一个英语专业生地英语语法课笔记 57页

实用标准文案第一章名词名词复数Stimulusstimuli促激因素CrisiscrisesPhenomenonphenomena没有单数形式的名词clothes;jeans;pajamas（睡衣）scissors;scales;handcuffsphysics;maths;politics;economicsgoods;whereabouts;remains;findings;belongings可数与不可数I’dlikeacoffee,please.DoyoudrinkcoffeeI’llbuyachickenfordinnertonight.Wouldyoulikesomechickenfordinner?tea/atea;beer/abeer;lemonade/alemonade;icecream/anicecream集体名词familyclasstheUnitedNationstheOlympicGamespolice;cattle;people(人民；人们)量化一群一个一件一条一组Groups精彩文档 实用标准文案一层灰afilmofdust一缕烟awispofsmoke一线希望aray/glimpse/threadofhope一绺头发alockofhair一点怀疑ashadowofdoubt一片面包apiece/sliceofbread一件家具apiece/anarticleoffurniture群星aconstellationofstars狮群aprideoflions一粒沙子agrainofsand精彩文档 实用标准文案专四考点–名词辨析Theeconomicrecessionhasmeantthatjob___isararething.A.securityB.safetyC.protectionTherewasasoft____fromthepolishedbrassinthedesertedbuilding.A.flashB.glareC.glistenD.glow第二章形容词和副词定语形容词和表语形容词ablaze;afloat;afraid;alight;alive;alone;aloof;ashamed;asleep;awake;aware;askewcontent;glad;ill;pleased;ready;sorry;sure;(un)wellgladtidingsTheworldiscertainlyinasorrystate.Therewasareadysupplyofdrink.表语aliveafraidalikeasleepill定语livingfrightenedsimilarsleepingsick形容词位置和意义concernedThemeetingwasfullofconcernedresidents.Thestudentsconcernedwereasmallminority.presentThepresentchairmanisgettingonabit.Wetookavoteofallmemberspresent.专四考点：比较含比较概念的词和词组beinferior/superiortobejunior/seniorto1、Heisthreeyearsseniortohiscousin.Intellectistothemind____sightistothebody.(TEM4-2001)A.whatB.asC.thatD.likeAistoBwhatCistoDThefeetaretoamanwhatthewingsaretoabird.2、Fatcannotchangeintomuscle____musclechangeintofat.(TEM4-1999)A.anymorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.muchmorethannot…anymorethan正如同…不能…,…也不能…nomore…than两者都不…；Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoul.not…anylessthan/noless…than两者都…；Johnisnolesshardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.精彩文档 实用标准文案3、Itisnotsomuchthelanguage_____theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.A.butB.norC.asD.likenotsomuch…as…与其…不如…Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthingsastoteachyoutheartoflearning.授人以鱼不如授人以渔。4、Theprisonsare_____over-crowded____thefarmlandsareempty.A.so,asB.as,asC.much,asD.too,toas…as………,而……Sheisaskindasherbrotherishonest.5、Thesquareitselfisfivehundredyardswide,fivetimes____thesizeofSt.Peter"sinRome.A./B.thatofC.whichisD.of数量比较结构1.Xtimesas…as…2.Xtimesthatof…..3.Xtimesmorethan….ThingsYouMayNotKnowButReallyNeedToKnowaccidental/accidentallyaccidentaldiscoveryaccidentalspyRadarwasanincrediblyimportantinnovationduringthetimeofwar,butmicrowavecookingwasapurelyaccidentaldiscovery.incidentallyImustleavenow._______,ifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnexttime. A.AccidentallyB.Incidentally C.Eventually D.Naturallycircumstance/circumstantialSometimeswhenthereisnosmokinggun（确凿的证据）,werelyoncircumstantialevidence（旁证）.substance/substantialAftercarefulevaluation,theBoardbelievesthatMicrosoft"sproposalsubstantiallyundervaluesYahoo!（极大地低估了雅虎的价值）Substanceoveruse吸毒过量instrument/instrumentalAlbertEinsteinwasinstrumentalinfacilitatingthedevelopmentofatomicbomb.（对….起到了推动作用）Decent尚可，还行adecentsalary;adecentmeal；adecentburial一个体面的葬礼fantasy/fantastic精彩文档 实用标准文案TheLordoftheRings;HarryPotter;HisDarkMaterials:TheGoldenCompassFantasticFourcredible/incredible可信的/难以置信的terrific/terrifyingawesome/awful(terrible)/awfullybloody英式英语中用来加强语气You’rebloodyright!braveTheybravedunimaginablehardshipstosettlepreviouslyunknownareas.weatherHowwilltheworldweatherAmerica’seconomicstorm?access/accessibleWheelchair-accessiblebathrooms（残疾人洗手间）arelocatedinthisbuildingHandicapaccessiblewalkway/ramp（斜坡）RobertShermer"stextprovidesanaccessibleintroductiontoquantummechanicsforundergraduates（本科生）.impossibleThosekidsareimpossible!TechnicallyJoel:Isthereanyriskofbraindamage?Howard:Well,technicallyspeaking（严格说来）,theoperationisbraindamage,butonaparwithanightofheavydrinking.Nothingyou"llmiss.----EternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMindArgue/arguable/arguablyHeisarguablythemostsuccessfulbusinessmanintheworld.他可谓是世界上最成功的商人Virtually近乎….几乎是….Virtualreality虚拟现实Givenitswidespreadoccurrenceinourdiet,itisvirtuallyimpossibletoavoiddailyexposuretofluoride.terribly/seriously/gravely精彩文档 实用标准文案Heis______ill.Youare_________mistaken.Literally（字面意义）/figuratively（语意义得）Whenwelastsawhim,nearly19yearsago,everybody’sfavoritearchaeologistwasliterallyridingoffintothesunsetafterhavingfoundtheHolyGrail.ThisseemedasthoughithadtobetheendoftheadventureseriesthathadgottenitsstartwithRaidersoftheLostArk,thebigsummertimeblockbusterof1981.ThecurrywassohotthatmymouthwasliterallyonfireGoodgradespayoffliterally.金钱方面的回报Physically实实在在地Somephysicistsnowbelievethesingularitymaybephysicallyreal.Organizationwerefoundedtoassistphysicallydisabledpersons.equal/equally相同的，同样的AstudybySaintLouisUniversityfoundthatalovablepoochnamedSparkyandaroboticdog,AIBO,wereaboutequallyeffectiveatrelievingthelonelinessdiscriminate/indiscriminate/indiscriminatelyTherobbersshotindiscriminatelyatthebusandriddleditwithbullets.readilyHereadilyagreedtohelpus.Personalcomputersarenolongersomethingbeyondtheordinarypeople;theyare________availablethesedays.(07-TEM4)A.promptlyB.instantlyC.readilyD.quickly数量有限，预购从速LimitedAvailability,OrderSoon.Whatdoes"Hewiselyrefusedtospendhismoney"mean?(08-TEM4)A.Itwaswiseofhimtorefusetospendhismoney.B.Herefusedtospendhismoneyinawisemanner.C.Hewasshortofmoneyanddidn"twanttobuyanything.D.Herefused,inawisemanner,tospendhismoney.prohibit/prohibitive/prohibitivelyThecarisprohibitivelyexpensive.贵到买不起harm/harmless/harmlesslyThegrenadeblastedharmlesslyontheground.手榴弹在地上爆炸，谁也没伤着innocent/innocentlyHeinnocentlypickedupthetickingbomb.hope/hopeless/hopelesslyHewashopelesslyaddictedtotheInternet.他上网成瘾，已经没救了精彩文档 实用标准文案soothe/soothingly安慰，抚慰Thewaterwassoothinglywarm.暖的很舒服arm/disarm/disarmingly使人消气的，解人疑虑Hisreplywasdisarminglyhonest.adisarmingsmilereassure/reassuringlyHisgripwasreassuringlyfirm.alarm/alarminglyLeadlevelintapwaterwasalarminglyhigh.自来水中的铅的含量惊人的高sober/soberingly未醉的Someoftheirstoriessoberinglyaddressthepotentialcomplicationsofadoptiveparenting.omen/ominous/ominouslyPeterstareddownstunnedatthegroundbelowwhereBodil’sbodylayominouslystill.oblige/obliginglyThestarobliginglyposedforphotos.这位明星很乐意的摆好pose.appreciate/appreciativelyThisclassofimmigrantsnoddedappreciativelywhenIreadthemanewpoemIwroteabouttheimmigrantexperiencevanish/vanishinglyThechanceofyouwinningthisgameisvanishinglysmall.mercy/merciful/mercifullyThemeetingwasmercifullyover.这个会终于结束了。ThingsYouMayTakeForGrantedknowledgeShewasgreatlydisturbedbytheknowledgethatoneofherboystudentswasinlovewithher.Cup使双手成圆状托起Hecuppedhishandsaroundhismouthandyelled.Hecuppedhishandsaroundthelighterandflippedthewheel.classify/classifiedaclassifieddocumentNewspaperadsmustbeplacedby3p.m.tobepublishedinthenextday’snewspaper.ForquestionscontacttheClassifieddepartmentat661-322-SELL.精彩文档 实用标准文案fishHefishedforhiskeysinthepocket.捞，摸runchickenrun养鸡场trafficking非法买卖，非法交易pilot试播节目battery一系列；法律术语，殴打罪Hewaschargedwithmultiplecountsofbattery.chargeThedogchargedattheintruder.Thetroopchargedacrossthedesert,theirhorsesthundering----IndianaJonesandTheLastCrusadeGame猎物AfricangamereserveAreyougameenoughforanotherchallenge?（愿意尝试，有冒险精神）Grandfather免受新法权限制，使…..排除在有关此种活动或事物的新法规之外WestmorelandhadadoptedMarilynpriortoIllinoislawmakingitillegalforprisonerstohavesuchcreaturecomforts,andshewasgrandfatheredinsothatWestmorelandwouldnothavetogiveherup.---PrisonBreak:TheFBIClassifiedFilesNewregulationswouldnotapplytoalreadyexistingoperations,akindofgrandfathering.Someexistingprivateonlinevideofirmswill,underagrandfatherclause,beeligibletocontinueoperations.grandfather:Toexempt(onealreadyinvolvedinanactivityorabusiness)fromnewregulationsconcerningthatactivityorbusiness免受新法规限制：使（已涉入一项活动或事务中的人）排除在有关此种活动或事务的新法规之外doone’shomeworkYoumustdoyourhomeworkbeforebuyingausedcar.Youdothemath.Whichisbetter?Foolaroundforfouryearsandspendtherestofyourliferegrettingorsinkyourteethreallyhardintostudyforthefirsttwoyearsandlivehappilyeverafter?Youdothemath!talkabout没有主语的情况下，用talkabout来表示还能有…比…来更好地说明……Whentheytakethelaptopshome,thekidsoftenteachthewholefamilyhowtouseit.Negropontesaysthefamilieslovedthecomputersbecause,inavillagewithnoelectricity,itwasthebrightestlightsourceinthehouse.精彩文档 实用标准文案“Talkaboutametaphorandarealitysimultaneously,”MITprofessorNicholasNegropontesays“Itjustilluminatedthathousehold.”--------60Minutes2007.05.2000:17:00knockyourselfoutA:CanIhavesomebeer?B:Yeah,knockyourselfout.Dowhateveryouwant,itdoesn"tbotherme第三章介词a.TurnrightatGeorgeStreetandgothreeblocks.b.Thereisalotoftrafficonthisstreet.c.Thereareseveralpotholesinthestreetinfrontofmyhouse.fill____thegap.(in/out)underwater?inthewater?a.Thebirdflewupthechimney.b.Jenniferclimbedupthemountain.TheMoreSensea.Thefarmerfattenedupthecalfb.Pump/turnupthevolume/heat[=morevolume/heatTheImprovementSenseIbrushedupmyGermanbeforetheconferenceinLandau.DaveandKirstendecidedtogetdressedupandgotoanicerestaurant.cheerup;inhighspirits;polishup;…dressdown;inlowspirits;turndown;…TheCompletionSenseBesuretogasupthecarforthetrip.Let’sloadupthetruckandgetgoing.a.Let’sfinishupthisworktoday.b.Theycloseduptheshopforthenight.a.Theflashlightwon’twork.Wemusthaveusedupthebatteries.b.Students,turninyourpapers;yourtimeisup!c.Theguestsdrankupthewineandpromptlyfellasleep.OVERa.Thereisalampoverthetable.b.Thetelleratthecentralbankswitchedtheaccountovertoalocalbranch.c.Thefilmisover.精彩文档 实用标准文案d.ArlingtonisovertheriverfromGeorgetownThereisalampoverthetable.abovebutwithinpotentialcontactwiththeLandmarkThecatjumpedoverthewall.Thecatjumpedoverthewall.TheTRANSFERsenseThetelleratthecentralbankswitchedtheaccountovertoalocalbranch.Youmusthandoveryourpassportbeforeyouleave.Thematerialwashandedovertothedepartmentjustintime.Theoldgovernmenthandeditspowerover(tothenewlyelectedofficials)–TheBeatlesimmediatelywontheheartsofmillionsofteenagers.