英语语法大全句子的转换与合并_1 18页

英语语法大全--句子的转换与合并Ⅰ．简单句之间的转换1781句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。A．主动语态与被动语态之间的转换一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅1207—1209）：Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．Theyputhimtodeath．Hewasputtodeath．AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．B．肯定句与否定句之间的转换一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．Iamnotsureofhishonesty．Fewunderstandit．Notmanyunderstandit．Heissometimessilly．Heisnotalwaysclever．Itistidy．Itisnot untidy．Healwaysobjected．Heneveragreed．Hefailedtocome．Hedidnotcome．Shetoldthestorywithtears．Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．Onlyheknowsit．Nobodyelseknowsit．Helackscourage．Heiswithoutcourage．Heisverytired．Heisnotalittletired．Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．C．反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换反问型问句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以转变为陈述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．CanIsayanything？Icannotsayanything．Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．Whocaresaboutyou？Nobodycaresaboutyou． WhyshouldIapologize？Ishouldnotapologize．D．不同词类之间的转换几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：1．动词与名词间的转换：Ourenemyisstrengthening．Ourenemyisgainingstrength．Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Itsmellsgood．Ithasagoodsmell．Johndisgracesourfamily．Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．2．动词与形容词之间的转换：Heneglectsmyadvice．Heisnegligentofmyadvice．Hefearsnothing．Heisafraidofnothing．Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．3．动词与副词间的转换：HesucceededinadvisingMary．HeadvisedMary successfully．Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．4．名词与形容词间的转换：Heisamanofwealth．Heisawealthyman．Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”“HereliesJohnLee"sonlywife．”Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．Thispolicyisveryimportant．Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．5．名词与副词间的转换：Pleasehandleitwithcare．Pleasehandleitcarefully．Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．6．形容词与副词间的转换：Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．Hehateshard work．Hehatestoworkhard．7．介词与连词间的转换：Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．Iwillwaituntilhereturns．图解：Ⅱ．简单句与复合句之间的转换1782一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticinthe evening．Withallhisefforts，hefailed．Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．图解：Ⅲ．简单句与复杂句之间的转换1783一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：A．名词从句Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．Ibelieveyourstatement．Ibelievewhatyoustate．Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthe business．Ilearnofhissuccess．Ilearnthathehassucceeded．Hisarrivalisagreatevent．Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．图解：B．定语从句Heisaself－mademan．Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．Shewearsasea－blueskirt．Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．Ihavenothingtosay．IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem． 图解：C．状语从句Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．Hediedinhisnativeplace．Hediedwherehewasborn．Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．Youmaydrinktoyourheart"scontent．Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．Heistootiredtoworkanymore．Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybe punished．注：1782中大部分短语不仅可以变为并列的分句，也可以变为状语从句。图解：Ⅳ．复杂句与复合句之间的转换1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．Heispoor，butheisproud．Althoughheispoor，heisproud．Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．图解：Ⅴ．直接引语和间接引语之间的转换1785说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用他的原话，就称作直接引语。因此Hesaid，“Iamvery ill．”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间接引语。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．为间接引语。Said这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，可称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。A．大写与标点直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号，但在间接引语中却不加这些。间接引语必须由that，whether（if）或疑问词（who，why，when等）开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句则需变为自然语序：Isay，“Hewillcome．”Isaythathewillcome．Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”Iaskwhenhewillcome．B．引话动词与第二动词引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh， sneer等等。若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词照旧不变。但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词，就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．C．引话动词与连词1．如果间接引语为陈述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…2．如果它是问句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…3．如果它是感叹句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…4．如果间接引语为祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助动词should．此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词：1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．Isaidthathewasaniceboy．Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknows it？”Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare！”Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．D．代词此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，将变为与第一主语一致的代词。Isaid，“Icandoit．”IsaidthatIcoulddoit．Hesaid，“Imustgo．”Hesaidthathemustgo．Yousaid，“Iknow．”Yousaidthatyou knew．Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”Theysaidthattheymustgo．Isaid“Wecandoit．”Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称：Itoldhim，“Youareright．”Itoldhimthathewasright．Itoldyou，“Youareright．”Itoldyouthatyouwereright．Hetoldme，“Youareright．”HetoldmethatIwasright．Hetoldus，“Youareright．”Hetoldusthatwewereright．Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”Tosomebody也可看作是宾语：Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”HesaidtomethatIwasright．Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来：TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitvery soon．如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，在间接引语中，它可以保持不变：Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（这两个he代表两个不同的人）Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．还需指出，上述代词，在直接或间接引语中，可以为任何“格”，而不仅仅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous！”Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．E．时间副词（短语）间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同：Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．Hesaid，“Marywillcome tomorrow．”HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays！”HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．F．第一主语及引话动词的位置在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面：SaidStevens，“…”CommentsDr．Lee，“…”BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”第一主语及引话动词，除了放在直接引语前面外，还可放在其他位置：Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”“Oh！”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不说saidhe）“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不说saidhe）“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出。）在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号：Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面，如果主语及引话动词在直接引语后面，长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面：Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I"llconsiderthisproblem．”“I"llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceof silence．如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，只能放在动词后面）：“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少说saidhe）“EverythingisOK！”shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少说saysshe）Ⅵ．简单句的合并1786两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人很有好处。两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句：HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．IcalledonMary．Marywasill．IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．两个或更多简单句，可以加上从属连词，把一个或更多句子变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为一个复杂句。1．变成名词从句：Hehasarrived．Iknowit．Iknowthathehasarrived．Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．Howheachievedthissuccessisunknownto me．2．变成定语从句：Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．Shewearsaskirt．Idon"tlikeaskirtlikethis．Idon"tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．3．变成状语从句：Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．Helooksstupid．Heisclever．Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．两个或更多简单句，也可以把其中一个或更多简单句变成一个短语，甚至一个词，来合并成一个较为复杂的简单句：Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位语代替一个句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介词短语代替句子）Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithher husband．（用“介词+动名词”结构代替句子）Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分词代替句子）