英语专业论文高中英语语法的任务型教学研究 14页

滨州学院毕业设计（论文）题目高中英语语法的任务型教学研究系（院）外语系专业英语班级2009级3班学生姓名马楠楠学号2009020424指导教师高淑英职称讲师二〇一三年六月二十日 CulturalAnalysisonEnglishCommercialNegotiationAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsbySongXueyuSupervisor:AssociateProf.MaSongmeiBinzhouUniversityJune2009 独创声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业设计(论文)，是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，成果不存在知识产权争议。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本设计（论文）不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名:二〇一年月日 毕业设计（论文）使用授权声明本人完全了解滨州学院关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定。本人愿意按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版，同意学校保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，或采用影印、数字化或其它复制手段保存设计（论文）；同意学校在不以营利为目的的前提下，建立目录检索与阅览服务系统，公布设计（论文）的部分或全部内容，允许他人依法合理使用。（保密论文在解密后遵守此规定） 作者签名:二〇一年月日 从文化角度分析商务英语谈判摘要当今世界经济全球化的趋势日益加强，国与国之间的交往与联系日益密切，国际贸易与对外交往也日益频繁。因此与外界交往合作的主要形式——跨文化商务谈判越来越显示出其在社会，政治，经济生活中的重要地位。但是“知己知彼，百战不殆”，在国际英语商务谈判中，要想运筹帷幄，掌握主动权，获得成功，就必须充分了解不同国家的文化及其对商务谈判的影响。本文试图通过文化角度分析国际英语商务谈判，探讨中西文化差异对谈判方式及风格的影响，谋求正确有效的谈判策略，为我国经济建设服务，促进经济建设事业蓬勃发展。关键词：文化差异；跨文化商务谈判；策略 CulturalAnalysisonEnglishCommercialNegotiationAbstractNowadays,thecooperationandrelationshipbetweenChinaandtheothercountrieshavebecomecloserandcloser.Internationaltradeandintercoursehavebecomemoreandmorefrequent,becausetheworld’seconomyisbecomingmoreandmoreglobalized.Sothemainwaysofinternationalassociationandcooperation—cross-culturalbusinessnegotiationisshowingitsimportanceinsociety,politics,economyetc.But“Knowtheenemyandknowyourself,andyoucanfightahundredbattleswithnodangerofdefeat”,ifwewanttoworkoutplansandstrategies,graspinitiativeandmakesuccessininternationalnegotiation,wemustknowtheculturesofdifferentcountriesandtheeffectsithasoninternationalbusinessnegotiation.ThispaperistryingtoanalyzeinternationalEnglishbusinessnegotiationthroughculture,investigatetheeffectsthattheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandwesterncountrieshavehadonnegotiationandfindeffectiveandpracticalpolicies,toservethesocialistmarketeconomyandpromoteitsprosperity.Keywords:culturaldifferences;businessnegotiation;countermeasures ContentsIntroduction1ChapterOneCulturalDifferencesinBusinessNegotiation11.1Cultureandculturaldifferences11.2Internationalbusinessnegotiation21.2.1Thedefinitionofinternationalbusinessnegotiation21.2.2Thefeaturesofinternationalbusinessnegotiation21.3Theimportanceofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiation2ChapterTwoCulturalDifferencesinBusinessNegotiation32.1Languagedifferences32.2Thedifferencesofvalues32.3Thedifferencesoftabooandreligiousbelief42.4Thedifferencesofmanners42.5Negotiationstyles4ChapterThreeCountermeasuresforProblems53.1Establishingcross-culturalnegotiationconsciousness53.2Understandingdifferentculturesandovercomeculturalprejudice53.3Penetratingopponent’sculturalstandards,socialusagesandtaboos53.4Establishingrationalnegotiationgroup53.5Effectivemeasures6Conclusion6Bibliography7Acknowledgements8 