–TheBeatleseventuallywonovertheheartsofmanyoftheirparentsaswell.turnoverFathergrabbedthethiefandturnedhimovertothepolice.sendoverPleasesendataxiovertotheGrandHotel.runoverThedogwasrunoverbyacar.haveoverIcan’tgotonightasIhavesomefriendsover.getoverThetripwillhelphimgetoverSarah"sdeath.seeover/tideoverHereissomemoney,thisshould...you.../...you...tillnextmonth.TheCOMPLETIONsenseThefilmisover.Classisover.GameOver.Yourgoodolddayswereover.TheOn-the-other-sideSenseA:Where’sArlingtonfromhere?B:It’sjustovertheriver.Thetableclothisoverthetable.TheCOVERINGSense1Thepoliceswarmedallovertheplaceduringthedrugraid.2Thevalleywascoveredoverwithathicklayerofsnow.3Heisquiteanexperiencedman;hehastravelledallovertheworld.TheExaminingSenseMarylookedoverthemanuscriptquitecarefully精彩文档 实用标准文案I’llgivethedocumentacloseexamination.I’llgivethemanuscriptacloseread.TheFocus-of-attentionSensea.Thelittleboycriedoverhisbrokentoy.b.Thelittleboycriedabouthisbrokentoy.a.Thegeneralstalkedovertheirplansfortheinvasion.b.Thegeneralstalkedabouttheirplansfortheinvasion.Shethoughtovertheproblem.Thesearchcommitteeagonizedoverthedecision.NielsBohrmulledoverasolutiontoEinstein’sthoughtexperiment.Frommyseatinthetheatre,Icouldseeovertwentypeople.Heweighsjustover150poundsThecarwasgoingoverninetymilesanhourMaryhasbeeninEuropeforoverfivemonthsOver-and-above(Excess)SenseTheheavyrainscausedtherivertoflowoveritsbanks.Loukeptpouringthecerealintothebowluntilitspilledoverandontothecounter.OVER:higherthan/beyondthenormoverburden–overly/(over)cautious––overcrowded–overdose–overdrawn(overdraft)–overdue–overflow–overgrown–overload–oversimplified–oversleep–overtimeoverachieve,overkill,overdo,overdressControlSenseShehasastrangepoweroverme.Camillahasauthorityoverpurchasing.ThePrimeMinisterholdsswayoveralltheimportantdecisions.Personalityhasmoreinfluenceoverwhowemarrythanphysicalappearance.ThePreferenceSenseIwouldpreferteaovercoffee.IlikeBeethovenoverMozart.Ifavorsoccerovertennis.TheReflexiveSenseThefencefellover精彩文档 实用标准文案HeturnedthepageoverThelogrolledoverThetreebentoverinthewindTheRepetitionSenseAfterthefalsestart,theystartedtheraceover.Heplayedthesamepianopieceover.Thiskeepshappeningoverandover.INTheInSituSensea.Whatareyouinfor?b.Hestayedinfortheevening.c.Theworkersstagedasit-in.TheStateSenseinloveindangerinfavorindespairinpaininamessinconfusion第四章时态一般现在时1)一般现在时可以用来描述规律性、经常性的事情。Ourtwochefsprovideanexcellentchoiceofhotmealseveryday.Hegoestoschoolbybus.TheBlackstaketheirsummerholidayinaquietpartofItaly..2)一般现在时可以用来陈述真实情况，描述事实或永久情况。Britishpeopledrinkalotoftea.Ourteachertoldusthattheearthrevolvesaroundthesun.现在进行时1)现在进行时描述说话时或者说话前后正在进行的动作。I’llbewithyouinaminute.I’mjustfinishingsomethinginthekitchen.We’restayingwithJohntotryandfindoutifhisplacereallyishaunted.2)现在进行时描述通常在短时间内重复发生的事件或行为。I’mfeedingtheneighbor’scatthisweekwhileshe’sinhospital.比较：Graham’saconfirmedsmoker.Hesmokesaboutfiftycigarettesaday.精彩文档 实用标准文案Grahamishavingatoughtimeattheofficeatthemomentandhe’ssmokingaboutfiftycigarettesaday.一般不用于现在进行时的动词存在动词be,consistof,contain,exist拥有动词belongto,have(=own),include,lack,own,possess感觉或意愿动词adore,desire,despise,detest,dislike,envy,hate,like,love,need,pity,prefer,trust,want,wish思考或相信动词believe,doubt,expect,feel(=think),forget,imagine,intend,know,realize,recognize,remember,see(=understand),suppose,think,understand表象动词appear,resemble,seem其他单词depend,deserve,fit,matter,measure,weigh…注意Heisveryobedient,isn’the?Heisjustbeingobedientsothathecangetmoneyfromyou.（强调动作的临时性）注意Itappearsthepolicehavenotstartedtheinvestigation.ThebandisappearingattheGrandCinema.注意Sheweighs70kilos.Iamweighingtheingredientsforthecake.注意Ilovemymother.I’mlovin’it.（麦当劳标语，为enjoy之意）一般过去时描述过去已完成的单个动作。现在完成时1、表示从过去某时开始而延续到至今的动作或状态。[接时间状语：for;since;always]forfiveyears.Hehasworkedtheresince2001.sincefiveyearsago.I’vealwayslikedanimals.2.表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作，已成为某种经验，有时暗指将来还可能再发生。可接时间状语：before,ever,never,once.Hehaslookedafterrhinosbefore.Haveyoueverthoughtofworkinginazoo?I’veneverthoughtofworkinginazoo.精彩文档 实用标准文案I’veonlybeentoHongKongonce,butI’dlovetogoagain.NASAhassentprobestovariousplanetsinthesolarsystem.比较JohnGrishamhaswrittensomeofthemostsuccessfullegalthrillers.AgathaChristiewroteahugenumberofthrillers.thebest/worst,thegreatest等最高级形容词、thefirst(second,third)等序数词以及theonly之后可使用完成时，并经常后接ever.It’stheworstsportsprogramIhaveeverseenandthefirstIhaveeverwrittentocomplainabout!ManypeopleconsiderKennedytobethegreatestPresidenttheUSAhashad.注意Theworsthasyettocome.还未做Ihaveyettoseeamoviethatreallyscaresme.一般过去时和现在完成时[ClareandSamarebrotherandsister.]Clare:IthinkI’vebrokenMum’shair-dryer.Sam:How?Clare:Don’tknow.Itdoesn’tworkanymore.I’veseenhimthismorning.说话时所处的时间仍是早上Isawhimthismorning.说话时所处的时间不是早上现在完成时一般过去时截至当前的行为和状态SpainhasgovernedtheenclaveofCeutasince1580.过去结束的行为和状态SpaingovernedthestateofWesternSaharafrom1958to1976.未结束的时间Ihaven’tseenKenthismorningyet.(现在还是上午)结束的时间Ididn’tseeKenthismorning.(现在是下午或者晚上)现在关联Theavalanchehasdevastatedtheskiingindustryinthearea.无现在关联Theavalanchedevastatedtheskiingindustryintheareaafewyearsago.现在完成进行时A:Wherehaveyoubeen?B:I’vebeentalkingtoJenny.I’vebeenlookingintothepossibilityofretirementsincethereorganization.现在完成时现在完成进行时I’velearnthowtoplaychess.精彩文档 实用标准文案I’vebeenlearninghowtoplaychess.一般现在完成时现在完成进行时强调完成，截至目前ThiscountryhaswelcomedseveralhundredsrefugeesfromKosovointhelastfewweeks.强调持续Thiscountryhasbeenwelcomingpoliticalrefugeesformanyyears.可重复行为Shehasplayedwiththesymphonyorchestrathreetimesthisseason.行为在持续Shehasbeenplayingwiththesymphonyorchestraallseason.表长久情况Peoplehaveeatenalotlessmeatoverthelasttwentyyearsorso.表暂时情况Peoplehavebeeneatinglessmeatrecentlybecauseofthecrisis.将来begoingto和will1.预言和现实a)It’llraintomorrowassoonaswegettothebeach,Ibetyoutenpounds.b)Accordingtotheweatherforecast,it’sgoingtoraintomorrow.Maybeweshouldn"tgotothebeach.Lookout!Youchair’sgoingtocollapse!Youaregoingtofinditdifficulttogetaticket;Mandysaystheyweresoldoutduringthefirstweek.I’veeatentoomuch.IthinkI’mgoingtobesick.2.决定或意图will/begoingto当告诉别人你已经做出的决定(意图)时，通常要使用begoingto。如果说话时你正在做决定，通常使用will，如果你在同别人一起做决定时使用了begoingto，那就意味着你不允许别人发表意见。I’mgoingtodrive.已经做好了决定I’lldrive.临时决定A:Whatdoyouwanttodotonight?B:We’regoingtocleanthelivingroom.A:Well,youmightbe,butI’mnot.A:I’vewonaweekendtriptoParisforthe27th.B:Butwe’regoingtobeinScotland.Haveyouforgotten?if条件句中的will/begoingto[Thisistakenfromaconversationbetweenagroupoffriendswhoarejustabouttoleavethehouseforadrink.]精彩文档 实用标准文案Susan:I’mgoingto/Iwillbreakatwenty-poundnote,ifanyonewantstodrink.will+if条件句中if条件句中的行为与主句紧密相关。begoingto+if条件句中，主句行为已经决定，因此与if从句中的行为联系不是特别紧密。安排(Arrangements)现在进行时-安排We’reseeingamusicalatthetheatrenextweek.比较：We’regoingtoseeamusicalatthetheatrenextweek.表示意图，打算I’mstayingintonight.I’vegotloadsofassignmentstodo.比较：I’mgoingtostayintonight.其他将来意义•时刻表•Myplaneleavesat8:30,soIneedtobeattheairportby6:30.beto…一般用于新闻，报刊，比较正式的书面语•beto…-officialarrangementsinthefutureThePresidentistoaddressthenationtonight.Crashinvestigatorsaretoreleasetheirfindingstothepresslatertoday.•beto…-formalcommandsandinstructionsYouarenottodisturbtheheadteacherwhiletheinspectorsareherenextweek.beaboutto…即将，马上开始•Ladiesandgentlemen.Pleasetakeyourseats.Theperformanceisabouttostart.•Hurryup!Thedriversayshecan’twaitanylonger.He’sabouttoleavewithoutus.•Comeon!Thecheck-indeskisjustabouttoclose.•Don’tprovokeyourbrother.Youcanseeheisonthepointoflosinghistemper.•Becauseoftheerosionoftheirhabitats,somespeciesareonthevergeofextinction.其他•was/weregoingto…本打算要做，事实上没有做A:ThanksforpostingmylettersB:That’sOK.Iwasgoingtopostmineanyway.Thefitnessclubwasgoingtoincreaseitsannualsubscriptionbutsomanymembersprotestedthatitbackeddown.•TheprofessorwastotakeuphischairthisOctober.•Theexamresultsweretohavearrivedattheschooltodaybutapparentlytheexamboardhasnotpostedthemyet.时态考点•Thecommitteehasanticipatedtheproblemsthat_____intheroadconstructionproject.(2007)A.ariseB.willariseC.aroseD.havearisen•Forsometimenow,worldleaders____outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.(2002)精彩文档 实用标准文案A.hadbeenpointingB.havebeenpointingC.werepointingD.pointed•Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe___us.Ithinkit’shightimewe_____strongactionsagainsthim.(2005)A.betrayed….takeB.hadbetrayed…tookC.hasbetrayed…tookD.hasbetrayed…takeE.Thestudentsaidtherewereafewpointsintheessayhe____impossibletocomprehend.(2007)A.hasfoundB.wasfindingC.hadfoundD.wouldfind.•Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn"tknowhe____untilyesterday.(2005)A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.came•_______consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.(2005)A.IwasandalwayswillbeB.IhavetobeandalwayswillbeC.IhadbeenandalwayswillbeD.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbe•Mr.Wells,alongwithallthemembersofhisfamily,_______forEuropethisafternoon.(2004)A.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.leave•Jack____fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.(2003)A.hasbeenmissingB.hasbeenmissedC.hadbeenmissingD.wasmissed•Lindawas____theexperimentamonthagobutshechangedhermindatthelastminute.A.tostartB.tohavestartedC.tobestartingD.tohavebeenstarting第五章虚拟语气whether/if1、if不能引导位于句首的主语从句，whether可以。精彩文档 实用标准文案2、if不能引导表语从句，whether可以。3、if不能充当介词的宾语，whether可以。4、if不能引导动词不定式，whether可以。5、if后面不能直接接ornot，whether可以If条件虚拟语气的形式1.与现在的事实相反If动词的过去式(be用were而不用was)+would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形Ifyouwerefreetochooseamongallthecarsavailabletoday,whattypeofautomobilewouldyoubuy？2.