.has()19.Physics___interestingtous.A.areB.hasC.isD.were()20Thenews____exciting.Wegotexcitedatit.A.isB.wasC.wereD.are()21.Thoughmathematics____hard,weallworkatithard.A.areB.wereC.wasD.is参考答案：CDADDBACCCAADACBACCBD9