IntroductionAlongwiththespeedingupoftheeconomicglobalization,Chineseforeign-openingleveldeepeninggraduallyandChinasuccessfullyjoinedWTO,China’seconomyhaveblendedintoworldeconomyfurther.Underthissituation,economictradethroughcross-country,cross-nation,cross-cultureisincreasinggraduallyandcross-culturalbusinesscommunicationisalsoincreasing.Asaspecialformofcommunication,internationalbusinessnegotiationinvolvesdifferentregions,nations,socialculturalassociationandcontact.Butdifferentculturesofdifferentregionsandnationswillcertainlyaffectnegotiators’modeofthinking,senseofworthandsoon.Anditwillbeeasyforpeopletocreateanddeepenmisunderstanding,raisenegotiation’sdegreeofdifficultyandaffectthewholeprocessofnegotiation.Culturaldifferencesareobstaclesofcross-culturalcommunicationandovercomingcommunicationobstaclescausedbyculturaldifferenceshasbeenaproblemfacedbythewholeworld.So,itisinevitabletomeetsomemisunderstandingandupsanddowns.Ifeveryonewantstostartfromhisownculturalbackgroundandjudgetheotherside’sinterestsandactionaccordingtohisownsenseofculture,itwillbedifficulttocommunicateeffectivelyandachievetheaimofcooperation.…ChapterOneCulturalDifferencesinBusinessNegotiation1.1CultureandculturaldifferencesGenerallyspeaking,cultureisthesumtotalofmaterialandspiritualwealththatpeoplecreatedduringhumansociety’ssocialandhistoricalpractice.Itconsistsofspecificcustoms,habits,faithofthesocietyandsocialsystems.Simply,cultureisthesumtotalofsocialpracticeandfaith.Worldoutlookandsenseofworththatcalledculturalsubstancearecornerstonesofculture(Hofsted1991:75).Hollandspecialistwhoengagedincross-culturestudy,havesaidvividlythatcultureis“mentalsoftware”and“thecollectiveprogramming”.Nootherthanthese“mentalsoftware”and“thecollectiveprogramming”, makingeverybodybecomeaproductofhisownculturalatmosphere.Asakindofsedimentarydeposit,cultureisthesedimentofknowledge,experience,faith,senseofworth,perspectiveontheworld，socialstructure,socialcharacter,religion,senseofspace-time,senseofuniverseandmaterialwealthandsoon.1.2Internationalbusinessnegotiation1.2.1ThedefinitionofinternationalbusinessnegotiationAninternationalbusinessnegotiationisdefinedasthedeliberateinteractionoftwoormoresocialunits(atleastoneofthemabusinessentity),originatingfromdifferentnations,thatareattemptingtodefineorredefinetheirinterdependenceinabusinessmatter.Thisincludescompany-company,company-government,andsolelyinterpersonalinteractionsoverbusinessmatterssuchassales,licensing,jointventures,andacquisitions.1.2.2ThefeaturesofinternationalbusinessnegotiationInternationalbusinessnegotiationistheextensionanddevelopmentofdomesticbusinessactivity,so,thefeaturesofinternationalbusinessnegotiationaresimilartodomesticbusinessnegotiation.Theyareinternationalization,cross-culture,complexity,policyanddifficulty(HuangXun2007:177).1.3TheimportanceofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationInnegotiationpractice,manynegotiatorsalwayscannotcomprehendorpayattentiontotheimportanteffectsthatculturehaveonnegotiationmanners.Maybesomenegotiatorshavefoundthattheothersidehavesomedifferentorobscurenegotiationmannersbutconsiderthemnotimportant.Somebodythinkseyelessthatforeignnegotiationisusingfactandnumberstotalkandfactandnumbersareuniversal.Atthesametime,whensomenegotiatorsgotoanothercountrytonegotiate,inordertokeep