与过去的事实相反(有时主句中的shouldhavedone表示责备或后悔)Ifhad+-ED分词,would(第一人称可用should)+have+-ED分词IfMikehadbeenabletofinishhishomework，hewouldhavecometoclass.IftheUnitedStateshadnotenteredtheSecondWorldWar，probablythe1940unemploymentrateof14%wouldhaverisenstillfurther.3.与将来事实相反Ifwereto+动词原形,would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形ItissaidTomwillgotoanappointmenttomorrow.Ifheweretocometomorrow,Iwouldaskhimtogotoyourplace.IfyouweretoseeMary，whatwouldyoutellher?Ifshould+动词原形,would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.IfIshouldseehernextMonday,Iwouldtellheraboutit.精彩文档 实用标准文案4.虚拟错综条件句•上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整IfIhadabike(now),Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1955，thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthiscountrywouldn"tbesoserious.Ifyouhadnotstudiedtheproblemcarefullyuntilrecently,youwouldfinditdifficultnow.5.省略虚拟条件句•虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could,might),had等词时，可以省略连词If,但要将were或should(could,might),had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装Werehetostartouttoday,hewouldgettherebyThursday.Hadhelistenedtome,Johnwouldnothavefailed.HadIknownit，Ishouldhavetoldhim.Hadhenotbeentakengoodcareof,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.6.虚拟语气的特殊表现形式一、表示“好像”：除了if条件从句外，由asif和asthough等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反Victoriahasacuriousexpressiononherfaceasthoughsheweresmilingaboutsomethingthatamusedher.二、特殊连词的需要：lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句(这时谓语多用should＋加动词原形)WedarenotplayjokesonMr.Wanglestheshouldbecomeangry.Hehurriedon,lestheshoulddropoutintheforcedmarch.我对他特别关照，唯恐他感觉比我的其他客人低一等。Everyattentionmustbepaidtohimlesthe(should)feelthatheisinferiortomyotherguests.三、介词短语表示虚拟：有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如butfor,butthat…,incase,otherwise,supposing,undermorefavorableconditions,without等表示让步假设1)otherwise要不是这样的话，否则Heworkedveryhard;otherwisehemighthavefailed.2)undermorefavorableconditionsWecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.3)butforButforhishelp，Ishouldnothavesucceeded.4)butthatButthathecametohelpme,Icouldnothavesucceeded.5)withoutThecomplexsocietyofamoderncivilizationwouldbeimpossiblewithouttheartofwriting.6)supposingSupposingyourparentshadrefused,howwouldyouhavefelt?7)incaseHeleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthelasttrain.7.从句中须用虚拟语气的情况精彩文档 实用标准文案一、在wish的宾语从句中1.动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中用过去时(be用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去相反Shewishesshehadmoremoney.IwishIdidn"tsaythat.IwishedIwerenotsoworried.ThenIwouldnothavehadtheaccident.2.当wish的宾语从句表示一种愿望、要求时，可用过去时，也可用would＋动词原形Iwishyouwouldstayherelonger.Shewishesyouwouldn"tgo.二、wouldrather(宁愿),wouldsooner(宁愿),hadrather(宁愿)等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时I’dratheryougavemeacashrefund.Acouponisnousetome.I’dsooneryoudidn’tsmokehere.•如果表达优选选择的人和做出选择的主语相同，则用动词原形而不是过去时。I’dsoonerspenditonsomethingfrivolous.三、在某些特殊概念词的宾语从句中：一些表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。这些词可分为下列几类1.下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句suggest(建议)，propose(提议)，recommend(建议)，move(提议)，advise(建议)，insist(坚持)，urge(极力主张)，ask,require,request(要求),demand,desire,order,command(命令),decide,intend(打算)，prefer(宁愿)，urge(敦促)WhenIsuggestedthathetryshavingcream,hesaid,“Therazorandwaterdothejob.”HepursuedvarioustheoriesforseveraldaysuntilIsuggestedwetakethetoyaparttoseehowitdidwork.OnecansuggestthatstudentsshouldspendtwoorthreeyearsinanEnglish-speakingcountry.Thedoctoradvisedthathegiveupsmoking,buthesimplyturnedadeafeartoit.Itwasmovedthatthebillbeconsideredbythecommittee.Theworkersinsistedthattheybepaidbeforetheyleftfortheirhomes.2.下列表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念结构后的主语从句或逻辑上的主结构(如下列形容词作宾语从句的补足语时，这时宾语从句一般用it来代替)：这时that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形•itisnecessary【essential(重要的)，vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory(必须的)，desirable(令人满意的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting(合适的),strange(奇怪)】that…；•itis(was,hasbeen)desired【suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,decided】that….Ideemitappropriatethathehaveaheart-to-hearttalkwithhisfather.DoyouthinkitessentialthatIreconsiderhisproposal?Fortherecord,I’mnotparticularlyfondofhim.3.下列表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面可以跟接“that”精彩文档 实用标准文案引导的表语从句和同位语从句。这种由that引导的从句其谓语动词通常用should＋动词原形或省略should。这类词有：order,request,requirement,insistence，suggestion,command,necessity,importance,idea,plan,motion(提议)，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，understandingresolution(决定，决议)4.在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等Ineverthoughtthatheshouldbesuchabraveyoungsoldier.四、itis(high/about)time，［该(必须)做……］等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用过去时表示虚拟语气Itishightimethatyouwenthome.考题•Ifonlythepatient____adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.(2007)A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceiving专四考题•Nancy’sgonetoworkbuthercar’sstillhere.She______bybus.(2010)A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegone•Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe____toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.(2007)A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave•Asafetyanalysis____thetargetaspotentiallydangerous.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.A.wouldidentifyB.wouldhaveidentifiedC.willidentifyD.willhaveidentified•Itisnecessarythathe______theassignmentwithoutdelay.(2010)A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin•Itisimperativethatthegovernment___moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.A.attractsB.shallattractC.attract精彩文档 实用标准文案D.hastoattract如果有可能，我早去医院看他了。可是，上周我的时间都排得满满的。Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.他站那一动不动，像生了根似的。Hestandsthereasifhewererootedtotheground.这在过去会被认为是个奇迹。Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.Itisadvisablethat______________________.我们提前完成项目。Thespecialcommitteerecommendedthat_____(这项工程不应动工)untilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.注：turnadeafeartoit充耳不闻Fortherecord为了郑重起见Antibiotics抗生素Probiotics益生菌第六章动词不定式1不定式作宾语1)动词+不定式afford　aim　　appear　　agree　arrange　　ask　　　　　　decide　bother　　choose　　demand　desire　　determine　　　　expect　　　hope　fail　happen　help　　hesitate　learn　long　　　mean　　manage　offer　ought　　plan　　pretend　　promise　refuse　seem　　tend　　举例：　　Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.　Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.2）动词+不定式；　动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,help,intend,need,prefer,promise,want,…Ineverintendedthingstoturnoutthewaytheydid.IwanttospeaktoTom.　IwantyoutospeaktoTom.　3）动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.2不定式作补语 1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)advise　　allow　　appoint　　believe　　cause　　challenge　command　compel　　　consider　declare　　drive　　　enable　　encourage　find　　　forbid　　force　　　hire　　　　imagine　　impel　　　induce　　inform　　instruct　　invite　　　order　　　permit　　persuade　remind　　report　　request　　require　　send　　　tell　　　train　　　trust　　understand　urge　　　warn　精彩文档 实用标准文案例句：　a.　Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.　　　　　　　　b.　Webelievehimtobeguilty.2)to+be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。acknowledge,　believe,　consider,　think,　declare,　discover,feel,find,　judge,imagine,　know,　prove,　show,　suppose,take,understand,deemWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.Theyweredeemedtobeillegalimmigrants.Themillproduceswhatiswidelyacknowledgedtobethefinestwoolintheworld.Thepromotionprovedtobeaturningpointinhiscareer.Thetourwasjudgedagreatsuccess.Thepaintingwasdeclaredtobeaforgery.Itookthemanwithhimtobehisfather.3)tobe+形容词Seem,　appear,　besaid,　besupposed,　bebelieved,　bethought,　beknown,　bereported,　desire,expect,　mean…,deem，imagineThebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.Ihadimaginedhertobeolderthanthat.4)　therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,…Wedidn‘texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.3不定式主语 1）It‘seasy(forme)todothat.(it为形式主语)easy,　difficult,　hard,　important,　possible,　impossible,　comfortable,　necessary,　better;　thefirst,　thenext,　　thelast,　　thebest,　toomuch,　　toolittle,　　notenoughIt’ssonicetohearyourvoice.It’snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.Toerrishuman.人无完人。2)It’sverykindofyoutohelpus.　kind,　nice,　stupid,　rude,　clever,　foolish,　thoughtful,　thoughtless,　brave,　considerate,　silly,　selfish例句:　　　Itwassillyofustobelievehim.　　　　Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.4It"sforsb.和It"sofsb. 1）forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,　interesting,impossible等：　　It"sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。　　It"sveryniceofyoutohelpme.　for与of的辨别方法：　　用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用精彩文档 实用标准文案of，不通则用for。如：　　Youarenice.　(通顺，所以应用of)　　Heishard.　(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for)5不定式作表语 　不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：　　Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.　　Hisdreamistobeadoctor.6不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：　　　Ihavealotofworktodo.　　　　Somethingtoeat7不定式作状语 1）目的状语　To…onlyto(仅仅为了),　inorderto,　soasto,　so(such)…asto…(如此……以便……)　　Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.　　　Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.　2）作结果状语(onlyto)，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。　　　　Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.3)　表原因　　I’mgladtoseeyou.8用作介词的to to有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词,to在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+名词/动名词：admitto承认，　　　　　　　confessto承认，beaccustomedto习惯于，　beusedto习惯于，stickto坚持，　　　turnto开始，着手于，devoteoneselfto献身于，　bedevotedto致力于，lookforwardto盼望，payattentionto注意becommittedto…,9.省to的动词不定式 1）情态动词(除ought外，oughtto)：2）使役动词let,have,make：3）感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to不能省掉。　Isawhimdance.　=Hewasseentodance.　Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.　=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.4）wouldrather，hadbetter：5）Why…/whynot…：6）help可带to，也可不带to,helpsb(to)dosth：7）but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。精彩文档 实用标准文案8）由and,or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：9）通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后，可以省去tobe举例：HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.比较：　Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.　　　　Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.典型例题1)----Iusuallygotherebytrain.　　----Whynot___byboatforachange?　　A.totrygoing　B.　tryingtogoC.　totryandgo　D.　trygoing　　2）Pauldoesn‘thavetobemade___.Healwaysworkshard.　　A.learn　B.tolearn　C.learned　D.learning10动词不定式的否定式 Tellhimnottoshutthewindow…　ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.典型例题1）Tellhim___thewindow.　　A.toshutnot　B.nottoshut　C.tonotshut　D.notshut　2)　Shepretended___mewhenIpassedby.　　A.　nottosee　B.notseeing　　C.tonotsee　D.　havingnotseen　3）Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter___afterdrinking.　　A.nevertodrive　B.toneverdriver　　C.neverdriving　D.neverdrive　4)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet，buthismothertoldhim____.　　A.notto　　B.nottodo　C.notdoit　　D.donotto5)Thepatientwaswarned___oilyfoodaftertheoperation.　　A.toeatno　B.eatingnot　C.nottoeat　　D.noteating11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1）too…to　太…以至于…　　Heistooexcitedtospeak.　----CanIhelpyou?　----Well,I‘mafraidtheboxistooheavyforyoutocarryit,butthankyouallthesame.　2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太”。　It‘snevertoolatetomend.　(谚语)　　　改过不嫌晚。3)　当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是：非常…等于very。　I’monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.精彩文档 实用标准文案　Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.Heis_____tospeakthetruth.A.toomuchofacowardB.toomuchacowardC.somuchacowardD.somuchofacoward12不定式的特殊句型soasto 1）表示目的；它的否定式是soasnottodo。　　Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.　　　Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.2)　sokindasto　　Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?13.不定式的特殊句型Whynot 　“Whynot+动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?”“干吗不……?”例如：　　　Whynottakeaholiday?14动名词与不定式 1）动名词与不定式的区别：　动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的　不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有10组：　1　stoptodo　　　　　stopdoing　　　　2forgettodo　　　　forgetdoing　3　remembertodo　　　rememberdoing　　　　　　4regrettodo　　　　regretdoing　5　ceasetodo　　　　ceasedoing　　　　　　　　6trytodo　　　　　　trydoing　7　goontodo　　　　goondoing　　　　　　　　8afraidtodo　　　　afraiddoing　9meantodo　　　　　meandoing　10begin/starttodo　begin/startdoing　　　　1stopdoing/todostoptodo　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stopdoing　停止做某事。Theystoptosmokeacigarette.　他们停下来，抽了根烟。Imuststopsmoking..　　　　　我必须戒烟了。典型例题　Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped___　onabigrockbythesideofthepath.　A.tohaverested　B.resting　C.torest　D.rest2.forgetdoing/todo forgettodo　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)forgetdoing　忘记做过某事。　　(已做)Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Heforgottoturnit精彩文档 实用标准文案off.Heforgotturningthelightoff.Don"tforgettocometomorrow.典型例题　----Thelightintheofficeisstillon.　----Oh，Iforgot___.　　　　　　　　　　　A.turningitoff　B.turnitoff　C.toturnitoff　D.havingturneditoff3rememberdoing/todo remembertodo记得去做某事　　　　(未做)rememberdoing　记得做过某事　　　(已做)Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.Don‘tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?4regretdoing/todo regrettodo　对要做的事遗憾。　　　　　(未做)regretdoing　对做过的事遗憾、后悔。　　(已做)Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.Idon‘tregrettellingherwhatIthought.　5.trydoing/todo trytodo　　努力，企图做某事。trydoing　试验，试着做某事。Youmusttrytobemorecareful.Itriedgardeningbutdidn‘tsucceed.6.goondoing/todo goontodo　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。goondoing　继续做原来做的事。Afterhehadfinishedhismath，hewentontodohisphysics.Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.7.beafraidofdoing/todo beafraidtodo　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；beafraidofdoing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.meandoing/todo meantodo　打算、想meandoing　意味着Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.9.begin(start)doing/todo begin/starttodosth精彩文档 实用标准文案begin/startdoingsth.1)　谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.　Howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?2)　begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式todo　　Iwasbeginningtogetangry。3)　在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式todo。　　Ibegintounderstandthetruth。4)　物作主语时　　Itbegantomelt.10.感官动词+doing/todo 感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,smell,taste,feel+do　表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）典型例题1）Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher___upfromchildhood.　　A.grow　B.grew　C.wasgrowing　D.togrow2）Themissingboywaslastseen___neartheriver.　　A.playing　B.tobeplaying　　C.play　　D.toplay专四考题1）It’snotuncommonforthere____problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe2）Hisremarkswere____annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchasto3）TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved___ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink4）Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential____forthat.A.thatwearepreparedB.forustobepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingprepared5）AIDSissaid____thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeen精彩文档 实用标准文案D.havingbeen第七章动名词1．动名词的形式 动名词有下面四种形式：如果是不及物动词，则没有被动形式。2．动名词何时使用当一个动词被用作主语、宾语、补语或是同位语，也就是起名词作用时，需用其-ing形成。在下面句子中，learn都是错误形式，必须改为learning。这种既起名词作用又起动词作用的词称为动名词：Learn（主语）isimportanttomodernlife.Ilikelearn（宾语）English.Whatisyouropinionaboutlearn（介词宾语）it?Hismainbusinessislearn（补语）themethodofmakingpencils.Iknowhisinterest-learn（同位语）themosteffectivewaytokill.3．动名词的动词特点a．动名词-时间：（1）在多数情况下，现在式的动名词和同句或同一分句中谓语动词表示的时间是一致的：Playingfootballrequiresalargeplayground.（一般情况）IlikeeatingChinesefood.Heissorryforbeingidle.Ienjoyedeatingthedinner.（过去情况）Hishobbywascollectingstamps.Hissuccesswilldependuponhisworkingharderandbeingassistedbyfriends.（将来情况）Iwillavoidbeingseenbyher.（2）如果动名词是一个表示意图的谓语动词的宾语，动名词表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间要晚一些：Heinsistsontryingagain.Heintends（orproposes）goingabroad.Headvocated（orsuggested，advised）ourstudyingscience.Thereisnohopeofseeingthepeacefulworldagain.（3）完成形式的动名词表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间要早一些：Iamproudofhavingsent（=thatIhavesent）allmygirlstocollege.Heisnotsureofhavingsaid（=thathehassaid）anythingagainstyou.Heisnotsureofhavingsaid（=thathesaid）anythingagainstyouyesterday.精彩文档 实用标准文案（4）在某些情况下，现在形式的动名词起着完成形式的动名词的作用，表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间早：Heremembersseeinghersomewhere.Heregrettedmakingthesemistakes.Herepentedoffoolingaroundwhenhewasyoung.Hewaspunishedforstealingsomething.b．作为动词，动名词可以有主动被动两种形式：Shelikesseeing（主动）peopleandbeingseen（被动）.Lovingandrespecting（主动）othersmeansbeinglovedandrespected（被动）.在某些情况下，主动的动名词却有被动的意思，特别是在下面两种情况：（1）在need，deserve这类动词后作宾语：Thishouseneeds（orwants，requires）repairing（但要用toberepaired）.Thisarticleneedscorrecting（但：tobecorrected）.（比较：Therelationsbetweenthesetwocountriesareinneedofimproving.）Thismethoddeservesrecommending（但：toberecommended）.（2）Thefruitisnowripeforpicking.Themonumentisreadyforbuilding.Thisisnotfitforeating.Thismistakeispastmending.Hiswordsarepastbelieving.Thisfoolispastsaving.Issuchabookworthreading（=worthytoberead）?Thisjobisnotworthdoing.c.作为动词，动名词可以有一个意义上的主语：（1）这种主语可以不出现或由上下文暗示出来：a）Seeingisbelieving.（动名词seeing和believing的意义上的主语为一般人）Cheatingothersdoesnotpay.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.b）Itisnousetalkingaboutthismatter.（动名词talking的意义上的主语为你我）Sayingsuchathingisfoolish.（动名词saying的意义上的主语为对方或另一人）Isuggestedfightingtothelastman.（动名词fighting的意义上的主语为我们的军队）c）Atthe（orthis）moment（ortime）ofwriting，thebattleisstillgoingon.（writing的意义上的主语为讲话人自己）d）Johnispraisedforfightingbravely.（fighting意义上的主语就是句子主语John.）（这种用法很普通）Marywillconsiderdoingsomethingforyou.e）TheypunishedWilliamforfightingintheclassroom.（fighting的意义上的主语为句子的宾语William）（这种用法也很普通）Thankyouforlendingmetheraincoat.f）Workingtoohardwillinjureourhealth.（working的意义上的主语由our表示出来，指我们。）Yoursuccessconsistsindoingthesamethingyearafteryear.Happinessdoesnotconsistinhowmanypossessionsyouown.精彩文档 实用标准文案（2）如果意义上的主语从上下文中已可清楚看出，若再加上就显得多余，如下面句子中的his，our：IpraisedJohnfor（his）workinghard.Wearetalkingabout（our）goingtocollege.（Our）doingtoomuchmaybeworsethan（our）doingnothing.Anewmemberhastopayacertainfeebefore（his）enteringtheclub.（3）但有时意义上的主语必须说出，以防引起误解。由于句子主语常常被理解为动名词意义上的主语，下面例句中动名词表示的究竟是谁的动作则不清楚，须加上意义上的主语，以防造成误解：Alotofmoneysuddenlycameinwithoutaskingforit.（在asking前应加上my或其他名词或代词）Yoursonmustfinishahighschoolcoursebeforesendinghimtocollege.（在sending前要加your）Onenteringtheroom，somethingwonderfulpresenteditself.（在entering前要加his或其他名词或代词）（4）在动名词必须表明它是谁的动作时，通常要在它前面加一个John‘s，mymother’s，his这类所有格的词，作为它正式意义上的主语。不过有时可用一个普通格的词如John，mymother，him来代替。一般说来，用所有格形式（P）（Possessive）比较正式，用普通格形式（C）（CommonCase）比较口语化和强调。使用所有格还是普通格，取决于动名词是作主语、宾语还是补语，也取决于意义上的主语是名词还是代词：a）动名词作主语时，P比C更普通一些，不管意义上的主语是名词还是代词：John"scominghomefromabroadisagreatevent.Children"slearningmannersisimportant.Hiscominghomefromabroadisagreatevent.Theirlearningmannersisimportant.