harmony,theywillpayattentiontothesimilarthingsthetwosides’culturehavebutneglectthedifferences.ChapterTwoCulturalDifferencesinBusinessNegotiation2.1LanguagedifferencesIncross-culturalcommunication,people’sevaluation,explanationandusingoflanguagetophenomenon,thingsandbehaviortheymetarealwaysestablishedontheirowncountries’cultureandtheniteasilycausescommunicatingobstacles.Theoriginisconsultinglanguageusingmatteroftheirmothertonguehabituallybutneglectingtransferenceoflanguageuses.Socialintercourselanguagemissmeansmakingexpressionfaultybynotunderstandingorneglectingsocialculturalbackground,whichalwayscausesfailureincross-culturalbusinesscommunication.Thedeepreasonispeople’slackofsensibilitytosociallanguagedifferencesandmakinglanguagetransferenceunconsciously.Secondly,we’dbetterusesimple,clearanddefiniteEnglishandavoidusingexpressionsthatmaycausedislikes…2.2ThedifferencesofvaluesInthenumerousculturalfactors,senseofworthisacorecontent.Becauseintheprocessofsocialization,thecommunicationofpeoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundsmusthaveconnectionwithvalues.Eachculturehasitsownspecialvaluesystemtohelppeopledifferentiatebeautifulanduglyandgoodandevil,andthisisthephilosophyoflife,moralstandardsandcodeofconductofpeople.Eachculture’sjudgmentstandardisdifferentandsometimesitisdifficulttosaywhichoneisbetter.Butintheirownculturalsystems,allofthemhaveitsexistingrationally.So,senseofworthhascharacteristicsofpersistenceandstabilityandacceptedbyallthemembersasfaith.Asadeeplevelfactorofculture,itisnotonlyacomponentelementofsocialculture，italsohasbeenaresultinpeople’smind.Itaffectspeople’sattitude,needsandbehaviormode. 2.3ThedifferencesoftabooandreligiousbeliefInforeignbusinessactivities,tabooisapartthatnevercanbeneglected,especiallyregionsthatreligionprevailslikeEastAsia,SouthEast,MiddleEastandNorthAfrica.Knowinglocalconditionsandcustomsandtaboosbecameveryimportantincommunicatingwitheachotherandcompletingnegotiationtaskintime.Sowecanconsiderfromallabovethatifwedonotunderstandtheotherside’staboos,wewillmeetallkindsofobstaclesininternationalbusinessnegotiationwhichwillaffectthewholenegotiation.2.4Thedifferencesofmanners“Politeness”notonlyrepresentsself-cultivationalsorepresentsrespecttoothers.Politenessinbusinessnegotiationwillmaketheothersidehaveagoodexpressionandwanttocooperate.So,tounderstandopinionsabout“politeness”inbusinessnegotiationbusinessmenofdifferentculturalbackgroundscarriedonandanalyzethecausehaveimportantactualmeaningincross-culturalbusinessnegotiation.2.5NegotiationstylesCulturedecidesnotonlynegotiators’ethicsbutalsoaffectstheirmodeofthinkingandindividualbehaviorandthenmakenegotiatorsofdifferentculturalbackgroundshaveverydifferentnegotiationstyles.Negotiationstylehasdirecteffectsonbothsides’communicatingmanners,relationandevennegotiationstructure.Accordingtoculturaldifferences,negotiationstylecanbedividedtotwotypes:easternnegotiationstyleandwesternnegotiationstyle.EasternnegationstyleisAsiacountries’stylebasedoneasternculturalbackground,china;JapanandKoreaaretypicalrepresentatives.WesternnegotiationstyleisthestyleofEuropeandAmericancountriesbasedonwesternculture,theUSAandtheUKaretypicalrepresentatives. ChapterThreeCountermeasuresforProblems3.1Establishingcross-culturalnegotiationconsciousnessInternationalbusinessnegotiationisakindofnegotiationofdifferentthinkingmodes,feelingandbehaviormannersunderdifferentcultures.Itismorechallengingandcomplexthannegationsundersingleculturalenvironment.Thereasonisthatittouchesuponotherpowersthatwerenotbewaringofbeforeandthispowermayweakeneffectivecommunication.3.2UnderstandingdifferentculturesandovercomeculturalprejudiceThoughpeoplerealizedtheexistenceofculturaldifferences,mostofthemcannotrealizetreatingthemrationally.Cross-culturalnegotiatorsalwaysusetheirownstandardstoexplainorjudgetheotherside’sculturenaturallyorhalfconsciously.So,ininternationalbusinessnegotiation,negotiatorsmustgetridofethnocentrismandfirstofallrespectforeigncultureandtradition.Respectingcultureisabridgeofmentalandculturalcommunication.Withthisbridgecanmakedeeperunderstandingoftheotherside’snationality,behavior,valuesandcostumesandthencanreallyrespecttheothersideandgrasptheirpointofview.3.3Penetratingopponent’sculturalstandards,socialusagesandtaboosBeforegoingintointernationalbusinessnegotiationnegotiatorsmustgettoknowopponent’scustomandtabooasmoreaspossibleinordertoavoidunhappinesscausedbyunknownspecialthingstomakesurenegotiationgoesonsmoothly.3.4EstablishingrationalnegotiationgroupBusinessnegotiationisaprocessofcommunication,itneedstoadoptteamnegotiationmannerstoformrationaldecisionoflaborandtheremustbemembersfamiliarwithculture.Collectinginformationofallaspectsisalsoimportant.Duringthe processofnegotiation,negotiatorsmustdealwith“collectiveandindividual”and“concentrationofpowerandseparation”wisely,andthencantheybeinainitiativepositionduringthenegotiationwithwesternpeople(ZhangXiaole2007:84-88).3.5EffectivemeasuresTacticsofpraisealsotakepartinharmony.Iftheotherside’swordsaregoodfortwosides’cooperationandgoodforeachothertounderstandtheaimofthenegotiation,theyshouldbepraised.Sincerepraisecanshortentwosides’mentaldistanceandalsocanmakeatmosphereharmoniously.ConclusionInternationalbusinessnegotiationhascloserelationshipwithculture.Ininternationalbusinessnegotiation,becauseofpeople’sdifferentvalues,thinkingmanners,waysofbehavior,languagesandcustomsthedifficultydegreeofinternationalbusinessnegotiationismuchhigherthandomesticnegotiation.CulturaldifferenceswillbethebiggestchallengeforChineseenterprisesgoabroadandoverseas-foundedenterprisesenter.Ininternationalbusinessnegotiation,itisnecessarytoinferthemeaningofeverysentencefromcross-culturalangle;necessarytounderstandtheotherside’sculture,tocultivateandpromoteone’scross-culturalability.Tosee,analyzeandsolveproblemsfromcross-culturalangleandgowithandcoordinateculturaldifferences.So,inordertomakesurethesuccessofinternationalbusinessnegotiation,deepenresearchonculturaldifferencesproblemsofinternationalbusinessnegotiationwillhavegreatimportanceonthedevelopmentofinternationalnegotiationbytheoryandpractice. Bibliography[1]Brown,P.andS.Levinson.Politeness:Someuniversalsinlanguageusage[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1987.[2]Leech,G.ThePrinciplesofPragmatics[M].London:Longman,1983.[3]李庆林.国际商务谈判中的跨文化障碍[J].集团经济研究，2007(7)：150-151．[4]毛伟.国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及沟通技巧[J].商场现代化，2007(18)：19-21．[5]任如意.中外文化差异与国际商务礼仪[J].商场现代化，2008(2)：222-223．[6]张楠楠.跨文化交际中的面子论与礼貌原则[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报，2006(8)：643-645．[7]张小乐.中西文化差异与国际商务谈判[J].时代经贸，2007(3)：84-88． AcknowledgementsMythanksarefirstgiventomyrespectedsupervisor,Prof.XXXorAssociateProfessorXXX,whoseinsightfulinstructionandconstantsupportthroughouttheprocesshavefilledmewithconfidenceandpersistencetocompletethisthesis.IwouldalsoexpressmysincerethankstosomeoftheteachersinForeignLanguagesDepartmentwhoprovidedvaluablesuggestionsandimportantinformationformythesis.I"malsoverygratefultothoseauthorsandwriterswhoseworkshadbeenreferredtoandwhosewordsorideasbeenquotedinmythesis.Myappreciationalsogoestomyfriendsandclassmates,whohavebeengivingmesincereencouragementandconsolationandbeengenerousinsharingrelevantmaterialswithme.