如果动名词短语由it代表，而意义上的主语为名词，C比P更普通：ItisagreateventJohncominghomefromabroad.Itisimportantchildrenlearningmanners.另外，在下面几种情况下C比P更普通：1）当意义上的主语是“物”而不是“人”时：Iaminformedoftheexaminationbeingverystrict.Heisfondofcoffeebeingservedafterdinner.Werejoicedatourtroopsdrivingtheenemybackacrosstheborder.IamremindedofitbeingSunday.2）当意义上的主语是一个指示词时：Youwillobligemebyallstandinghere.Thiscannotbesaidwithoutsomegettingangry.Iamdoubtfulofthisbeingthebestone.3）当意义上的主语由一组词表示时：Adreamofallthemembersofthefamilylivingtogetheragainhasalwaysbeeninmymind.Oldandyoungstudyinginthesameclassroomisaverycharmingsight.后面可以跟动名词的动词admit*dreadanticipate*enjoy精彩文档 实用标准文案appreciateescapeavoidexcuseconsider*fancy*deferfinishdelaydeny*detestdislikeloatheresentinvolveKeep（=continue）recollect*remember*mean*mindmissresistforgivepardonriskpostponepractise/practiceStop（=cease）preventsuggest*propose*understand*saveforbidconfess*advocate*动名词也用于下列词组如can’tstand（=endure），can’thelp，itisnouse／good以及形容词worth后面。Headmittedtakingthemoney．他承认拿了那笔钱。Avoidover-eating．要避免暴饮暴食。Wouldyouconsidersellingtheproperty？你愿考虑卖出这产业吗？Hedetestswritingletters．他讨厌写信。Henarrowlyescapedbeingrunover．他差点儿被车压死。Fancymeetingyou！（没想到会在这儿遇到你）Puttinginanewwindowwillinvolvecuttingawaypartoftheroof．Hedidn’twanttoriskgettingwet．Ifwebuyplentyoffoodnowitwillsaveshoppinglaterintheweek．Manyexpertsadvocaterewardingyourchildforgoodbehavior.Ican’tunderstandhis/himleavinghiswife．Icouldn’thelplaughing．试比较Shecouldn’thelpbutwonderwhathewasthinkingItisnogood／usearguing．Idon’tseethepointofdoingitallagain.某些动词+介词／副词（即短语动词）后面要求接动名词。最常用的这类组合有精彩文档 实用标准文案amountto意味着，等于是说feellike很想goon继续aimat旨在keepon继续setabout开始，着手insiston坚持要succeedin成功地做……dreamof梦想objectto反对approveof赞成refrainfrom克制不做lookforwardto期待dependon依赖于giveup放弃seeto处理，负责（做）persistin坚持（做）fallto开始（做）leaveoff停下taketo变得喜欢putoff推迟participatein参加comecloseto几乎，差点joinin参加suspectsbof怀疑某人excusesbfor原谅某人……accusesbof指控某人……excusesbfrom允许某人不做…chargesbwith控告某人……spendtime…whenitcomesto…wastetime…setone"sheart/mindon…决意要……Idon’tcareforstandinginqueues．Eventuallythedogsleftoffbarking．Iamlookingforwardtomeetingher．Heputoffmakingadecisiontillhehadmoreinformation．Hetooktoringingusupinthemiddleofthenight．Shefelltobroodingaboutwhathadhappenedtoher.Weneedtosetaboutfindingasolution.精彩文档 实用标准文案HesethisheartoncrossingthePacificbyballoon.PleaserefrainfromsmokingPleaseexcusemeforbeingsolatetoday.CanIbeexcusedfromswimmingtoday?Ihaveacold.4、动名词的名词特点合成词中的动名词动名词可用来构成合成词。在合成词内，动名词可起动词的作用，有自己的副词（状语）、宾语等，但合成词本身只能用作名词，不能再有副词、宾语等。常见的有下面这几类：1）名词（作宾语）+动名词：Youmustgiveupcigar-smoking（＝smokingcigars）．Hehaslearnedletter-writing（=writingletters）．Tiger-huntingisveryexciting．2）名词（作状语）+动名词：Wearereadytogreethishome-coming（＝cominghome）．Sundayisthedayforchurch-going（goingtochurch）．Metal-working（=Workinginmetal）isaveryimportanthandicraftinthissmallcity．3）动名词+副词，或副词+动名词：Thebringing-upofchildrencostsnoendoflabor．Thereisinthiscountryagreatspeeding-upofindustry，butagreatstepping-downofmorals．Theuprisingoftheunder-developedcountriesmarkedthemiddleofthiscentury．Whatisthereasonforthefalling-offoftheproductionofourfactories？Icanseethedown-goingofhiscareer．4）动名词+名词（这时动名词起着形容词的作用，修饰这个名词）：Helefthissleeping-roomat10a．m．Hecamewithawalking-stick．Thewaterremainsbelowitsboiling-point．Adancing-masterteachesher．以-ing结尾的名词动名词有时可以完全失去动词的作用，而成为一个纯粹的名词，它不再表示动作，而表示一样具体的东西。在这种情况下，动名词已由抽象名词变成具体名词，因此不能再称作动名词。Engraving，drawing，sewing，writing（s），clipping（s），earnings，takings，sawings，parings，Covering，locking，binding，dripping，hangings，surroundings，outgoings，incomingsFlooring，roofing，edging，carpeting，gilding，liningSocking，bagging，scaffolding，piping，tubingGivetheleavings（残菜剩饭）tothebeggar．Hespenthisearnings（挣的钱）ontheeducationofhischil－dren．Hesentmenewspaper-clippings（剪报）fromtimetotime．Theplacewherethecarpenterworkedisfullofshavings（刨花）．Don"tthrowthesweepings（垃圾）inthestreet．Thefindings（调查结果）willbepublishednextweek．Hedoesnotlikedripping（烤肉流出的油脂）．Hiswalllooksprettywithsomehangings（壁毯）．精彩文档 实用标准文案补充：Banquet:formalmeal宴会Catchon:becomepopular变得流行Illustrate举例说明Badlyofffor缺少Disinterested廉洁的，公正的Putacross使……明了SlaverywasabolishedinAmerica.美国废除了奴隶制。Tossacoin掷硬币Bedistinctfrom﹦bedifferentfromSquare正方形oblong长方形（英）oval椭圆circular圆Haveaquietwordwithsb.找某人私下聊聊Haveaquickwordwithsb.小聊一下第八章分词分词的形式分词有下面几种形式：分词和动名词的比较动名词是动词和名词的结合体，而分词则是动词和形容词或动词和副词的结合体：•Johnlikeswalkingalone．（Walking起名词作用，用作及物动词likes的宾语，因此是动名词。）•IsawJohnwalkingalone．（Walking起形容词的作用，修饰名词John，因此是分词。）•Walkingalone，Johnmetafriend．（Walking在这里是“Whenhewaswalking”的意思，用作状语，修饰动词met，因此是分词。）•Beinginvadedisalmostthefateofasmallcountry．（Beinginvaded起名词作用，用作主语，是动名词。）•Thecountrybeinginvadedwasasmallcountry．（Beinginvaded起形容词的作用，修饰名词country，是分词。）•Beinginvaded，allthecountryroseinarms．（Beinginvaded在这里是“Asshewasinvaded”的意思，用作状语，修饰动词rose，是分词。）分词的动词特点作为动词，分词的用法和动名词差不多，只是意义上的主语的表示方法不同。1）分词不仅起形容词和副词的作用，它们也是动词。作为动词，它们可以表示时间。不过它们表示的时间要受同句中谓语动词的制约。精彩文档 实用标准文案主动现在分词（相当于谓语动词的一般时）表示一个与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生的动作：Writingtoher，heexpresses（orexpressed，willexpress）hiswishtobealawyer．主动完成分词（相当于谓语动词的完成时）表示同句谓语动词所表示动作之前发生的动作：Havingwrittentheletter，hesends（orsent，willsend）itbyairmail．被动现在分词（相当于谓语动词的被动进行时）表示在同句谓语所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的动作（分词表示动作可能比谓语所表示动作长些）：Ifind（orfound，willfind）theletterbeingwrittenbyJohn．（被动）过去分词（相当于被动谓语动词的一般时）表示在谓语动词表示的动作发生的同时或之前发生的被动动作：Ifind（orfound，willfind）theletterwritten（=writ－tensometimeagoorbeingwritten）byJohn．2）作为动词，分词也可以是5种动词：a）不及物动词：•IfoundMaryplaying．•Theboycominghereismyson．b）及物动词：•IfoundMaryreadingnewspaper．•Theboyclimbingatreeismyson．c）双宾动词：•IfoundMaryteachingherbrotherarithmetic．•Theboyofferingyouteaismyson．d）系动词：•Mary，beinglonesome，movedtomyhouse．•Theboyknowsverylittle，beingonlytenyearsold．e）宾补动词：•Maryspilledthemilk，makinghermotherangry．•作为动词，分词可被a）副词，b）副词短语和c）状语从句所修饰：a）Thereisamancominghere．•Walkingalong，ImetMary．•Beingsuddenlyattacked，theenemyfellintoapanic．b）Themantalkinginawhisperismyuncle．•Waitinghourafterhour，Ibecameimpatient．•Bittenbymosquitoes，hesufferedfrommalaria．c）Whoisthefellowdressedasifhewereabillionaire？•Consideringthismatteratnightwhenallwasquiet，Ibegantofeelashamed．•作为动词，分词可以有一个名词或代词作它意义上的主语：Thesunhavingrisen，Igetup．Motherbeingill，Idecidetostayathome．Hegettingangry，allhisguestslefthishouse．Ireadpapers，shesewingbymyside．分词可以起形容词或副词的作用。在起形容词作用时，它可以用作1）定语，2）主语补语，3）宾语补语，或作4）解释性形容词，也就是说可以放在所修饰的名词前面或后面1），放在系动词后面2），放在宾补动词后面3），或放在句子的其他地方4）。换句话说，它可以四种方式来修饰名词：精彩文档 实用标准文案1）Sheisacontentedwoman．Sheisawomancontentedwithhermarriage．•Thestarvingtroopshadtosurrender．Thetroopsstarvinginthedeserthavetowaitsomedays．2）Thewomaniscontented．•Thetroopsseemstarving．3）Apeacefullifeleavesthewomancontented．•Destructionofthebridgerenderedthetroopsstarving．4）Thewomanarrivedhomecontented．•Thetroopswanderedaboutstarving．有些分词已完全变为形容词，可以加程度副词如very，too．很多甚至可以和形容词换用。这类分词可以称作分词形容词（ParticipialAdjectives）：Shesingsinatrembling（＝tremulous）voice．Hehasaforbidding（=stern）face．Theseexisting（=existent）circumstanceswillnotlastlong．Canournever-ending（=endless）effortsstoptheever-lasting（=perpetual）waramonghumanbeings？Thatisanunheard-of（=extraordinary）caseofrobbery．Heisacelebrated（=famous）scholar．Thiseggisrotten（＝putrid）．Thechildseemsterror-stricken（=fearful）．Thisjudgeisveryunfeeling（＝hard-hearted）．Thisgirlistootrusting（＝trustful）．Ifindhimratherconfiding（=unsuspicious）．Sheisaveryloving（=affectionate）mother．表示情绪的分词常可用作形容词，过去分词甚至丧失它们的被动意义。•Thisisaveryastonishing（=strange，wonderful）story．•Heoffersamoretempting（＝attractive）benefitthananyone．•Thebattlefieldshowedusashocking（=horrible）scene．•Hehasneverhadsopleasing（=pleasant）atrip．•Heseemssosatisfied（=content）withhislot．•Hefeelsratherdepressed（＝despondent，sad）．•IfindJohnnolessdiscouraged（＝low-spirited）thanI．•Ileftmybossvexed（＝angry）withme．Asurprisinglook在外人看来Asurprisedlook自己本身Pastmaster过来人，有经验的人分词作定语的用法总的特点分词可以作定语，修饰或是限制一个名词，可以放在它前面，也可以放在它后面。一般说来，简单分词放在名词前面，分词短语放在名词后面。a）放在名词前的分词1／表示动作的分词：一个现在分词或过去分词放在名词前时，可以表示一时的动作，这时它的动词特点胜过形容词特点，相当于一个定语从句：精彩文档 实用标准文案Doyouseetherisingsun（=sunwhichisrising）intheeast？Theytriedtosurroundtheretreatingtroops（=troopswhichwereretreating）．Theytriedtodeliverthebesiegedcity（＝citywhichwasbeingbesieged）．Theserepeatedefforts（=effortswhichwerebeingrepeated）werestillinadequate．2／表示特点的分词：它也可以表示比较长久或永久性的特点。这时它的形容词特点胜过它的动词特点：Germsarelivingcreatures（＝notinanimatethings，creaturesthatcanlive）．Sheisacharminglady（＝attractivelady，ladywhocharmsothers）．Theworkingclassesareusuallypoor．Thereweremanyflyingfish．Wewatchedthemovingpictures（＝motionpictures）．Usedcars（＝oldcars，carswhichhavebeenused）arecheaperthannewones．Stolenlove（=Secretlove，lovewhichisstolen），thoughdangerous，tastesexceptionallysweet．Thisprintedmattermaybesentbymail．3／用作名词的情况：和形容词一样，某些分词在加the时（后面不跟名词），可以代表一类人或一种抽象东西：Whicharemorenumerous，thedeadortheliving（=thelivingpeople）？Somethingmustbedoneimmediatelywiththewoundedandthedying．Whatshouldwedowiththeoppressed，thedefeated,theinsultedandtheinjured？Canwesayanythingabouttheunseen（=thethingunseen）andtheunknown（＝thethingunknown）？有特别意思的过去分词：•有少数过去分词，在用作纯粹形容词时，意思发生一些变化，已不再是作动词时的意思，如动词celebrate表示“庆祝”，但形容词celebrated却表示“著名的”：Thisisacelebratedcity．Thisisthemostnoted（＝famous）mountaininJapan．Heisaconfirmedpickpocket（＝pickpocketwhoisunlikelytobechanged）．Heisapastmaster（＝onewhohasmuchexperience）indeceit．Hewillsufferforhisill-advised（＝unwise）action．Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulplaceinmyborndays．（=inmylifetime）．有主动意义的过去分词：大多数过去分词都有被动意思，例如theforgottenhero的意思是theherothathasbeenforgotten，又如boiledwater的意思是waterthathasbeenboiled。但有少数过去分词却有主动意思，它们甚至起及物动词作用，可以有一个不说出的宾语。例如adrunkensailor意思是asailorwhohasdrunktoomuchliquor。Alearnedscholar（=Ascholarwhohaslearnedverymuch）usuallylookssilly．Experiencedmen（＝Menwhohaveexperiencedalot）inthismatterarenotnumerous．Apracticedman（=Amanwhohasoftenpracticeddoingthis）candomorethanagreenhorn．Thesecultivatedpeople（＝Thesepeople，whohavecultivatedtheirminds）aremygoodfriends．Thekingloveshisdevotedsubjects（＝hissubjects，whodevotesthemselvestohim）．Adissipatedyouth（=ayouthwhodissipateshistimeandmoney）willruinhimself．精彩文档 实用标准文案Isacontentedman（=amanwhocontentshimselfwithwhathehas）alwayshappy？作主语补语的分词 现在分词和过去分词都可用在is，was，grow，feel这类系动词后作补语（亦称表语）。由于它们修饰解释主语，可以称作主语补语（SubjectiveComplements），它们已失去动词的特点，后面不能跟宾语或补语：•Itisinteresting（orcharming，astonishing，exciting）．（这些表示情绪的现在分词这里用作纯粹的形容词，尽管看起来像谓语动词，却不是谓语动词。）•Hewasinterested（orcharmed，astonished，excited）．（这些表示情绪的过去分词，这里也是用作纯粹的形容词。）•Sheisvery（orgreatly）delighted（ordisgusted，concerned，pleased）．（带有表示程度的副词）•Hefeltinterested（orcharmed，astonished，excited，annoyed，assured）．•Heappears（orseems）pretending（orsparing，unthinking，grasping，forbidding）．（还有少数其他现在分词，也可用作纯粹的形容词，不是作谓语动词。）•Itlooksdecayed（orwithered，rotten，sunken）．•Heremainsunsatisfied；thematterremainsunsettledanduntouched．•Hisillnesscontinuedunchanged．•Hebecameexcited（ordiscouraged）．•Hegotscolded．•Hegrewtiredoflife．•Thesituationprovesencouraging．作宾语补语的分词• 分词也可用在see，hear，set，make，keep这类宾补动词后，作宾语的补语，修饰或谈及宾语的情况，它们称为宾语补语（ObjectiveComplements）。它们仍具有动词的特点，可以有宾语、补语及修饰语。另外，如果这些宾补动词表示感官作用，它们可以转变为及物动词，同时现在分词或过去分词可以变成that从句中的谓语动词：•Isaw（宾补动词）him（宾语）running（现在分词作宾语补语）off．（＝Isaw（及物动词）thathewasrunningorran（谓语动词）off．）•Ifound（宾补动词）thosepeople（宾语）working（现在分词）hard．（=Ifound（及物动词）thatthosepeoplewereworkingorworked（谓语动词）hard．）•Theyheardhersinging．•Didyounoticethatfellowstealingit？•Isawthethiefcaught（过去分词）bypolicemen．（＝Isawthatthethiefwascaught（被动谓语动词）bypolicemen．）•Doyouownyourselfdefeated？＝（Doyouownthatyouhavebeendefeated？）•Hedeclaredhimselfsatisfied．•Imustseeeverythingdoneproperly．•Ifoundeverythingchanged．合成词中的分词 分词短语很少放在名词前作定语，但如果它由两个词构成，又是一个特定的说法，它可变为合成词，放在名词前面修饰它。这种合成词多表示一个长时间的特点而不是一个暂时性的动作，在第一个词（可以是副词、形容词或名词）和分词之间有一个连字号（-）。它用在名词前时最多，但有时也可用在系动词或宾补动词后作补语。合成分词可以有许多不同的构成法：精彩文档 实用标准文案 1）副词+不及物动词的现在分词：Ahard-workingstudent（=studentworkinghard）canneverfail．Theytriedtosurroundthefast-retreatingarmy（=armyretreatingfast）． 2）形容词+系动词的现在分词：Ayoung-lookinggentleman（＝gentlemanlookingyoung）willbethehusbandofthisoldwidow．Ilovesweet-smellingfood（=foodsmellingsweet），butwhodoesnot？ 3）名词+及物动词的现在分词：Heisstillapleasure-seekingboy（=boyseekingplea-sure）．Itisaheart-rendingstory（=storyrendingone"sheart）．Thestoryissoul-stirring． 4）名词+不及物动词的现在分词：Wearelaw-abidingpeople（=peopleabidingbythelaw）．5）副词+及物动词的过去分词：Theabove-mentionedexamples（=examplesmentionedabove）areenoughtoprovethistheory．Thereissomethingmysteriousbehindthehalf-closeddoor（=doorclosedbyhalf）．6）形容词+及物动词的过去分词：Idon"tlikeanyready-cookedfood．Iboughtready-madeshoesyesterday．Thechickenhasbeenfull-grown．Thisnew-madedresscostverylittle．Heisalwaysclean-shaven．Thisisanold-establishedword．Isthechildnative-bornorforeign-born？Heisathorough-bredartisan．Foreign-manufacturedgoodssellmorethannative-madeproducts．ThatisanAmerican-equippedarmy．French-builtbridgesareexcellent．HeisanAmerican-educatedengineer． 7）分词+及物动词的过去分词：Themoss-coveredrocks（=rockscoveredbymoss）areslippery．Itisastate-ownednewspaper（=newspaperownedbythestate）．Manygreatscholarsareself-taught．Hand-madepapermaybebetterthanmachine-made．Iloveamoon-litscene．Canagod-forsakensinnerdoanything？类似分词的词组 1）概说 在结束对形容词型分词的讨论以前，我们可以谈一谈与之相似的一些词组。这种词组大多用在名词、系动词及宾补动词后面。它们中间有些由介词加一个表示动作的名词构成，具有形容词及动词的特点，在语法作用上接近现在分词：•Thereissomeoneonthewatch（=watching）．（用在名词后面）•Itisasubjectunderstudy（=beingstudied）．•Theyareatwork（=working）．（用在系动词后面）精彩文档 实用标准文案•Weareallofatremble（=trembling）．•Ifindourcivilizationonthedecline（=declining）．（用在宾补动词后面）•Thestorysetthetableinaroar（=roaringwithlaughter）．此外，带有前缀a-的词有时也相当于一个现在分词，它主要用作补语：•Whatisamisswithourgovernment？•Heremainsawake．•Heisasleep相当于现在分词的词组或单词a）含主动意义的词组：•Theyareatstudy（orprayer，play，rest，work）（=studying，praying…），don"tdisturbthem．•Thecattleareatfeed．•Letusthinkofourmeninthefight（=fighting）ontheborder．•Hislimbsareinaquiver,heisspeechless．•Sheisallinaflutter．•Heisalwaysinexpectationofsomethingmiraculous．•Thegovernmentcandonothingwithcriminalsinflight．•Everyoneandeverythinginthiscityseemstobeinmotion．•Iaminreceiptofalargefortune．b）含被动意义的词组：•Hisclaimisstillindispute（=beingdisputed）．•Asumptuousfeasthasbeeninpreparation（=beingprepared）forthreeweeks．•Theoperaisinrehearsal．•Manybeautifulproductsareonexhibition．•Nothingvaluableisonsaleinthisstreet．•Thereissomethingonoffer．Itmaybeinteresting．•Aroadisunderconstruction（=beingconstructed）．带前缀a-的单词：•Hestoodagape（=gaping）．•Hewasasleep（=sleeping）．•Heremainsawake．•Heisajarwiththeworld．•Heholdshimselfapart．•Theship"sdeckwasawash．•Theysettherumorafloat．•Wesawallthevillageablaze．接近过去分词的词组或单词 a）名词+ed：•Mostofthesepeasantsareunlettered（=uneducated）．•Sheisanaged（=old）woman．•Johnisanunskilledworker．•Canyoubelievehishoneyedwords？b）形容词+名词+ed：精彩文档 实用标准文案•Sheisamiddle-agedwoman，butherheartisstillyoung．•Hewasratherheavy-handed（=clumsy）whenhehandledchopsticks．•Iboughtahigh-priced（=expensive）radio-set．•Heisacold-bloodedanimal．•Thepeasantsarebare-footed．•Heisill-humored，don"tjokewithhim．•Heisshort-sighted．•Heissensitivetoanycriticism，heisthin-skinned．•Heisill-starred（=unlucky）．Hecuthisfingerevenwhensharpeningapencil．•Heisbad-tempered（=irritable）．Leavehimalone．Heisevil-minded．Nobodycallshimfriend．c）名词+名词+ed：•Theheadmasterisasilver-hairedgentleman．•Hewearsapairofhorn-rimmedspectacles．•Heisabull-neckedman．•Thathook-noseddrunkardismyuncle．•Heisalion－hearted（=brave）king．•Mrs.．Whitestoneisanox-eyedbattleaxe．•Thisoldmanisaself－willed（=obstinate）politician．相当于状语从句的分词1）用法及意义作状语的分词在书面语中比口语中用得多。在口语中它通常都用状语从句代替。不管现在分词还是过去分词，都可用作状语修饰动词，其作用相当于一个以as，because，when，after，if，though等连词引起的状语从句。它可以放在主语前面，主语后面或句末：•Seeing（=AsorBecausehesaw）thepolicemen，thethiefranaway．•Trusting（=Ashetrusted）ashedidinhisfriend，Adamhandedthemoneytohim．（ashedid加强现在分词的语气）•（Being）Written（=Asitwaswritten）inhaste，thebookhadmanydefects．（在过去分词前being通常省略）•（Being）Interested（=Asheisinterested）astheyareinmusic，theyplantostudyit．（astheyare加强过去分词的语气）•（Being）（=Asheis）Alittleboy，Johnknowsverylittleoftheworld．（即使后面跟形容词或名词，being有时也省略。）前面带连词的分词短语 由分词短语表示的状语，有时前面可以有一个连词，使意义更加明确：•While（orWhen）passing（=Whileitpassed）throughaforest，thecarsuddenlystopped．•Beforeleaving（=BeforeIleft）HongKong，Isaidgood-byetoallmyfriends．•Aftertakingawalk，hetooksupper．•Thoughlivingneareachother，wenevermet．•HespokeEnglishverywellasifhavingbeeninEngland．错误联系的分词短语从上面例句可以看出，分词的意义上的主语（也就是动作的执行者）应是句子的主语，也就是说分词和谓语所表示的应同是主语的动作：•Walking（=WhenJohnwalked）alone，JohnmetMary．（为同一个人的动作）精彩文档 实用标准文案•Thecarsuddenlystopped，whilepassing（=Whilethecarwaspassing）throughaforest．（同一样东西的动作）•下面的句子都是错误的：•Havingansweredthefirstquestion，thesecondmustbeanswered．（错句，意思混乱，分词短语表示的不可能是主语的动作。）•Arrivinghome，myfamilygavemeacordialwelcome．（错句，意思混乱，arriving不是family的动作。）•Beingamoviefan，CharlesChaplainishisfavourite．（错句，Charleschaplain不是moviefan。）•Standingonthemountain-top，thewholevillagecouldbeseen．（错句，village不在山顶。）•Thougharrivinglate，theteacherdidnotreproachLee．（错句）•Thoughconsideredacriminal，John"sbusinesscontinuedtoprosper．（错句）•带有意义上主语的分词状语• 如果分词的意义上的主语和谓语的主语不是同一个人，则在分词前应加上它意义上的主语，使意思明确。 1）带意义上主语的现在分词：•Johnarrivinghome（＝WhenJohnarrivedhome），Maryaskedhimtodine．•Thesunhavingrisen（=Whenthesunhasrisen），westartwork．•Theweatherbeingfine（=Becausetheweatherwasfine），wewentoutforawalk．•Thestormhavingdamagedeverything（=Becausethestormhaddamagedeverything），manybecamehomeless．•Advicefailing（=Ifadvicefails），wehavetouseforce．•Johnstrodealong，hischildrenfollowing（=andhischildrenfollowed）closebehind．（表示伴随情况）2）带意义上主语的被动分词：•Thetablebeingset（=Whenthetablewasset），webegantodine．•Thefishhavingbeenfried（=WhenorAfterthefishhadbeenfried），wecookedmutton．•Somuchmoneyhavingbeenspent（=Becausesomuchmoneyhasbeenspent），wewishtoseetheresult．3）带意义上主语的过去分词：•Allthings（orEverything，all）（being）considered（=Ifallthingsareconsidered），hehasdonehisbest．•Thereare60students，all（being）told．•This（havingbeen）ended，wedispersed．•This（havingbeen）done，wewenttobed．•Givenhealthandpatience（=Healthandpatiencebeinggiven），onecoulddoagreatthing．•Givengoodluck（=Goodluckbeinggiven），afoolcouldbeasage．•Giventhesamesituation，Icandonothingeither．精彩文档 实用标准文案•在下面句子中being常常省略：•Themeal（being）over，wewentforadrive．•Hismouth（being）fullofchocolate，hesaidIwasaglut-ton．•Jesting（being）apart，doyoureallyloveher？•Hesatthere，hisface（being）seriousandhisattention（being）steady．•Hecamein，astick（being）inhishand，hiseves（being）aflame．•Johnclimbedalong，face（being）downward．•Hetumbleddown，head（being）foremost．•Hecamein，gun（being）inhand．•Heleanedonthewall，pipe（being）inmouth．•Heappeared，hishair（being）awreck．•Wedecidetogoonapleasuretrip，John（being）toprovideabigcar．•Inowpayyouhalfthesum，theotherhalf（being）tobepaidnextmonth．在with后带意义上主语的状语分词带意义上主语的状语分词前面有时可加介词with或with-out，这时它们表示伴随的情况。加上with或without不影响句子的意思，但影响它的结构：•Withnightcomingon，wecamehome．•Shewenttothemarketwithhersonfollowingher．•Shecamewithoutanyoneaccompanyingher．•Hepassedbywithoutanyonenoticinghim．•Ireadnewspaperswiththemorningsunshiningthroughthewindow．•Istoodbeforeherwithmyheartbeatingfast．•Wesatfacetoface，withoutasinglewordsaid．•Withhishandputintohispocket，hewasreadytopayme．错误联系但并未错用的状语分词1）现在分词：•一些分词结构，尽管联系错误（即不是句子主语的动作），却已成为习惯用法，被认为是正确英语。它们大多数都是独立成分，这样用的几乎全都是现在分词：a）副词+Speaking：•Generallyspeaking（=Ifwearetospeakgenerally），heishonest．•Frankly（speaking），Icannotcooperatewithanyone．•Thismachinecosts，roughly（speaking），tenthousanddollars．•Biologicallyspeaking（=Speakingfromabiologicalviewpoint），manisasselfishasanyotheranimal．b）宾补动词的分词+名词（代词）+补语：•Supposingthistobetrue，heiscertainlythemurderer．c）及物动词的分词+名词（代词）+副词（或副词短语）：•Settingaside（orapart）（=Apartfrom）thequestionofcapital，thisbusinesshasmanyotherproblems．•Leaving（orPutting）abilityononeside（＝Apartfromability），amanhastoknowmanythings．•Viewingitfromthisstandpoint，hisfaultmaybeexcused．•Takingallthingstogether（orintoconsideration）（=Onthewhole），thesituationseems精彩文档 实用标准文案hopeless．•Everyonehastoobservetherules，notexcepting（＝including）theprincipal．•（比较：Weallhavepassedtheexam，withoutexceptingtheworststudentsinclass．）•（比较：Allmustcome，thesmallestpupilsexcepted．）d）不及物动词的分词+介词+名词：•Talkingof（=Withregardto，Nowthatwetalkof）motorbikes，haveyouseenthelatesttype？•Accordingtothenewspaper，theenemyhasbeendefeatedanddrivenback．•Comingto（=Talkingof）thisquestion，Isaynoandyes．e）分词+that+从句：有些分词可跟that引起的从句，分词和从句作用和连词引起的从句差不多：•Westartedatnine，notwithstandingthat（=though）（较正式）itwasraining．•Hewasprudentnotwithstandingthathewasyoung．•Heknowstoomuchconsidering（orseeing）that（=sincethischildisonlyfiveyearsold．）•Consideringthat（orSeeingthat）allmembershadbeenpresent，webeganthemeeting．•SeeingthatIwasnomoreuseful，Iwasfired．•Grantingthathehasmadeamistake，heisnottoblame．•Admitting（orAssuming，Allowing）thatheisdrunk，thatisnoexcuse．•Supposingthat（=If）heisacheat，ourmoneyislost．f）用作介词的分词：在下面句子中，分词后只跟宾语（不跟副词、副词短语及从句），因此可以看作是介词。有些分词短语修饰动词，故不是独立成分：•Wehadseveraldisputesconcerning（=about）social-ism．•Heinformedmeconcerninghisfamily．•Heknowsnothingregardingthiscase．•Regardinghisstudies，whatwouldyousuggest？•Iknowsomethingrespectingthatman．•Respectinghisconduct，Ihavenothingtosay．•Touchingreligion，Ihavesomedoubts．•Studentsmustnotconsultdictionariespendingtheexamination．2）过去分词：•Granted（=Granting）thatyouareintheright，youshouldnotgetangry．•Providedthat（=Onconditionthat）hewillkeepsilent，Iwillletthismatteralone．•Providedthatheacknowledgeshisfault，Iwillpardonhim．•Given（=With）prudenceandpatience，anybodycanachievesomething．例题1、_______atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesn’tseemsogloomy.a.Lookingb.Lookedc.Havinglookedd.Tolook2、Tom考试时抄同桌试卷被学校开除了。3、Whataniceday!Howaboutthethreeofus______awalkintheparknearby?(09)A.totakeB.take精彩文档 实用标准文案C.takingD.tobetaking4、Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English____mucheasiertolearn.(09)A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen5、She____fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherataconference.(09)A.hadbeenB.mustbeC.hasbeenD.musthavebeen6、_____thebosssays,itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay.(09)A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However7、Anewlaptopcostsabout________ofasecond-handone.(09)A.thepriceofthreetimesB.threetimesthepriceC.asmuchasthethreetimespriceD.threetimesmorethantheprice8、I’mveryinterestedin______shetoldme.(09)A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.that9、Weconsider_____heshouldhaveleftwithouttellinganyonebeforehand.(09)A.strangewhyB.itstrangewhatC.itstrangethatD.thatstrange10、Aren’tyoutired?I_______youhaddoneenoughfortoday.(09)A、shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethought11、“Itseemsthatshewasthereattheconference”Thesentencemeansthat(09)A.sheseemstobethereattheconference.B.sheseemedtobethereattheconference.C.sheseemstohavebeenthereattheconference.D.sheseemedtobeingthereattheconference.12、“Themanpreparingthedocumentsisthefirm’slawyer”hasallthefollowingpossiblemeaningsEXCEPT(09)A.themanwhohaspreparedthedocuments…B.themanwhohasbeenpreparingthedocuments…C.themanwhoispreparingthedocuments…D.themanwhowillpreparethedocuments…13、Thepersonheinterviewedwas_____hisformerschoolmate.(09)A.nootherthanB.nomorethanC.noneotherthanD.nonetheless第九章情态动词精彩文档 实用标准文案情态动词，在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来说，它有这样几个特点：1）各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。2）情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。3）情态动词在句中不受任何人称,性,数变化的影响。4)情态动词后接的不定式（除ought外）都不带to，即接动词原形。1.常用情态动词的基本用法can,could能，会（could可以看作是can的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相同的。当然could也有自己独特的用法。）1）表示脑力或体力上的能力Nobodycanstopthedevelopmentofscience.ShecansingthatsonginEnglish.Hecansubmergetoadepthofabouttwentymeters.Hecouldhardlysupporthisfamilybeforehefoundthenewjob.IcouldnotunderstandthelectureonthecomputergivenbyMr.Smith.2)表示客观上的可能性Youcanborrowthisusefulbookfromthelibrary.Amoresuitablepersonthanhimforthejobcannotbefound.Nowpeoplecanskateonthelake.Whenthestormstopped,theplanecouldtakeoff.3)表示主观上的允许CanIaskyousomequestionsaboutit?YoucannotleaveheretillIcomeback.Suchkindofthingcan"thappenanymorelater.Canyoutellmehowtogettotheairport?CouldIbeforgivenmynegligence?4）（用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）表示猜测、怀疑或惊诧Howcan/couldyoubehere?Shecouldn"t/can"tbesostupidtodothat.Hecouldn"t/can"tbeoverseventy.Wherecould/cantheboybenow?5）另外，could还常用于表示较客气委婉的看法、提问及用于虚拟语气的结构中。这时候，could就不可以看作是can的过去式了。而是could自己独特的用法。如：Couldyouspeakalittleslowly?I"mafraidthatwecouldn"tgiveyouanydefiniteansweratthismoment.may,might或许，可能，可以（might可以看作是may的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然may和might又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。）1）可能性Imaybebusyfromtomorrowon.Youmaycatchsightofthesunrisefromherewhenyougetupbefore5inthemorning.Iwonderediftheymightagreewiththeidea.Shethoughtitmightbewisetotryherluckhere.2）表示允许精彩文档 实用标准文案MayIcomein?I"dliketohaveasmokehereifImay.Thelibrariantoldherthatshemightreturnthebooktothelibraryinthreedays.Atthepressconference,anewsreporteraskedthechairmanifshemighttroublehimwithaquestionaboutTaiwanissue.3)may用来表示祝愿Maythatdaycomesoon.Mayyousucceedinwinningthefirstprizeinthegame.Mayyoucontinueinyoureffortsandachievegreatersuccesses.MaytheForcebewithyou.愿原力与你同在。（星球大战）4）注意：在回答以may引导的问句时，一般说来避免使用may，以免显得太严厉、或不太客气，而改用其他方式。例如：--MayIcomein?--Yes,please.--Sure./Certainly.--Pleasedon"t..--No,youmustn"t.must应该，必须，一定1)表示出于职责、义务该做某事Wemustprotectpeople"srights.Everyonemustbeloyaltohismotherland.Youmustservethepeoplewhenyougrowup.Studentsmustworkhardattheirstudy.2）表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事Wemustspeedupthepaceofoureconomicreform.Wemustkeepstepstothescientificdevelopment.Youmusthurryuporyou"llbelate.在这种用法中must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事；haveto却表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外，haveto自身有时态的变化形式。如：IhavetogonowforI"vegotameeting15minuteslater.Hehastobebackhomebyfivetofetchhissonfromkindergarten.Jennyhadtotidyuptheroombeforehermothercameback.We"llhavetoreconsiderthewholething.3）注意：在这种用法中，回答以must引导的问句时，若是否定答复，不可以用mustn"t而需要用needn"t或是don"thaveto，因为mustn"t意思是"绝不能、一定不要"，而没有"不必"的意思。例如：--Mustwehandinourexercisestoday?--Yes,youmust.--No,youneedn"t(or,youdon"thaveto).4）表示禁止（用于否定句）Youmustnotspeakillofothers.Carsmustnotbeparkedhere.Smokingmustnotbeallowedintheoffice.Youmustn"ttalktogirlslikethat.精彩文档 实用标准文案5）表示猜测、推测must常用于肯定句中表示猜测。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时，后接动词原形；对已经发生的事进行猜测时，后接have+过去分词。例如：Youmustbetiredafterworkingsolong.Itmustbethatnaughtyboycryingoutside.Theideamustbeacceptedbythesocietysoonerorlater.Itmusthaverainedlastnightforitissowetoutside.Ididn"tseeyouinclassyesterday.Youmusthavebeenabsent.need（用于否定句和疑问句）需要Therearestilloneandahalfhourstogo,weneedn"tbeinsuchahurry.Ihardlyneedsayhowmuchwemissedyou.Needyougososoon?Youneedhavenoanxietyonmyaccount.shall用作情态动词时,适用于第二人称和第三人称。主要表示下面几层意思：1）许诺Youshallheareverythingdirectlyyoucome."Whateveryouwantyoushallhave,"saidtheFairy.Ipromisethatyoushallseeheragainbeforelong.2）命令Youshallcometomyofficeimmediately.Sheshallnotstayinmygarden.Heshallnotcomeintomystudy.Youshalldoasyouaretold.3）决心（表示某事一定会发生）Thatdayshallcome.Ithasbeendecidedthatheshallbegiventhejob.ThislawshallcomeintoeffectonJanuary1st.4）规定Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber.Therentershallkeepthehouseinaneatandorderlystate.ThesuppliershallmakeshipmentbeforeOctoberandthepurchasershallmakepaymentwithin15daysafterreceiptofthegoods.should（用作情态动词时，有时表示具体的意思，有时却没有意义。主要用于下面几个方面。）1）表示出于职责、义务该做某事Youshouldn"tcometosuchadecisionhastily.Youshouldwritetoyourparentsatleastonceamonth.WeshouldreadEnglishaloudeverymorning.Theyshoulddoitfortheirowngood.2）表示对某种情况的估计Sheshouldn"tbeoutinsuchanearlymorning.Theeffectofthetaxshouldbefeltinhigherprices精彩文档 实用标准文案.Theeventshouldleadthemtoanevenworseeconomiccrisis.Thisbookshouldbepublishedintwomonthsatmost.3）表示惊讶、失望等情绪Ithinkitisdreadfulthatanyoneshouldbesomiserable.WhyshouldIpayhimfornothing?Itseemssounfairthatthisshouldhappentome.It"sstrangethatitshouldbesocoldtoday.will,would（would可以看作是will的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然will和would又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。）1）用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求（在这种用法中would使语气更为客气、委婉）WillyoutellherthatI"llbebackintwentyminutes?Ifyouwanthelp,justletmeknow,willyou?Won"tyoucomeinandhavealittlewhisky?Wouldyoutellmehowtogettotheshoppingcenter?2）用于表示意愿，愿意Gowhereyouwill.Hewouldn"tletthedoctortakehisbloodpressure.Theyhadtoobeywhethertheywouldornot.3）表示习惯、倾向（可译成“总是会、老是”等）Sometimesthecatwillliethereallafternoon.Hewouldsitthereforhours,doingnothingatall.Youwouldthinkthatcreatingablogshouldbesimple.4）表示猜测（可译成“一定是……、想必……，等”）Thepersonyoumentionedwouldbethefather,isthatright?Thatwouldbein1999,Ithink.5）will用于表示决心（可译成"一定要,决心"等）Wewillnevertalkaboutthatsubjectagain.IwillmakethiscomputerworkevenifIhavetostayupallnight.2.关于情态动词后面接进行式和完成式的情况一般说来，"进行式"表示动作正在发生或进行；"完成式"则表示动作是发生在过去或是表示按理是发生了但事实上却没有发生。下面分别讨论一下各种具体情况。A.关于情态动词后面接进行式的情况can后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作，例如：Whatcanshebedoingatthismoment?Youcan"tbetellingusthetruth.CanhebestillthinkingofitItoldhim?may后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作，例如：Yourmothermaybewaitingforyoutoreturnhome.ShemaybeleavingforNewYorktomorroworsomeday.TheymaybereturningbackbeforeChristmas.might后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作，例如：Theymightbeplanningtomakealoanfortheirnewproject精彩文档 实用标准文案.Shemightstillbecryingforbeingwronged.Youmightbetellingmealie.must后面接进行式表示想必正在做某事，例如：YoumustbethinkingwhereIlearnedit.Theymustbefollowingusjustalittlebehindus.Mybrothermustbesleepinginbedforit"ssoquietinthehouse.should后面接进行式表示应该正在做某事，例如：YoushouldbedoingyourexercisesinsteadofwatchingTV.Youshouldn"tbethinkingaboutthesolutiononlyinoneway.WhyshouldIbewaitingherewithoutdoinganything?B.关于情态动词后面接完成式的情况can后面接完成式表示可能已经做了某事。例如：Hecan‘thavelefthomebecausethetelevisionison.Wherecantheyhavegone?Youcan’thavefinishedthenovelsosoon.could后面接完成式表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做；它的否定形式则表示本不可能发生或本不可以做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如：Theoutputcouldhaveincreasedby15%.Howcouldhehaveforgottenhimbirthday?Judgingfromherappearanceandmanners,shecouldn"thavebeenoverfiftyyearsold.may后面接完成式表示可能已经发生的动作。例如：HemayhavehadsometraininginChineseKungFu.Youmayhavenarrowlymissedheronyourwaytohere.Theymayhaveseenthatmovie.might后面接完成式表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做。例如：Theymighthavefinishedtheirworkbynow.Shemighthavedonebetterthanthat.Youmighthavelearnedmorefromhim.must后面接完成式表示想必已经发生的事。例如：Youmusthavetalkedaboutitwithherbeforehand.Itmusthavesnowedlastnightforit"ssocoldthismorning.need后面接完成式主要用于否定句中，表示不必要做的事而已经做了。例如：Weneedn"thavereadtheFastReadingmaterialsbeforewedoitinclass.Youneedn"thaveapologizedtohimfornothingyesterday.should精彩文档 实用标准文案后面接完成式表示本应该发生或本应该做的事而没有发生或没有做；它的否定形式则表示本不应该发生或本不应该做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如：Ishouldhavewrittentoyouearlier.ButI"vereallybeenbusy.Youshouldn"thaveleftyoursonaloneathome.Heshouldn"thavebrokentheredlight.例题1、I’msurprised_____thiscityisadullplacetolivein.A.thatyouwouldthinkB.thatyoushouldthinkC.bywhatyouarethinkingD.withwhatyouwerethinking2、Iwenttherein1984andthatwastheonlyoccasionwhenI_____thejourneyinexactlytwodays.A.musttakeB.musthavemadeC.wasabletomakeD.couldmake3、You_____Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.A.needn’thavetoldB.needn’ttellC.mustn’thavetoldD.mustn’ttell4、Nancy’sgonetoworkbuthercar’sstillhere.She______bybus.A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegone其他要点•代词/限定词some,any,many,most,all,every,each,half,such,enough,both等WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?A.Theyeachhavetwotickets.B.Theycosttwentyyuaneach.C.Eachtheyhaveboughtthesamebook.D.Theyweregiventwomagazineseach.Eachofthemhasboughtthesamebook.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECT?A.Allhislecturesareveryinteresting.B.Halftheirsavingsweregone.C.Manyhisfriendscametotheparty.D.Bothhissistersarenurses.Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch.Thedamageissuchthatitwouldcostthousandstorepair.Hesaidhedidn’thavetimeormadesomesuchexcuse.It’ssuchabeautifulday!精彩文档 实用标准文案Hefeelsthatheisnotyet_____totravelabroad.A.toostrongB.enoughstrongC.sostrongD.strongenoughas/though引导让步状语从句时，一般须用部分倒装。Oldas/thoughheis,heworkslikeayoungman.Hardas/thoughhewasworking,hedidn’tpasstheexam.Tryagainas/thoughhewill,hecan’tsucceed.as/though引起的倒装分三种情况：表语、动词原形及状语的倒装。1.表语的倒装一般直接将表语提前到句首，若表语是带不定冠词a/an的单数可数名词，倒装后，不定冠词a/an须被省略。如：Fineas/thoughhelooks,heisillwithsomeseriousdiseases.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsmuchaboutthesociety.2.原形动词的倒装A.动词前面带有情态动词may,might,will,would,can,could等时，只将行为动词提到句首，而这些情态动词保留在原处。B.若动词前面没有情态动词时，应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。C.用于这一句型的动词一般是不及物动词，而不能是系动词或及物动词。如：Swimas/thoughhecan,hecan’tswimsofar.Runas/thoughhedid,hedidn’trunfastenoughtocatchthebus.3.状语倒装Intheclassroomas/thoughhestays,hedoesn’treadhistexts.Carefullyas/thoughheworked,hemadesomemistakes.当nosooner…than…等结构置于句首时，nosooner后面习惯上要用倒装语序（与一般疑问句形式相同）。如(1)—DidLindaseethetrafficaccident?—No,nosooner_________thanithappened.A.hadshegone B.shehadgoneC.hasshegoneD.shehasgone(2)Nosooner_________mowingthelawnthanitstartedraining.A.haveIstartedB.IhavestartedC.hadIstartedD.Ihadstarted！！语法术语！！Inthesentence“It’snousewaitingforher”,theitalicizedphraseis_______.A.theobjectB.anadverbialC.acomplementD.thesubjectWhichofthefollowingsentenceshasanobjectcomplement?A.ThedirectorappointedJohnmanager.精彩文档 实用标准文案B.IgaveMaryaChristmaspresent.C.YouhavedonePeterafavor.D.SheisteachingchildrenEnglish.第十章从句名词从句(nounclause)在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：　　连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）　　连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。(subject)主语：Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.　(object)宾语：JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.　(Predicative)表语：Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.(apposition)同位语：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.形容词宾语：Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.　It"sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.•用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：　a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…　　　Itisimportantthat…　　　Itisobviousthat…　b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句　　　Itisbelievedthat…　　　　　　　　Itisknowntoallthat…　　　　　　Ithasbeendecidedthat…　　c.It+be+名词+that-从句　　　Itiscommonknowledgethat…　　　　Itisasurprisethat…　　　　Itisafactthat…　d.It+不及物动词+that-分句　　　Itappearsthat…　　　　　　　　　Ithappensthat…　　　　　　　　　Itoccurredtomethat…　　　精彩文档 实用标准文案名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。主语：Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.　直接宾语：Inone"sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.　间接宾语：Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.　表语：MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation.　宾语补足语(objectcomplement)：Shewillnamehimwhatevershewantsto.同位语：Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.　形容词宾语：I"mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.　介词宾语：　Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。例如：　Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.　　Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.if,whether引导的名词从句•1）yes-no型疑问从句•从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如：•主语：Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.•宾语：Letusknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishthearticlebeforeFriday.•表语：Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.•同位语：Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.　•形容词宾语：She"sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.•介词宾语：Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.2）选择性疑问从句•选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…ornot构成。例如：•Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyareSwedishorDanish.•Idon"tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.定语从句定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。•关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。•关系副词有：when,where,why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：•Ishethemanwhowantstoseeyou?•Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.2）whose用来指人或物。例如：•Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　精彩文档 实用标准文案•Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。•Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.•Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。　Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.　　Beijingistheplacewhere（inwhich）Iwasborn.　　Isthisthereasonwhy（forwhich）herefusedouroffer?　判断关系代词与关系副词准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。•例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.where　B.that　C.onwhich　D.theone•例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.where　B.that　C.onwhich　　D.theone限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词that的用法1）不用that的情况a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b）介词后不能用。例如：（错）Wedependonthelandfromthatwegetourfood.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）　在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which　　b）　在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c）　先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。　d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that状语从句(adverbialclause)1、地点状语从句placeclause地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如：WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.精彩文档 实用标准文案WhereverIam,Iwillbethinkingofyou.2、方式状语从句clausesofmanner方式状语从句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1）as,（just）as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，在（just）as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句意思是"正如…"，"就像"，　Aswateristofish,soairistoman.　Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.2）asif,asthough　Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.　Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.　Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.3、原因状语从句reasonclauseBecause,for,as,since,inthat等　Ididn"tgo,becauseIwasafraid.　Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.4、目的状语从句purposeclause　表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。例如：　Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.　Hewrotethenamedownforfearthatheshouldforgetit.　Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.5、结果状语从句resultclause　结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：Theboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.　Heissuchayoungboythathecan"tgotoschool6、让步状语从句concessiveclause(concession)1）though,although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是和yet可连用。例如：Althoughit"sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.　Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.2）as,though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：　Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.7、时间状语从句timeclausewhen,before,after,since,while,as,aslongas,until,till,;hardly,scarcely,nosooner,etc. No sooner hadsheseenhimthanshesmiled.Hewas scarcely awake when heheardtheknockatthedoor.8、条件状语从句conditionalclauseif,unless,etcIftheyloseweightduringanillness,theysoonregainitafterwards.精彩文档